kinesiology Abstracts..pdf

KinesiologyAbstracts

(Continuation of Health, Physical Education and Recreation,Exercise and Sports Sciences Microform PublicationsBulletin: A Subject and Author Index of Dissertations

and Theses including Abstracts)

Volume 16,1April 2003

A Subject and Author Indexof Dissertations and Theses

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR SPORT AND HUMAN PERFORMANCE

AND KINESIOLOGY PUBLICATIONS

UNIVERSITY OF OREGONEugene, Oregon

Kinesiology Publications—University of Oregon

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International Institute for Sport and Human Performanceand Kinesiology Publications1243 University of OregonEugene, Oregon 97403-1243 , USA

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K I N E S I O L O G Y P U B L I C A T I O N S

GENERAL INFORMATION

Kinesiology Publications, formerly known asMicroform Publications of Human MovementStudies, is a component of the InternationalInstitute for Sport and Human Performance atthe University of Oregon. Since its inception in1949, Kinesiology Publications (KinPubs) hasbeen providing a service to the academic com-munity worldwide. Its focus is on the dissemi-nation of graduate research of national andinternational significance. In addition, KinPubsprovides access to scholarly books, journals, andmeeting proceedings now out of print.

The collection of KinPubs, which containsalmost 10,000 titles, covers more than fifty yearsof graduate research in full text. KinPubs col-lects studies from a multifaceted field in whichmovement or physical activity is the intellectualfocus. This field includes health as it relates tophysical activity, physical fitness, activities ofdaily living, work, sport and athletics, recre-ation, dance, and play. The populations thesestudies include are children, adults, and theelderly; individuals with disabilities, injury ordisease; and athletes. The research, whichfocuses on the causes and effects of physicalactivity, employs knowledge and methods ofinquiry from arts and sciences as well as hu-manities; physiology, biochemistry, biomechan-ics, motor control and development, psychol-ogy, sociology, sports medicine, measurementand kinanthropometry, and also pedagogy,history, philosophy, and, more recently, sportsmarketing.

HOW TO FIND US

The collection of full-text documents on fiche isindexed in bulletins such as this one. The collec-tion is accessible with help of a search engine onKinPubs’ homepage on the Internet (http://kinpubs.uoregon.edu). In addition, twice a year,

the index is forwarded to Sport InformationResource Centre (SIRC) of Canada, the world'smost authoritative sports information service.The new titles are incorporated inSPORTDiscus, a CD-ROM database, and inSPORTDiscus Detective, a SIRC Internet accessservice. In addition to the collection of KinPubs,both include a broad range of exercise physiol-ogy, biomechanics, and sport medicine topicscovering research, clinical, and lay publications.

KINESIOLOGY ABSTRACTS 16, 1This publication is the first bulletin under thename Kinesiology Abstracts. It is a continuationof Health, Physical Education and Recreation,Exercise and Sports Sciences Microform PublicationsBulletin: A Subject and Author Index of Disserta-tions and Theses including Abstracts. This is issue 1of volume 16 and represents microfiches pub-lished in April 2003. In the past, bulletins werepublished every 5 years, except for bulletin 7,which covers two and a half years. Beginningwith bulletin 8, there are two issues (nos 1 and2) per annual bulletin. Each issue includes asection of theses and dissertation titles andabstracts, as well as a section of keywords.Kinesiology Abstracts 16, 2 will be published inOctober 2003.

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Contents

Part I: Titles and Abstracts ...................................................................................................................... Page

Physical Education and Athletics ........................................................................................................... 1

Administration .................................................................................................................................... 1

Coaching and Training ...................................................................................................................... 4

History and Philosophy ..................................................................................................................... 5

Measurement and Evaluation ........................................................................................................... 5

Pedagogy and Curriculum ................................................................................................................ 6

Sociology and Cultural Anthropology ............................................................................................ 6

Sports Marketing ................................................................................................................................ 9

Dance ........................................................................................................................................................ 10

Biomechanics ........................................................................................................................................... 12

Sports Medicine ....................................................................................................................................... 20

Physiology and Exercise Epidemiology .............................................................................................. 24

Health and Health Education ................................................................................................................ 30

Recreation and Leisure ........................................................................................................................... 38

Psychology ............................................................................................................................................... 39

Motor Learning and Control ................................................................................................................. 43

Social Psychology .................................................................................................................................... 44

Part II: ............................................................................................................................................................. 47

Methods and Statistics .................................................................................................................................. 48

Keywords ........................................................................................................................................................ 49

Author Index .................................................................................................................................................. 60

School Index ................................................................................................................................................... 61

Additional Items Available from Microform Publications ..................................................................... 63

Order Form ..................................................................................................................................................... 65

1


PART I: TITLES AND ABSTRACTS

The abstracts are reproduced as provided by the authors in theirdissertations. They were not edited for uniformity of style.

PHYSICAL EDUCATIONAND ATHLETICS

ADMINISTRATION

Garrett, David M. The effectiveness of NCAA Division Iathletic program leadership in assuring Title IX compliance,2000. Ed.D., Northern Arizona University (William F.Wright and David M. Whorton). (202pp 3f $18.00) PE 4457

The purpose of this research study was to determine ifNCAA leadership has been effective in insuring Title IXcompliance by NCAA Division I-A and I-AA institutions.Determining effective leadership was aided by the evalua-tion of three key research question: 1. Are the sportsprograms of NCAA Division I colleges effectively respond-ing to Title IX? 2. Are compliance guidelines and proce-dures provided by the NCAA and other bodies provingeffective in meeting the requirements of Title IX? 3. And,does leadership aid in improving Title IX compliance? Toanswer these questions, both qualitative and quantitativeresearch methodologies were used. Qualitative researchapproaches used dissertations science, articles, court cases,and surveys to focus on the first two research questions.The third research question was addressed through aquantitative analysis developed from a survey of 30 NCAADivision I conference office directors and 70 individualinstitution athletic directors or senior women’s administra-tors. The research concluded that potentially less than halfof NCAA Division I institutions were effective in meetingTitle IX compliance. In regards to question 2 it wasconcluded that Division I institutions are not effectivelyresponding to Title IX policies, procedures, and guidelinesdeveloped by the OCR, NCAA and other governingbodies. Although problems related to confusion over rulesand clarity of procedures, concerns over commitment alsoexisted. Leadership could assist in improving compliance.Critical elements of leadership have not been demon-strated. For example, an explicit NCAA vision (goal) togain compliance was not established until NCAA 1997.Effective leadership would have resulted in greater use ofprogressive policies and procedures for addressingcompliance. Conference directors and athletic directors, asassociates of the NCAA, revealed a lack of confidence inthe NCAA’ s leadership ability to meet Title IX compliance.

And, the mailed survey demonstrated that Division I-Aand I-AA football institution administrators unanimouslyagree that better leadership would improve Title IXcompliance.

Halverson, Kara S. A comparison of student attitudes towardphysical activity in a traditional and block scheduled physicaleducation curriculum in four Wisconsin high schools, 2002.M.S., University of Wisconsin, La Crosse (J. Steffen). (82pp1f $6.00) PE 4403

This study was designed to determine the impact oftraditional versus block scheduling of physical educationon high school students’ attitudes toward physical activity.The subjects surveyed were Wisconsin public high schoolstudents (N=487) enrolled in physical education. Thesample included 2 schools from a block schedule (n=174)and 2 schools from a traditional schedule (n=313), whichconsisted of a total of 253 males and 234 females. Thequestionnaire consisted of 6 demographic variables, 26five-point Likert-type scale statements, and 8 open-endedquestions. Subjects completed the questionnaire to examinecurrent attitudes about student experiences in physicaleducation, choices offered in the physical educationcurriculum, and the expectations students had for theirparticipation in physical activity. Mean scores in relation toattitudes toward physical activity were 3.952 for males and3.709 for females. Mean scores were found not to bestatistically different. Results of a two-way ANOVAindicated no significant difference (p=.916) between thetraditional and block scheduled program. However, theresults indicated a significant difference (p=.001) betweenmales and females involved in a traditional and blockscheduled physical education program.

Pack, Simon M. An assessment of the educational backgroundand job responsibilities of National Collegiate Athletic Associa-tion Division III directors of athletics, 2002. M.A., Universityof North Carolina, Chapel Hill (Edgar Shields, Jr.). (96pp 1f$6.00) PE 4416

The purpose of this study was to determine the importanceand performed frequency of certain job responsibilities ofDirectors of Athletics at National Collegiate AthleticAssociation Division III institutions. The 27 job responsi-bilities used in the questionnaire fell under six categories:Labor Relations, Financial Management, Marketing,

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Personnel Evaluations, Public Relations, and Administra-tion. Of the 93 surveys returned, the typical Division IIIDirector of Athletics is: a male age 35 to 39, has beenemployed by his current institution, in any capacity, eitherless than five years or between ten and fourteen years, andhas served as Director of Athletics at his current institutionfor a period of less than 10 years. Division III Directors ofAthletics have also earned a graduate degree in physicaleducation (42.4%), sport administration/sport manage-ment (23.9%), or another discipline, and rank Administra-tion as the most important job responsibility category.Demographics had very little effect on the ranking of thesix job responsibility categories. Administration rankedfirst in all cross tabulations. Job responsibilities included inthe category of Administration were: scheduling eventsand facility use, interacting with professional associations,using motivational techniques, reading architecturalblueprints in regards to facility construction, and establish-ing and implementing insurance coverage.

Thomas, Troy R. An examination of perceptions of genderequity as reported by athletic administrators of Kansas’ coed highschools, 2001. Ph.D., University of Kansas (James LaPoint).(102pp 2f $12.00) PE 4438

The purpose of this study was to identify and describe howperceptions of gender equity in high school athletics varyor coincide among athletic administrators of Kansas’ coedhigh schools. The subjects of the study included athleticadministrators of Kansas’ 366 coed high schools. Fourmember schools were eliminated from the study. Three ofthe four schools were left out of the study because theywere not coed schools. The fourth school was a magnateschool and did not support school athletic teams. Theinstrument developed by Besnette (1994) was modified forhigh school athletics. The instrument consisted of 12 profilequestions and 30 close-ended questions based on a Likert-type scale. The questionnaire was then mailed to the 366athletic administrators. The return rate was 72.13% of thepopulation. Once the data was collected, descriptivestatistics were conducted for each of the 42 items. The datacollected from the study were described for each item onthe questionnaire. Results of the study were describedusing means, percentages, and patterns. Profile informa-tion was used to further describe the findings regardingthe perceptions of Title IX. Overall, athletic administratorsbelieved that their programs were gender equitable.Administrators were willing to look beyond the currentstructure and model of high school athletics in order tofind ways to achieve gender equity. The provision of“separate-but-equal” boys’ and girls’ teams, as opposed tocoed teams was agreed to be the best way to achievegender equity. Administrators did not believe that footballand other revenue producing sports should be excludedfrom the gender equity equation. Quantifiable informationwas not considered the best means to assess gender equity.

Athletic administrators indicated that athletic opportunitydoesn’t have to be in proportion to the male/female ratioof the student body. In the end, athletic administrators didnot want to reduce boys’ programs in order to expandgirls’ programs.

White, Benjamin J. Readability of waiver liability forms used incollegiate intramural and recreational sports programs, 2002.M.S., Oregon State University (Bradley J. Cardinal). (40pp1f $6.00) PE 4393

Properly written waiver-of-liability forms can be effectivetools in decreasing injury liability of intramural andrecreational sports programs. In order for a waiver to beeffective (i.e., held up in court), participants must not onlyread and sign the waiver, but they must understand it aswell. Readability, the ease with which text can be read andunderstood, is an important part of a well-written waiver.Waiver-of-liability forms should be written at a readinglevel consistent with that of the intended audience. Onaverage, students read three grade levels below the lastgrade they completed in school. The highest grade level atwhich waiver-of-liability forms should be written for use incollege settings is the 9th grade. The main goal of thisstudy was to assess the reading level of intramural andrecreational sport waiver of liability forms, and comparethem to the 9th grade level. Nine NIRSA member schoolsand nine non-NIRSA member schools from each of the sixNIRSA regions were randomly selected for inclusion in thisstudy. Following multiple mailings, the forms receivedwere scanned into a computer, and readability wasassessed using the Readability Calculation software (MicroPower & Light, Dallas, TX) for McIntosh. A one-sample t-test was performed to compare the forms to the 9th gradereading level. Forms were written significantly higher thanthe 9th grade level (t[26]=14.53, p<.0001). An analysis ofvariance was performed to assess possible moderatingvariables (e.g., NIRSA membership status and involvementof a risk management team in writing the waiver). Nosignificant differences were found. Font size was alsomeasured, and forms were found to have been printed insignificantly larger than the recommended 12 point font(t[28]=-2.88, p<.01). This study brings into question theefficacy of waiver-of-liability forms used in many colle-giate/university intramural and recreational sportsprograms in the U.S.

COACHING AND TRAINING

Abel, Mark G. Effect of heavy resistance training on perfor-mance variables in endurance athletes, 2001. M.S., Universityof Wisconsin, La Crosse (T. McBride). (60pp 1f $6.00) PE4400

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of10 weeks of heavy resistance training on performancevariables in endurance athletes. Thirteen healthy maleendurance athletes (age=23.6±5.1 year, ht=178.8±6.6cm,wt=76.0 ±8.2kg) were assigned to either a heavy resistancetraining group (HRT; N=7) or a control group (N=6). Nochanges in peak VO2 or body composition occurred in theHRT group. Significant increases (p<.05) in one repetitionmaximum (1 RM) bench press and squat strength occurredin the HRT group (3.9% and 10% respectively). The HRTgroup experienced significant reductions (p<.05) in bloodlactate accumulation at four of the seven treadmill stages.These findings indicate that HRT does not affect peak VO2

or body composition, but does increase 1 RM strength andmay decrease blood lactate accumulation at high runningintensities in endurance athletes.

Bradney, Debbie. Attitudes of coaches regarding eatingdisorders, 2002. D.P.E., Springfield College (Samuel A.Headley). (157pp 2f $12.00) PE 4389

The current study was designed to confirm the modelsproposed by Ross (1995) related to contributing factors toan eating disorder and to examine attitudes regardingeating disorders according to the level of coaching (highschool or college) and the gender composition of the team(male, female, or mixed gender). A 2X3 independentgroups factorial multivariate design was used to assessattitudes from the Survey of Coaches: The ContributingFactors in the Onset of Eating Disorders (SCCFED; Ross,1995). The three dependent variables were PredisposingFactors, Reinforcing Factors, and Enabling Factors. Theinteraction between level and gender composition wassignificant, v=.92, F=2.24, p<.05. A stepwise discriminantfunction analysis was computed separately for high schooland college data. No functions were significant (p>.05) forcollege data. For high school coaches, one function wassignificant (p<.05) and coaches of female teams reportedReinforcing Factors were stronger contributors to eatingdisorders than coaches of mixed gender teams and maleteams; furthermore, coaches of mixed gender teamsreported Reinforcing Factors were stronger contributorsthan coaches of male teams.

Higginson, Brian K. Effect of exercise intensity on shootingperformance in the sport of summer biathlon, 2002. M.S.,Montana State University (Daniel P. Heil). (75pp 1f $6.00)PE 4447

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect ofrunning intensity on shooting performance in summerbiathletes by comparing shooting scores immediatelyfollowing bouts of exercise at four different intensities inan effort to determine if running intensity can be main-tained, or increased, without a subsequent decrement inshooting performance. Each subject (seven elite and three

novices) was required to shoot five shots at paper targetsimmediately following bouts of exercise at four differentintensities. Exercise intensities included shooting with aresting heart rate (INT1), slowing to 75% of race pace(INT2), maintaining race pace (INT3), and sprinting (INT4).All subjects began testing by shooting five shots prone andfive shots standing at INT1. All subsequent conditionswere counterbalanced for intensity and position. A onekilometer loop was run between shooting bouts withchanges in exercise intensity (INT2-INT4) occurring 50meters prior to entering the range. Measures of shootingperformance included the number of shots hit (SH),shooting accuracy (SA), and shooting precision (SP). Asintensity increased from lNT2 to INT4, there was asignificant decrease (p<.001) in 50 meter run time prior toentering the range (12.52 s vs. 8.96 s, respectively), with nodifference in one kilometer run times (p=0.50). Althoughan increase in exercise intensity was associated with adecrease in SH for both the prone and standing position,there was no significant difference in SH for the elitesubjects (N7), or all subjects as a group (N10), as a result ofposition (N7: p=0.64, N10: p=0.86) or intensity (N7:p=0.10,N10: p=0.12). A significant interaction effect was found inN7 for the SA measure of shooting performance (p=0.005),as well as a significant difference in both position (p<0.001)and intensity (p=0.008) for the SP measure. SA for N10 wassignificantly different for both position (p<0.001) andintensity (p=0.009). There was no difference between N7and N10 for the SP measure of shooting performance.These preliminary findings indicate that race times may bedecreased in the sport of summer biathlon by as much as7.12 seconds in a 5 km race without a subsequent compro-mise in shooting performance.

Milligan, Patrick E. The effects of random versus blockedpractice schedules on underhand basketball free throw perfor-mance measures, 2002. M.S., Brigham Young University(Ronald L. Hager). (68pp 1f $6.00) PE 4459

This study examined the effect of a random practice versusa blocked practice schedule on the acquisition, retention,and transfer of the underhand free throw for malesenrolled in university intermediate-level basketball classes.During practice sessions, the random practice group (n=26)performed twenty trials in ten groups of two shots each.Each pair of trials alternated with trials of other basketballskills. The blocked practice group (n=27) performed twentytrials in two groups of ten shots each during practicesessions. Results were analyzed using a two-way ANOVAwith repeated measures on one factor. The Group x Timeinteraction was not significant, F(2, 102)=0.17, p=0.85. Themain effect of group, also, was not significant, F(1,51)=4.03,p=0.05. This analysis revealed a significant effect for time,F(2, 102)=3.17, p=0.04. Post-hoc contrasts found that, whilepost-test scores were not significantly higher than pre-testscores, transfer scores were significantly higher (p<0.05).

4


Both groups increased in shooting accuracy, and bothretained and transferred their underhand free throw skillsto a real-game setting. Both groups, also, experiencedconsiderable interference due to practice sessions beingheld only twice a week. Perhaps, practice sessions shouldspan a number of consecutive days to find differencesbetween random and blocked practice schedules in skillacquisition, retention, and transfer.

Pizzi, John. Measuring leadership styles and success of collegebasketball coaches, 2002. M.S., Springfield College (CathieSchweitzer). (141pp 2f $12.00) PE 4392

The study was designed to determine the relationshipbetween coaching leadership style and win/loss percent-age. Gender differences in coaching leadership styles, andthe relationship between win/loss percentage and thediscrepancy scores between the self-report of leadershipbehavior by the coaches (n=51) and the report for thecoaches by the Director of Athletics (n=51), were alsoexamined. The Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS;Chelladurai & Saleh, 1980), which measures leadershipstyles across five dimensions, was used to determine andmeasure the self-reported leadership styles of coaches.Win/loss percentage and overall number of years as ahead coach did not correlate to coaching leadershipbehaviors of male and female Division III college basket-ball coaches in the New England region. A significant(p<.05) negative relationship was found between years atthe present institution and “Training and Instruction”behavior. Female coaches exhibited significantly (p<.05)greater “Positive Feedback” behavior and “Training andInstruction” behavior than male coaches. The win/losspercentage for basketball coaches did not correlate to thediscrepancy scores of leadership behavior coaches and theDirectors of Athletics.

Terrell, Sara L. Neuromuscular training modalities as apreventive for anterior cruciate ligament injuries in femaleathletes: a study of coaches’ attitudes and perceptions, 2002.M.S., Eastern Michigan University (W. Jeffrey Armstrong).(215pp 3f $18.00) PE 4444

Preventive training may increase knee stability for femaleathletes (Hewett et al., 1996), but the implementation ofsuch modalities by high school coaches remains suspect.This study examines the educational and coaching back-ground as well as the implementation of preventivetraining of ninety-four coaches of high school girls’basketball, volleyball, and soccer in southeast Michigan. Athirty-two-item questionnaire was used to examine theaforementioned areas. A significant difference existedbetween implementation of strength training during theseason and the sport coached (p<0.004). No significantdifference existed between the time devoted to preventivetraining modalities in the sport season or during the off

season versus gender, age, competition level, years in thecoaching profession, and an athlete’s injury history.Coaches working with female athletes need formaleducation regarding preventive conditioning methods thatmay minimize the incidence of female ACL injury.

Thompson, Christian J. Effects of an eight-week conditioningprogram on improving fitness, club head speed, and perceptionsof fitness and golf-related ability in older, male recreationalgolfers aged 55-79 years, 2001. Ph.D., University of Kansas(Wayne Osness). (180pp 2f $12.00) PE 4429

This investigation examined the effect of an eight-weekconditioning program on fitness measures, the golf-relatedparameter of club head speed, and perceptions of fitnessand golf-related performance in older, male recreationalgolfers aged 55-79 years. Additionally, this investigationdetermined which fitness parameter(s) related mostdirectly to club head speed. Thirty-one older, malerecreational golfers (M age=65.1 years) participated in acontrolled study during the Winter and Spring of 2001. Theexperimental group consisted of 19 golfers and the controlgroup consisted of 12 golfers. The 8-week program wasattended at least 3 times per week by all 19 golfers. Eachexercise session consisted of: (a) 15 minutes of treadmillwalking or stationary cycling at 60%-80% of maximalpredicted heart rate for cardiovascular endurance; (b)Weight training consisting of 1 set of 12 repetitions usingapproximately 80% of measured 10-RM strength on 10separate Universal weight machines; (c) Flexibility trainingincluding 8 static and 2 dynamic stretches; and, (d)Swinging of a weighted golf club 10 times slowly. Thisstudy demonstrated that an 8-week conditioning programresulted in improvements for all ten measurements ofmuscular strength, range of motion improvements for mostupper body and trunk measurements, but not thosemeasuring the hip, and cardiovascular endurance, asmeasured by estimated VO2max. In addition, the 8-weekconditioning program elicited an improvement in maximalclub head speed. The results did not support an improve-ment in perceptions of physical function or golf-relatedperformance as measured by the Physical Function Scale,the Golf Performance Scale, or the Golf-Related Pain andSoreness Scale. In addition, this study determined that theclub head speed of older, male recreational golfers is mostinfluenced by cardiovascular endurance, upper and lowerbody strength, and magnitude of trunk rotation.

Van Wychen, Shana L. Monitoring training in elite athletes:comparison of coaches’ intentions and athletes’ experiences,2001. M.S., University of Wisconsin, La Crosse (C. Foster).(51pp 1f $6.00) PE 4408

The structure of training programs is of interest to athletesdesiring peak performance. Ideally, the athletes’ experi-ences should be equivalent to the coaches’ intentions.

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Based on previous studies, it was hypothesized thatathletes would not execute the program designed bycoaches. Members of the U.S. Speedskating team (n=11)completed a daily training log during the course of atraining/competitive season (7 months) in which athletesand coaches recorded their intensity (session Rating ofPerceived Exertion) and duration (time) of training.Although there was a good correlation for trainingduration (r=0.60), intensity (r=0.63) and calculated load(intensity x duration) (r=0.59), comparisons of the meanvalues for duration, intensity, and load for sessions thecoach intended to be easy, moderate, and hard, revealedsignificant differences. Athletes were training harder oncoach-intended easy days (load=106 vs. 8 units), about asintended on coach-intended moderate days (load=424vs.416 units), and easier on coach-intended hard days(load=883 vs. 970 units). These data suggest that athletesare not taking recovery days as intended by coaches. Thesefindings may provide an explanation for some undesiredtraining outcomes and for the high incidence of overtrain-ing syndrome in elite athletes.

Wulk, Erica A. A comparison between standardized strengthtraining and underwater strength training to determine theeffects of strength, power, and injury rate on children ages 14-18,2001. M.S., University of Wisconsin, La Crosse (R. Pein).(41pp 1f $6.00) PE 4410

Ten high school students participated in an 8 weekstrength training program. Subjects were randomlyassigned to one of two groups: a standardized strengthtraining group (WT) or an underwater strength traininggroup (UT). The strength training program for both groupsconsisted of performing six exercises carefully chosen toensure similar execution between the two groups. Anisokinetic, unilateral knee extension/flexion test wasconducted before and after the testing on a Biodex ma-chine. Peak torque (PT), time to peak torque (TPT), andaverage power (AP) were calculated at 90, 150, and 180degrees per second. Statistically, results show that the UTgroup significantly increased in strength (peak torque),while the WT group increased in power (time to peaktorque, and average power). Significant increases werefound at 90 deg/sec for peak torque and average power atp≤.05. At 150 deg/sec, significance was found for time topeak torque and average power at p≤.05 and at 180 deg/sec significance was found for average power at p≤.05. Theresults of this investigation show that, when performedcorrectly and safely, strength and power do improve inboth methods of strength training, without occurrence ofinjury.

HISTORY

Gaddie, Toni. The making of a champion: a constructed reality,2001. M.A., University of South Africa (F. J. A. Snyders).(150pp 2f $12.00) PE 4439

This dissertation explores the construction and experienceof the sports champion’s reality. In studying reality and itsconstruction, I became familiar with the post-modernperspective of reality and with theories such as systemstheory, cybernetics, radical constructivism, and socialconstructionism, which fall under the post-modernepistemological umbrella. The dissertation gives anexposition of my journey through this maze of theories,from a position of ”knowing” how champions are madetowards a more complex position of uncertainty andpossibility. This is followed by an account of the qualitativeresearch that I undertook, within a social constructionistframework, in which I used thematic discourse analysis.Finally, I interpret the discourses emerging from theanalysis in order to demonstrate their operation or effect inthe construction of a champion’s reality

MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION

Keller, Christopher P. Validation of the 1-mile walking test inyoung adults at maximal and submaximal walking intensities,2002. M.S., Montana State University (Daniel P. Heil).(89pp 1f $6.00) PE 4449

The purposes of this study were (a) to determine whetherthe generalized equations developed by Kline et al. (1987)and Dolgener et al. (1994) for the one-mile walk testprovide accurate estimates of maximal oxygen uptake(VO2MAX) in young adults, and (b) to determine whethersubmaximal walking intensities could provide equallyaccurate estimates from the respective equations. VO2MAX

was measured using a treadmill graded exercise test on 40volunteers (20 males, 20 females) between the ages of 18and 29 years. On subsequent visits, one-mile walk testswere performed at maximal, moderate, and low walkingintensities. Two-factor repeated measures analysis ofvariance (ANOVA) comparisons were used to examinerelationships between estimated and measured VO2MAX

values. Under maximal intensity walking conditions,estimates of VO2MAX from the Kline equation (50.10±6.84ml·kg-l·min-l) and from the Dolgener equation (47.20±5.14ml·kg-l·min-l) were significantly less than actual VO2MAX

(53.29±8.50 ml·kg-l ·min-l) (P<0.01). Systematic underestima-tions were also found with the submaximal walkingintensities (P<0.01). Estimations of VO2MAX were consideredto be acceptable if within 4.50 ml·kg-l ·min-l. Thirty-five tofifty percent of predictions from the Kline equation wereacceptable, while approximately thirty percent of theDolgener predictions were acceptable. The VO2MAX values

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of subjects in the current study were above those observedby Kline et al. (1987) (36.5±10.6 ml·kg-l ·min-l) and byDolgener et al. (1994) (40.3±6.49 ml·kg-l ·min-l). Regressionanalysis was performed to adjust for these differences.Following regression analysis, estimations from the Klineequation for maximal and moderate intensity tests were nolonger significantly different from adjusted VO2MAX

(P=0.9673 and P=0.5034). However, regression analysiscould not account for differences from the low intensitywalk test (P=0.045). For the Dolgener equation, regressionanalysis did not account for difference between actual andpredicted VO2MAX (P<0.01). The findings of this study showneither the Kline nor the Dolgener equations provideacceptable estimates of VO2MAX in young adults. Followingadjustments for fitness level, the Kline equation was able toprovide acceptable estimates of VO2MAX at maximal andmoderate walking intensities.

PEDAGOGY AND CURRICULUM

Pelletier, Deborah J. Incorporating portfolio assessment intoelementary physical education, 2001. M.S., Springfield College(Deborah Sheehy). (129pp 2f $12.00) PE 4390

The investigation was designed to assess the effects ofportfolio assessment in elementary physical education. A6-week volleyball unit, summative assessment, andportfolio items were developed. Participating in the studywere two fourth-grade and two fifth-grade classes (N=56)taught by the same certified physical education teacher.One fourth- and one fifth-grade class were randomlyassigned to the portfolio assessment group (n=29), and tothe traditional assessment group (n=27). All participantswere exposed to identical volleyball content. The tradi-tional assessment group took part in brief question andanswer sessions at the conclusion of each lesson, whereasthe portfolio assessment group completed assignedportfolio documents. Participants completed the volleyballsummative assessment during lesson six. A 2x2 indepen-dent groups ANOVA was used to analyze the summativeassessment scores. No interaction (p=.099) was foundbetween assessment group and grade level. In addition, nodifferences (p=.256) in summative assessment scores werefound between the portfolio assessment and traditionalassessment group, and no differences (p=.141) insummative assessment scores were found when comparedby grade level. The multi-activity curriculum may not havebeen conducive to documenting measurable improvement.Small sample size and lack of student acceptance of writingin physical education may be possible reasons for thefindings.

Petitgout, Michelle. Content development comparisons betweenmiddle-school physical education classes and basketball practices,2001. M.S.Ed., Northern Illinois University (Connie Fox).(70pp 1f $6.00) PE 4427

This study was designed to compare aspects of contentdevelopment used in middle-school physical educationclass and basketball practice settings. Five teachers/coaches participated in this study to determine if signifi-cant differences were apparent in the percent of timeprovided for informing, refining, extending, and applyingacross each setting. An adapted version of the ObservationInstrument for Content Development in Physical Educa-tion (OSCD-PE) was used to code the duration of timespent on each aspect of content development. Total time inseconds was then calculated to compute the percentage ineach area. Results suggest that a greater percentage of timewas spent on informing (37.44 class, 53.37 practice) andrefining (10.55 class, 15.07 practice) than on extending (1.85class, .95 practice) and applying (6.29 class, 2.56 practice) inboth settings. Participants spent the greatest percent oftime introducing new skills to students/players in bothclass and practice. Cues were provided more readily inpractice, but teachers varied the difficulty level of activitiesmore often during class. Students in physical educationclasses, primarily with lower abilities and less knowledgeof the sport, were also offered more competitive opportuni-ties but were informed less frequently of the propertechniques and skills used to play the game.

SOCIOLOGY AND CULTURALANTHROPOLOGY

Frerking, Brian C. Analysis of factors influencing collegeselection by prospective elite high school basketballplayers, 2002. M.A., University of North Carolina, ChapelHill (Edgar W. Shields, Jr.). (55pp 1f $6.00) PE 4413The purpose of this study was to identify the most impor-tant factors influencing college selection by elite highschool basketball players. In addition, the researchercompared the responses of African-American and Cauca-sian elite basketball players. Twenty-six elite basketballplayers from all parts of the United States responded to aquestionnaire. The survey consisted of 39 college selectionfactors pertinent to the recruitment of high school basket-ball players on a Likert Scale from one to seven. Theinvestigator determined that selection factors concerningthe coaching staff were the most important to the ultimatedecision of the elite basketball player. Additionally, heconcluded that African-American elite players perceivedearly playing time and television exposure to be moreimportant than Caucasian elite players. He also found thatcoaches must be able to adjust to what are the mostinfluencing factors of the current time.

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Grotenhuis, Jeff A. Comparison of effort levels of middle schoolmale basketball players in physical education classes and athleticteam practices, 2001. M.S., University of Wisconsin, LaCrosse (J. Steffen). (53pp 1f $6.00) PE 4402

Heart rates were recorded on a sample of 37 middle schoolmale athletes, ranging in age from 12-14, during physicaleducation classes and basketball team practices. Eachsubject was measured during three physical educationclasses and three basketball practices. Each lesson andpractice session lasted 45 minutes. The physical educationclass consisted of 10-12 minutes of warm up followed by30-35 minutes of instruction and skill development. Thebasketball team practice consisted of 12-15 minutes ofwarm up followed by 30-35 minutes of drill and practice.Using Polar Vantage XL and Accurex IIa heart ratemonitors (HRM) the subject’s heart rate was measured forthe duration of each session. A paired t-test was used todetermine if significant differences existed between the twoactivities. No significant difference was found between thephysical education class and the basketball team practice.The data indicate that there is no difference in effort levelsof middle school male athletes in athletic team practicescompared to physical education classes. Further investiga-tions of different populations are needed to broaden thescope of this study. The primary goal of physical educationis to establish an understanding of the body and developan appreciation for exercise.

Mani, Mark J. Effects of Special Olympics participation oncommunity integration among school-aged participants withmild to moderate cognitive disability, 2002. M.S., University ofWisconsin, La Crosse (P. DiRocco). (51pp 1f $6.00) PE 4405

The purpose of this study was to compare the amount ofcommunity integration between an experimental SpecialOlympics participant group and a control group comprisedof non-Special Olympics participants. Fifteen school-aged(8-18) subjects (7M, 8F) made up the experimental groupand fifteen subjects (6M, 9F) made up the control group.The Special Olympics group was equally matched with thenon-Special Olympics group in regards to sex, age, andintellectual characteristics. The comparisons were based onmeasures from a thirty-minute interview devised by Malik,Ashton-Schaeffer, and Kleiber (1991). The Malik et al.interview examined general recreation, as well as physicaland social community integration. The Special Olympicsgroup participated in a supervised year around SpecialOlympics program. The control group did not participatein any Special Olympics games or events. Both groupswere from the greater La Crosse, Wisconsin, area. A chi-square test showed no significant difference in the amountof community integration between the experimental andcontrol groups (p<.05). In summary, not participating inSpecial Olympics was found to be as effective as participat-ing in Special Olympics in terms of increasing community

integration. Therefore it may be other factors that dictatethe amount of community integration as opposed toparticipating in a Special Olympics program.

Rampersaud, Ravinand. A qualitative needs analysis ofparticipants in team sports, individual sports, and adventureeducation, 2001. M.S., University of Wisconsin, La Crosse (J.Steffen). (52pp 1f $6.00) PE 4406

A questionnaire was administered to 323 physical educa-tion students at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. Thestudents were classified as freshmen (18.57%), sophomores(21.36%), juniors (24.45%), and seniors (35.62%). Activitycourses were divided into three categories and consisted of14 separate activity classes (4 team sports, 5 individualsports, and 5 adventure education activities). Studentsranked 29 objectives (needs) on a four-point Likert scale(1=not important, 2=somewhat important, 3=important,and 4=very important). Descriptive statistics indicated thehighest ranked objectives were: having fun (M=3.69),keeping in good health and physical condition (M=3.37),and releasing stress through the means of physical educa-tion (M=3.30). The lowest ranked objectives were: provid-ing vocational preparation (M=2.18), preventing, detecting,and correcting physical defects (M=2.37), and taking risks(M=2.42). A one-way ANOVA was conducted to illustratesignificant difference (p<.05) between type of activity and 5factors (Self-Worth, Physiological Parameters, AlliedObjectives, Lifetime Use, and Social Affiliation). Resultsindicated significant differences among students in theirranking of the 5 factors. Team sport participants favoredthe Self-Worth factor more than did adventure educationparticipants (p<.05). Individual sport participants rankedPhysiological Parameters higher than adventure educationparticipants (p<.05). Team sport participants and adven-ture education participants favored Allied Objectives morethan did individual sport participants (p<.01). Team sportand adventure education participants ranked SocialAffiliation higher than individual sport participants, withidentical significant difference (p<.001). A two-wayANOVA was also conducted with the 5 factors as depen-dent variables and grade and gender as independentvariables. Significant differences and interaction effectswere noted among grade levels and gender for 2 of the 5factors. No significant differences were found betweengrade, gender, or interaction for Self-Worth, Lifetime Use,or Social Affiliation factors. Sophomores ranked Physi-ological Parameter higher than did seniors (p<.05); juniorsalso ranked Physiological parameter higher than didseniors (p<.05). Males favored Allied Objectives more thandid females (p<.01). Freshmen ranked Allied Objectiveshigher than did seniors (p<.05). In addition, juniors rankedAllied Objectives higher than did seniors.

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Reigstad, Ann C. Physical education and recreation in specialeducation transition programs, 2002. M.S., University ofWisconsin, La Crosse (M. Felix). (49pp 1f $6.00) PE 4407

PL 105-17 guarantees a free and appropriate publiceducation to individuals with disabilities ages 0-21 years.Further, the law mandates that transition goals programsbe provided to ensure a successful transition from publicschool to post-school life. Transition is a coordinated set ofactivities in instruction, related services, communityexperiences, the development of employment and otherpost-school adult living objectives, and, if appropriate,acquisition of daily living skills and functional vocationalevaluation. Unfortunately, leisure and recreation servicesare often overlooked in many transition programs.Addressing recreation in the transition plan can providethe skills necessary to engage in life-long physical activityand proper use of leisure time. Furthermore, engaging inrecreational activities within the community providesavenues for building friendships with individuals with andwithout disabilities. The purpose of this critical analysis isto: (1) review pertinent legislation that directly influenceseducators with regards to special education and transition;and (2) discuss the benefits of leisure education. In thiscritical analysis there are guidelines to identify communityprograms, to develop goals, to determine present levels ofperformance, to design a statement of transition serviceneeds, to determine services needed for transition, and todevelop annual goals and short-term objectives or bench-marks.

Talsky, Kathleen A. Consensus analysis of high schoolstudents’ perceptions of high school athletes, 2002. M.S.,University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (J. Patrick Gray).(232pp 3f $18.00) PE 4461

This thesis uses a combination of ethnographic researchand systematic data collection to compare the culturalknowledge of a high school in 2002 to the results of a 1948ethnographic study by Herve Varenne. Varenne’s researchindicated the existence of a unified American High Schoolstudent culture. Since 1948 a number of changes haveoccurred within the structure of high schools, includingcontinued growth in the importance of sports in Americanculture, and the passage of legislation guaranteeing equalopportunity in sports to female participants. This studyexplores whether Varenne’s concept of a unified AmericanHigh School student culture has remained in existence inspite of these changes. The study focused on the subject ofathletics, seeking consensus in this single domain ofknowledge, and seeking to determine if there was consen-sus in high school students’ perceptions of athletes.Questionnaires were developed with questions coveringsubjects such as personal habits, sportsmanship, grooming,attitude, talent, and the treatment of athletes by non-athletes and staff. The answers to the questions were then

analyzed by the ANTHROPAC computer program andinterpreted to provide quantitative data on the existenceand degree of cultural “consensus” within the domain ofthe “athlete.” The absence of overall consensus in theidentification of the habits and behavior of “athletes” wassignificant, and undermines the possibility of a singleunified high school culture on the subject of athletics.However, Caulkin’s model of Consensus Analysis allowedfor further interpretation of the data and revealed “consen-sus” in multiple sub groups. The data suggest that athletesand non-athletes, and females and males, have differentcultural knowledge concerning the perception of highschool athletes. Members of these groups tend to agreeamong themselves on the role of athletes, though in manycases their knowledge tends to be the opposite of those ofother groups. Such disagreement may be due to historicaltrends, such as the traditional role of males in athletics, orto a different level of experience in high school athletics.Future study on the data gathered in this thesis could leadto further determination of the composition of subgroupswithin high school culture and the social stimuli that createdifferences in high school students’ cultural knowledge.However, this study makes it clear that Varenne’s observa-tion of a single unified high school culture has beenaffected by the passage of time, and in at least this instanceis suspect.

Willming, Cynthia L. Leisure-travel behaviors of college-educated African Americans and perceived racial discrimination,2001. Ph.D., University of Florida (Stephen Anderson).(175pp 2f $12.00) PE 4399

This study examines the leisure-travel behaviors of AfricanAmericans, perceptions of racial discrimination, and theinfluence of social class, gender, and life stage on leisure-travel behaviors. A questionnaire was developed andmailed to 800 African Americans who had attended theUniversity of Florida. Of the 800, 131 African Americanswere included in the study; 43.5 percent were male and56.5 percent were female; 47 percent were aged between 17- 45 years (Early Adulthood) and 47 percent were agedbetween 46 - 65 years (Middle Adulthood); 44 percent hadcompleted a master’s degree or had some work on anEd.D., Ph.D., J.D., or M.D., 29 percent had a bachelor’sdegree or some graduate work, and 25 percent had an Ed.D., Ph.D., J.D., or M.D; 47 percent had a family incomeabove $85,000, 33 percent had a family income between$55,000 to $84,999, and 16 percent had a family incomebelow $54,999. The data were analyzed using descriptivestatistics, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regres-sion. The findings of this study indicate that college-educated African Americans are active participants in thetravel and tourism industry. Unfortunately, some AfricanAmericans perceive racial discrimination in the travelservices and activities that they use or participate in themost during their leisure travel. Even though some African

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Americans perceived racial discrimination in certain travelservices and activities, they rarely changed their leisure-travel behaviors. Gender was somewhat useful to under-stand the relationships between perceived racial discrimi-nation and activities, and income was the strongestindication of the accommodation and activity travelbehaviors of African Americans. The collective influence ofeducation, income, gender, life stage, and perceived racialdiscrimination accounted for some of the differencesamong the accommodation and activity travel behaviors ofAfrican Americans. To disregard the reality of perceivedracial discrimination in the leisure-travel experiences ofAfrican Americans is to exclude African Americans fromthe same rights and privileges that are available to whitesduring their leisure travel. While perceived racial discrimi-nation is a sensitive and challenging issue, further researchis needed to understand this phenomenon, and preventa-tive measures are needed to eradicate this serious quality-of-life issue.

SPORTS MARKETING

Darnell, Simon C. The media construction of Simon Whitfield:producing a Canadian Olympic champion, 2003. M.A.,University of British Columbia (Robert Sparks). (142pp 2f$12.00) PE 4455

This thesis analyzes the media coverage and marketing ofthe Canadian Olympic athlete Simon Whitfield. Whitfield,a 25-year-old from Kingston Ontario, won the first evergold medal in the Olympic men’s triathlon at the 2000Sydney Games. The victory propelled him to the status ofCanadian celebrity and afforded him increased commercialopportunities including corporate sponsorships andproduct endorsements. This research combined twomethodologies: 1) a textual analysis of Canadian mediacoverage of Whitfield, with a keyword search of thecoverage, and 2) interviews with five Canadian sportsjournalists who covered Whitfield and four marketingrepresentatives from companies that sponsored Whitfieldor employed him as a product endorser. Whitfield was alsointerviewed to provide an athlete’s perspective on themedia production and marketing processes. Resultsrevealed thematic consistencies in the Canadian mediacoverage of Whitfield, particularly with respect to Cana-dian national identity, the value of an Olympic gold medaland Whitfield’s status as a Canadian hero. These resultssupport previous research that found recurring themes ofathletic heroism and myths of Canadian nationalism in theproduction of Canadian sports media (MacNeill,1996,Gruneau,1989). Interviews with journalists confirmed theobserved elements of the Whitfield story—his Canadianidentity, gold medal victory, heroic performance, as well asother features (genuine personality, athletic good looks)—that made him newsworthy. Covering these attributes of

Whitfield helped newsmakers to produce news that wasattractive to audiences, and maintained circulation,viewership, and ad ratings, strengthening the media“audience commodity” (Sparks,1992). Interviews withmarketers revealed that Whitfield was commerciallyattractive because the meanings associated with his mediaimage could be attached to brands through the endorse-ment and sponsorship process in order to improve brandequity, the value that consumers attribute to a brand ofproduct or service (Keller,1993). Results support a model ofcelebrity product endorsement based on the transfer ofmeanings from endorser to product, and subsequently toconsumer (McCracken,1989). Overall, results suggestintertextual linkages between media production andmarketing as they relate to celebrity athletes in Canada.Whitfield’s positive media image was understood to havean impact on his marketability and to contribute to a“vortex of publicity” (Wernick,1991) by linking stagesalong the promotional chain.

Rosaaen, Kirsten R. A case study in sport sponsorship andrelationship marketing: a resource-based view, 2002. M.S.,University of Memphis (John Amis). (135pp 2f $12.00) PE4418

To present research on relationships and trust in sportsponsorship as resources capable of conferring a sustain-able competitive advantage, this paper summarizes theliterature on networks, relationship marketing, trust, andintangible resources leading to distinct advantages. Semi-structured interviews provide an in-depth analysis of therelationship between a sporting entity and a corporatepartner, examining how a relationship is actively managed,the importance of trust, and how a relationship can be astrategic asset. These research findings, along withnumerous supplementary documents received from bothorganizations, demonstrate how a long-term partnershipwith frequent communications can lead to a successfulsponsorship that greatly benefits both organizations.

Thomas, Troy R. A comparison of the marketing techniquesused by National Football League franchises with the marketingtechniques used by the National Basketball Association fran-chises, 1996. M.S.E., University of Kansas (James LaPoint).(121pp 2f $12.00) PE 4437

It was the purpose of this study to compare marketingtechniques used by National Football League (NFL)franchises during the 1994 season to techniques used byNational Basketball Association (NBA) franchises for the1994-95 season. A secondary purpose was to determine thepriority of marketing techniques used to promote atten-dance at NFL and NBA home games. Marketing directorsof 28 NFL franchises and 27 NBA franchises were asked torespond to the Marketing Technique Questionnaire(Hambleton, 1987). The questionnaire consisted of 22

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statements regarding marketing techniques used topromote home game attendance. Levels of agreementconcerning the effectiveness of the marketing techniqueswere determined using a five point Likert scale. Priorityrankings were established using the means for each item.Statistically, t-tests were used to determine significantdifferences between the NFL and the NBA for eachmarketing technique. The top three techniques for the NFLwere: “season ticket option,” “business sponsorships,” and“good public relations.” The techniques at the top for theNBA were: “business sponsorships,” “season ticketoption,” and radio advertising.” Significant differencesbetween the NFL and the NBA were found for threemarketing techniques: “used pricing strategies,” “utilizedtelevised games as spectator incentive,” and “usedmagazine advertising.” No statistically significant differ-ences were found for the remaining marketing techniques.

Turano, Cara. A qualitative analysis of fund raising in women’sintercollegiate athletics, 2002. M.A., University of NorthCarolina, Chapel Hill (Barbara Osborne). (77pp 1f $6.00) PE4452

This study provides a qualitative analysis of fund raising inwomen’s intercollegiate athletics around the country andacross all three N.C.A.A. competitive divisions. Areashighlighted by this study include how funds are solicitedfor women’s athletic teams, who raises the funds forwomen athletes, the demographics of donors to women’sathletics, and the winning team myth as it applies towomen’s college sports. In addition, booster club supportwas examined to determine which women’s athletic teamreceives the most support. Finally, recommendations weregiven to help improve the area of fund raising for women’sintercollegiate athletics. The results of this study reveal thatcollege athletic department administrators are workinghard to raise funds for women athletes and are aware ofthe Title IX implications should they fail. Overall, institu-tions are providing female athletes with fund raisingsupport thirty years after Title IX’s enactment.

Wirakartakusumah, Daryl N. Prospects of fantasy sports as aprofitable sport marketing media [sic], 2002. M.S., Universityof Wisconsin, La Crosse (R. Mikat). (65pp 1f $6.00) PE 4409

One hundred-and-fifty sport Web sites (75 offering fantasysports (FS) and 75 not offering fantasy sports (NFS)) wereasked to complete an 18-question on-line survey todetermine the impact that hosting fantasy sports had onthe total profit generated by sport Web sites. Of the 150sport Web sites contacted, 34 (22.7%) completed the surveyinstrument. Results revealed that FS and NFS Groups wereoperating more than 3 years, had common marketingstrategies and generated significant revenue, despite notconsidering “generating revenue” as their most importantgoal. Both groups differed on revenue models used and

pricing models used for banner advertisements. PearsonProduct Moment correlation revealed that the amount ofmoney spent by FS Group was significantly correlated tothe amount of revenue generated (r=.907), whereas NFSGroup only showed little, if any, correlation between thesevariables (r=.044). ANOVA revealed that both groups alsodiffered significantly on revenue generated (p=.025) andprofit obtained (p=.026), regardless of having no significantdifference in money spent (p=.365). FS Group revealedtrends of having a small base of memberships mostlysubscribing for free, and offering 1 or 2 fantasy sports withfootball, baseball, and basketball as the most common.Even though Spearman rank correlation indicated a lowcorrelation between profit obtained and number of fantasysports offered (rS=.027), FS Group has planned to expandits offerings and services by adding fantasy sports andproviding on-line statistical data. These results suggest thatsport Web sites have recognized fantasy sport as a profit-able sports marketing medium, but have not yet foundappropriate marketing approaches to fully take advantageof its potential.

DANCE

Andrzejewski, Carey E. Conquering the high wire: balancinginternal dialogue in the making of solo dances, 2002. M.A.,Texas Woman’s University (Penelope Hanstein). (34pp 1f$6.00) PE 4420

This study emerged out of interests in dance-makingpractice and phenomenology. In an attempt to develop aholistic picture of how student dance artists make self-performed solo dance works, a task that is frequentlyassigned and yet poorly understood, nine graduate studentdance-makers were asked to contribute accounts of theirexperiences in this particular dance-making context.Artistic process journals were collected, and focus groupdiscussions were conducted. From my efforts to under-stand and make meaning from the experiences of theparticipants, a metaphor emerged. Her name is Helen; sheis a high wire artist, and she serves as a composite of thenine participant dance-makers whose success is alsodependent on balance. I envision Helen confronting herreflection before each and every performance, and thisconfrontation serves as a symbol for the first of threethemes that were discovered about making solos: thestruggle to reconcile what is perceived with what is knownabout the self as body and as artist. I then picture hersummoning the courage to mount the ladder up to the firstplatform at the beginning of performances. Again, this actis a symbol for the sense of power needed by dance-makersto counteract what would otherwise be paralyzing fear.Lastly, I imagine Helen walking the tight rope, taking onestep at a time. She proceeds cautiously on the journey fromone platform to the other in a display of superb balance,

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the kind of balance dance-makers, in the process ofcreating self-performed solos, must strike between the roleof dance-maker as choreographer and the role of dance-maker as performer. I now understand these themes asunified by the thread of internal dialogue.

Grover-Haskin, Kim. Put your mother on the ceiling: feministdance making as a worldmaking process of three womenchoreographers, 2001. Ph.D., Texas Woman’s University(Penelope Hanstein). (205pp 3f $18.00) PE 4423

Richard de Mille (1967) considers personal inventioncrucial in comprehending and shaping socially constructedrealities. Intrigued by what a woman’s reality brings to thecreative process and how these experiences becomemovement and embody meaning, I imagined what thereality of choreographing a dance entitled “Put YourMother on the Ceiling” would unveil. Dance makingprovided the opportunity to study a woman’s lived reality.The purpose of this study was to investigate what afeminist perspective contributed to dance making as asocial construction of reality and, subsequently, thedevelopment of theory. Through the metaphor ofworldmaking, premised on Nelson Goodman’s (1978) ideaof worlds and worldmaking originally applied to artcriticism, dance making as a worldmaking endeavorilluminated the diversity of a woman’s dance-makingprocess and what that process revealed. Qualitativeresearch methodology and a worldmaking taxonomy ofthree components, the world-in the-making, the world-in-view, and performing the world, provided for an in depthinvestigation into three distinct dimensions related to thedance making process. The world-in-the-making revealedthe artist’s creative process and how each woman per-ceived and created her work. The world-in-view unveiledthe dimensions of how the body, as a resource forworldmaking, shaped identity and influenced artisticinvention. Performing the world focused upon the per-forming experience revealing self, process, and transcen-dence. A series of in-depth interviews with three selectedwomen revealed a woman choreographer’s world andwork socially influenced and shaped by the world at large.A reverence for uncertainty, mobility in resistance, and acomplexity of consciousness emerged as elements for thedevelopment of theory. Continually re-entering the dancemaking process the artist seeks complexity, transcendingwhat is expected to construct, experience, and implementthe possible, thus evolving for the future. In their dancemaking, women are models of evolutionary praxis. Theircreated worlds of possibility and change speak a woman-centered agency, activism, voice, and autonomy. Women’s“voices” continually refine and redefine dance making as afeminist artistic practice with future visionary applicationfor critical pedagogy and curriculum development. As aconsequence, women worldmakers, making a difference inthe classroom and curriculum, become educationalstrategists for the future.

Hawkins, Christina M. A compilation and analysis of theorigins of the foxtrot in white mainstream America, 2002. M.A.,Brigham Young University (Catherine Black). (48pp 1f$6.00) PE 4440

This literature analysis compiles seven different versions ofthe origin of the Foxtrot, then divides and analyzes themaccording to two perspectives: Caucasian and African-American. The Castles and Harry Fox are most commonlycredited as the originators of the Foxtrot. However,analysis of sources reveals a pattern of appropriation ofAfrican American dance material by white mainstreamAmerica during the first half of the 20th century. Thisrevelation, supported by a quote by Vernon Castle,suggests that the Foxtrot was included in this appropria-tion pattern. Hopefully, more evidence will surface aboutspecifics of African-American contributions to the genesisof the Foxtrot, so that due credit can be given to those whodeserve it.

Kim, Kyehee. Exploring the complexity of perception and itsrelationship with Laban movement analysis, 2002. M.F.A.,Texas Woman’s University (Penelope Hanstein). (26pp 1f$6.00) PE 4424

This paper is an exploration of the phenomenon ofmovement perception. As a complex process involvingmany variables, perception becomes problematic when thecredibility and accuracy of one’s perception is the founda-tion for movement interpretation. Some of the variablesthat make movement perception complex are the non staticnature of movement as an object of perception, thesubjective nature of the perceiver, and the diverse inten-tions behind observation. Laban Movement Analysisprovides a theoretical framework that assists the perceiverin describing and analyzing movement, as well as account-ing for personal biases. LMA offers a way to exploremovement from numerous points of view, therebyenhancing credibility. Ultimately, movement analysisreveals as much about the perceiver as it does about themovement.

Ozmun, L. M. C. R. E. A. T. E.: a performance process model,2002. M.F.A., Texas Woman’s University (Mary Williford-Shade). (35pp 1f $6.00) PE 4426

What makes some dancers better performers? Sinceperformance instruction is lacking in most traditionaldance curricula, how may a dancer learn to hone his or herperformance ability? This research derives from theauthor’s quest for a personal performance process and for atangible, concrete model by which to help dancers men-tally assume the roles they portray through their move-ment This paper examines the problem of a lack of danceresources available to dancers for creating a performance,clarifies and defines interdisciplinarity within the context

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of searching for outside knowledge to enhance the danceperformance, establishes a need for a dance performanceprocess, and stresses the role of imagination in creating adance performance process. Using Todd Siler’s book, ThinkLike a Genius, this paper proposes a transdisciplinary modelunder the rubric Connecting, Relating, Exploring, Analyz-ing, Transforming, and Experiencing (C.R.E.A.T.E.).Applying the C.R.E.A.T.E. model, dancers learn to drawassociative links between ideas, relate those ideas to thedancers’ life experience, examine the various facets of thoselinks through such exploratory tools as improvisation andthe application of multiple intelligence theory, use thatexamination to gain insight into the dance work change theperformance based on that insight, and then reflect on thechanges experienced in the performance. The C.R.E.A.T.E.model is one tool that may empower the dancer to craft hisor her personal performance process, thus enabling thedancer to become a thinking, questioning performer whocan create an engaging an enlightening performance.

Scott, Andee. Dialoguing dance: a personal narrative ofdiscovery, 2001. M.F.A., Texas Woman’s University(Penelope Hanstein). (32pp 1f $6.00) PE 4428

This professional paper uses personal narrative as amechanism for creating meaning and generating theoryabout the nature of developing an artistic process in dance.By examining the progression of her own artistic develop-ment over time, Scott outlines various phases of the artisticprocess: learning process, performance process, choreo-graphic process, and pedagogical process, as well asconcepts such as exploration, choice-making, interpreta-tion, and style. Scott uses language and discourse analysisto provide a working framework for understandinginterpretation and creating style in modern dance. Draw-ing parallels between the building blocks of dance andlanguage through an investigation of syntax provides abasis for examining dance through the lens of discourseanalysis. Concepts in discourse analysis, such as repetition,interruption, interpretation and improvisation, can be usedto explore and generate new movement material, inaddition to fulfilling the movement potential of existingmaterial. A dancer’s artistic process is a never-endingprocess of learning and sense-making. Each individualdancer must find her or his own framework for organizingand assimilating information based on personal experienceand reflection in order to create a teaching model thatprovides students with the tools to develop their ownprocess. Creating a working understand of process instudents creates pathways for self-motivated learning,exploration, and art-making.

Sneddon, Rachel B. Dance and the body in early Christianity:philosophical views of glorification and condemnation, 2002.M.A., Brigham Young University (Catherine H. Black).(66pp 1f $6.00) PE 4443

This thesis considers the philosophy of the body accordingto Platonism in the writings of the early Christian ChurchFathers during the 2nd through 8th centuries A.D. Philo-sophical statements by the Church Fathers were gatheredregarding their views on the body and its relationship tothe sacred dance of the Church and secular dance of thetheater in the Roman Empire at this time. Particularly, itanalyzes the effect these dances had on the body and souland their glorification or condemnation according to theadopted philosophy of Platonism by the Church Fathers. Itsummarizes the educational system in the Empire at thetime and its relationship to Christianity, Plato’s Doctrine ofForms, and the Fathers’ views on sacred and secular dance.Research was taken primarily from secondary sourcesincluding translations of the writings of many ChurchFathers, Plotinus, and the works of Plato. This study foundthat the Church Fathers permitted dance in the sacredChristian prayer circles because of the belief that the soulwas united with God on high, while they condemned thesecular dance of the Roman theater because emphasis onthe physical body’s passions and desires was the primaryobjective.

BIOMECHANICS

Benson, Michael E. The muscle activation of the erector spinaeduring hyperextension on a variable angle Roman chair with andwithout the pelvis restrained, 2001. M.S., University of Texas,El Paso (Darla R. Smith). (87pp 1f $6.00) PE 4453

The purpose of this study was to determine if pelvicrestraint during hyperextension on a variable angle romanchair (VARC) would increase the muscle activation of theerector spinae musculature. Seventy males and femalesranging in age from 18 to 35 years volunteered. Eachparticipant performed hyperextension exercises on theVARC with and without the pelvis restrained. Surfaceelectromyography (EMG) was used to measure the muscleactivation in the erector spinae muscle at the third lumbarvertebra (L3). The EMG activity was normalized to amaximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). TheEMG data were analyzed with a Multivariate Hotelling’s T2

test and univariate t-tests were performed to see where anysignificant differences occurred. The data collected from apost-test questionnaire were used for further analysis usingMcNemar’s test. Alpha was set at the .05 level of signifi-cance. All of the univariate t tests showed that the meandifferences were significantly different (p<.01) from zerofor all three independent variables. The mean differenceswere all negative which indicated that the erector spinaewere more active in the unrestrained condition. However,according to the questionnaire, the participants felt thelumbar extensors worked harder with the restraint than

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without the restraint and the hamstrings and glutealsworked harder without the restraint than with the re-straint.

Birkelo, Jamie R. Effects of prolonged overhead throwing onthree-dimensional scapulohumeral rhythm in baseball pitchers,2002. M.A., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill(Darin Padua). (128pp 2f $12.00) PE 4411

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects ofprolonged overhead throwing on three-dimensionalscapulohumeral rhythm and assess strength assessment ofthe scapular protractor, retractor, and depressor musclegroups. Thirteen healthy baseball pitchers underwent aprescribed bout of prolonged overhead throwing. Follow-ing prolonged overhead throwing the scapula underwentless angular displacement, moving into less externalrotation (protraction) and less upward rotation duringmaximal internal rotation from the 90°to 90°position.Additionally, strength of the scapular protractor, retractor,and depressor muscle groups all decreased significantlypost-exercise. Thus, prolonged overhead throwing resultsin altered scapular kinematics and strength deficits. Basedon these findings, prolonged overhead throwing and theassociated scapular kinematic alterations may increase therisk of shoulder injuries such as impingement and musclefailure, due to decreased subacromial space and increasedeccentric load on posterior shoulder musculature andbiceps during the deceleration and follow-through phasesof throwing.

Bobick, Thomas G. The effects of lifting height and asymmetryon maximum acceptable weight of lift, average heart rate, andestimated biomechanical loading to the lumbar spine, 1997.Ph.D., West Virginia University (Terrence J. Stobbe).(208pp 3f $18.00) PE 4394

Epidemiological studies have indicated that work thatinvolves lifting heavy objects or lifting and twisting withmoderate weights can impose increased compressive,shear, and torsional stresses on a worker’s lumbar spine. Avariety of biomechanical models have verified theseresults. Current statistics indicate that musculoskeletalsprains and strains account for more than 40% of the 2.2million and 2.0 million lost-time work-related injuries thatoccurred during 1994 and 1995. Considering direct andindirect costs, lost-time musculoskeletal injuries can costU.S. industries about $70 billion to $80 billion annually.The objective of this study was to investigate the effects oflifting symmetrically and asymmetrically from knee heightto chest or eye height on the (a) psychophysically selectedweights lifted, (b) average heart rate over two 30-minlifting sessions for four test conditions, and (c) estimatedcompressive loading to the L5/S1 intervertebral disc foreach test condition. Also, the weights lifted were comparedto the Recommended Weight Limits that result from an

analysis of the lifting task characteristics using the revisedNIOSH lifting equation. Eight West Virginia Universityengineering students volunteered as test subjects. Pairedcomparison t-tests indicate that there was a significantdifference in the average weight lifted between chest andeye heights for the symmetrical lifts (p<.01) and for theasymmetrical lifts (p<.02). However, there was no signifi-cant difference in the weights lifted for twisting versus notwisting at either chest or eye heights. There were nosignificant differences in average heart rate or averageestimated biomechanical loading to the lumbar spine forany of the four comparisons: symmetric versus asymmetriclifting at chest height, or at eye height, or for all symmetriclifts (chest and eye together) versus all asymmetric lifts, orfor all chest lifts (both lift types) versus all eye height lifts(both lift types). There was, however, an indication (p≤.10)that the average heart rate was higher for the symmetricallifts at eye height than for the asymmetrical lifts at eyeheight. There was also an indication (p≤.10) that theaverage back compressive force when lifting asymmetri-cally at eye height was less than the average back compres-sive force when lifting symmetrically at eye height. Whenusing the revised NIOSH lifting equation to analyze therequirements of the experiment and then evaluate theweights lifted by the subjects, there was a significantincrease (p<.001) in the weights selected versus theRecommended Weight Limits calculated by the revisedNIOSH equation.

Caster, Brian L. The evaluation of strategies used to accommo-date additional loads during landing, 1989. M.S., University ofOregon (Barry T. Bates). (126pp 2f $12.00) PE 4430

The purpose of the study was to assess strategies used bysubjects to accommodate added loads during landing. Fourmales performed three conditions (C) of 25 landings from a60 cm height on each of two test days. Additional masses(1024 g and 1800 g) were attached to each leg for C2 oneach test day. Ground reaction force data for fore (Max 1)and rearfoot (Max 2) impact and EMG data from five lowerextremity muscles were used in the analysis. Strategiesused to accommodate loading and unloading wereassessed using group and single subject analyses ofvariance (ANOVA) and simple and multiple regressiontechniques. The group ANOVA results demonstrated theineffectiveness of a between subjects design for accuratelyassessing response strategies, indicating that all subjectsperformed equally under all conditions. Single subjectANOVA results, however, demonstrated differentialresponse strategies with respect to load, impact force, andloading/unloading. Simple (load only) and multiple (loadplus EMG) regression analyses for predicting Max 1 andMax 2 generally supported the individual ANOVA resultsand the specific nature of the response strategies em-ployed.

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Davidson, Karen. A comparison of selected kinematic variablesbetween intermediate and advanced level gymnasts in the hurdlestep, round-off, and tucked back somersault in women’s gymnas-tics, 2001. M.S., Slippery Rock University (Nelson Ng).(52pp 1f $6.00) PE 4422

The purpose of this study was to compare selectedkinematic variables between intermediate and advancedgymnasts during the hurdle step, round-off, and tuckedback somersault in women’s artistic gymnastics. A groupof nineteen female gymnasts served as subjects. Ten girlsmade up the intermediate level and nine girls constitutedthe advanced level. Each subject performed four consecu-tive trials of the tumbling sequence hurdle step, round-off,and tucked back somersault and three trials were selectedfor investigation. Kinematic data were collected by usingthe Peak Motion Video Analysis System. Data werecollected in order to analyze the horizontal velocity andcenter of gravity positioning for various phases of thehurdle step and round off. In addition, the angle of takeofffor the somersault was analyzed for each gymnast. Finally,relationships were discovered between the horizontalvelocity and center of gravity at takeoff and the maximalheight of center of gravity positioning during the tuckedback somersault. Results revealed significant differences inhorizontal velocity during certain phases of the tumblingsequence. A significant relationship was also foundbetween the center of gravity position at takeoff and themaximal height reached during the back somersault. Noother significant differences or relationships were discov-ered.

Derrick, Timothy R. The analysis of time-series data usingcorrelation techniques, 1991. M.S., University of Oregon(Barry T. Bates). (56pp 1f $6.00) PE 4456

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectivenessof the Pearson product-moment correlation procedure asan evaluation technique for the analysis of biomechanicaltime-series data. The effectiveness of this correlationcoefficient as a descriptor was evaluated under a variety ofconditions, and questions concerning its use as an indicatorof temporal similarity were addressed. Computer gener-ated data, vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) data, andhybrid data (constructed by combining features of com-puter generated and VGRF data) were used to investigatethe influence of timing and amplitude differences on thecorrelation coefficient. It was determined that the correla-tion coefficient is easy to use and can be used to evaluatethe entire curve, as opposed to discrete data points. Itsusefulness is jeopardized, however, since it is influencedboth by timing and by amplitude differences, as well as bythe type of curve being analyzed.

DeVita, Paul. A kinetic analysis of the effects of time on runningperformance, 1984. M.S., University of Oregon (Barry T.Bates). (119pp 2f $12.00) PE 4431

Shoe testing and evaluation have been a primary interest ofresearchers in recent years. However, no one has studiedthe effects of time on ground reaction force (GRF) param-eters within shoe conditions. The purpose of this study wasto investigate the effects of three training times and twoshoe conditions on selected ground reaction force param-eters. The training times were: short term (less than 100 m),intermediate (1609 m), and long term (25 to 40 km); shoeconditions were a common shoe and a shoe worn regularlyby each subject. Intra- and inter-day reliabilities wereevaluated to aid in the identification of differences amongthe training times. Twelve healthy males running 25 to 40km per week volunteered as subjects. The experimentalset-up consisted of a Kistler force platform interfaced to aTektronix 4052 Graphics Calculator and a photoelectrictiming system to monitor running speed (3.70±0.13 m/s).Each subject performed 10 successful trials for eachcondition and all trial data were stored on hard disk forlater processing. Adequate time was allowed between trialsand conditions to minimize any fatigue effects. Dataprocessing consisted of the evaluation of 20 parameters foreach trial. Trial parameter values were entered intoindividual within subject statistical analyses to identifycondition differences. Data reliability was assessed withone way ANOVA and Model Statistics procedures, andtraining time and shoe condition effects were evaluatedwith Multiple Regression and Model Statistics techniques.Statistically significant differences (p<.05) were obtained inboth reliability analyses and among the training times.Intra-day reliability was acceptable (70 to 90%), but inter-day reliability was not (40 to 50%). These results indicatedthat the evaluation of the effects of different shoes shouldbe based on data obtained during a single test session.Differences among the training times indicated thatsubjects had accommodated the shoe conditions over time.Accommodation was greatest over the long term trainingcondition. Vertical force parameters exhibited the largestaccommodative effects between the short and intermediateconditions whereas all three component force parametersresponded similarly after the long term training period.

DeVita, Paul. Intraday and interday reliability of groundreaction force data, 1986. Ph.D., University of Oregon (BarryT. Bates). (154pp 2f $12.00) PE 4432

Researchers have used ground reaction force (CRF) data toquantify the effects of shoes on running performance.However, few researchers have tried to establish thereliability of the GRF data over time and its effect ontesting procedures. The primary purpose of the study wasto investigate intra- and inter-day reliability of selectedGRF parameters for seven sample sizes ranging from 3 to

15


50 trials. The results of the reliability evaluation were usedto establish the number of trials and test days needed toproduce stable mean GRF parameter values. These laterresults were then used to evaluate the differences betweentwo running shoes. Six healthy male runners volunteeredas subjects for each phase of the study. The experimentalsetup consisted of a force platform interfaced to aTektronix 4052 Graphics Calculator and an infrared timingsystem to monitor running speed (4.29±0.2 m/s). Dataprocessing consisted of the evaluation of 21 parameters foreach trial. Trial parameter values were evaluated using anindividual within subject statistical technique (ModelStatistics). Statistically significant differences (p<.05) wereobtained for both reliability analyses and between the twoshoe conditions. Intra-day reliability ranged from 94 to 75%for samples of 3 to 25 trials, respectively, with a decrease inthe mean absolute differences (MADs) between samples assample size increased. Inter-day reliability results rangedfrom 79 to 39% for samples of 3 to 50 trials, and exhibiteddecreases in mean absolute differences. A sample size of 25trials was identified as the minimum number of trialsnecessary to adequately describe the true populationparameter values. The shoe comparison study identified59% of the observed differences as statistically significant(p<.05), but only 37% of the differences were greater thanthe MADs obtained in the reliability analyses. The resultsof the reliability analyses suggest that the evaluation ofdifferent running conditions be based on data obtainedfrom within day comparisons performed on different days.

Foggiano, Patrick H. A comparison of muscular endurancecapacity of the finger flexor muscles utilizing the Tri-BarGripping System and the traditional grip in college men, 2002.M.S., Slippery Rock University (Gary S. Pechar). (60pp 1f$6.00) PE 4412

The purpose of this study was to compare the muscularendurance capacity of the finger flexor muscles using theTri-bar Gripping System and the traditional grip in collegemen. The subjects included 32 male volunteer undergradu-ate students at Slippery Rock University who were 19-24years of age, classified as “low risk,” had at least sixmonths of prior resistance training experience, and had nohistory in the past year of any upper body musculoskeletalinjuries. Muscular endurance capacity of the finger flexormuscles using the Tri-Bar Gripping System and thetraditional grip was examined using a straight arm hangtest and a one hand endurance test. The data were ana-lyzed using a paired samples dependent t-test. There was asignificantly greater muscular endurance capacity score(hang time) using the Tri-Bar Gripping System bar ascompared to the traditional grip bar among college males(p<.05). There was also a significantly greater muscularendurance capacity score (time to grip failure) using the

traditional single grip cable handle as compared to the Tri-Bar Gripping System single grip cable handle amongcollege males (p<.05).

Harter, Rod A. Kinetic and temporal characteristics of selectedjudo hip throws, 1985. Ph.D., University of Oregon (Barry T.Bates). (145pp 2f $12.00) PE 4445

Judo, a martial art/sport over 100 years old and practicedworld-wide, has drawn limited research attention frombiomechanists. The purposes of the study were 1) tomeasure the ground reaction forces (GRF) of two judo hipthrows, 2) to describe the activity through the use ofselected parameters determined from the ground reactionforce-time curves, and 3) to identify any kinetic and/ortemporal patterns that were present. The experimental set-up consisted of a force platform interfaced via an A/Dconverter to a laboratory computer and both a high speedsuper 8 mm movie camera and a 35 mm SLR camera. Fourhighly skilled judo players performed 10 trials of harai-goshi (sweeping hip throw) (HG) and uchi-mata (innerthigh throw) (UM) using the same uke (opponent) (72.4kg). Force data were sampled at 200 Hz and the activitywas filmed at 150 frames per sec. Selected parameters wereevaluated using a repeated measures ANOVA (p<.05)design. Cinematographic data were used to assist in theinterpretation and analysis of the GRF data. A consistenttri-modal pattern was observed for the vertical groundreaction force-time curves of all subjects on both throws,giving identity to three distinct phases within HB and UM.At least two different strategies for unbalancing the uke arepossible for successful execution of HG and UM. Threesubjects used a “pull-push-pull” strategy, while one subjectused a “push-pull” strategy to initiate the throws. Maxi-mum vertical BRF values for both throws averaged 2.46times-body weight (BW). Maximum braking force valuesaveraged .36 BW, while the mean maximum propulsiveGRF was .26 BW. Between subjects differences wereconsiderably greater than within subjects differences, asmight be expected, suggesting that subjects developeddifferent styles of throwing based upon their individualcapabilities and morphological characteristics. Significantdifferences between HG and UM were observed for nine of25 parameters describing the two throws; however, overallkinetic and temporal patterns were more statistically andbehaviorally similar than dissimilar.

Hunt, Michael A. The effect of an anterior cruciate ligamentdeficiency on steady-rate cycling biomechanics, 2002. M.S.,University of British Columbia (David Sanderson). (137pp2f $12.00) PE 4395

It is known that individuals missing a functional anteriorcruciate ligament (ACL) in one limb exhibit changes in thewalking biomechanics in that limb during mid-stance (10-

16


30% of the gait cycle). Specifically, they exhibit reducedactivation of the quadriceps muscle group and increasedactivation of the hamstring muscle group, resulting in adecreased net knee joint extensor moment and increasedknee joint flexion. These compensations have been called a“quadriceps avoidance” strategy. It is not known whetherthese compensations are the direct result of the injury, orwhether compensations made early in the rehabilitationprocess play a role in these changes. The purpose of thepresent study was to investigate the lower limb biome-chanics of ACL deficient individuals during a commonrehabilitation exercise for this injury—stationary cycling.Ten individuals with a unilateral ACL deficiency and tenage- and gender matched controls performed six random-ized bouts of stationary cycling for approximately oneminute at intensities resulting from the combination of twocadences (60 and 90 rpm) and three power outputs (75, 125,and 175 W). It was found that, similar to during walking,ACL deficient individuals exhibited decreases in themagnitude of the quadriceps muscle activation in theinjured limb. When combined with no change in ham-strings muscle activation, this resulted in a decreased netknee joint extensor moment in the injured limb. However,in contrast to walking, where increases from the hip orankle extensors compensate for the decreased output fromthe knee joint extensors, ACL deficient individuals in thepresent study decreased output from the entire injuredlimb, resulting in a “limb avoidance.” This limb avoidancewas manifested by decreases in the magnitude of muscleactivation from the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, andgluteus maximus, as well as decreases in the amount offorce applied to the pedal. It was concluded that thesecompensations occurred in order to reduce anterior tibialtranslation in the injured limb. These results may suggestthat a “quadriceps avoidance” strategy may be due in partto a “limb avoidance” strategy learned early duringrehabilitation.

Ingram, Steven G. Evaluation of regression modeling fordevelopment of transfer functions to predict ground reactionforces in sprinting, 1989. M.S., University of Oregon (BarryT. Bates). (116pp 2f $12.00) PE 4441

The use of a regression statistical model to predict groundreaction forces (GRF) from cinematographic data wasevaluated. One male subject performed 27 sprint trialswhile simultaneous force (600 hz) and film (200 hz) datawere collected. Regression equations generated from therecorded GRF (RGRF) and center of gravity acceleration(CGA) histories were interpolated to 100 points. ModeledGRF (MGRF) curves, generated from the 100 regressionequations and the CGA data, were compared to thecorresponding RGRF curves. The following results weredemonstrated: (a) the model predicted the RGRF moreaccurately than traditional methods of calculation, (b) theanthropometric model used to generate CGA data did not

affect model accuracy, and (c) greater model accuracy wasachieved using lower cut off frequencies during datasmoothing. It was concluded that the method could be ofassistance in identifying causes of GRF patterns duringspecific phases of the support period of many movements.

Karduna, Andrew R. The causes and effects of translation atthe natural and prosthetically reconstructed glenohumeral joint,1995. Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania (John L. Williams).(177pp 2f $12.00) PE 4434

The human glenohumeral joint exhibits a delicate balancebetween allowing small translations during normal rangesof motion, yet preventing extreme translations leading todislocation. Studies of glenohumeral kinematics reportconflicting results regarding the magnitude of thesetranslations. The purpose of this investigation was todetermine the relative importance of the factors controllingtranslations and examine some consequences of transla-tions after shoulder arthroplasty. Glenohumeral kinematicswere studied using an active and passive cadaver model.Joints were positioned from maximum internal to externalrotation at various planes and elevations. Passive transla-tions were two to six times larger than active translations.These differences were due to a 40 percent larger range ofmotion achieved passively. When the same ranges ofmotion were considered for both models, no translationaldifferences were found. Joint conformity was shown to beimportant in controlling translations during active mo-tions, while ligamentous constraints helped controltranslations during passive motions. Similar experimentswere conducted on specimens before and after jointreconstruction at one plane and elevation for componentradial mismatches from zero to five millimeters. The effectsof muscle forces and ligamentous constraints on recon-structed joints were similar to those for natural joints.Translations were found to linearly increase as jointconformity decreased for active motions. On the average,reconstructed joints with less conforming articulations bestreproduced natural joint translations during activemotions. After removal of muscles, ligaments and labrum,natural and prosthetically reconstructed joints were testedfor anterior/posterior joint stiffness. Joint stiffness dramati-cally increased with increasing component conformity, anddecreased with increasing medial loads. The minimumforces necessary for dislocation were independent of jointconformity. Rosette strain gages at the glenoid keel midlevel revealed that component loading in this fashion leadsto fully reversible cyclic keel strains. The highest compres-sive strains occurred with the head centered in the glenoid,and were larger for non-conforming joints. These strainsbecame tensile just before rim loading and were greater forconforming joints. Although peak strains are below theyield point for polyethylene, cyclic loading of the compo-nent in this fashion may ultimately lead to fatigue failureand component toggling.

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Karduna, Andrew R. Transverse stiffness and constitutivelaws for elastomers and fiber reinforced elastomers, 1991. M.S.,Johns Hopkins University (Frank Yin). (114pp 2f $12.00) PE4433

The concept of using myocardial transverse stiffnessmeasurements as an index of in-plane properties seemspromising, since there is currently no reliable method ofaccurately measuring the stresses inside of these tissues.Before this technique can be accepted, though, a morethorough understanding of the underlying mechanics isneeded. The problem is that the material properties of softbiological tissue have not been well characterized becauseof their complex structures. The goal of this thesis was tostudy the transverse stiffness of a much simpler material.Unreinforced and nylon reinforced rubber specimens werefabricated in the laboratory. Constitutive laws based onstrain energy functions were obtained using a biaxialstretching apparatus. The results from the isotropic casewere employed in finite element simulations designed totest the effects of stretching and various boundary condi-tions on measurements of transverse stiffness. Experimen-tal indentation tests were also performed to compare withthese simulations. There is excellent agreement betweenthe experimental and simulated data on the effect ofthickness on the transverse stiffness of rubber. Simulateddata concerning the effects of indentor radius, indentationdepth, and in-plane dimensions were also studied. Inaddition, preliminary experimental results indicate that theanisotropy of our composite material has an effect on thetransverse stiffness. While the technique for determiningthe strain energy function of our isotropic elastomers hasbeen used before, its application to fiber reinforcedspecimens is new. The results from these studies indicatethat this methodology may prove very useful for obtainingconstitutive laws for these types of materials. Since itwould be very difficult to determine the effects of variousboundary conditions on transverse stiffness for biologicaltissue, man-made composites offered an attractive alterna-tive. Simulated and experimental results for an isotropicmaterial indicate that this approach has merit. For atransversely isotropic material, the fact that the fiberscontribute to the transverse stiffness indicates that theeffects of fiber density and boundary conditions, likespecimen thickness and unequal in-plane loading, needfurther study.

Kindling, Leslie A. Effects of quadriceps fatigue on runningmechanics, 1998. M.S., University of Oregon (Barry T.Bates). (65pp 1f $6.00) PE 4450

The current study was conducted to gain information onthe effect of quadriceps fatigue on running kinematics. Oneparticipant was selected from a previous study. Theparticipant initially ran for 3 minutes on a treadmill at his

preferred running speed (8 minute-mile pace). Afterperforming three sets of approximately 11 repetitions ofmaximum effort, concentric quadriceps contractions, theparticipant returned to the treadmill and ran for another 3minutes at 8 minute-mile pace. Video of the participantrunning was digitized to determine joint locations.Digitization was completed on every 4th stride startingwith the 5th stride after handrail release, for a total of 24strides. Joint position data was smoothed and interpolatedto 100 points. Then, segment and joint angles were calcu-lated. The participant had a faster stride rate in the fatiguecondition (83.80 strides/min) compared to the non fatiguecondition (80.75 strides/min, p<0.01). Also, during fatiguethe thigh angle was decreased prior to toe off to beyond theend of forward swing. This occurred along with anincrease in hip extension for the majority of the same timeperiod. Thus, as the effectiveness of the quadriceps isreduced, their ability to act as a hip flexor is compromised.

Knutzen, Kathleen M. The influences of two knee braceapplications on the biomechanical characteristics of the surgicallyrepaired knee, 1982. Ph.D., University of Oregon (Barry T.Bates). (216pp 3f $18.00) PE 4435

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence oftwo different knee braces on lower extremity function inindividuals who had a documented history of kneeinstability. Six subjects, aged 20 to 28, participated in thestudy. All subjects were selected based upon the followingcriteria: 1) have had knee surgery for the reduction of kneeinstability, 2) have had at least ten months of rehabilitation,3) have a healthy contralateral knee, and 4) have previ-ously worn a specific de-rotation brace. The biomechanicalcharacteristics of the healthy limb, the surgical limb, thesurgical limb fitted with an elastic support brace, and thesurgical limb fitted with a de-rotation brace served asconditions for comparison. The data were collected usingthree testing apparatus which allowed the followingmeasurements: 1) tri-planar range of motion evaluation atthe knee during overground running, 2) ground reactionforce evaluation during the support phase of running, and3) torque and tibial rotation evaluation during a fixed-footclinical setting. Variables selected for processing included12 force variables (6 medial/lateral, 3 vertical, 3 fore/aft), 4electrogoniometer variables (maximum flexion in supportand swing, internal and external rotation), and 4 isokineticvariables (maximum torque and rotation for internal andexternal rotation). Analyses of variance with repeatedmeasures were conducted to determine significant differ-ences across conditions. Planned comparisons were carriedout on all data sets. Statistically significant differences werefound in ground reaction force curves andelectrogoniometric values across knee conditions (P<.05).The de-rotation brace significantly reduced knee flexion aswell as internal and external rotation of the tibia duringoverground running. There were also significant differ-

18


ences in medial/lateral force components between healthylimb and the surgical limb conditions. No significantdifferences were found in the isokinetic or vertical andfore/aft ground reaction force components. Results suggestthat a de-rotation brace effectively reduced movementparameters at the knee. Results also support the existenceof a medial/lateral ground reaction force asymmetrybetween healthy and surgical limbs.

Lander, Jeffrey E. Comparisons between selected parametersdescribing an isotonic and isokinetic bench press, 1982. M.S.,University of Oregon (Barry T. Bates). (174pp 2f $12.00) PE4442

Although isotonic and isokinetic performance have beenexamined separately, little direct comparative informationis available. The present study measured and comparedparameters describing selected performance characteristicsof an isotonic and isokinetic bench press in order toquantitatively evaluate similarities and differencesbetween the two activities. Parameters describing theisotonic condition were generated from cinematographicdata (150 fps) for five trials each at 90% and 75% of thesubject’s performance. Isokinetic data were obtained froman instrumented Cybex Power Bench Press at two speedsof rotation based upon total time of performance for theisotonic condition. Selected position, temporal, and forcedata were compared for the four conditions. The twoactivities were found to be similar during the middleportion of the movement, while differences existed in thebeginning and end. These data suggest that a temporalmethod of equating performance be used when comparingthe two modes of training.

McIntyre, Kelli. Kinematic and kinetic analysis of basketballplayers during a functional jumping task, 2002. M.A., Univer-sity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (Darin Padua). (102pp2f $12.00) PE 4415

Female basketball athletes are more likely to suffer seriousknee injury than males. Identification of knee injury riskfactors for female basketball athletes is necessary due toincreased injury incidence in this sport. The purpose of thestudy was to determine the influence of lower extremitykinematics on peak vertical ground reaction force (VGRF)when performing a single leg lay-up take-off (SLLT) and toidentify differences in lower extremity movement patternsbetween genders. Subjects consisted of 17 female and 18male college-aged basketball athletes. A force platformmeasured peak VGRF and an electromagnetic motionanalysis system collected kinematic data during a SLLT.Results identified knee valgus, hip, and ankle flexionangles as significant predictors of peak VGRF and signifi-cant gender differences for knee flexion and valgus angles.Intervention strategies that alter lower extremity kinemat-

ics may reduce VGRF. The altered lower extremitymovement patterns demonstrated by females may predis-pose them to knee injury.

Myers, Renee L. Electromyographic analysis of the glutealmuscles during closed kinetic chain exercise, 2002. M.A.,University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (Darin Padua).(124pp 2f $12.00) PE 4451

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects ofCKC stepping exercises [side step left (SSL), side step right(SSR), high knees marching (HKM), and diagonal forwardstepping (DFS)] with no shoes (NS) and balance shoes (BS)on gluteus medius (Gmed) and gluteus maximus (Gmax)activation amplitude of the stance leg during the prepara-tory response (PR) and loading response (LR) of the gaitcycle. Nineteen healthy college students performedexercises in both shoe conditions. Average RMS EMG ofthe Gmed and Gmax were recorded. The type of exercisealso influenced Gmed/Gmax activity. Gluteal activationwas proven to increase during the LR of exercises with thebalance shoes during exercise. It was determined thatHKM muscle activation was greater than that of DFS andSSL. Thus, balance shoes effectively increased Gmed/Gmax activation in comparison to no shoe conditions.Based on these findings, the use of balance shoes duringCKC stepping exercises is recommended to promotegluteal activation.

Peterman, Wilma A. Effects of incremental load on themechanics and muscular activity of rising to erect stance, 2001.M.S., Springfield College (H. Joseph Scheuchenzuber).(137pp 2f $12.00) PE 4391

The current study was designed to evaluate the differencesin the mean change of selected mechanical and electromyo-graphic variables during rising to an erect stance from afull kneeling position across incremental loads. Each loadwas calculated as a percentage (35%, 40%, 45%, and 50%)of the lean body weight of each subject. Right leg dominantfemales (N=9) participated in the current investigation.One-way repeated measures ANOVA procedures wereused to evaluate the mean change in all variables. Nosignificant (p>.05) difference existed across incrementalloads for all biomechanical variables. The temporal ratio ofthe erector spinae demonstrated a significant (p<.05)difference in the mean change across incremental loads.Post hoc analysis revealed a significant difference existedbetween the 35% and 50% lean body weight loads. Furtherresearch is needed in order to evaluate the effects ofincremental load on the muscular activity and mechanicsof rising to an erect stance.

Sadeghi, Heydar. Gait asymmetry in able-bodied subjects usingbiomechanical data, 1998. Ph.D., University of Montreal (PaulAllard). (213pp 3f $18.00) PE 4419

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Walking, as one of the most universal of all humanactivities, is of interest and is applicable to sports, clinicalevaluations, diagnostic, rehabilitation, and artificial limbdesigns, as well as to robotics. Understanding of differentaspects of gait function has been increasing with availabil-ity of sophisticated and advanced instruments, and theinvolvement of other areas of science, as well as with theapplication of advanced statistical methods. Traditionally,symmetry between lower limb has been assumed forsimplicity in gait analysis. The general purpose of thisstudy was to examine symmetry assumptions by means ofidentifying the three-dimensional muscle powers andassociated mechanical energies and to determine which ofthese gait parameters were related to propulsion andsupport. Furthermore, this research focused on howpropulsion and control tasks are performed by each limband how these tasks are managed between the lower limbs.In this regard, we postulated that limb propulsion ismainly associated with the interaction of a number ofmuscle power bursts developed throughout the stancephase, while control actions are mainly achieved by thecontralateral limb through different power burst interac-tions. Moreover, we hypothesize that the power activitiesof a limb are related to those of the contralateral limb.Simultaneous bilateral three-dimensional data of nineteenyoung, healthy, right handed and leg dominant malesubjects was assessed using an eight camera video-basedsystem synchronized to two force plates. The musclepowers and their related mechanical energy were calcu-lated at each joint and in each plane of the lower limbs bymeans of the inverse dynamic technique. The principalcomponent analysis (PCA) method was applied to reduceand classify 54 gait parameters for each limb. Student’s t-test for paired data was applied to determine significantdifferences between the identified gait parameters and thePearson correlation method was used to determine theinteraction among each limb data set. Furthermore,Canonical correlation analysis was used to determine theinteractions between the right and left lower extremity gaitdata sets. The limb that had a propulsion function wascharacterized by a strong third hip power at push off. Mostof the parameters identified by the PCA were associatedwith the hip, and were mainly in the sagittal plane. Theseparameters were concentrated during push-off. Gaitpropulsion was an activity initiated by the hip shortly afterheel-strike and maintained throughout the stance phase.There was a secondary support function that occurredduring midstance. Control was the main task of the leftlimb as evidenced by the power absorption bursts at thehip and knee. The contralateral limb power generationswere generally secondary to control activities and werepossibly involved in correction adjustments of the otherlimb’s propulsion. These results do not support thehypothesis that the ankle was a major contributor toforward progression. Inter-limb interaction further

emphasized the functional relationship between forwardprogression and control tasks developed by each limb andhighlighted the importance of the frontal and transverseplane actions during gait.

Sawhill, James A. Biomechanical characteristics of rotationalvelocity and movement complexity in isokinetic performance,1981. Ph.D., University of Oregon (Barry T. Bates). (194pp2f $12.00) PE 4460

The purpose of this study was to design and operate amicro processor controlled system for the collection,analysis and interpretation of isokinetic performance data.The system included an instrumented Orthotron isokineticdynamometer interfaced through a TransEra analog-to-digital signal converter to a Tektronix 4051 graphicscalculator. A comprehensive collection of software pro-gramming was written to facilitate the calibration of thisequipment, and subsequent collections and analysesemployed this system. The first experiment examined legextension and flexion motions of contralateral limbs for tenmale and ten female subjects through eight rotationalvelocities (50-to 400 degrees/second). Peak torque ratiosfor leg antagonist muscle groups and leg orientations forthe occurrence of these peak torques were computed for allmovements. Subjects exhibited bilateral symmetry for bothof these measures at all movement speeds. Significantincreases in peak torque ratios of hamstrings to quadricepsmuscle groups were observed, and revealed that theseantagonist muscles became more balanced in their torqueproductions with increased speeds of rotation. Peak torquejoint positions changed significantly and converged upon acommon 63 degree angle of knee flexion as speeds ofrotation increased. The second experiment examinedmultiple trials of all possible combinations and permuta-tions of leg extension and flexion motions for preferredlimb movements of five male subjects at three rotationalvelocities (200, 300, and 400 degrees/second). No signifi-cant differences were observed for antagonist muscles’peak torque ratios with either changes in movement speedsor movement tasks. Peak torque joint positions changedsignificantly for all leg extension and flexion movementsthrough speeds, and changed for flexion movementsthrough movement tasks. Throughout both movementdirections, all torque, position, and temporal measureswere significantly related to all other measures of the samekind. Due to inherent biological variability, an average of3.23 trials were required to collect stable performance datawith speeds of motion and movement tasks emerging asnecessary considerations for examining performancevariations.

SPORTS MEDICINE

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Cimbalnik, Amy M. Relationship among indices of trainingand the incidence of illnesses and injuries in elite athletes, 2001.M.S., University of Wisconsin, La Crosse (C. Foster). (66pp1f $6.00) PE 4401

Members of the U.S. Speedskating Team (n=5, 1 male, 4females) were monitored during training in order toevaluate the relationship between training characteristicsand the incidence of illnesses, injuries, and complaints. Adaily training log-questionnaire along with questionsregarding illness, injury, muscular aches and pains, andstate of mental well-being was completed. Training load,training monotony, and training strain were computedusing the session Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE)method. The product of the weekly muscular aches andpains and weekly state of mental well being defined thecomplaint index. A low incidence of illnesses was found inrelation to training load or strain. A general relationshipbetween training load and the complaint index with weakto moderate correlations (r=0.35-0.71) was found. Therewas no evidence for a threshold effect of the complaintindex in relation to either training load or strain. Thepresent data suggest that prospective studies with gooddata recovery might be a productive process in terms ofevaluating negative training outcomes.

Comstock, Rae D. Patterns of injury among female rugbyplayers, 2002. Ph.D., University of California, San Diego(Richard Shaffer). (288pp 3f $18.00) PE 4454

Rugby, a full contact sport played recreationally by menand women, exposes participants to a high risk of injury.This cross-sectional study explored patterns of injuryamong female rugby players in the U. S. and investigatedseveral potential risk factors. A convenience sample of 364females playing rugby in the U.S. was surveyed. Playershad a mean age of 25.7 years. The majority of players(83.0%) had sustained an injury within their most recent 3months of play. The general patterns of injury, reported asprevalence rates, indicated the most commonly injuredbody site was the head (28.3%), followed by knee (27.5%),fingers (27.5%), shoulder (26.4%), neck (21.4%), and ankle(21 .2%). The types of injuries reported included strains/sprains/tears (37.4%), concussions (11.5%), fractures(6.9%), and dislocations (5.5%). Patterns of injury were alsoinvestigated in terms of a strict study definition of injury.When only considering injuries sustained within the mostrecent three months, and which caused players to seekprofessional medical attention or prevented participationin rugby activities or normal work/school activities for ≥seven days, 159 of the 364 players (43.7%) were classifiedas injured. Among these 159 individuals, the sites mostoften injured, reported as prevalence rates, were shoulder(24.8%), followed by knee (22 9%), ankle (15.3%), and head(13.4%). Types of injuries sustained included strains/sprains/tears (60.0%), fractures (16.1%), concussions

(12.3%), and dislocations (11.0%). Over a third of theinjured players reported sustaining injuries to more thanone site (37.6%) and injuries of more than one type (33.6%)at their most recent injury event. The tackle was the phaseof play most commonly associated with injury. Addition-ally, 12.7% of the injured players believed they had beeninjured as the result of foul play. Multivariate analysesfound that while unpenalized foul play was significantlyassociated with injury, the use of protective equipment,warming up prior to playing, alcohol use, and a willing-ness to take risks were not associated with injury. Theresult of a comprehensive examination of injury in U.S.female rugby players had not been previously reported.Thus, this study fills a unique position.

Cutler, Amy J. The effects of acute magnetic exposure oncircumference measurements of the elbow flexors following anexercise-induced muscle injury, 2001. M.S., Slippery RockUniversity (Daniel G. Drury). (79pp 1f $6.00) PE 4421

The subject group in this single blind investigation wascomprised of 24 females attending Slippery Rock Univer-sity during the spring and summer semesters of 2001.Undergraduate and graduate students not currentlyparticipating in a regular resistance training programvoluntarily participated. The effect of magnet therapy onpost muscle injury swelling was examined. Data wereanalyzed using an independent measures t-test. Thefollowing conclusions appear warranted within thelimitations of the study. There was no significant differencein the amount of swelling when comparing those partici-pants who were exposed to magnet therapy versus thosewho received placebo therapy. The magnet therapy pads of1200 Gauss intensity were ineffective in treating swellingafter an eccentric exercise induced muscle injury.

Hammond, James. Perceptions of artificial turf regarding theeffects of football playing surfaces on injury rates, 2002. M.S.,State University of New York, Brockport (Robert C.Schneider). (55pp 1f $6.00) PE 4458

The perceptions of National Collegiate Athletic Association(NCAA) Division III college football coaches (based ontheir interactions with interscholastic and intercollegiatefootball players) regarding the effects of football playingsurfaces on athlete injury was investigated. The subjectswere all (237 total) NCAA Division III football coaches.Based on the existing literature and input from a panel ofexpert Division III coaches, a questionnaire was formed.Results showed that 48% of the coaches surveyed stronglyagreed, or agreed, that artificial turf poses a greater risk ofinjury than does natural grass.

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Harter, Rod A. Long term evaluation of knee stability andfunction following surgical reconstruction for anterior cruciateligament insufficiency, 1987. Ph.D., University of Oregon(Louis R. Osternig). (262pp 3f $18.00) PE 4446

Current evaluative parameters of knee stability andfunction in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructedknees have not gained universal acceptance. Clinical testresults have commonly been given more value than apatient’s subjective evaluation of surgical outcome. Thepresent study was designed to identify specific kneestability and function variables which were most predictiveof a patient’s rating of knee function following one of twocombined (intra and extra-articular) ACL reconstructionprocedures at two postoperative periods, and to measurethe interrelationships among those variables. An additionalpurpose was to evaluate individual measures of kneestability and function between types of surgery and lengthsof postoperative period, as well as between contralateralsurgical and nonsurgical limbs. Fifty-one subjects wereevaluated on a battery of tests at an average of 48.0 monthspostsurgery (range = 24 to 101 months). All subjectspossessed a normal contralateral knee for comparativepurposes. Eleven variables were identified from thefollowing evaluative measures: (a) patient’s subjectiverating; (b) instrumented knee laxity testing; (c) propriocep-tive testing; (d) orthopedic examination; (e) isokineticstrength and work capacity; and (f) activity level. Resultsindicated that variables selected were not highly correlatedwith, nor could effectively predict, the patients’ evaluationof surgical knee stability and function. No significantdifferences were observed between the ACL reconstructiveprocedures for any of 11 variables selected for analysis.Analyses also revealed no significant differences betweenlengths of postoperative period for l0 of 11 variables.Statistically significant differences (p <.00l) betweensurgical/nonsurgical knees were found for 9 of 11 vari-ables analyzed. Eight of the nine significant differencesrepresented surgical knee mean absolute differences(deficits) of less than l5 percent. Data suggest that subjects’perceptions of postoperative knee status were independentof the results of static and dynamic clinical tests commonlyused to assess knee function and stability. Postoperativedeficits of up to 30 percent between the surgically-recon-structed and normal contralateral knees on specificmeasures of knee function and stability may not greatlyinfluence patients’ perceptions of knee function. Develop-ment of more specific dynamic tests may be necessarybefore stronger relationships between clinical test resultsand patients’ subjective evaluation of knee status in theACL-reconstructed knee can be realized.

Kastberg, Lee S. The comparative effects of a hydrocollator packand thermal ultrasound on the transcutaneous delivery oftopically applied dexamethasone, 2002. M.A., University ofNorth Carolina, Chapel Hill (William Prentice). (64pp 1f$6.00) PE 4448

The purpose of this investigation was to compare theeffects of three different methods of dexamethasoneadministration on serum levels of the drug. Thirty subjects(17 females, 13 males) participated in the study and wererandomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. Allsubjects were treated with the topical application of 0.4%dexamethasone sodium phosphate. One group was thecontrol group treated with only the drug. The secondgroup was treated with 3-MHz thermal ultrasound. Thethird group was treated with a hydrocollator pack. Serumlevels of dexamethasone were analyzed in baseline bloodsamples and in samples taken 24 and 48 hours after thetreatments. None of the 90 samples contained any detect-able amount of the drug, indicating no evidence of thedrug in the bloodstream. However, serum levels of thedrug taken in this particular time frame may not accuratelyreflect the local effects of these treatments.

Kearney, Mindy M. Perception of athletic training educationby certified athletic trainers who work with disability sports,2001. M.S., University of Wisconsin, La Crosse (P.DiRocco). (53pp 1f $6.00) PE 4404

This study looked at the perception of athletic trainingeducation by certified athletic trainers (ATCs) who workwith disability sports. A questionnaire was used to gatherinformation about how prepared ATCs felt using skills thatmight be needed if they provided medical coverage forathletes with disabilities. Surveys were sent to ATCs whowere identified by the medical director of the United StatesOlympic Committee (USOC) as having work experiencewith disability sports. Each survey asked subjects to rate ona scale of 1 to 5, with 1 representing “strongly disagree”and 5 representing “strongly agree,” how their educationalexperience prepared them for thirty different skills theymay need if working with athletes with disabilities.Nineteen respondents completed the survey. Overall, thesubjects did not feel prepared to work with athletes withdisabilities. Overall, ATCs averaged 2.60 on the completelist of skills that they could potentially be asked to perform.In addition, those skills that were universal to all athleteswere perceived as being better prepared for than those thatwere specific to athletes with disabilities. ANOVA wasused to determine if demographics was a factor in howATCs perceived their education. No main effects werefound in the results concerning gender, past Paralympicexperience, and type of athletic training program and theperception of education. There was a mild correlationbetween the length of time trainers were certified as ATCs,and their perception of their education. Further investiga-tions of athletic training within disability sports are neededto determine the educational needs for student athletictrainers.

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Kuipers, Nathan T. The effect of acute stretching of the plantarflexors, hip extensors, and knee extensors on anaerobic poweroutput, 2001. M.S., Slippery Rock University (Gary S.Pechar). (66pp 1f $6.00) PE 4425

The subject group in this study was comprised of fifteencollege-aged males. The subjects were selected fromphysical education classes at Geneva College during thespring of 2001. The effect of acute stretching of selectedmajor musculature of the lower body on anaerobic powerwas examined. Subjects were required to participate in twotesting sessions. During one testing session the subjectsperformed three trials of the Margaria power test, threetrials of the vertical jump test, and two 20-meter dashes.The subjects then sat for ten minutes and then werereadministered three trials of the Margaria power test,three trials of the vertical jump test, and two 20-meterdashes. During the second testing session instead of sittingquietly the subjects were required to stretch their plantarflexors, hip extensors, and knee extensors. A dependent t-test was used to compare the change in power output foreach of the three anaerobic power tests between the twotreatment conditions. The results of the study showed nosignificant differences in the change in anaerobic poweroutput following either the quiet sitting or the acutestretching-treatment conditions. It appears that stretchingthe plantar flexors, hip extensors, and knee extensors oncebefore performance for a duration of thirty seconds and toa point of slight discomfort before performance does notsignificantly influence an untrained male’s ability togenerate anaerobic power.

Leszun, Carrie N. The effects of post eccentric injury magneticexposure upon delayed onset muscle soreness among college-agefemales, 2001. M.S., Slippery Rock University (Daniel G.Drury). (80pp 1f $6.00) PE 4414

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects ofpost eccentric injury magnetic exposure upon delayedonset muscle soreness (DOMS) among college age females.Twenty-four females between the ages of 19 and 26 whohad not been participating in regular strength training oftheir upper body voluntarily participated in the study.DOMS was measured by the use of a visual analogue scaleand a doliometer. The subjects performed three sets of tenrepetitions of eccentric contractions of their biceps in orderto induce DOMS. In a random and double blind fashion,subjects were placed in either a magnet or a placebo groupin which they wore the treatment for five days. Thesubjects returned to the lab 24 hours, 72 hours, and 120hours post-exercise in order to have their soreness mea-sured by the use of a visual analogue scale and adoliometer. The data were analyzed utilizing independentmultiple t-tests. There were no significant differences invisual analogue scores or medial doliometer scoresbetween the magnet and the placebo treatment conditions.

However, there were significant differences in lateraldoliometer scores between the magnet and placebo groups,which indicated that the magnets helped alleviate theperception of discomfort related to DOMS.

Lock, Heather A. Comparison of various methods of assessingbody composition in adolescent males, 2002. M.S., PurdueUniversity (Darlene Sedlock). (54pp 1f $6.00) PE 4396

The purpose of this study was to compare various methodsof assessing body composition in adolescent males. Forty-five adolescent males aged 12-15 yr volunteered to be apart of this study in which dual energy X-rayabsorptiometry (DXA) was used as the criterion measurefor the assessment of percent body fat. Comparisonmethods included Underwater weighing (UWW), skinfoldthickness (SFT), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), andair displacement plethysmography (Bod Pod). SFT was theonly method that did not significantly differ from DXA,whereas BIA and Bod Pod were significantly higher andUWW was significantly lower than DXA (p≤0.05). Linearregression analysis indicated that SFT had the lowest R2

value (0.17) with a slope and intercept that was signifi-cantly different from 1 and 0, respectively (p≤0.05). BodPod (R2=0.83) and UWW (0.70-0.74) had the highest R2

values and slopes that did not differ significantly from 1(p≤0.05). The intercept for Bod Pod, but not UWW, wassignificantly different from 0 (p≤0.05). All pairwisecorrelation coefficients were statistically significant(p≤0.05). When choosing which body composition methodto use for this population, it is important to consider thesetting (laboratory, clinical, field) and the purpose behindthe testing.

McCafferty, Jaime E. Genu valgum: can observable or symp-tomatic changes occur with an exercise protocol in collegiatewomen?, 2002. M.S., Montana State University (Daniel P.Heil). (132pp 2f $12.00) PE 4417

Genu valgum, or “knock-knees,” is a structural deformitythat results in knee adduction. Genu valgum and increasedquadriceps (Q) angle are synonymous and lead to anincrease in lower extremity injuries and painful symptoms.Women typically have larger Q angles than men, and aretherefore at an increased risk for injury. There is no knownexercise protocol to correct the genu valgum deformity.The primary goal of this study was to implement anexercise protocol in collegiate women who have genuvalgum and to measure changes. The secondary goal wasto decrease symptomatic afflictions associated with genuvalgum. Eleven collegiate women volunteered to partici-pate in the study and were divided into either a treatment(n=6) or control (n=5) group. The treatment group partici-pated in a six-week exercise protocol meant to strengthenthe hip flexors, internal and external rotators, hip abduc-tors and adductors, and knee flexors and extensors. Lower

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extremity digital photographs were taken of the subjectsprior to the study and following each week of treatment.Tibial Femoral Angle (TFA) and Q angle were the variablesmeasured from the photographs. Strength measures of thetargeted muscles were taken prior to the study, followingweek three, and at the conclusion using a Manual MuscleTester (MMT). Subjective data were documented in theform of Visual Analog Scales (VAS). The results of thestudy noted decrease in the treatment group Q angle, withmore change occurring in the right leg. The TFA alsoimproved in the treatment group, and more change waspresent in the right leg as well. Strength increased in thesubjects performing the exercise protocol, and those whocompleted the protocol reported a decrease in symptoms.In conclusion, it is reasonable to expect that a longerexercise protocol would yield greater changes in Q angleand TFA in collegiate women with genu valgum. It is likelythat the strength gain experienced by the subjects was thefactor in the decrease of Q angle, TFA, and symptoms.Therefore, this protocol proved to be a beginning step tocorrecting the appearance of genu valgum and decreasingassociated symptoms in collegiate women.

Oosthuizen, Jan J. Inferences about change-points in rehabilita-tion on the outcome of a knee arthroscopy as a result of patellofemoral pain syndrome in sport, 2001. M.A., University of theFree State (Bertus Pretorius). (152pp 2f $12.00) PE 4397

In many experiments, data are collected over time or space,on a number of subjects or sites. In rehabilitation experi-ments, for example, it is often of interest to know if theintroduction of an intervention, such as a training modalityduring the process of rehabilitation, affects the distributionof a certain variable(s) recorded over the course of the trial.In such investigations, each patient generates a sequence ofdata that may or may not contain a point in time where thesequence reaches stationarity, i.e., no gradual change in thevariable. Hence, the Biokineticist will want to know whatthe position and distribution of this Change-Point is, aswell as the corresponding value of the variable at thispoint. In some future study of the same injury, he/she willthen know in advance, when to expect no further change inthe observed values. This will have a significant effect onthe time and cost of the rehabilitation program. Wemotivate and explain our ideas by outlining a clinical studyinvolving Patello Femoral Pain Syndrome where themethodology can be effectively employed. The methodol-ogy, models and results are presented in a very simpleform, and the 0.05 and 0.01 levels of significance areapplicable throughout the study.

Ryan, Michael B. Vancouver Sun Run “In Training” clinics:an ordinal severity outcome measure and model of associated riskfactors for running related pain, 2002. M.S., University ofBritish Columbia (Jack E. Taunton). (72pp 1f $6.00) PE 4398

This study determined the feasibility of implementing aseverity outcome measure for the classification of runningrelated pain, in addition to constructing a multivariatemodel of associated risk factors for injury in novicerunners. Throughout the Greater Vancouver MetropolitanArea (British Columbia), 421 participants responded in 29separate In-Training clinics. Subjects, on average, self-selected their running experience as limited with averagephysical fitness, average competitive motive and at leastvestigial symptoms from a previous injury. Participants inthis 13-week training program were surveyed during the6th and 12th week of the In-Training clinics’ 13-weekduration. Questionnaire items included a VAS scale forindication of degree of rehabilitation from prior injury,physical fitness, competitive motive, weekly distance,running frequency and running experience. The TrainingFunction Score is designed to quantify, using an ordinalscale, function limitations that result from running injuries.Subjects also indicated whether they were “currentlyexperiencing an injury as a result of injury.” Overall, 36.1%of subjects experienced an injury during the trainingprogram. Univariate regression showed degree of rehabili-tation, physical fitness, competitive motive and weeklydistance as significantly associated with injury. Multivari-ate results, however, indicate only degree of rehabilitationwhile physical fitness accounts for 25.4% of the explainedvariation in the severity outcome measure. Pratt analysisfurther shows that 90.1% of that explained variation isaccounted for by degree of rehabilitation only. Initialpsychometric characteristics demonstrate outcomemeasured ability to discriminate injured from non-injured(uninjured = 82.91, injured = 64.56, and clinically injured =46.29; significant difference p<.001) and evaluate severity(significant [p<.011] regression association with severityoutcome measure and increasing subjective definition ofinjury scale). Moderately sedentary individuals commenc-ing a running program for the first time should be cautiousof the effect prior history of injury has toward re-injury.This study suggests that an outcome measure for general-ized running injuries is possible with respect to discrimi-nating injured from non-injured runners, as well asevaluating the severity of those injuries. While such anoutcome measure for general running injuries is feasible,proper validation procedures and methodology must beestablished before such a scale is used formally.

St. John, Wendy E. A study of the body composition of female,college-age swimmers, 1978. M.Ed., University of Cincinnati(Forrest A. Dolgener). (87pp 1f $6.00) PE 4436

This study was designed to determine the body composi-tion of nine college-age female swimmers, and to comparethe results of a multiple regression analysis of the anthro-pometric measurements with those found by Young et al.(45), Sloan et al. (34), and Katch and Michael (20). Adescriptive approach was used to determine percent body

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fats from body composition measurements. Specifically,the following tests were administered to each subject:skinfold, girth, and diameter measurements; and underwa-ter weighing. The college-age female swimmers hadsignificantly lower percent fat than the college-age femalesof the studies of Young et al. (p<.001), and Katch andMichael (p<.01), but not significantly different from thefemales of the study of Sloan et al. when using either theformulas of Brozek and Keys or Siri to compute percent fat,but they were significant when using the formula ofRathburn and Pace (p<.05). Anthropometric measurementssuch as skinfolds, girths, and diameters can be used topredict body density with an accuracy of 0.07602, thestandard error of the estimate. It must be remembered,though, that equations are population specific and shouldonly be used on subjects drawn from the same population.

Taylor, Ian W. The relative contribution of vitamin D receptor(VDR), collagen type 1, [alpha]-1 (COL1A1), tumor necrosisfactor receptor 2 (TNFR2), polymorphisms, physical activity,and bone mineral-free lean mass to bone parameters in children,2002. M.S., University of British Columbia (Sylvie Langlois,Ross MacGillivray, and Jack Taunton). (185pp 2f $12.00)PE 4462

This study sought to investigate the relationship ofphysical activity (PA), dietary calcium and 3 candidategene (VDR, COLlAI and TNFR2) genotypes on bone massin children (n=327, age 10.33±0.65). The study also soughtto investigate the effect of PA and genotype on bonemineral-free lean mass (BMFL). Finally, the relationshipsbetween bone mass and BMFL and PA, BMFL and geno-type and PA and genotype interactions were investigated.Anthropometric data (height, sitting height, and weight)were determined using standard techniques. Bone mass,and BMFL were assed using total body DXA scan using aHologic QDR 4500. Dietary calcium, PA, and maturitywere assessed using previously validated questionnaires.VDR FokI and VDR BsmI genotypes were determined bystandard restriction fragment length polymorphismtechniques. COLlA1 genotype was determined by a novelTaqMan technique and TNFR2 genotypes and haplotypeswere determined by a novel automated sequencingprotocol. Association between PA or candidate genegenotype and either BMFL or bone mass was first con-trolled for inter-subject differences in body size andmaturity. PA was significantly associated with BMFL inboys (p = 0.038). PA score was associated with a 3-5%difference in proximal femur BMC, femoral neck BMC, andfemoral neck aBMD, but not lumbar spine BMC in boys, aswell as a 4% difference in femoral neck aBMD in girls.Average dietary calcium intake was not associated withdifferences in bone mass in children. VDR BsmI and VDRFokI genotype did not have a relationship to bone mass orBMFL in children. COL1A1 Ss or ss genotype is associatedwith 4.8% higher femoral neck BMC in boys but not BMFL

in either sex. TNFR2 A593G gg genotype was associatedwith a 3.8% higher BMFL in boys (p=0.038) and a 3.4%higher femoral neck BMC in boys (p=0.045). Girls with aTNFR2 T598G tg genotype had a 3.3% higher femoral neckBMC (p=0.029). TNFR2 G593-G598/G593-T598 haplotypewas associated with a 10% higher femoral neck BMC ingirls. For boys, when the BMFL by PA interaction term wasadded to the model, it explained significantly more (2.5-3.9%, p=0.004) of the variance in femoral neck BMC,femoral neck aBMD, and lumbar spine aBMD than themain effect for PA alone. When the BMFL by VDR FokIgenotype interaction was added to the model, the maineffect of the VDR FokI genotype became significant whereboys with the FF genotype had a 1.4% greater femoral neckaBMD than boys with the Ff or ff genotype. For girls,significant interactions between TNFR2 haplotype andBMFL changed the model such that girls with the G593-G598/G593-T598 haplotype had a 10-11% greater femoralneck BMC or aBMD than girls with other TNFR2haplotypes. Girls with the Ss or ss genotype had a 4%greater femoral neck aBMD after a significant interactionbetween COLIA1 genotype and PA was accounted for.High levels of PA are associated with increased BMFL andbone mass. TNFR2 genotypes are associated both with leanmass and with bone mass in a complex fashion, suggestingthat the TNFR2 genotypes and interactions between BMFLand TNFR2 genotypes affect and moderate a combinedlean mass/bone mass effect. COLIA1 Ss and ss genotypesare associated with high bone mass particularly in girlswith high PA.

PHYSIOLOGY ANDEXERCISE EPIDEMIOLOGY

Anning, Jonathan H. Plasma volume shifts during exercise:role of exercise mode and training status on hydrostatic andoncotic forces, 2001. Ph.D., University of Toledo (AmyMorgan). (103pp 2f $12.00) PH 1770

Running and cycling were performed to assess the influ-ence of mode and training status on plasma volume (PV).Intravascular hydrostatic and oncotic forces were exam-ined in six trained and six untrained (treadmill VO2peak=59.5vs. 44.2 mL/kg/min) males (20-31 yr) during submaximalrunning and cycling. All subjects had lower (p<0.05) peakVO2 (mL/kg/min) and peak HR responses during cyclingcompared with treadmill exercise. Forty-minutesubmaximal exercise sessions were performed at a relativeintensity equivalent to ~53% treadmill VO2peak. Theseexercise sessions were preceded by a resting protocol,which consisted of supine rest (30 min) followed by aposture equivalent to the exercise mode in stature as wellas arm position (20 min). Heart rate, blood pressure, andvenous blood samples were obtained with the subject in

25


the supine and resting posture prior to exercise. Additionalhemodynamic recordings and blood samples werecollected during minutes 5, l0, 20, and 40 in both modes ofexercise. Submaximal exercise sessions were executed in arandomized fashion and separated by at least 72-hours foreach subject. Subjects were normally hydrated at the onsetof the submaximal exercise sessions, and the ambienttemperature was ~22.3°C (rh=51.3%). PV changes at restdecreased more in the standing (-11.9±1.1%) than thesitting (-8.3±0.5%) posture. During the exercise session,another significant decrease in PV was observed the first 10minutes of exercise for both modes of exercise. The PV losswas significantly greater during cycling than duringrunning at 20 and 40 minutes of exercise. Significantcontributors to these PV shifts were identified withmultiple regression analysis. Primary contributors in-cluded HR, serum osmolality, potassium, and total protein.The specified posture in this study indicated protein maybe important in PV retention during running whenpreceded by training.

Bolles, Jeffrey R. Aerobic power, OBLA [onset of blood lactateaccumulation], and running economy as determinants of 5-kilometer running performance in female distance runners, 2002.M.A., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (Robert G.McMurray). (45pp 1f $6.00) PH 1778

The purpose of this study was to determine which of threeparameters, VO2max, OBLA, and RE best predicts 5-kilometer (5-K) running performance in females. Tenrecreational to competitive female runners were tested forVO2max, OBLA and RE using a discontinuous VO2max testin the laboratory. The collected data were then comparedto a 5-K time trial performed on an outdoor track. Signifi-cant correlations to 5-K running performance were foundbetween running speed at OBLA (r=-.879), BMI (r=.819),and running speed at 2 mmol of lactate (r=-.705) andVO2max (r=-.652). Multiple regression defined OBLA as thestrongest determinant of 5-K running performance,accounting for 77% of the total variance. It was concludedthat while OBLA is most closely associated with 5-Krunning performance, the relative contributions of differentphysiological variables may affect changes in different racesituations and at different race distances.

Brucker, Lindsy. Effect of competitive distance on utilization ofanaerobic capacity, 2001. M.S., University of Wisconsin, LaCrosse (C. Foster). (52pp 1f $6.00) PH 1761

In view of published models that assume that anaerobiccapacity is expended much earlier in a high intensity event,this study evaluated patterns of aerobic and anaerobicenergy expenditures during simulated cycling time trials.Five competitive cyclists performed 500m, 1000m, 1500m,and 3000m cycling time trials on different days on a racingbicycle. Power output was recorded using a dynamometer

connected to a windload simulator that was attached to theracing bicycle equipped with a heavy flywheel. VO2 wasmeasured by open circuit spirometry. Outcome variableswere analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA. Therewas no significant difference in VO2peak among the fourdistances. A significant difference in total joules andaerobic joules with all comparisons was found. Nosignificant difference was found among any comparisonsfor anaerobic joules. The results deviate from the predic-tion model in previous studies, and suggest that anaerobiccapacity is not used up before the end of an event. Ourresults are consistent with a pacing strategy for expendinganaerobic capacity, showing that the rate of anaerobicenergy expenditure decreased rapidly after the firstseconds of exercise. Technical limitations, subject’s athleticbackground, and training experience may have beenlimiting factors in the present study. Exploring the resultsof additional distances may bring about better understand-ing of the limits of anaerobic capacity in athletes.

Burns, Steve. The effects of exercise on endothelial function inpatients with coronary artery disease, 2001. Ph.D., Universityof New Mexico (Len Kravitz). (100pp 2f $12.00) PH 1773

Although there is no direct link between endothelialdysfunction and coronary artery disease, there is evidencethat the loss of normal endothelial function may contributeto the pathophysiology of coronary ischemia and thedevelopment of atherosclerosis. Despite the clear associa-tion between exercise and the reduction of coronary arterydisease, the mechanism responsible for the reduction hasnot been elucidated. The primary purpose of this studywas to determine the effect of exercise, typical of mostcardiac rehabilitation programs, on endothelial-dependentvasodilatation in patients with coronary artery disease. Anadditional goal of this study was to determine if there is alevel of intensity and/or duration of exercise necessary tocause an enhancement in endothelial function. Finally, thisinvestigation attempted to explain the molecular cause ofthe increase in vasodilation as a chronic response toexercise. Participants completing this study were 14 malesand 2 females (mean age 59 yrs, range 44-79 yrs) with noprior history of regular exercise. Each of the participantsbegan this 12-week study after undergoing an angiogramthat confirmed the presence of coronary artery disease.Following recruitment, participants came to the studytesting site for determination of their baseline endothelialfunction. Endothelial function was determined by measur-ing the brachial artery vasoreactivity following 5 min ofupper arm ischemia. This measurement was done non-invasively using ultrasound. Vasodilation following upperarm occlusion was expressed relative to the average ofthree measurements at rest. Subjects began a monitoredexercise program following their baseline measurements inwhich they were encouraged to exercise 3 times per week.Subjects had exercise prescribed each day they trained that

˙

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was equal to a RPE of 3 (moderate) on the modified BorgRPE scale. Modalities used were treadmills, bikes, andrecumbent stepping machines. Exercise was continuouslymonitored by exercise technicians trained in cardiacrehabilitation. To elucidate the cause of vasodilation, it wasof interest to determine nitrate levels as participantsprogressed through the study. Nitric oxide, a strongvasodilator, is synthesized in the body by the enzymeeNOS. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase acts on thesubstrates molecular oxygen and arginine to produce NOand citrulline. For the analysis of levels of nitric oxide,urine was collected at baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12weeks and stored at –70° C. To test the hypothesis thatendothelial function improves with exercise a one-wayrepeated measures ANOVA was conducted. For thisanalysis, maximum percent change in brachial arterydiameter, post blood pressure cuff release following 5 minupper arm occlusion, served as the dependent variable andexercise served as the independent variable. Time servedas the within subjects’ factor. No significant difference inthe change in the brachial artery diameter was observed.These results suggest that brachial artery reactivity toincreased blood flow was not altered by exercise astypically prescribed in cardiac rehabilitation programs.

Daly, Will. The association between stress hormones andtestosterone, 2002. M.A., University of North Carolina,Chapel Hill (A. C. Hackney). (72pp 1f $6.00) PH 1767

Pharmacological and pathological studies have hypoth-esized that testosterone levels are negatively influenced byelevations in stress hormones (i.e., cortisol and prolactin).The purpose of this study was to determine if a negativeassociation existed between exercise induced states ofhypercortisolemia and hyperprolactinemia with testoster-one. Twelve endurance-trained males ran until fatigue(83.89±16.12 minutes) at nearly equal to 73% VO2max.Blood samples were collected at pre-exercise rest; fatigue;30, 60, and 90-minutes into exercise recovery; and 24-hourspost-rest. Significant increases from rest (p<0.001) intestosterone, cortisol, and prolactin were observed atfatigue through 90-minutes into recovery. Bivariateregression analyses between the stress hormones andtestosterone on absolute hormone levels and percentagechange from rest detected no significant negative associa-tions (r≤0 50; p>0.05). It was concluded that the negativeassociations found in prior pharmacological and pathologi-cal studies do not exist in the physiological state followinga run to fatigue.

Donahue, Marc D. Physiological responses to submaximalworkloads on four exercise ergometers, 2001. M.S., Universityof Wisconsin, La Crosse (J. Porcari). (36pp 1f $6.00) PH1762

To allow for accurate exercise prescription, relationshipsneeded to be drawn between four common exerciseergometers often found in a cardiac rehabilitation setting.The StairMaster upright (UP) and recumbent (SR) cycles,NuStep recumbent stepper (NU), and Schwinn Airdyne(AD) were compared against one another with six maleand six female volunteers (age 23 ± 3.5 years). Ss completedthree submaximal exercise bouts (50, 100, 150 Watts) oneach of the four ergometers tested. Each stage was fiveminutes in duration and VO2, HR, SBP, DBP, Kcal, and RPEwere recorded at the end of each stage. Testing sessionswere randomized and performed one week apart. Datawere analyzed using a one-way ANOVA. Results showedthat the UR cycle elicited the highest VO2, HR, SBP, Kcal,and RPE, compared to the remaining three modes at anygiven power output. Both the SR cycle and the AD showedthe next highest values, with most stages revealing equalresponses to exercise. Finally, the NU produced the lowestphysiological responses to exercise of all four modalities.For exercise prescription purposes, the ergometers thatcreate less of a physiological response at a given workloadmust be modified in order to attain equal amount ofcardiovascular benefits.

Fredrick, Dario. Validation of a new maximum steady stateprotocol for cyclists, 2002. M.A., San Francisco State Univer-sity (Frank Verducci). (37pp 1f $6.00) PH 1775

The purpose of this study was to validate and test reliabil-ity of a new maximum steady state (MSS) protocol fortrained cyclists. Subjects (n=33) were trained cyclistsdivided into four groups: elite males (EM), elite females(EF), competitive males (CM), and competitive females(CF). Each subject performed three trials: the new protocoltwo different times, followed by a 20km time trial (TT). Aminimum of four days separated each trial. Heart rate (HR)and workload (WL) data from Trial 1 were used to predictthe criterion score: Trial 3 average HR and WL (MSS). Trial1 HR and WL correlated highly to Trial 3 HR and WL(R=.956, .982 respectively). Both variables were highlyrepeatable between Trials 1 and 2 (R=.942, 988). Trial 1Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was not predictive ofHR or WL in Trial 3, except for WL in the EM group. RPEalso showed low repeatability (R=.59) between Trials 1 and2. We conclude that this new protocol is highly valid andreliable when using HR or WL data to predict thesevariables in a 20km TT performance. RPE showed littlesignificance in its reliability or predictive value.

Garner, Dena J. P. Cellular mechanisms of muscle weakness andfatigability in individuals with multiple sclerosis, 2002. Ph.D.,Oregon State University (Jeffrey J. Widrick and Jeffrey A.McCubbin). (89pp 1f $6.00) PH 1760

27


Muscle weakness and fatigue are debilitating symptoms ofmultiple sclerosis (MS). Approximately 50% of muscleweakness and fatigue have been attributed to deficitswithin the peripheral nervous system, specifically mecha-nisms residing in the muscle. The goals of this study wereto identify the cellular mechanisms of contraction withinthe muscle cell, which could contribute to the muscleweakness and fatigue in MS. Whole muscle assessment ofknee extensor strength revealed that subjects with MS(N=6) were 48% weaker than subjects without MS (N=6).Pedometer results revealed that MS subjects were 68% lessactive on a daily basis than controls. Using an in vitrosingle fiber preparation obtained from the vastus lateralis,cross-bridge mechanisms of contraction were tested tounderstand their role in muscle weakness and fatigue.Peak Ca2+-activated force was 13-44% lower (p<0.05) intype I, I/IIa, IIa/IIx, IIx fibers from MS subjects. The forcedeficit was attributed to the 14-32% smaller (p<0.05) crosssectional area (CSA) of type I, I/IIa, IIa, IIx fibers and to a6% lower specific force (p<0.05) in type I fibers from MSsubjects. While there were no differences found betweengroups for fiber unloaded shortening velocity, peakabsolute power in type I fibers was 11% lower (p<0.05) inMS subjects. Skinned fiber preparations were also used totest peak Ca2+=-activated force at varying concentrations(0-30 mM) of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and at different pH(6.2-7.0). Force declined with increases in Pi concentrations,with a greater reduction of force in type I fibers (66%)versus type IIa fibers (40%) at 30 mM (p<0.05). In contrast,reductions in force at pH 6.5 (17%) and 6.2 (24%) weresimilar for type I and IIa fibers. Assessment of the myosinheavy chains (MHC) revealed that MS subjects had 33%fewer type IIa fiber than controls, and there was a trendtowards increased numbers of type IIa/IIx and IIx fibers inMS subjects. The results of this study revealed that aportion of the muscle weakness in individuals with MS isdue to deficits at the level of the muscle cell and cross-bridge.

Hagobian, Todd A. The effects of a pre-exercise meal andsupplement on trained athletes, 2002. M.A., San FranciscoState University (Marialice Kern). (47pp 1f $6.00) PH 1776

The effects of different pre-exercise meal compositions anda supplement during exercise on metabolic and cardiovas-cular-related variables were studied. Nine competitivecyclists were studied on two occasions following a 10-hourovernight fast. Subjects were given randomly two pre-exercise meals: 1) a high carbohydrate (HC) meal consist-ing of 80% CHO, 6% F, 14% P, and 2) a high fat (HF) mealconsisting of 26% CHO, 62% F, 12% P, in a counter balancedesign. Two hours after consumption of the meal, subjectsexercised at 60% of VO2max for 30 minutes. The subjectswere given a carbohydrate supplement consisting of 0.2g/kg at minute 0 and minute 20 of exercise. The HC com-pared with the HF resulted in significantly greater RER

(P=0.003) and CHO oxidation (P=0.003) values. Fatoxidation was significantly higher following the HF,compared to the HC (P=0.003). Blood glucose was signifi-cantly higher in the high fat compared to high carbohy-drate (P=0.03). Results suggest that the composition of apre-exercise meal will alter RER, carbohydrate and fatoxidation, and blood glucose.

Halliwill, John R. Cardiovascular regulation after acutedynamic exercise, 1995. Ph.D., Virginia CommonwealthUniversity (Dwain L. Eckberg). (104pp 2f $12.00) PH 1772

While cardiovascular regulation during exercise has beenstudied extensively, cardiovascular regulation afterdynamic exercise has received little attention in the past.Since aerobic exercise is a putative treatment for cardiovas-cular diseases, research directed at understanding cardio-vascular regulation after acute exercise is necessary tounderstand the mechanisms through which chronicexercise may ameliorate these conditions. The researchpresented here investigated the effects of acute, dynamicexercise on several integral aspects of cardiovascularregulation. Specifically, baroreflex regulation of heart rate,sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow, and vascular resis-tance were studied. One hour of moderate-intensitydynamic exercise produced prolonged vasodilation thatresolved by two hr post-exercise, augmented the respon-siveness of carotid baroreflex regulation of heart rateduring the first hr of recovery, but did not alter toniccardiac vagal tone (estimated by spectral analysis of R-Rinterval variability). The increased responsiveness ofbaroreflex heart rate regulation is likely to oppose ratherthan contribute to the reduced arterial pressure observedpost-exercise. The persistent vasodilation appeared to bemediated in two ways. First, baroreflex control of sympa-thetic outflow was altered such that sympathetic outflowwas less at any arterial pressure. Second, transduction ofsympathetic activity into vascular resistance was alteredsuch that vascular resistance was less at any level ofsympathetic outflow. These findings indicate that post-exercise arterial pressure reductions are mediated by apersistent vasodilation resulting from both neural andvascular phenomena. Thus, acute, dynamic exerciseproduces dramatic changes in cardiovascular regulation onseveral levels.

Karlsdottir, Arna E. Left ventricular function during aerobicand resistance exercise, 2000. M.S., University of Wisconsin,La Crosse (C. Foster). (71pp 1f $6.00) PH 1763

Resistance exercise (RE) has become an important compo-nent of cardiac rehabilitation programs. However, thepotential for exaggerated blood pressure (BP) responsesduring RE raises concerns about the stability of leftventricular (LV) function during RE. To address this, westudied healthy controls (HC) (N=12, 8M/4F), patients

28


with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) (N =12, 11M/lF),and patients with stable heart failure (CHF) (N =12, 7M/5F). Ss were studied during upright cycling at 90% ofventilatory threshold and during 1 set of 10 repetitions ofRE (leg press, shoulder press, and biceps curls) in theupright posture. Left ventricular function was measured byechocardiography, BP was measured by auscultation, andHR by radiotelemetry at rest and peak exercise. Despitesignificant hemodynamic changes from rest to peak, the LVfunction remained stable with no significant changes fromrest to peak in LV ejection fraction, end systolic and enddiastolic dimensions, or systolic and diastolic wall thick-ness. There was no interaction between exercise type andgroup; all groups showed fundamentally similar behaviorpatterns during all exercises. This suggests that RE is assafe as aerobic steady-state exercise in these patient groupsand may be included in their cardiac rehabilitationprograms.

Lanigan, Eamonn. A comparison of metabolic parametersduring a graded cycling rest performed on a Computrainer orMonark cycle ergometer, 2002. M.A., University of NorthCarolina, Chapel Hill (Ed Shields). (52pp 1f $6.00) PH 1768

This study compared the physiological and perceptualresponses to a graded submaximal cycling test on theComputrainer and Monark ergometers. Thirteen malecyclists (24.5±4.7yrs, 77.9±6.0 kg) completed a submaximalcycling test on both a Monark and Computrainer ergom-eter. Cadence was held at 90 rpm for six three-minutesuccessive stages at 90, 135, 180, 225, 270, and 315W. Heartrate and VO2 were significantly higher for theComputrainer trial at workloads of 225, 270, and 315W byan average of 3 .0 and 5.8% respectively. Respiratoryexchange ration was significantly higher for theComputrainer only at 315W, and rating of perceivedexertion was not significantly different between ergometersat any workload. The results may be influenced bycalibration fluctuations or true power inaccuracies in oneor both ergometers. Further research into the accuracy andreliability of the Computrainer cycling ergometer isrecommended to help validate it as an alternative labora-tory ergometer.

Miller, Meredith R. The effects of a pre-exercise meal andsupplement on trained athletes, 2002. M.A., San FranciscoState University (Marialice Kern). (61pp 1f $6.00) PH 1777

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of ahigh fat pre-exercise meal versus a high carbohydrate pre-exercise with the addition of CHO supplementation onendurance performance. A high fat or a high carbohydratemeal was given three hours prior to exercise and a carbo-hydrate supplement was given every 20 minutes during a40km time trial. There was no difference between trials intime to complete the 40km time trial, average speed, power

output, RPE, or heart rate. VO2 and RER were also similarbetween trials except for HF vs. HC RER at 40km. Thus, weconclude that a high fat pre-exercise meal provides nofurther advantage in performance over a high carbohy-drate.

Murphy, Owen F. Validity of a stationary cycling protocol fortracking changes in uphill cycling time-trial performance, 2001.M.S., Montana State University (Deborah King). (97pp 1f$6.00) PH 1771

The ability to accurately quantify and predict enduranceperformance is imperative when assessing the effects oftraining interventions, dietary regimes, equipmentmodifications, and/or alterations in athlete position ortechnique. Due to the invasive nature and excessive costsof traditional physiological and biomechanical determi-nants of endurance performance, performance-baseddeterminants of performance are receiving considerableattention. The purpose of the present study was to deter-mine the reliability and validity of a scaling-derived cycleergometer protocol (SDP) for tracking changes in uphilltime-trial (TT) cycling performance. Phase I of the studyassessed the reliability of the Scaling Derived Protocol(SDP) via the administration of three SDP protocols withina ten-day time period. Phase II of the study determined theability of the SDP to track longitudinal changes in uphilltime-trial performance. Local competitive cyclists partici-pated in either two or three testing periods separated by aminimum of ten weeks (May, July, September 2001). Eachtesting period consisted of an outdoor uphill TT (5-km, 8%grade) followed within ten days by a laboratory-basedSDP. Longitudinal inter-trial changes in average TT speed(m/s) were compared with longitudinal inter-trial changesin SDP time-to exhaustion (TTE, min) and relative SDPmaximal power output (W MAX, watts·kg-1). There were nosignificant Phase I inter-trial differences for time-to-exhaustion, maximum power output, maximum heart rate,and relative VO2MAX. Intraclass correlation coefficients werehigh for all variables, ranging from R=0.933 to 0.992.Single-score reliability was also high, with correlationcoefficients ranging from R(k=1)=0.823 to 0.977. Highcorrelations were also observed between Phase II inter-trialchanges in average TT speed and relative W MAX (r=0.70 to0.94). Correlations between inter-trial changes in averageTT speed and TTE were generally lower and more variable(r=0.26 to 0.87). These results suggest that changes inrelative SDP W MAX can reliably, validly, and practicallytrack changes in uphill TT performance.

Rust, Jay. The effect of D-pinitol on 50 kilometer time trialperformance, 2002. M.S., University of Wisconsin, La Crosse(C. Foster). (45pp 1f $6.00) PH 1764

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Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness ofglucose supplementation during prolonged exercise. Thepurpose of this study was to determine whether d-pinitol,a purported augmenter of glucose transport, would haveany practical effect on glucose uptake, and cycle time trialperformance. Four recreationally trained male cyclists(age=35-49, ht=174-182cm, wt=73.5-78kg) performed five50 km time trials under four different conditions (practice,placebo, 150mg, 600mg, and 1050mg of d-pinitol taken120min before the ride). Heart rate, RPE, blood glucose,blood lactate, speed, and power output were measured andcompared with REANOVA . There was no significantdifference in any of the conditions in heart rate, RPE, bloodglucose, blood lactate, speed and power output (p>.05).The responses during the rides were highly reproducible,with the data for one ride basically overlying the data forthe other rides. Based on these results, d-pinitol apparentlyhas no effect on 50km time trial performance.

Schuenke, Mark Excess post-exercise oxygen consumptionresponse to a bout of resistance exercise, 2001. M.S., Universityof Wisconsin, La Crosse (R. Mikat). (47pp 1f $6.00) PH 1765

To examine the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption(EPOC) response following a bout of heavy resistanceexercise (HRE), seven healthy males (age=22±3 year;height=177±8 cm; mass=83±10kg, percent body fat =10.4±4.2%) who weight trained recreationally, engaged in a 31-minute bout of HRE. The bout consisted of four circuits ofbench press, power cleans, and squats, selected to recruitmost major muscle groups. Each set was performed usingthe subject’s predetermined ten-repetition maximum andcontinued until failure. Each set was followed by a two-minute rest interval. Oxygen consumption (VO2) measure-ments were obtained at regular intervals throughout theday, before and after HRE (34h pre, 29h pre, 24h pre, 10hpre, 5h pre, immediate post, 14h post, 19h post, 24h post,38h post, 43h post, 48h post). Post-exercise VO2 measure-ments were compared to the baseline measurements thatcorresponded with the same time of day. A repeatedmeasures ANOVA revealed that EPOC was significantlyelevated (p≤0.05) immediately, 14, 19, and 38 hours post-exercise. Mean daily VO2 values for both post-exercise dayswere also significantly elevated above the baseline day.These results suggest that EPOC duration and magnitudefollowing HRE may exceed the EPOC produced byfollowing moderate aerobic exercise. Furthermore, thecumulative energy expenditure as a result of EPOCfollowing HRE may exceed the combined total energyexpended during and after aerobic exercise.

Tzovanis, Maria. Power spectral components of heart ratevariability at rest and exercise after surgical repair of tetralogy ofFallot, 1998. M.A., McGill University (Hélène Perrault).(117pp 2f $12.00) PH 1774

An abnormal chronotropic response to exercise, generallyattributed to a putative sympathetic dysfunction, is acommon finding following surgical repair of tetralogy ofFallot (TOF). There exists little information on sympatheticfunction in patients operated for a congenital heart defectto support such a claim. This study used spectral analysisof heart rate (HRV) and blood pressure (BPV) variability toexamine sympathovagal influences on the sinus node in 9adolescents operated for TOF 13.0±1.12 years previouslyand in 8 healthy age and sex-matched control (CTRL)subjects. Continuous ECG and BP recordings wereobtained under supine or seated resting positions, with orwithout controlled respiration at 0.20 Hz (CR); afterpassive 85°head up tilt (HUT); during cycling at steady-state heart rates of 100 and 120 bpm (Ex 100, Ex 120); andafter 10 and 20 minutes of passive seated recovery. Whencompared to age matched control subjects, results showedtotal R-R variance to be lower in 7 of 8 patients for all non-exercising conditions and the mean values to be lowerduring CR (p<0.05) (TOF: 2662.9±765.41 vs. CTRL:6803.1±1453.03, ms2). HUT resulted in a significant increasein the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) LF component inTOF, which was also associated with a rise in DBP inpatients but not in CTRL. Total R-R variance (ms2) duringexercise was significantly reduced from baseline yet wassimilar in both groups(Ex 120: TOF: 572.8±105.34 vs. CTRL:503 9±100.95). Spectral component analysis showed similarHF and LF components in both groups at Ex 100, while afurther relative decrease in HF, and inversely an increase inthe LF component, was observed at Ex 120 in TOF, but notin CTRL (p<0.05) (Ex 120: LF/HF: TOF: +120.7±44.86 vs.CTRL: -21.8±10.86, %). This could not be explained bydifferences in respiratory frequencies, which were notdifferent between groups under any condition. Theobserved chronotropic limitation during HUT, in additionto the higher LF R-R component observed during Ex 120,may be taken to reflect disturbances in sympathovagalbalance in TOF exhibiting excellent post-surgical clinicalstatus.

Voelker, Stacie A. Relationship between the talk test andventilatory threshold in cardiac patients, 2001. M.S., Universityof Wisconsin, La Crosse (C. Foster). (48pp 1f $6.00) PH 1766

The Talk Test (TT) is a subjective method of prescribingexercise intensity. Previous studies have demonstrated thatTT relates to the ventilatory threshold (VT) and can beused to prescribe intensity levels in healthy individuals.This study extends evaluation of TT to patients with stablecardiovascular disease. Each subject (N=10) completed twomaximal exercise tests. One test used gas analysis todetermine VT. The second test was identical; but, in this,one TT was administered. Outcomes at VT versus TT werecompared. There was a significant difference in VO2 andHR between VT and the negative stage of TT (p<0.05).There was a good correlation for VO2 at VT and all stages

30


of TT. We conclude that, when subjects were at the lastpositive or equivocal stage of TT, they were either at orbelow their VT. When subjects were at the negative stageof TT, they were above their VT and above an appropriateexercise intensity. Thus, TT appears to be a valid subjectivemeasure of exercise intensity to guide exercise prescriptionin patients with clinically stable cardiovascular disease.

Wingo, Jonathan E. The thermoregulatory efficacy ofAKWATEK® performance apparel in a thermoneutral environ-ment, 2002. M.A., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill(Robert G. McMurray). (39pp 1f $6.00) PH 1769

The purpose of this study was to determine if anAKWATEK® garment allows more effective heat dissipa-tion than a cotton garment during exercise in athermoneutral environment. Subjects (n=9) ran on atreadmill for 45 minutes at 65% VO2peak while wearingcotton sweatpants and either a long-sleeve AKWATEK®

shirt (AS), cotton shirt (CS), or no shirt (NS). There were nodifferences in RPE or VO2 between conditions (p<0.05).Total water loss was lowest in NS (1.1±0.3L), while AS(1.4±0.3L) and CS (1.5±0.3L) were not different. There wasno difference in change in rectal temperature (DTre) orchange in heart rate (DHR) between conditions. Skintemperature was lower in NS than CS. Thermal sensationwas lower in AS and NS than in CS. Final Tre in AS(38.77±0.33°C) was lower than in CS (39.1±0.4°C), but notdifferent from NS (38.85±0.16 °C). These findings suggest alimited thermoregulatory benefit from wearingAKWATEK® versus cotton.

HEALTH ANDHEALTH EDUCATION

Armstead, C. C. B. Exercise adherence among African-American women, 2001. M.P.A., Roosevelt University(Kristin J. Flynn). (162pp 2f $12.00) HE 760

Today, most Americans know that they should exercise.Research has shown that less than a quarter of adultAmericans engage in enough physical activity to enhancetheir health. Many people do not seem to have a problemgetting started with exercise. It is sticking with exercisethat presents the seemingly insurmountable challenge.Women and minorities tend to have even lower physicalactivity levels than the general population, and they face adisproportionate risk for many lifestyle ailments that canbe positively changed by regular, moderate exercise. TheAfrican-American Women’s Fitness Research Projectexplored the general question: What factors will increasethe likelihood that African-American women will maintainan adequate physical activity regime once they havestarted one? The project used a qualitative, grounded-theory research design to conduct six focus groups, with a

total of 48 African-American women. They discussed thegeneral topic of staying with an exercise program longenough to experience and maintain positive results—described in the research literature as exercise adherence.A major part of analyzing the results was comparing themto the extensive body of literature that exists on exerciseadherence in general. Interestingly, research suggests thatmany of the factors that will help a person start an exerciseregime may not be the same factors that will help thatperson stay with the program. Some of the key factors thathave high associations with improved exercise adherenceinclude: support and encouragement from friends andfamily, especially from a spouse; strong belief in yourselfthat you can succeed with your exercise program; having apositive feeling about exercise combined with the beliefthat you have control over your health; achieving orexpecting to achieve your exercise goals; being highly self-motivated, which will equip you to overcome barriers toexercise; and tailoring an exercise program to fit yourcurrent fitness level and lifestyle. The African-AmericanWomen’s Fitness Research Project found that many of thegeneral exercise adherence factors also applied to African-American women, although sometimes to a varyingdegree. Additionally, certain adherence factors areexclusive to African-American women. Some of the keyconclusions that emerged from the results of this projectinclude the establishing of exercise goals, even generalones, that will help to motivate consistent exercise. Havinga strong sense of self-motivation and practicing behaviorthat confirms the perception of self-motivation willencourage exercise adherence. It is important for African-American women to examine their attitudes towardsexercise, particularly how those attitudes and beliefs mayhave been affected by childhood or family influences.Obtaining current, accurate information about exercise andits benefits can offset any potentially negative attitudes andbeliefs. Interpersonal relationships can play a major role inmaintaining consistent exercise. Women who adhere to anexercise regime often have a friend, family member, orfitness partner that encourages exercise behavior. African-American women must learn how to take care of them-selves—such as regular, moderate exercise—in addition totaking care of everyone else. The results of this projectprovide promising insight for African-American womenseeking to improve their health through physical activity.

Barrett, Sarah A. The validity of the ViaMed® blood glucosemonitoring system, 2001. M.A., University of North Caro-lina, Chapel Hill (Robert McMurray). (44pp 1f $6.00) HE759

The purpose of this study was to determine the validity ofthe ViaMed® blood glucose sampling system by comparingits measures to the same blood analyzed by a CLIA/CDCapproved laboratory measure at rest, during exercise, andduring recovery. Four physically active Type 2 diabeticscompleted two exercise trials, consisting of a 30-minute

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exercise session, and one resting trial. Blood glucose levelswere measured using the ViaMed® glucose monitor and aCLIA/CDC approved laboratory method. There were nosignificant differences between a CLIA/CDC approvedlaboratory measure of blood glucose and the ViaMed®

Blood Chemistry Monitor at rest, during exercise, andduring recovery (p=0.803). The ViaMed® blood glucosemeasures had an overall mean of 130.2±56.6 mg/dL andthe laboratory blood glucose measures produced an overallmean of 130.3±56.2 mg/dL. However, there was a highcoefficient of variation for the ViaMed® system, 7.4 mg/dL.Although the ViaMed® strongly correlates (r = 0.98) withthe laboratory values, because of the high amount ofvariability as well as many other systematic problemsencountered using the ViaMed®, use of this system is notrecommended.

Bryan, Allison E. Participant perceptions of a worksite healthassessment program, 2002. M.S., Purdue University (RogerSeehafer). (73pp 1f $6.00) HE 752

Thousands of people die prematurely every year fromdiseases that are preventable. Studies show that the top tencauses of death could be dramatically reduced if individu-als adopted healthier lifestyle behaviors. Due to increasedhealth care costs, companies have been forced to bear theincreasing health care expenditures that many of theseunhealthy people generate. In an effort to control thesecosts, many companies have adopted some form of healthassessment process to identify those employees at risk forcertain diseases. The purpose of this study was to measureselect outcomes of the health assessment process providedby the WorkLife program. The participant profile showedthat the program participants were predominantly female,with 40-49 being the most frequently reported age range.Of the participants, the administration/professional staffparticipated the most often while the faculty had thelowest rate of participation. The overall self-perceivedhealth status of the participants was “healthy.” The threemost common reasons for participating in the healthassessment process were that it was convenient, it was aneasy way to attain health information, and that theparticipants were interested in their current health status.Interestingly, the participants listed the Bonus Buckincentive program as the 9th (out of 11) most motivatingfactor. Eighty-two percent of the participants reportedvisiting a physician on an annual basis. However, onlytwenty eight percent of them shared their results with thephysician. Sixty percent of the participants reported thatthey were motivated to change their health behaviorsbecause of the health assessment process. Eighty-fivepercent of the participants were interested in follow-upprograms. The main areas of interest for follow-upprograms included weight management, exercise, stressmanagement, and nutrition classes. Eighty-eight percent ofthe participants were satisfied with the overall healthassessment program.

Chong, Yin K. D. Anaerobic recovery and physical activity innormal and obese children, 2001. M.Sc., University of HongKong (Alison McManus). (118pp 2f $12.00) HE 749

Childhood obesity is often believed to be associated withlow physical activity level. However, the determinants ofphysical activity are not fully understood. Since childrendifferentially move in an anaerobic way, the recoveryability from anaerobic activity may determine how active achild is. The purposes of this study were to compareanaerobic recovery and physical activity level in normalweight and obese children, as well as to explore therelationship between different measures of obesity,anaerobic recovery, and physical activity level in children.Twenty volunteer subjects (10 normal weight and 10 obese)between the ages of 8-12 years participated in the study.Anthropometric measurements including body height,body weight, and several circumferences were taken andwere used to calculate index and ratios for general (bodymass index) and central body fat (waist circumference,waist-hip-ratio, waist-thigh-ratio) indicators. Anaerobicrecovery was assessed as the percent recovery whenperforming two Wingate anaerobic tests on a Monark cycleergometer (814E) against pre-determined resistance, with a2-minute recovery period in-between. Physical activitylevel was monitored by the Tritrac accelerometer betweenthree to five days, and was expressed as average vectormagnitude. Results indicated that normal weight andobese children were equally active; however, obesechildren possessed significantly lower anaerobic recovery(p=0.013) than their normal weight counterparts. Inaddition, anaerobic recovery was significantly related to allmeasures of obesity, except for waist-thigh-ratio. Result ofmultiple stepwise regression revealed that waist circumfer-ence was the only variable that significantly predictedanaerobic recovery (30.6%). In contrast, no significantrelationship existed between physical activity level, anyobesity measures, or anaerobic recovery. In conclusion, thepreliminary finding implied that obese children were lessready to start moving around after finishing one bout ofactivity, compared to the normal weight children, althoughthere was no difference in their actual activity levels.

Crenshaw, Ben D. Telemetry ECG monitoring during cardiacrehabilitation to detect myocardial ischemia, 2000. M.S.,University of Wisconsin, La Crosse (J. Porcari). (48pp 1f$6.00) HE 743

Historically, telemetric ECG monitoring (TELE) has beenthought to be incapable of detecting ST-segment changesduring exercise. One hundred and nine patients underwenta diagnostic exercise test. A 12-lead ECG (12L) and TELE(modified Lead II) were recorded simultaneously through-out the exercise test. A total of 1041 temporally correlatedtracings were blinded, then interpreted by a cardiologist.ST depression was defined as ≥ 1 mm horizontal or

32


downsloping at .08 mm from the J point in 2 or moreadjacent leads. One hundred and twenty-nine tracings (in36 patients) were positive for ST depression on 12L.Corresponding changes (same time and lead group) wereseen on TELE 61% (79/129) of the time. In normal 12Ltracings, there were 29 ST abnormalities observed in TELE(e.g. false positive). When changes were observed on TELE,corresponding changes were observed on 12L 73% (79/108) of the time. TELE matched 12L in magnitude of STdepression within ±0.5 mm 54% of the time. In conclusion,TELE missed ST changes seen on 12L 39% of the time, anddoes not appear to be a sensitive marker of ischemia.However, when changes are seen on TELE, they indicatethat ischemia may be present in a high percentage (73%)and should be taken seriously.

Egbert, Carolyn K. Assessment of job satisfaction, perceivedprofessional effectiveness, and advantages/disadvantages withinintegrative health programs among directors and practitioners,2002. M.S., Purdue University (Roger W. Seehafer). (103pp2f $12.00) HE 753

The purpose of this study was to evaluate integrativehealth programs by examining perceptions of professionalswho were utilizing an integrative health approach. A 10-question survey was mailed to and returned by 43 profes-sionals within seven integrative health programs through-out the United States. The survey included quantitativeand qualitative assessments. First, descriptive variablesincluded duration of participation in an integrated setting,primary professional role, integrative health discipline, anddegrees/ licenses/ certifications. Other quantitativeassessments included job satisfaction and perceivedprofessional effectiveness within the integrated setting.Secondly, qualitative assessments examined professionaleffectiveness, advantages/ disadvantages, and suggestionsfor improvement of integrative health programs. Quantita-tive results revealed that the majority of respondentsreported high perceived levels of satisfaction and effective-ness. Respondents were classified into five integrativehealth disciplines: directors (n=8), multidisciplinarypractitioners (n=9), complementary and alternativemedicine (CAM) practitioners (n=21), allopathic practitio-ners (n=4), and health promotion practitioners (n=0). Twostatistically significant results emerged. For the entiresample, job satisfaction and perceived professionaleffectiveness levels were positively associated. Also,perceived levels of professional effectiveness were slightlyhigher for CAM practitioners than for allopathic practitio-ners. Qualitative results revealed that reasons for profes-sional effectiveness (i.e., professional skills, holisticapproach, and improved client health status) outnumberedreasons for professional ineffectiveness (i.e., lack ofinsurance, lack of time, and resistance to the integrativeapproach). Likewise, advantages within the integrativehealth setting (i.e., interaction with other professionals,

increased options and health outcomes for clients, andcaring for the whole person) outnumbered the disadvan-tages (i.e., limited insurance, allopathic professionals’resistance to CAM, and clients’ lack of understanding ofthe integrative approach). Finally, suggestions for improve-ment included promotion/awareness (i.e., increasedinsurance, client education, and acceptance of CAM) andprogram quality enhancement (i.e., integrative healtheducation during health/medical training, research, andimproved communication between disciplines). Sincerepresentation and themes within health promotion/disease prevention were limited, respondents implied thatthey were still in the process of establishing the integrativehealth approach in a field that has traditionally focused ontreatment rather than prevention. Recommendationsincluded the continued development of integrative healthprograms as long as future research continues to evaluatequality and effectiveness of these programs.

Grall, Sarah K. The efficacy of continuous ECG monitoringamong low, intermediate, and high risk phase II cardiac rehabili-tation patients, 1992. M.S., University of Wisconsin, LaCrosse (John Porcari). (43pp 1f $6.00) HE 761

Continuous electrocardiographic (CECG) monitoring iscommonly used in Phase II cardiac rehabilitation programsto detect complications resulting from exercise. It has beensuggested that high risk cardiac patients are more likely toexperience a serious event during exercise sessions, andtherefore should be monitored more closely. Stratifyingrisk implies that one can predict which patients are at anincreased risk of experiencing complications duringcardiac rehabilitation. To determine the usefulness ofCECG and the application of risk stratification, a retrospec-tive 5-year study of 241 Phase II patients was conducted.Risk stratification, based on AACVPR criteria, resulted in123 (51%) patients classified as low risk, 80 (33%) asintermediate risk, and 38 (16%) as high risk. The Phase IIexercise records were examined to identify individualswho had a significant event during Phase II. All docu-mented events which necessitated physician interventionor cessation of the exercise sessions were recorded. A totalof 3,877 exercise sessions were reviewed. Ninety-ninesignificant events occurred in a total of 69 patients. Of the99 total events, 57 (57%) were detected through the use ofCECG. With regard to risk level, it was found that 29 (24%)low, 27 (34%) intermediate, and 13 (34%) high risk patientshad at least one significant event. Chi-square analysisrevealed no significant (p>.05) difference in the proportionof patients within each stratified subgroup who experi-enced events. Sixty-six events occurred within the first 3weeks of program initiation, with 75% being detectedthrough CECG. These results indicate that CECG may beefficacious for detecting abnormalities during Phase IIcardiac rehabilitation, especially during the first 3 weeks ofthe program. Also, it appears that, based on current risk

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stratification guidelines, it may be difficult to predict whichpatients will have complications during Phase II cardiacrehabilitation. The findings of this study may be helpful informulating standardized monitoring guidelines for PhaseII cardiac exercisers, and may also aid in revising currentrisk stratification procedures.

Gunter, Katherine B. A prospective study of functionalperformance balance self-efficacy, and bone mineral density incommunity-dwelling elderly women, 2002. Ph.D., Oregon StateUniversity (Christine M. Snow). (162pp 2f $12.00) HE 741

In the United States, falls are the leading cause of uninten-tional death, with one of every three people 65 years andolder falling each year. Falls account for approximately95% of hip fractures among older adults, and falls to theside predominate hip fracture related falls in this popula-tion. However, risk factors for side and frequent falls arepoorly understood. Furthermore, few data exist to explaindifferences in bone mineral density among older post-menopausal women. In particular, data regarding thetiming of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) amongolder women is scarce. In the first aim of this dissertation,we examined changes in mobility and balance-related riskfactors for side falls as well as differences in these riskfactors according to fall status in a population of 107independent, elderly women (>70 yrs), who were followedover 2 years. We found hip abduction strength decreased(p<.001) in all subjects, with side-fallers exhibiting weakerhip abduction strength (p=.008), greater sway velocity(p=.027), and slower performances on the tandem walk(p=.039) and Get Up and Go (p<.001) compared to non-fallers. For the second study, in the same population, weexamined 2-year changes in balance self-efficacy (BSE) andthe relationship of BSE to side fall risk factors and fallsincidence. Results showed BSE at baseline was predictiveof Get Up and Go, hip abduction strength and tandemwalk at follow-up (p<.008), but that BSE decreased onlyamong the non-fallers (p=.013). In the third study, weexamined 3-year hip bone mineral density (BMD) changesin women with distinct hormone replacement therapy(HRT) profiles: 1) no hormone replacement therapy(NoHRT), 2) HRT continually since menopause (Con-tinual), 3) HRT begun 10 years after menopause (Late), 4)HRT initiated within 5 years (New), and compared thechange in BMD of the hip across HRT groups. Only theNoHRT group lost bone over the 3 years (p=.014). We alsoassessed BMD of the lateral spine across levels of estrogenuse in a sub-sample of participants and found long-termHRT users had significantly higher lateral spine BMD(p=.041) compared to women who had never been on HRT.

Hannibal, Norman S. Reliability and validity of low backstrength/endurance field tests in adolescents, 2002. M.S.Ed.,Northern Illinois University (Sharon A. Plowman). (138pp2f $12.00) HE 755

The purposes of this study were: (a) to determine thereliability of selected laboratory and field tests of dynamicand static low back function, (b) to evaluate the validity ofthe field tests (FITNESSGRAM™Trunk Extension [FG-TE]and Box 90°Dynamic Trunk Extension [B-90°DTE]) whencompared to laboratory tests (Parallel Roman ChairDynamic Trunk Extension [PRC-DTE], Parallel RomanChair Static Trunk Extension [PRC-STE], and Dynamom-eter Static Back Lift [DSBL), and (c) to examine the trainingsensitivity of each of these five tests to a dynamic resis-tance training program. Seventy-two participants (M=40,age=15.1±1.2 yr, height=172.6±7.6 cm, weight=66.9±9.8 kg;F=32, age=15.5±1.2 yr, height=164.1±6.5 cm,weight=58.5±8.2 kg) participated in a practice trial and twoother trials (T1 and T2). Each trial consisted of all five tests.Two participants completed 18 sessions of strengthtraining and performed a final testing trial (T3). Intraclasstest-retest coefficients (1-way ANOVA model for a singlemeasure) were very good for all tests both for the malesand for the females respectively (PRC-DTE=.995, .992; B-90°DTE=.996, .99; PRC-STE=.994, .99; FG-TE=.998, .998;and DSBL=.98, .94). Validity coefficients determined byPearson product moment correlation coefficient for themales and females respectively were as follows: B-90°DTEvs. PRC-DTE=.82, .62 (p<.05); B-90°DTE vs. PRC-STE=.55,.38 (p<.05); B-90°DTE vs. DSBL=-.29, -.23; FG-TE vs. PRC-DTE=.23, -.11; FG-TE vs. PRC-STE=-.15, .33; and FG-TE vs.DSBL=-.04, -.36. Percent increases in performance for eachof the five tests after completing the resistance trainingprotocol ranged from 2%-57% (N=2). All five tests wereshown to be reliable for a single measure and averagemeasure across days for both the male and female groups.B 90°DTE was shown to be a valid field test when com-pared to PRC-DTE but only for the males. In addition,during testing with the B-90°DTE, issues arose concerningthe overall comfort of the participant, prompting therecommendation that the PRC be used for testing and theestablishment of norms for the high school population.Finally, although the number of participants was verysmall, it appears that four of the five exercise tests dorespond favorably to a comprehensive strength trainingand flexibility program.

Miller, Jordan. The cardiopulmonary effects of an inelastic chestwall restriction, 2000. M.S., University of Wisconsin, LaCrosse (T. Triplett-McBride). (141pp 2f $12.00) HE 744

We examined the effects of an inelastic chest wall restric-tion (CWR) on cardiopulmonary function during rest andexercise in an attempt to mimic a condition similar to thatseen in chronic heart failure. Forced vital capacities weremeasured at the beginning of the study, after which pointfour canvas straps were applied tightly around the thoraxand abdomen so that vital capacity was reduced by >35%.Data were acquired during resting, 25%, and 45% of thepeak workload achieved during the subjects’ screening

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visit. Vital capacity, total lung capacity, and residualvolume were all significantly reduced during CWRconditions. Subjects exhibited significant increases inventilation brought about by increases in breathingfrequency, despite decreases in tidal volume. This breath-ing pattern elicited significant increases in the flowresistive work of breathing and the gastric pressure-timeintegral (>400%), and resulted in a decrease in the elasticwork of breathing. Significant decreases in cardiac output(>10%) during CWR conditions were brought about bydecreases in stroke volume. Heart rate, blood pressure, andcalculated a-vO2 difference were all significantly elevatedduring CWR exercise conditions. We conclude that CWRconditions significantly affect pulmonary and cardiovascu-lar function, although the mechanisms causing the de-crease in cardiac output during CWR exercise conditionsremain unclear. Additionally, our data suggest that CWRconditions elicit breathing patterns and cardiac responsessimilar to those seen in chronic heart failure, implying thatCWR may be used as a crude model to study CHF.

Murtaza, Saima. Applicability and feasibility of conjointanalysis to determine preferences for exercise, diet, or medica-tions, 2000. M.Sc., University of Guelph (Paula M. Brauer).(164pp 2f $12.00) HE 742

This thesis is an investigation of the applicability ofconjoint analysis to determine preferences of CanadianSouth Asians for the interventions of exercise, diet, andmedications to prevent possible cardiovascular disease. Asurvey conducted on a convenience sample of 167 SouthAsians showed that the majority of respondents (97%)were willing to make changes to reduce their risk of heartdisease. The percentages who preferred diet (40%) andexercise (48%) were similar. A lower percentage preferredmedications (7%). Possible attributes of interventions whenchoosing among diet, exercise or drug interventions wereidentified through a series of three focus groups withindividuals from the South Asian community. The follow-ing attributes were features of all three interventions: cost,time required, planning required, ease of practice, and sideeffects. The variability in preferences found in the surveyand the presence of the above attributes justifies furtherinvestigation of conjoint analysis to determine preferences.

Pennington, Carolyn R. Children’s beliefs as a determinant ofphysical activity, 2002. M.S., Brigham Young University(Patti A. Freeman). (75pp 1f $6.00) HE 757

The purposes of this study were to (a) determine children’sand parent’s physical activity patterns, (b) determinewhether children’s own beliefs about physical activity arerelated to their perceptions of their parents’ beliefs aboutphysical activity, and (c) examine the relationship betweenchildren’s beliefs about physical activity and their ownphysical activity patterns. Forty-five 8- to 10-year-old

children and their parents (n=135) wore Biotrainer acceler-ometers for seven consecutive days. Additionally, childrencompleted a modified version of the Children’s Attractionto Physical Activity (CAPA) questionnaire and parentscompleted a short demographic questionnaire. Multipleregression revealed children’s and parents’ activitypatterns were not significantly correlated. A multivariateregression analysis determined children’s own beliefsabout physical activity are not significantly related to theirperceptions of their parent’s beliefs about physical activity.However, one subscale, parental encouragement, wassignificantly related to children’s beliefs about physicalactivity. Finally, a multiple regression with children as thedependent variable was run to test the relationshipbetween children’s beliefs and their physical activitypatterns and was found to be nonsignificant. Thesefindings indicate there are many determinants to physicalactivity and parental encouragement may be a key.

Randall, Patricia L. Identification, description, and perceptionsof personal and professional attributes for student teachers inschool health education, and rankings of knowledge, skill, anddisposition elements within each attribute: a pilot study, 2002.M.S., University of Wisconsin, La Crosse (L. Oganowski).(86pp 1f $6.00) HE 745

Selecting personal and professional attributes for studentteachers in school health education can be difficult forhealth educators, due to the number of attributes impor-tant for successful teaching. The problem of this study wasto gather judgements from health educators currentlyteaching in relation to what personal and professionalattributes student teachers need to possess when enteringtheir student teaching experience. After the panel of healtheducators determined the attributes, they had an opportu-nity to determine which knowledge, skill, and dispositionelements were most important to have. The invited sampleconsisted of 63 health educators who were then teachinghealth education. The sample was gathered from fourdifferent counties in Wisconsin. The overall response ratewas 9.5% (N=6). A modified two round Delphi Techniquewas used for data collection, along with a nominal ratingprocess. Questionnaire development was based on a list ofpersonal and professional attributes identified through areview of the literature, and suggestions made by the panelof health educators during the first round of the Delphi.Panel members clarified and revised the attribute descrip-tions during the first round of the study. Each personal andprofessional attribute consisted of knowledge, skill, anddisposition elements that were then ranked using anominal rating process. Ten personal and professionalattributes were identified, clarified, and rated.

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Rauzon, Terrie A. Barriers to participation in physical activity/exercise for women with physical disabilities, 2002. Ph.D.,University of Utah (Hester L. Henderson). (113pp 2f$12.00) HE 758

This study was conducted to determine the barriers thatare significant in limiting involvement in physical activity/exercise programs by women with disabilities. A numberof reports have suggested barriers, real and perceived,deter individuals from participating in regular physicalactivity. In the general population the perceived barriersfor participating in physical activity can be classifiedaccording to the following categories: effort, time, andhealth limitations. The most frequently cited perceivedbarriers in able-bodied women are lack of time, due towork and family obligations, lack of financial resources,and lack of energy and motivation. Little progress has yetbeen made in determining how perceived barriers toexercise influence physical activity patterns, especially forspecial populations. The three questions this study wasdesigned to answer were: (1) What are the physical activitybarriers that play a significant role in limiting women withphysical disabilities from participating in physical activity/exercise? (2) Are the demographics that limit women withphysical disabilities from participating in physical activity/exercise similar to those of able-bodied women? (3) Is therea significant relationship between time when the disabilityoccurred and exercise behavior? The results of this studyshowed that the significant barriers to participation inphysical activity/exercise for this population of womenwith disabilities were social support from both family andfriends; confidence in their ability to exercise; environmentbarriers, such as accessible facilities, transportation, trainedpersonnel, and adapted equipment; and financial re-sources, time, energy, and health limitations. Physicalactivity interventions are proposed to include ideas toenhance social support, ways to enhance confidence inone’s ability to exercise, and suggestions to reduce environ-mental barriers.

Reynolds, Terrianne L. Validation of knowledge of CDC skincancer prevention protocol in a mid-western town, 2002. M.S.,University of Wisconsin, La Crosse (J. Odulana). (97pp 1f$6.00) HE 746

This study was designed to assess the extent to which thecontents of the CDC “Choose Your Cover” campaign onskin cancer has infiltrated a community of mothers ofyoung children and family health care providers in a Mid-Western town. A single-phase distribution of a 42-itemchecklist was mailed to family health care providers(n=30), and distributed by hand to eligible mothers ofyoung children (n=74) by health care personnel. Resultsindicated that out of the six mechanisms of the CDC“Choose Your Cover” campaign, knowledge informationon “Use of Sunscreen” had infiltrated the most among

mothers of young children and family health care provid-ers. Knowledge information on “Use of a Hat” and“Ultraviolet Ray Protection” resulted in low infiltrationamong mothers of young children. Family health careproviders’ knowledge information on “Use of a Hat” alsohad not infiltrated to a large extent. Knowledge about “Useof Shades” had not infiltrated among mothers of youngchildren or family health care providers. Results indicatedthat there was a statistically significant difference in theknowledge between mothers of young children and familyhealth care providers on the various aspects of the CDC“Choose Your Cover” protocol as a protective mechanismagainst skin cancer. Family health care providers had ahigher score than mothers of young children on the overallknowledge of the six sun protective mechanisms againstskin cancer as present in the CDC “Choose Your Cover”protocol.

Robinson, Barbara L. Effects of visual impairment, gender, andage on self-determination opportunities at home, with friends,with health care, at school, and in physical education, 2002.M.S., State University of New York, Brockport (LaurenLieberman). (80pp 1f $6.00) HE 762

Research on Self-Determination Theory has been con-ducted on many aspects of an individual’s life across thelifespan. Studies have researched the effects of self-determined behaviors on general education, athletic sportparticipation, and individuals’ control of their own needs.However, few studies have been conducted on self-determination opportunities that are provided in physicaleducation. Studies indicate an importance of self-determi-nation in all aspects of one’s life with regard to perceivedcompetence, motivation, goal setting, choice making andachievement of positive outcomes. Few studies have beenconducted regarding the effects of self determination onthe lives of individuals with visual impairment or deaf-blindness. The current study examined self-determinationopportunities across the following domains: at home, withfriends, with health care, at school, and during physicaleducation of students with visual impairments and deaf-blindness. Fifty-four students, 31 boys and 23 girls (ages 8to 23 years), who participated in a one-week summer sportcamp were surveyed. The variables studied were: level ofvisual impairments, gender, and age. A 2x2x3 MANOVAand post hoc analysis indicated that a significant differencefor level of visual impairment was present; however, nosignificant differences were indicated for gender and age.All classifications of visual impairment scored low acrossall domains studied. It was concluded that self-determina-tion opportunities are not being provided to students withvisual impairments.

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Romeder, Zan M. An analysis of the stages of exercise changeamong older adults with a chronic illness, 1999. M.A., SimonFraser University (Andrew Wister). (145pp 2f $12.00)HE 754

This thesis examines stages of exercise change among olderadults with a chronic illness. The Transtheoretical Model isapplied to understand exercise behavior, a self carepractice recommended for the management of chronicillnesses. The thesis contains two parts. Part one consists ofa unique description of the stages of exercise change over atwo-year period. Part two involves testing hypothesespertaining to the prediction of positive exercise changeover a one-year period. The theories of planned behaviorand self-efficacy are applied in conjunction with theTranstheoretical Model to develop the hypotheses. It ishypothesized that exercise history and illness factors willact as barriers for positive exercise behavior because of thecharacteristics of the population under study. The dataused in this study came from the Vancouver (BritishColumbia) North Shore Self-Care Study. The North Shorestudy collected detailed health and self-care information onadults aged 50 and older who reported having one of fourmajor chronic illnesses: arthritis, stroke, heart problems,and hypertension. After omitting those with stroke (due tosmall numbers), there were a total of 879 subjects atbaseline (wave 1), 735 in wave 2, and 665 in wave 3. Theresults from the descriptive analysis indicate that themajority of the sample are exercising regularly, and thatonly 4.3% are sedentary for the entire study. Significantstage movement towards exercise maintenance was alsofound despite there being no formal exercise intervention.A large number of people were found to be moving frommaintenance to pre-contemplation (active to sedentary)and from pre-contemplation to maintenance, illustratingthat many are not moving through the stages, as suggestedby the Transtheoretical Model, but from one extreme to theother. At the bivariate level, exercise history and threeillness factors were statistically significant, and moderatesupport was found for the theories of planned behaviorand self-efficacy. A multivariate analysis was conducted todetermine the predictive factors of positive exercise stagechange. Exercise history and four illness factors (type ofillness, duration of illness, co-morbidity and activityrestriction) were found to be statistically significant. Agewas found to be negatively associated with positiveexercise behavior, but education and gender were notstatistically significant. Overall, the results of the studyindicate moderate predictive power for the theories ofplanned behavior and self-efficacy, and strong support forthe hypothesis that exercise history and illness factors areimportant factors (facilitators and barriers) for positiveexercise stage change. An integration of both sections ofthe thesis leads to the conclusion that illness factors are atthe root of exercise stage change, where they are causingextreme movement patterns and acting as barriers to

positive exercise stage change. In the future, it is recom-mended that health promotion programs consider theprofound effect that a chronic illness has on one’s ability toexercise regularly. Current theories applied to understandexercise behavior, such as the theory of planned behaviorand self-efficacy theory, need to reconsider how the impactof a chronic illness, physiologically and psychologically,affect one’s decision to exercise.

Schuster-Decker, Rachel N. The acute effects of dynamicexercise and nutritional supplementation on blood pressure inhypertensive patients, 2001. M.S., University of Wisconsin, LaCrosse (C. Foster). (49pp 1f $6.00) HE 747

Hypertension is a modifiable risk factor for coronary heartdisease. This study evaluated the reduction in bloodpressure (BP) in response to sub-maximal cycling andnutritional supplementation with the active ingredient L-arginine, independently and in combination. Subjects(N=9) were clinically stable with a clinical diagnosis ofhypertension. Each completed 4 randomly ordered 120 mintrials. BP was obtained at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes ofeach trial. Trial 1 consisted of placebo and repeated bloodpressure measurements during rest. Trial 2 was identical totrial 1, except with active agent supplementation. Trial 3consisted of placebo and a 25 min exercise session. Trial 4was identical to trial 3, except with active agent supple-mentation. Repeated measures ANOVA was used toexamine the changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP),diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean blood pressure(MBP) from rest to 90 min and 120 min. Post hoc testsshowed a significant (p≤0.05) reduction in SBP at 90 and120 min for trials 2, 3, and 4. DBP was significant at 90 minand 120 min only in trial 4. MBP was significant at 90 minin trials 2, 3, and 4, and at 120 min in trial 4 only. Analysisof BP during exercise in trials 3 and 4 revealed no signifi-cant difference. We conclude that exercise, as well assupplementation with L-arginine, can lower BP in mildlyhypertensive individuals. Further, the effects of exerciseand supplementation are shown to be additive.

Smith, Christopher D. Evaluation of physical fitness attributesin cardiac rehabilitation program graduates who continue or electnot to continue participating in a structured exercise trainingprogram, 2002. M.A., University of North Carolina, ChapelHill (Bonita L. Marks). (58pp 1f $6.00) HE 750

The purpose of this study was to determine if the cessationof participation in a structured exercise program wasaccompanied with changes in the physical fitness ofcardiac rehabilitation program graduates. A sample of 12graduates from a three month cardiac rehabilitationprogram, each with a medical history of myocardialinfarction, returned for a physician-monitored evaluationof physical fitness after 12 months of exercising in either asupervised prevention program (n=7) or an unstructured,

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independent setting (n=5). The physical fitness attributesexamined were functional capacity (estimated peak VO2,METs, peak HR, and peak walking time), grip-strength,lower back/hamstring flexibility, body mass index (BMI),and waist-to-hip ratio. Paired samples t-tests (p>0.05)revealed no significant differences between the baselineand 12-month follow-up evaluations for any of the physicalfitness attributes in either group of subjects. However therewas a finding in the evaluation of BMI (p=0.071) thatsuggested bodyweight management was better for thosesubjects who participated in the structured exerciseprogram. Within each group there was no significantchange in the physical fitness variables evaluated twelvemonths after the completion of this three-month cardiacrehabilitation program. Further research with largersample sizes is needed to substantiate these findings.

Spurlock, Pualani. Association between participation in auniversity personal physical fitness course on leisure-timephysical activity and stage of change in college women, 2002.M.S., Slippery Rock University (P. Pierce). (85pp 1f $6.00)HE 751

The purpose of this study was to compare leisure-timephysical activity (LTPA) participation and stage of changebetween college women who completed a universitypersonal physical fitness (PPF) course the previoussemester (fitness group) and college women who neverparticipated in a university PPF course (control group). Thefitness group (FG) (n=44) and control group (CG) (n=44)were comprised of college females (18-26 years) whovolunteered for this study. Total, moderate, and vigorousLTPA between the two groups were examined andindependent t-tests showed no significant differences(p>0.05) between the FG and CG. Stage of change betweenthe two groups was analyzed and a chi-square analysisshowed no significant association (p>0.05) between the FGand CG. Therefore, based on this data, FG subjects did notparticipate in greater amounts of LTPA and were not inmore active stages of change as compared to the CGsubjects.

St. John, Wendy E. The effect of aerobic exercise on women withPMS, 1990. Ph.D., University of Southern California(Robert Wiswell). (127pp 2f $12.00) HE 756

This study was designed to determine the effect of a ten-week aerobic training period on PMS symptoms, depres-sion symptoms, and blood levels of estrogen, progesterone,norepinephrine, and β endorphins in women diagnosedwith PMS. A descriptive approach was utilized to deter-mine the differences between data taken prior to andfollowing a ten-week exercise training program. Thefollowing tests were administered to each subject: restingand exercising EKG, maximal stress test on a treadmill, andblood drawing for analysis of hormones 20 minutes prior

to, immediately after, and 20 minutes after exercise. Thesame tests were administered in the pre-test and post-testsessions. For the exercise program the subjects wererequired to do aerobic exercise for a minimum of 30minutes three to four times per week. They also recordedPMS symptoms (daily) and depression symptoms (twiceper cycle) during the exercise program. A maximalwalking treadmill graded exercise test was administeredwith a stress EKG to determine pre-values, the aerobicprescription, and post-values. The pre- and post-resultswere compared to determine rate of change. From thebloods drawn during the testing sessions, values weredetermined for estrogen, progesterone, β endorphin, andnorepinephrine. These values were compared with eachother, then with other data from the VO2max test, and theself-reports of symptoms. A daily self-report was kept bythe subjects to verify PMS symptoms and to evaluatechanges within the syndrome and with the other data fromthe VO2max test and the hormone levels. The specificstatistical tests used in the analysis of the data weredescriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficients todetermine the relationship between selected variables forraw scores and on selected variables for the rate of changewith pre-test values. Student’s t was used to test thedifferences in the means for selected values pre- to post-test. Significant correlations determined by the Pearsonproduct moment correlation for the raw data were: (1)progesterone and estrogen with depression symptoms; (2)anxiety scores with the depression scores from both self-reports (Abraham and Zung); (3) the change in PE2 ratiocorrelated with pre β endorphin and pre-estrogen values;(4) the change in β endorphin correlated with pre-estrogenvalues; and (5) the change in estrogen correlated with pre-estrogen values. The signed rank order data yielded onesignificant relationship for the pre- to post-test values fordepression measured by the Abraham PMS rating scale.All subjects except two showed a decrease in depressionsymptoms. The two exceptions showed either no change orno symptoms. Because of the small N there were trends butno significant differences for the student’s t tests betweenthe means pre- to post-test for any variable, or betweenpre-values for the dropouts vs the subjects who completedthe study. Within the limitations of this study, the follow-ing conclusions seem justified: 1. The null hypothesis wasnot rejected as there was no significant increase in the P/E2

ratio or in reduction of symptoms. 2. There were correla-tions between increases in P/E2 ratio and β endorphinvalues (p≤.05) as well as a strong correlation between theAbraham PMTD scores and the Zung depression indexwhich ranged from p≤.01 first two cycles to p≤ .05 for thethird cycle. 3. There was a significant relationship in thesigned rank data of pre- to post-test values for PMSdepression; i.e., most decreased with one no change andone no depression symptoms.

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Weise, Carey L. Brachial artery diameter and velocity of bloodflow after hyperemia during the six hours following consumptionof cranberry juice, 2002. M.S., University of Wisconsin, LaCrosse (J. Porcari). (59pp 1f $6.00) HE 748

The effects of cranberry juice consumption on brachialartery diameter and velocity of blood flow were investi-gated. Subjects were aged 40-69 years with documentedcardiovascular disease. Subjects refrained from alcohol,fruit juices, or calcium-channel blockers for 24 hours, andfrom supplements for 5 days, prior to testing. They fasted 9hours prior to the study. Subjects were randomly assignedto an experimental group (n=6) or a control group (n=7).Baseline measurements were collected, after whichparticipants drank 3 mL/kg of pure cranberry juice, or 3mL/kg of an isocaloric sugar water mixture (control), andwere given half of a plain bagel to eat. Ultrasound andDoppler flow methods were used to measure brachialartery diameter using a longitudinal (M-mode) and cross-sectional technique at pre-cuff and 2 minutes after cuffremoval. Velocity of blood flow was measured at pre-cuff,maximum flow, and 1 and 2 minutes after cuff removal.Arterial blood pressure was measured with a manualsphygmomanometer. Measurements were repeated athours 2, 4, and 6. There was a significant difference(p<0.05) between the cross-sectional and M-mode method.There were no significant differences in diameter values,velocity of blood flow values, mean arterial pressure, andresistance between the control and CBJ groups at any time.In general, these measurements significantly decreased(p<0.05) over time.

RECREATION AND LEISURE

Rusch, Matt. 2000 market survey of La Crosse tourists &visitors, 2001. M.S., University of Wisconsin, La Crosse (G.Arimond). (48pp 1f $6.00) RC 560

A market survey of the La Crosse area (Wisconsin) wasperformed to determine the latest trends in visitors to theLa Crosse region. The primary purpose of the study was toacquire visitor market information and compare it with theprevious 1998 study. A visitor survey insert card placed inthe 2000 Area Visitor and Information Guide provided asample of 608 useable surveys. Of those, 75.5 percent ofrespondents had actually visited the La Crosse area. It wasdetermined that approximately 75 percent of La Crossevisitors were from 8 market regions, and the averagedriving distance was 191 miles. There were four primarysources respondents used for making travel plans: theInternet, friends and family, the 1-800 number, andbrochures. Winter visitation in the La Crosse area isseverely lacking, with 70 percent of visitors comingbetween the months of June and October. Sightseeing wasthe primary reason provided for visiting the area, as well

as the most important attraction/activity. Eighty-fivepercent of visitors stayed in a hotel. Finding new ways toattract winter visitors to increase profit margins was a keyrecommendation for future marketing.

Sargent, Leslie A. The role of social support and self-efficacy ininfluencing moderate leisure time physical activity amongAfrican American women, 2001. M.S., University of Ne-braska, Omaha (Manoj Sharma). (119pp 2f $12.00) RC 561

Physical activity behaviors are important for reduction inoverall mortality rates, risk for coronary heart disease,diabetes mellitus, several cancers, hypertension, depres-sion, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and obesity. Yet, a largeproportion of Americans do not engage in regular physicalactivity. This problem is prevalent in low-income minoritywomen, particularly in the African American community.This study aimed to examine the extent social support offamily, friends, and the self-efficacy for specific leisure timephysical activities had on duration of leisure-time physicalactivity in a community-based sample of African Americanwomen in a Midwestern city. A group of 240 volunteerswere actively recruited to complete a 45-item questionnaireat community health centers and churches. The instrumentwas designed to measure the women’s weekly minutes ofphysical activity, family and friend social support formoderate leisure time physical activity, different types ofsocial support, and self-efficacy for moderate leisure timephysical activity. Their perceptions of the ideal locationand duration for a structured physical activity educationalprogram were also obtained. Results indicated that thewomen surveyed participated in little structured leisuretime physical activity. Less than half of the womenreported participating in daily physical activity, and theaverage minutes of daily leisure time physical activityparticipation ranged from 9 to 14 minutes, which is muchless than the Centers for Disease Control and Preventionrecommends. Social support from friends (p≤0.001) andself-efficacy (p≤0.001) were found to be significant and themost important predictors for physical activity andaccounted for 25 percent of the variance in amount ofphysical activity. Any intervention for this communitymust build on these constructs. Study participants alsorecommended that interventions in this community shouldbe conducted for at least one year through a local commu-nity center.

Wu, Cheng-Chieh. The relationship between organizationalculture and job satisfaction of employees in park and recreationdepartments, 2001. M.S., Springfield College (MatthewPentera). (119pp 2f $12.00) RC 559

The study was designed to examine the relationshipbetween organizational culture and job satisfaction of full-time employees in park and recreation departments.Gender difference in job satisfaction was also investigated.

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Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients werecomputed between the four types of organizationalcultures (clan, adhocracy, market, and hierarchy) and jobsatisfaction. For 77 park and recreation employees, whosequestionnaires were usable, significant (p<.05) relation-ships were found between job satisfaction and clan culture(r=.341), market culture (r=-.237), and hierarchy culture(r=-.302). The relationship between adhocracy culture andjob satisfaction was not significantly (p>.05) different fromzero (r=.108). Based on statistical analysis, no significant(p>.05) difference in job satisfaction was found betweenmale and female full-time employees. Female and malefull-time employees in park and recreation departments inMassachusetts and Connecticut reported similar scores injob satisfaction.

PSYCHOLOGY

Beilock, Sian L. When performance fails: expertise, attention,and performance under pressure, 2003. Ph.D., Michigan StateUniversity (Deborah L. Feltz and Thomas Carr). (135pp 2f$12.00) PSY 2275

This work explored the cognitive mechanisms underlyingpressure-induced performance decrements. Performancepressure is defined as an anxious desire to perform at a highlevel (Hardy, Mullen, & Jones, 1996). Choking, or perform-ing more poorly than expected given one’s level of skill,tends to occur in situations fraught with performancepressure (Baumeister, 1984; Beilock & Carr, 2001; Lewis &Linder, 1997). Self-focus or explicit monitoring theories ofchoking suggest that pressure induced performancedecrements result from the explicit monitoring and controlof proceduralized knowledge that is best run off as anuninterrupted and unanalyzed structure (Baumeister, 1984;Beilock & Carr, 2001; Lewis & Linder, 1997; Masters, 1992).Conversely, distraction theories propose that pressurecreates a dual-task situation in which skill execution andperformance worries vie for the attentional capacity oncedevoted solely to primary task performance (Lewis &Linder, 1997; Wine, 1971). To date, explicit monitoringtheories have accounted quite well for the choking phe-nomenon (see Appendix A and B). However, the extantchoking literature has solely utilized sensorimotor skills asa test bed. Well-learned, proceduralized sensorimotor skillsdo not possess the right task control structures to chokeaccording to distraction theories (Allport, Antonis, &Reynolds, 1972). Furthermore, unpracticed sensorimotorskills, although based, in part, on explicitly accessibledeclarative knowledge (Beilock, Wierenga, and Carr, 2002),may not demand the type of processing and informationstorage that make a task susceptible to choking viadistraction. Indeed, performance pressure does not appearto have a negative impact on novice sensorimotor skills atall (Beilock & Carr, 2001). It remains an open possibility,

then, that choking may occur via the mechanisms proposedby distraction theories in certain tasks—for example,complex cognitive tasks not based on an automated orproceduralized skill representation. Four experimentsexamined performance under pressure in the mathematicalproblem solving task of modular arithmetic (MA). Exp. Idemonstrated that performance decrements in difficult,unpracticed MA problems occurred under high pressureconditions. Exp. 2 demonstrated that these pressure-induced failures only occurred for the most difficult andcapacity demanding unpracticed equations. Exp. 3 furtherexplored these performance failures both early and late inlearning. Similar to Exp. 2, only difficult problems withlarge on-line working memory demands choked. Further-more, these failures were limited to problems early inpractice when capacity-demanding rule-based solutionalgorithms governed performance. In Exp. 4, participantsperformed MA problems once, twice, or 50 times each,followed by a high pressure test. Again, only difficultproblems that had not been highly practiced showedperformance decrements. These findings support distrac-tion theories of choking in the domain of mathematicalproblem solving. This outcome contrasts with sensorimotorskills, such as golf putting, in which the data have uni-formly supported explicit monitoring rather than distrac-tion theories (Beilock & Carr, 2001; Lewis & Linder, 1997).This contrast suggests a taxonomy of skills based on thenature and representation of their control structures.

Dean, Mark L. Effects of vow-making on adherence to a 12-weekpersonal fitness program, self-efficacy, and theory of plannedbehavior constructs, 2001. Ph.D., University of Louisville(John C. Birkimer). (136pp 2f $12.00) PSY 2267

The effect of swearing a vow to perform an agreed behav-ior on the actual performance of the behavior was exam-ined by survey and an experimental manipulation of 174subjects. Subjects were members of the YMCA whodecided to participate in the Twelve-Week Personal FitnessProgram. As participants in the program, they agreed to“exercise three days per week for 12 weeks and beyond atthe YMCA.” Once making the decision to participate, theexperimental group was sworn to perform the promisedbehavior, the commitment group signed a written commit-ment to perform the promised behavior, and the controlgroup did not experience any form of commitment. Theimpact of the manipulation was examined for its effect onadherence to the program. Additionally, the study exam-ined Ajzen & Fishbein’s Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB),and whether the vow-based intervention had an impact onprediction by the TPB constructs; Bandura’s Social Cogni-tive Theory, and whether the vow-based intervention hadan impact on predictions of adherence by exercise self-efficacy; Prochaska’s Transtheoretical Model and the effectof the vow-based intervention on self-efficacy and tempta-tion; and Marlatt’s Relapse Prevention Model and the

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impact of the vow manipulation on the abstinence viola-tion effect. Results failed to demonstrate that subjects ineither the experimental or commitment group exhibitedgreater exercise adherence as measured by total sessionsattended or by graduation from the fitness program.However, subjects in the vow condition did demonstrategreater adherence than those in the other conditions, asmeasured by consecutive weeks of three exercise sessionswithout relapse.

Kuebel, Denise. An investigation into the relationship amongmotives for participation, goal orientation, and psychologicaloutcomes in tennis players, 2001. Ed.D., University ofRochester (Craig R. Barclay). (124pp 2f $12.00) PSY 2269

A great deal of evidence has been amassed which supportsthe efficacy of participation in regular physical activity as ameans of reducing the risks of some debilitating healthconditions (e.g., heart disease, obesity), as well as enhanc-ing overall psychological well-being. The significance ofexercise as a health related activity that benefits the wholeperson (mentally and physically) has brought to the fore aneed to address motivational issues related to adoptingand maintaining regular physical activity. Accordingly,research into motivation for participation into physicalactivity holds great potential for guiding not only medicalpractice, but also educational and therapeutic practice. Thepresent study is an investigation into the relationshipbetween motives for participation in physical activity, goalorientation associated with such participation, andpsychological outcomes such as perceived happiness,perceived life satisfaction, and vitality, as well as persis-tence in and adherence to participation in physical activity.Theories of motivation (Deci & Ryan, 1985) and goalorientation (Nicholls, 1989) are discussed as a basis for thestudy. Specifically, it is hypothesized that individuals whoexperience more internal forms of motivation (e.g., interest,enjoyment) for engaging in physical activity, and who aremore task than ego oriented, will report higher levels ofpositive well-being and be more likely to adhere to andpersist in the activity. The investigation focuses on thefollowing research questions in relationship to participa-tion in physical activity: a) why do people participate inphysical activities such as sport and exercise? b) what arethe psychological outcomes associated with such participa-tion? c) how do form of motivation and goal orientationinfluence persistence in and adherence to the activity ? andd) is there a significant relationship between form ofmotivation and goal orientation. The design of the study ishypothesis dependent. For hypothesis 1, the overall designis represented by two levels of a single independentvariable: kind of motivation (i.e., intrinsic and extrinsic).For hypothesis 2, the design is represented by two levels ofa single independent variable: kind of goal orientation (i.e.,task and ego). For Hypothesis 3, the design is representedas a 2x2 model: kind of motivation x kind of goal orienta-tion.

Maslovat, Dana. Contextual inference [interference]: single-taskversus multi-task learning and influence of concurrent temporalinterference, 2002. M.S., University of British Columbia (IanFranks). (171pp 2f $12.00) PSY 2263

Contextual interference (CI) is a learning effect wherebyhigh interference practice conditions produce decreasedacquisition performance yet increased retention, andtransfer performance. Thus, a more difficult practiceenvironment, although initially detrimental to acquisition,actually benefits learning of the skill. Typical CI experi-mental paradigms involve the comparison of acquisition,retention and transfer performance of multiple tasks undera blocked acquisition schedule (low interference) versus arandom acquisition schedule (high interference). Numer-ous studies have investigated contextual interference, andit has been shown to be a stable, robust phenomenon. Twostudies involving bimanual coordination were conductedto further examine the contextual interference effect.Experiment 1 involved comparison of acquisition, retentionand transfer performance of a single-task control group,two-task blocked presentation group, and a two-taskrandom presentation group. Acquisition data showed bothrandom and control groups outperformed the blockedgroup in performance of the coordination pattern. This wasopposite to the expected CI effect and was attributed to thehigh number of acquisition trials providing enough timefor the learning benefits of the interference to be realized.Retention data did show a typical CI effect for one depen-dent measure, with the random group significantlyoutperforming the blocked group. Neither two-task groupsignificantly outperformed the control group, suggestinginterference of a second task may be as beneficial tolearning as extra practice on the initial task. No groupeffects were found during transfer performance; however,there was a learning effect on the opposite, unpracticedcoordination pattern. Experiment 2 examined an alternateform of interference, requiring participants to concurrentlyverbalize a compatible or incompatible counting patternwhile performing a bimanual coordination pattern, todetermine if CI effects could be generalized to other formsof interference. No significant group effects were found inacquisition, retention, or transfer performance. This wasattributed to insufficient interference caused by thecounting patterns, perhaps due to anchoring strategies ofthe participants. Analysis of the retention data did provideweak support for a concurrent 2-count pattern providingmore interference than a concurrent 4-count pattern.However, more research in the area of concurrent temporalinterference is required to determine possible interferenceeffects. Scanning data did show a significant improvementin performance of the to-be-learned task as well as thesymmetrical bimanual coordination pattern, in support ofprevious studies. Examination of the sound data providedinformation regarding anchoring strategies of participants.

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McDonough, Meghan H. Understanding sport participationmotivation in early adolescent females: the role of friendship andphysical self-perceptions, 2002. M.S., University of BritishColumbia (Peter Crocker). (129pp 2f $12.00) PSY 2264

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of sportfriendship quality, athletic competence and attractivenessperceptions, global self-worth, and sport enjoyment inpredicting motivation to participate in sport among youngadolescent female sport participants. Two hundred andtwenty-nine female team sport participants between theages of eleven and fourteen participated in this study.Participants completed the athletic competence, physicalattractiveness, and self-worth subscales of the Self-Perception Profile for Children (Harter, 1985), the SportFriendship Quality Scale (Weiss & Smith, 1999), the sportenjoyment and sport commitment subscales of the SportCommitment Model (Scanlan, Simons, Carpenter, Schmidt,& Keeler, 1993), and two items assessing intention to returnto the present sport and to sport in general. Sport enjoy-ment and intention to return means were very high and thedistributions highly skewed, indicating that participantsenjoy sport and are highly motivated to continue playing,but also made determining predictors and outcomes ofthese variables difficult. Correlational and multipleregression analysis suggested that self-worth was pre-dicted primarily by physical attractiveness perceptions,with athletic competence perceptions making a minorcontribution. Sport enjoyment was partially predicted byhaving things in common with one’s best sport friend.Sport enjoyment predicted sport commitment and inten-tions to return. No relationship was found between self-worth and sport enjoyment. A path analysis of two modelsof participation motivation found that neither model fit thedata well. Model modification procedures were under-taken to find a more parsimonious model and to identifypotential relationships for future research. This study didnot provide strong support for a predictive role of sportfriendship quality and physical self perceptions in predict-ing sport enjoyment and motivation, or for a model whereself esteem is a separate outcome of antecedents ofmotivation, rather than a mediating variable. The lack ofvariance on enjoyment and motivation variables greatlylimited the ability of this study to determine predictors andoutcomes of sport enjoyment and motivation. Futurestudies examining other aspects of youth peer relationshipsin sport are needed to explore their effects on sport relatedaffect, motivation, and self-worth.

Ricciuti, David P. Imagery and discomfort during a muscularendurance task, 2002. M.S., Springfield College (MimiMurray). (141pp 2f $12.00) PSY 2258

Male and female college students (N=78) from physicaleducation skills classes volunteered to participate in astudy designed to determine if pre-test and post-test

differences existed between the amount of discomfortparticipants were able to endure using three differentimagery coping methods. The Vividness of MovementImagery Questionnaire (VMIQ; Isaac, Marks, & Russell,1986) was used to classify participants with regard to theirimagery ability into high and moderate imagery abilitygroups. Using a 2x3x2 mixed factorial analysis of variance(ANOVA) with repeated measures on pre-test and post-test wall sit times, differences in mean pre-test and post-test wall sit times were calculated for the three imagerytraining groups and both imagery ability classifications. Nosignificant (p>.05) interactions were found. No significant(p>.05) main effect was found between pre-test and post-test wall sit times. No significant (p>.05) main effects werefound for training groups or for imagery ability groups forwall sit times. Implications of the current study are thatdifferent imagery training methods may not influencediscomfort tolerance.

Rubin, Leah. Competitive trait anxiety in relation to the five-factor model of personality, 2002. M.A., Loyola College inMaryland (Jenny L. Lowry). (105pp 2f $12.00) PSY 2273

Competitive trait anxiety has been relatively under-studiedin comparison to its by-product, state anxiety. The purposeof the study was to better understand competitive traitanxiety in a sample of college athletes by examining itsproperties in conjunction with a comprehensive personal-ity taxonomy: the Five-Factor Model. Results indicate thatcompetitive trait anxiety was significantly explained by thetrait of neuroticism, particularly the facet anxiety. Implica-tions of this study will be discussed, specifically in relationto gender.

Ruiz, Matthew D. Motivation and adherence to exercise inadults, 2002. M.S., Springfield College (Mimi Murray).(141pp 2f $12.00) PSY 2259

The study was conducted to determine differences inmotivation as functions of exercise adherence status andgender. A sample of 76 males and 76 females between theages of 35 and 55 were studied. The participants wereasked to complete the Exercise Motivation Inventory-2(EMI-2; Markland & Ingledew, 1997) and the Stages ofExercise Scale (SOES; Cardinal, 1993). A 2x2 factorialanalysis of variance was computed to determine genderdifferences on the subscales of the EMI-2 (Markland &Ingledew, 1997) and between adherers and non-adherers,as determined by the SOES (Cardinal, 1993). A significantinteraction was found for the subscales Weight Manage-ment and Appearance. Female non-adherers had signifi-cantly (p<.05) higher motivation than male non-adhererson these subscales. Regarding main effects, adherers hadsignificantly (p<.05) higher motivation than non-adhererson all but one subscale; no significant (p>.05) differencewas found on Health Pressures. Males had significantly

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(p<.05) higher motivation than females on Enjoyment,Challenge, Social Recognition, and Competition. Based onthe results of this study, motivational differences toexercise are expected between male and female adherersand non-adherers.

Spievak, Elizabeth R. The use of self-focused attention andexercise as escape in those with traumatic personal history, 2001.Ph.D., University of Louisville (John Birkimer). (118pp 2f$12.00) PSY 2270

Self-bias, an attentional tuning toward informationrelevant to the self, and self focus, attentional tuningtoward internally generated information about the self, arenormal processes. For some, however, these usuallyhelpful techniques can become distracting, inhibiting, anddefeating. Self-focused attention has been linked to manypsychological constructs including alcoholism, bingeingand depression (see Ingram, 1990, for review), and hasbeen found to be an important construct in psychopathol-ogy. Pyszczynski, Greenberg, Hamilton and Nix (1991)recently concluded that “careful study of the role playedby such processes in particular disorders that take intoaccount the diversity of dispositional and situationalfactors that are likely to lead to such problems” is needed(p. 543). Dispositional factors such as self-esteem, depres-sion, need for control, anxiety and a tendency toward self-evaluation or rumination have been linked to increasedself-attention. Research on situational factors has suggestedthat environment may influence the development ofattentional strategies and coping skills. Based on attentionand self-focus research, a new construct was proposed andtermed “self-focused temperament”: a predisposition,vulnerability or environmentally and socially influencedtendency to engage in self-focused attentional strategies.Someone with a self-focused temperament would tend toworry, self-analyze and get anxious if his or her attentionalresources were not constantly consumed. Specific hypoth-eses were developed concerning personality and experi-ence factors which, along with a self-focused temperament,would be correlated with unproductive coping andaddictive behaviors. A large community sample was usedto test and refine a path model and a second samplereplicated the refined model. People who reported moretrauma symptoms and higher trait anxiety were mostlikely to report unproductive coping strategies. Those whoscored higher in private self-consciousness and had a self-focused temperament reported using mental disengage-ment and substance abuse. If they were also high in publicself-consciousness, participants reported exercise addic-tion. Participants scoring higher in public self-conscious-ness, trauma symptoms and trait anxiety (but without aself-focused temperament) reported eating disorderbehaviors. Active coping was related to high self esteem(negatively correlated with trait anxiety and traumasymptoms) and private self-consciousness. An experimen-

tal manipulation in Study 2 supported the path modelresults. This research has implications for identifying thoseat risk for unproductive coping, including substance abuse,eating disorder behaviors and exercise addiction. Interven-tions targeted towards those at risk may work to preventthe cycle of addictive behaviors before it begins.

Veit-Hartley, Sylvia. Spirituality and the athletic experiences ofelite track athletes, 2002. M.S., Western Washington Univer-sity (Ralph Vernacchia). (177pp 2f $12.00) PSY 2274

In addition to striving for excellence through body andmind connection, exists the athlete’s spirit to evolve,transform, and transcend. Spirituality exists in humannature, and sport helps develop the human spirit bydeepening and purifying the spirit. However, littleresearch is available on spirituality and athletic experi-ences. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate,through specific elements of sports, the essence of spiritual-ity as related to athletic experiences among elite trackathletes. Elements such as awareness, commitment,concentration, and self-integration were explored in thestudy to understand spiritual existence and its influence inachieving athletic excellence. A secondary purpose of thisstudy was to investigate the phenomena of spirituality inrelation with athletic experiences in a qualitative fashion.To achieve these goals, this study utilized an inductivecontent analysis of athlete case interviews. The in-depthinterviews of 10 elite distance runners consisted of probingquestions regarding the athletes’ perception, insights, andthoughts of spirituality and its connection with theirpursuit for excellence. The content analysis identified 496raw data descriptors and 76 raw data responses, whichraised the following 8 emergent themes: personal excel-lence/self-actualization, self-realization/self-development,transient moments, emotions, spiritual integration andgrowth, mental awareness and development, self-trust, andexternal influences. Eighty percent of the athletes describedspirituality as having the mind, body, and spirit inter-twined as one, embracing the whole self. Some of theathletes also expressed spirituality as being in the momentand aware of self, acknowledging one’s true being andexistence. Most importantly, the athletes’ responseselucidated spirituality as an underlying component ofachieving personal and athletic excellence.

Wilson, Catherine C. Self-efficacy and prior exercise experiencein relationship to exercise adherence in beginning yoga classes,2002. M.S., University of Memphis (Michael Hamrick).(52pp 1f $6.00) PSY 2272

This study examined the relationships among self-efficacy,prior exercise experience and exercise adherence in acommunity sample of beginning yoga students. Thirty-twosubjects completed a survey packet that assessed priorexercise experience, attendance goals, and exercise self-

43


efficacy. Attendance records were tracked for five weeks.Significant correlations were found between prior exerciseexperience and adherence, and attendance goals and actualattendance. Contrary to expectations, significant relation-ships between self-efficacy and adherence, and self-efficacyand prior exercise experience, were not found. Furtherexploration of the relationship between self efficacy andadherence in a mind-body context is recommended.

MOTOR LEARNING AND CONTROL

Adomaitis, Laura G. An intensive massed practice approach tore-training balance post-stroke, 2002. Ph.D., University ofOregon (Marjorie H. Woollacott). (201pp 3f $18.00) PSY2261

Stroke is the leading cause of disability among adults in theUnited States. Falls are highly prevalent and a significantsource of complications post-stroke. This research studytested the efficacy of standard physical therapy (based onthe task-oriented approach) delivered in a massed practiceparadigm. The purpose of this study was to test if theintensive massed practice intervention (six hours/day fortwo consecutive weeks) could significantly improvebalance function post-stroke. A single-subject multiplebaseline design across subjects with probes was utilizedwith ten subjects with chronic stroke disability. Probe testsconsisted of giving standing subjects six backwardperturbations on a force platform and were conductedperiodically throughout the three phases of the studydesign: baseline, training, and maintenance. Time torecover balance (stabilization of the center of pressure) inresponse to a platform perturbation was calculated. Moreextensive platform balance tests were conducted prior to,immediately post, and three months post-training. Clinicaltests also were administered. The data revealed ninedemonstrations of improved balance performance at fivepoints in time. The ability of the subjects to recover from abalance threat improved, with mean times to stabilizationdecreasing from a mean of 2.35±.51 seconds duringbaseline to 1.581±.23 seconds during training, and furtherstill to 1.45 ±.29 seconds during maintenance. Intensivemassed practice of standard physical therapy producedsignificant results in balance re-training with patients post-stroke. Current stroke rehabilitation techniques can beeffective, but we need to provide an opportunity forgreater amounts of practice.

Kim, Ji-Tae. Perceived physical and actual motor competence inKorean children with mild mental retardation: relationship toage, gender, and parental physical activity, 2003. Ph.D.,Michigan State University (Crystal F. Branta). (186pp 2f$12.00) PSY 2276

The purposes of this study were to investigate the relation-ship of perceived physical competence and actual motorcompetence relative to age, gender, and parental physicalactivity in children with mild mental retardation (MMR).Participants consisted of 112 children from 8 to 11 years ofage with MMR who attend special schools for studentswith MR in Korea, and their parents. The Test of GrossMotor Development, Second Edition (TGMD-2; Ulrich,2000) and the Pictorial Scale for Perceived PhysicalCompetence for Children with Mental Retardation(PSPPCCMR; Ulrich & Collier, 1990) were the instrumentsused to assess the perceived physical competence andactual motor competence of participant children. TheGodin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ;Godin & Shephard, 1985) was used to assess leisure timephysical activity of participant parents. Statistical tests(Pearson product-moment correlation, MANOVA, t-test,and ANOVA) were performed at the .05 alpha level. Theresults of this study indicated that the relationship betweenperceived physical competence and actual motor compe-tence in children with MMR was statistically significant.There were significant effects of gender and parentalphysical activity on perceived physical competence andactual motor competence, but there were not effects of ageand interaction of gender, age, and parental physicalactivity. This study suggests that applying Harter’s theory(1978) to children with MMR results in similar findingswith regard to the relationship between perceived andactual physical competence and parental influence onperceived physical competence. From this study, the dataregarding perceived physical competence and actual motorcompetence of children with MMR have implications foradapted physical educators or special education teachers todevelop a more effective physical education program orcurriculum for instruction in basic motor skills.

Nagelkerke, Paul. Bimanual limb interaction, 2002. M.S.,University of British Columbia (Ian Franks). (183pp 2f$12.00) PSY 2265

In this study I investigated the level of neurologicalinteraction between two limbs performing fast, goaldirected bimanual movements, and the extent to which thelimbs interact and influence each other during movementpreparation and production. This experiment focused uponthe effect of symmetric and asymmetric bimanual move-ments of short and long distances performed simulta-neously, specifically interaction in response to a movementblocking perturbation. Differences between the EMGpatterns of unimanual, equal distance bimanual, andunequal distance bimanual elbow extension movements of10 and 50 degrees indicated the level of influence seen inmovement planning, while differences in kinematicmeasures indicated the level of interaction during move-ment production. Results indicated that there was a highlevel of influence during movement planning and execu-

44


tion, resulting in highly symmetric EMG patterns, but nodetectable interaction between the two limbs duringmovement execution. Blocking the intended movement ofone limb had no effect on movement production of theother limb. Once movement was initiated each limboperated independently, displaying characteristic EMGpatterns for unblocked movements and modified EMGpatterns due to sensory feedback of a blocked movement.

van Donkelaar, Paul. Manual and oculomotor control duringtracking and interception tasks: normal characteristics anddeficits due to cerebellar dysfunction, 1994. Ph.D., Universityof Calgary (R. G. Lee). (141pp 2f $12.00) PSY 2271

The contributions of visual motion processing, as well as ofretinal and extraretinal signals, were investigated in threeexperiments in which natural, multijoint tracking andinterception movements produced with the hand weredirected towards moving targets. The latency of theseresponses to the onset of target motion was dependent onthe velocity of the target. A simple model which assumesthat latency is composed of a target velocity dependentthreshold time and a subsequent processing time accu-rately accounted for the data. In addition, the initialtrajectory of the hand was independent of target velocitywhen this variable was unpredictable from trial to trial.These characteristics are analogous to those observed foreye movements produced under similar conditions.Removing vision of the hand caused increases in positionalerror but did not influence target velocity matchingperformance in the tracking task. In contrast, in theinterception task this manipulation led to significantincreases in the variability of endpoint error. Restrictingeye motion caused subjects to overestimate target velocity.In particular, hand gain (hand velocity/target velocity)was substantially increased in the tracking task duringvisual fixation. Similarly, in the interception task, subjectspointed further ahead of the target when eye movementswere not allowed. Taken together, these results suggestthat retinal information associated with vision of the handcontributes to those aspects of hand movement related tothe position of the target, whereas extraretinal informationconcerning eye motion contributes to target velocityrelated aspects. The interaction between signals associatedwith eye and hand motion was investigated by havingsubjects with cerebellar dysfunction perform the trackingand interception tasks under these conditions. The normaldeficits that are observed in the eye and hand movementsof such subjects were exacerbated during the combinedmotions of these effectors. In particular, hand movementswere more smoothly coordinated if the aberrant eyemovements were restricted, and vice versa. The fact thatthis interaction is a negative one when eye and handmovements are disrupted suggests that the converse maybe the case under normal circumstances. Specifically,information associated with oculomotor and manual motor

output may contribute to the high degree accuracyobserved in the opposing system. The potential sites withinthe central nervous system where these interactions mayoccur are discussed.

Volding, Lori A. A comparison of the motor development of deafchildren of deaf parents and hearing parents, 2002. M.Ed., StateUniversity of New York, Brockport (Lauren Lieberman).(90pp 1f $6.00) PSY 2266

Differences in linguistic, cognitive, and social skills areknown to exist between deaf children of deaf parents andof hearing parents; differences in motor development,however, are not known between the two groups. Thisstudy was designed to compare the motor development of14 deaf children of deaf parents and 15 deaf children ofhearing parents. The 11 girls and 18 boys were 4-9 yearsold; 16 were in the 4-6 age group, and 13 were in the 7-9age group. The Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD)was used to assess the motor development of 29 partici-pants who attended two schools for students who are deaf.Modifications to the procedure for administering theTGMD included visual demonstrations, the use of signingto communicate instructions, and video recordings ofperformance. The results of the study indicated no signifi-cant differences in motor development between deafchildren of deaf parents and deaf children of hearingparents.

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Hammond, Krista C. The relationship between motivationalorientations and motivation-related outcomes, 2002. M.S.,Purdue University (Lavon Williams). (115pp 2f $12.00) PSY2268

Developing physical competence and gaining acceptanceare primary reasons for youth sport participation (Weiss &Ferrer-Caja, 2002). To promote positive youth sportexperiences, the personal meaning young athletes give tophysical competence and social belonging (i.e., theirmotivational orientations), and the self-perceptions theyhave regarding their ability and belonging need to beconsidered (Allen 2001a; Maehr & Nicholls, 1980; Nicholls,1989). The interaction between motivational orientationssuch as physical-related (task and ego) and social-related(affiliation and validation) orientations and self-percep-tions are thought to explain why some individuals aremore effortful and satisfied than others. The majority ofresearchers studying motivational orientations havefocused on physical-related orientations (see Duda & Hall,2001), whereas few researchers have considered therelationship between social-related orientations andmotivation-related outcomes (Allen, 2001a), or the moder-ating role of self-perceptions in the relationship between

45


orientations and motivation-related outcomes (Cury et al.,1997; Sarrazin et al., 1999; Williams & Gill, 1995). Thepurposes of this study were to examine 1) the relationshipsamong motivational orientations, perceived effort, andsatisfaction, 2) the moderating role of perceived compe-tence in the relationship between motivational orientationsand motivation-related outcomes, and 3) the moderatingrole of perceived belonging in the relationship betweenmotivational orientations and motivation-related out-comes. Team sport athletes (M=16.48 yrs; SD=1.17)completed sport-specific measures assessing motivationalorientations, perceived competence, perceived belonging,perceived effort, and satisfaction. Results of a multivariatemultiple regression analysis indicated that athletes higherin affiliation, validation, and task orientations feel moresatisfied when they interact with others, receive recogni-tion, and attain personal standards than those lower insocial and task orientations. Additionally, athletes higherin ego and validation and lower in task and affiliationorientations perceive themselves as less effortful, feel moresatisfied when they out-perform, and less satisfied whenthey achieve their personal standards than athletes lowerin ego and validation and higher in task and affiliationorientations. Contrary to predictions, the results of thehierarchical multiple regressions failed to support themoderating role of self-perceptions. The findings indicatethat knowledge of the personal meaning athletes hold forcompetence and belonging can provide a greater under-standing of their sport experience.

Magyar, T. M. A social cognitive perspective of motivationaland self-regulatory mechanisms of leadership in female collegiaterowers, 2002. Ph.D., Michigan State University (Deborah L.Feltz). (200pp 3f $18.00) PSY 2262

The purpose of this investigation was to examine themotivational and self-regulatory mechanisms of leadershipin collegiate rowers. Participants were 367 female intercol-legiate rowers ages 18-37 (M=19.75). Rowers completed ademographic questionnaire, a reduced version of the Bem-Sex Role Inventory (R-BSRI; Bem, 1974; Covey & Feltz,1991), a modified version of the Task and Ego Orientationin Sport Questionnaire (M-TEOSQ; Duda & Nicholls, 1992),and a modified version of the Perceived MotivationalClimate in Sport Questionnaire (M-PMCSQ-2; Newton,Duda, & Yin, 2000). Regulatory mechanisms of leadershipwere measured with constructs developed for the purposeof this research to assess leadership skills, and efficacybeliefs (e.g., leadership efficacy, task self-efficacy, andcollective efficacy). Leadership effects were classified intotwo dimensions: performance and motivational. Perfor-mance leadership was operationalized as someone who isconsidered to be the “go to” person, is competent, master-ful, assertive, confident, and may lead a boat toward asuccessful performance outcome. Successful performanceoutcome was operationalized as an improved race time or

winning a race. Motivational leadership wasoperationalized as someone who encourages teammates tostay tough and work through the pain (i.e., on the erg orduring a race), resolves conflict between members of theboat, acts unselfishly, shows concern for others, or helpsteammates calm their nerves before testing and competi-tions. The conceptual model was tested using pathanalysis. Results from this analysis demonstrated thatleader goal orientation and leadership efficacy emerged asthe strongest predictors of leader effectiveness. Specifically,athletes who reported greater leader goal orientation andleadership efficacy obtained higher scores on leadereffectiveness from their teammates. Perceptions of masterymotivational climate also demonstrated a consistent andsignificant relationship with leadership skills in sport.Leadership efficacy demonstrated the strongest mediatingeffect between personal and situational determinants withleader effects. Future research should examine leadershipover the entire course of the season in order to assess theemergent patterns that may occur.

Meyer, James L. Leadership perceptions and achievementmotivation in sport, 1996. Ph.D., Gonzaga University (NancyIsaacson). (243pp 3f $18.00) PSY 2277

The purposes of this research were to (1) understandperceptions elite and non-elite athletes hold towardcoaching behaviors. (2) understand coaches’ perceptions oftheir own behaviors, and (3) compare athletes’ perceptionsof coaches’ behavior to the coaches’ perceptions of theirown leadership behaviors. Additionally, this study soughtto (4) determine whether the constructs of task- and ego-orientation of achievement motivation have utility at theelite and non-elite levels of sport, and (5) whether theseconstructs can be related to leadership perceptions.Thirteen research questions guided this investigation.Participants consisted of 332 alpine ski racers and 345coaches. The Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS)(Chelladurai, 1989) was used to determine coaches’behavior, and the Task and Ego Orientation Questionnaire(TEOSQ) (Duda, 1989) was used to assess athletes’ achieve-ment motivation. ANOVA and Multiple Regression wereused to analyze the data. Findings were largely in concur-rence with previous research. Four major results revealed:(1) low occurrence levels of autocratic behavior by coachesas perceived by athletes and coaches, and high occurrencelevels of training and instruction and positive feedbackbehaviors as perceived by athletes and coaches; (2) athleteswere found to be high in task-orientation and slightlylower in ego-orientation; (3) democratic behavior bycoaches was identified as a predictor of task-orientation inathletes, and autocratic behavior by coaches was a predic-tor of athletes’ ego-orientation; and (4) the theoreticalconstructs of transformational and charismatic leadership

46


by coaches appear to be relevant to the athletic domain.Conclusions, discussions, and suggestions for futureresearch complete the study.

Sato, Naoko. The relationship between stress and social factorsof coping in international students, 2002. M.S., SpringfieldCollege (John Smith). (118pp 2f $12.00) PSY 2260

The study was designed to assess the relationship betweenstress symptoms (anxiety, depression, and somatization)and social factors of coping (social support, Englishproficiency, and length of stay in an English speakingcountry) in international students at Springfield College(Massachusetts). The Brief Symptom Inventory 18 (BSI 18;Derogatis, 2000) was used to assess levels of anxiety,depression, and somatization, and the Medical OutcomesStudy (MOS) Social Support Survey (Sherbourne &Stewart, 1991) was distributed to measure levels of socialsupport. A Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coeffi-cient was computed to determine the relationship betweenstress symptoms and social factors of coping. The overallscore of social support and other subscales of socialsupport (Tangible, Affectionate, Positive Social Interaction,and Emotional/Informational) had a significant (p<.05)negative relationship with overall score of stress andAnxiety, Depression, and Somatization with the exceptionof the relationship between Affectionate Support andSomatization, which was not statistically significant.Length of stay was negatively related to only Somatization(p<.05). English proficiency had no significant (p>.05)relationship with any symptoms of stress.

47


PART II

KEYWORDS INDEXfor

VOLUME 16, NO. 1

This index includes keywords for titles pub-lished in microfiche format by KinesiologyPublications in Kinesiology Abstracts, Volume 16,No. 1 (April 2003).

Each title in Part I is indexed using keywordsselected and assigned from the Sport Thesaurus,published by the Sport Information ResourceCentre (SIRC), located in Gloucester, Canada.(Users should note that British spelling conven-tions [e.g., behaviour] occasionally appear.) Inaddition to keywords identifying the content ofa study, the major research methods are identi-fied by the statistical technique employed andappear in brackets immediately following theauthor's name. Users may find these method-ological and statistical descriptors helpful inidentifying a particular design or statisticalprototype for their own research investigations.A listing of statistical abbreviations used in thisindex is found on the following page.

The keywords appear in alphabetic order andare followed by the author names of the doc-toral or master's theses that they refer to. Be-cause each thesis will have more than onekeyword, author names appear several timesunder different keywords. The author names arefollowed by the research and statistical methodsused in the study. These are contained in brack-ets—the letters in front of the dash refer to theresearch methods, those following the dashdenote the statistical methods. The methodsinformation is followed by the subject code andnumber for the study. The following exampleillustrates the elements of each entry.

BIOMECHANICSAllen, D.M. [D,MA-DE,MAV] PE 3815

Biomechanics is one of the keywords of a studyby D. M. Allen. The research methods used inthe study include Descriptive and MechanicalAnalysis techniques; statistics are Descriptiveand Multivariate Analysis of Variance. Thestudy’s subject code is PE 3815. To find the titleof the study as listed in part I of KinesiologyAbstracts, use the author index in the back of thebook to find the page number on which thestudy by D. M. Allen is listed.

Criteria used to determine whether a study isexperimental include the use of a control groupand the manipulation of an independent vari-able or variables. Studies designed to examinecorrelations among selected variables in aparticular population are classified as surveys.

Specific abbreviations for research methods andthe statistical techniques that were used arelisted alphabetically in the table on the follow-ing page.

48


STATISTICS

METHODS

A AnthropometryAR Action ResearchC Case StudyCA Content AnalysisCH ChoreographyCI Critical Incident AnalysisCOM Comparative StudyD DescriptiveDA Documentary AnalysisE Experimental

GE GeneticH HistoricalI InterviewIA Item AnalysisJ JuryJA Job AnalysisL LaboratoryLR Library ResearchM ModelMA Mechanical Analysis

MAN ManualO ObservationalP PhilosophicalQ QuestionnaireREV ReviewS SurveySD Semantic DifferentialTC Test Construction

% PercentAC Analysis of CovarianceAV Analysis of VarianceAV(F) Analysis of Variance

(Friedman)B BinomialBC Biserial CorrelationBON Bonferroni MethodCAN Canonical CorrelationCC Contingency CoefficientCO Cohen’s Coefficient of

AgreementCQ Cochran Q TestCS Chi SquareCV Coefficient of VariationDE DescriptiveDEL Delphi MethodDisA Discriminant AnalysisDU Duncan Multiple RegressionDUN Dunn TestEta Curvilinear CorrelationF Flanagan ProcedureFA Factor AnalysisFET Fisher's Exact TestFZ Fisher's ZG GraphicGA Gamma Method of Associa-

tionGG Greenhouse Geisser Conser-

vative TestHA Hartley’s MethodHS Hull’s MethodHV Homogeneity of VarianceK Kirk’s Test

KC Coefficient of ConsistenceKR Kuder-RichardsonKS Kolmogorov-SmirnovKW Kruskal-WallisLR Logistical RegressionLSD Least Significant VarianceMAC Multivariate Analysis of

CovarianceMAV Multivariate Analysis of

VarianceMDA Multivariate Discriminant

AnalysisMMM Multivariate Mixed ModelMR Multiple RegressionN NormativeNK Newman-KeulsPA Path AnalysisPC Phi CoefficientPR Phi CoefficientR Multiple CorrelationRC Reliability CoefficientRD Spearman Rank CorrelationRE Regression EquationRM Repeated MeasuresRPM Pearson Product-MomentSB Spearman-Brown Prophecy

FormulaSCH Scheffe’s MethodSEE Standard Error of the

EstimateSI Sign TestSP Split Plot Repeated Measures

Analysis

SSP Split-Split Plot RepeatedMeasures Analysis

T T RatioTA Trend AnalysisTAU Kendall’s Rank CoefficientTR Tetrachoric CorrelationTU Tukey’s TestU Mann-Whitney U TestV Votaw FormulaW Kendall Coefficient of

ConcordanceWD(R) Wherry-Doolittle Method

(Multiple Correlation)WI Wilcoxon TestWL Wilks's LambdaZ Standard Score

49


KEYWORDS

ABNORMALITYMcCafferty, J. E. [D, Q, AR, MA-DE, FA, RM, AV, SCH]

PE 417ABSORPTION

Kastberg, L. S. [D, L-DE, AV, RM, TU] PE 4448ACCIDENT

Gunter, K. B. [D, AR, Q-DE, %, AV, BON] HE 741ADAPTATION

Hunt, M. A. [D, AR-DE, RM,AV, TU, G] PE 4395ADAPTED

Kearney, M. M. [D, Q-DE, AV] PE 4404Addiction

Spievak, E. R. [D, Q, S, IA-DE, RC, FA] PSY 2270ADMINISTRATION

Egbert, C. K. [D, Q-DE, AV, RD, BON, T, G] HE 753Garrett, D. M. [D, DA, Q-DE, %] PE 4457Pack, S. M. [D, Q-DE] PE 4416Thomas, T. R. [D, Q-DE, %] PE 4438White, B. J. [D, DA-DE, T, AV, CS] PE 4393

ADOLESCENTHannibal, N. S. [D, Q, A, AR-DE, RC, RM, AV, RPM, T, %,

G] HE 755Lock, H. A. [D, A-DE, RPM, AV, TU] PE 4396Wulk, E. A. [D, AR-DE, AV, G] PE 4410

ADULTRuiz, M. D. [D, S, Q, I-DE, FA, AV, T, G] PSY 2259

ADVENTURE EDUCATIONRampersaud, R. [D, Q-DE, AV, FA, SCH, LSD] PE 4406

AEROBIC CAPACITYBolles, J. R. [D, L-DE, %, RPM] PH 1778Karlsdottir, A. E. [D, E-DE, %, AV, RM, TU, G] PH 1763

AGEDGunter, K. B. [D, AR, Q-DE, %, AV, BON] HE 741Romeder, Z. M. [D, I-DE, %, MAV, G] HE 754Thompson, C. J. [D, Q, A, AR-DE, AC, BON, RPM, G]

PE 4429ANAEROBIC CAPACITY

Brucker, L. [D, A-DE, RM, AV, G] PH 1761Chong, Y. K. D. [D, A-DE, T, AV, RPM] HE 749Kuipers, N. T. [D, Q-DE, T] PE 4425

ANTERIOR CRUCIATEHarter, R. A. [D, AR, Q-DE, RPM, AV, T, G] PE 4446Hunt, M. A. [D, AR-DE, RM,AV, TU, G] PE 4395Terrell, S. L. [D, Q, I-DE, U] PE 4444

ANTHROPOMETRYLock, H. A. [D, A-DE, RPM, AV, TU] PE 4396St. John, W. E. [D, A,Q-DE, RPM, RE, AV, T] PE 4436

ANXIETYBeilock, S. L. [D, Q-DE, AV, G] PSY 2275Rubin, L. [D, M, Q-DE, AV, T, MR] PSY 2273Spievak, E. R. [D, Q, S, IA-DE, RC, FA] PSY 2270

ARMNagelkerke, P. [D, AR-DE, RM, AV, TU, T, G] PSY 2265

ARTKim, K. [D-DE] PE 4424

ARTERYBurns, S. [D, A, L-DE, AV, RM, RPM] PH 1773

ARTHROSCOPYOosthuizen, J. J. [D, L, A-DE, G] PE 4397

ARTIFICIAL TURFHammond, J. [D, Q-DE] PE 4458

ASIANMurtaza, S. [D, Q-DE, %, CS, FET] HE 742

ATHLETEAbel, M. G. [D, L, A-DE, %, T] PE 4400Bradney, D. [D, Q-DE, FA, MAV] PE 4389Darnell, S. C. [D, I-DE] PE 4455Frerking, B. C. [D, Q-DE, %] PE 4413Gaddie, T. [D, I, C, P-DE, TA] PE 4439Hammond, K. C. [D, Q-DE, RPM, MR, BON] PSY 2268Kearney, M. M. [D, Q-DE, AV] PE 4404Meyer, J. L. [D, Q, S-DE, AV, MR, RC] PSY 2277Rubin, L. [D, M, Q-DE, AV, T, MR] PSY 2273Talsky, K. A. [D, Q, H-DE, %, AV] PE 4461Van Wychen, S. L. [D, IA-DE, RE, AV, RM, G] PE 4408

ATHLETIC DIRECTORPack, S. M. [D, Q-DE] PE 4416Thomas, T. R. [D, Q-DE, %] PE 4438

ATHLETIC TRAINERKearney, M. M. [D, Q-DE, AV] PE 4404

ATTENTIONBeilock, S. L. [D, Q-DE, AV, G] PSY 2275Maslovat, D. [D, TC-DE, AV, RM, GG, TU, G] PSY 2263

ATTITUDEBradney, D. [D, Q-DE, FA, MAV] PE 4389Halverson, K. S. [D, Q-DE, AV, CA, %] PE 4403

BACKHannibal, N. S. [D, Q, A, AR-DE, RC, RM, AV, RPM, T, %,

G] HE 755Peterman, W. A. [D, AR, A-DE, RM, %, AV, G] PE 4391

BASKETBALLFrerking, B. C. [D, Q-DE, %] PE 4413Grotenhuis, J. A. [D-DE, T] PE 4402McIntyre, K. [D, MA, AR, A-DE, AV, MR, G] PE 4415Milligan, P. E. [D, AR-DE, AV, RM] PE 4459Petitgout, M. [D, JA-DE, AV, %] PE 4427Pizzi, J. [D, Q-DE, RPM, T] PE 4392

BEHAVIOURDean, M. L. [D, Q, E-DE, MAV, AV RM, MR] PSY 2267Pennington, C. R. [D, Q-DE, MR, RC, AC] HE 757

BENCH PRESSLander, J. E. [D, AR, TC-DE, FA, AV, %, G] PE 4442

BIATHLONHigginson, B. K. [D, Q, L-DE, MAV, RM, SCH, G] PE 4447

BIOMECHANICSBenson, M. E. [D, AR,Q-DE, RM, AV, T, G] PE 4453Birkelo, J. R. [D, AR, A-DE, RM, AV, T,G] PE 4411Bobick, T. G. [D, TC, A, AR-DE, RM, T, AV, G] PE 4394Caster, B. L. [D, AR, A-DE, AV, RE, RM] PE 4430Derrick, T. R. [D, M, AR-DE, RPM, G] PE 4456DeVita, P. [D, AR, MA-DE, G] PE 4432DeVita, P. [D, AR, MA-DE, AV, MR, G] PE 4431Harter, R. A. [D, AR-DE, AV, RM, G] PE 4445Harter, R. A. [D, AR, Q-DE, RPM, AV, T, G] PE 4446Hunt, M. A. [D, AR-DE, RM,AV, TU, G] PE 4395Ingram, S. G. [D, AR, M-DE, MR, WI, G] PE 4441Karduna, A. R. [D, MA, L, TC-DE, RM, AV, BON, G]

PE 4434Kindling, L. A. [D, AR-DE] PE 4450Knutzen, K. M. [D, AR-DE, AV] PE 4435Lander, J. E. [D, AR, TC-DE, FA, AV, %, G] PE 4442McCafferty, J. E. [D, Q, AR, MA-DE, FA, RM, AV, SCH]

PE 4417McIntyre, K. [D, MA, AR, A-DE, AV, MR, G] PE 4415

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Myers, R. L. [D, AR-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PE 4451Peterman, W. A. [D, AR, A-DE, RM, %, AV, G] PE 4391Sadeghi, H. [D, AR-DE, RPM, CAN, G] PE 4419Sawhill, J. A. [D, AR-DE, RPM, FA, AV, G] PE 4460

BLACKSArmstead, C. C. B. [D, I-DE, TA] HE 760Hawkins, C. M. [D, H-DE] PE 4440Sargent, L. A. [D, Q-DE, %, RC, G] RC 561Willming, C. L. [D, Q-DE, %, T, AV, MR, RPM] PE 4399

BLINDNESSRobinson, B. L. [D, Q-DE, MAV, AV, T, SCH] HE 762

BLOCKINGMiller, J. [D, L-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] HE 744

BLOOD FLOWWeise, C. L. [D, E, A-DE, AV, RM, G] HE 748

BLOOD GLUCOSEBarrett, S. A. [D, L-DE, RM, AV, RPM, G] HE 759

BLOOD VESSELBurns, S. [D, A, L-DE, AV, RM, RPM] PH 1773

BODY COMPOSITIONLock, H. A. [D, A-DE, RPM, AV, TU] PE 4396St. John, W. E. [D, A,Q-DE, RPM, RE, AV, T] PE 4436

BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATIONWingo, J. E. [D, Q, A-DE, %, RM, AV, BON, G]

PH 1769BONE DENSITY

Gunter, K. B. [D, AR, Q-DE, %, AV, BON] HE 741BONE DEVELOPMENT

Taylor, I. W. [D, A,Q, L-DE, CS, AC] PE 4462BOY

Grotenhuis, J. A. [D-DE, T] PE 4402Mani, M. J. [D, E, I-DE, CS, RM] PE 4405

BRACEKnutzen, K. M. [D, AR-DE, AV] PE 4435

BRACHIAL ARTERYWeise, C. L. [D, E, A-DE, AV, RM, G] HE 748

BRITISH COLUMBIARyan, M. B. [D, Q-DE, AV, TU, G] PE 4398

BUTTOCKMyers, R. L. [D, AR-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PE 4451

CANADADarnell, S. C. [D, I-DE] PE 4455Murtaza, S. [D, Q-DE, %, CS, FET] HE 742Ryan, M. B. [D, Q-DE, AV, TU, G] PE 4398

CARBOHYDRATEHagobian, T. A. [D,A, L-DE, %, MAV, NK, G] PH 1776Miller, M. R. [D, A-DE, %, MAV, RM, NK] PH 1777

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMHalliwill, J. R. [D, Q, L-DE, RM, AV, T, RE] PH 1772Murtaza, S. [D, Q-DE, %, CS, FET] HE 742Smith, C. D. [D, A, Q-DE, AV, T, BON] HE 750

CELLGarner, D. J. P. [D, L, A-DE, RM, AV, %, G] PH 1760

CEREBELLUMvan Donkelaar, P. [D, AR-DE, T, AV, RM, G] PSY 2271

CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERAdomaitis, L. G. [D, AR-DE, %, TA, RM, AV, T, RPM, G]

PSY 2261CERTIFICATION

Kearney, M. M. [D, Q-DE, AV] PE 4404CHAMPIONSHIP

Darnell, S. C. [D, I-DE] PE 4455Gaddie, T. [D, I, C, P-DE, TA] PE 4439

CHILDChong, Y. K. D. [D, A-DE, T, AV, RPM] HE 749Pelletier, D. J. [D, Q-DE, AV, HV] PE 4390Pennington, C. R. [D, Q-DE, MR, RC, AC] HE 757Volding, L. A. [D, IA-DE, T, FA, AC] PSY 2266

CHILD DEVELOPMENTKim, J. [D, Q-DE, RPM,T, MAV, AV] PSY 2276Taylor, I. W. [D, A,Q, L-DE, CS, AC] PE 4462

CHIROPRACTICMcCafferty, J. E. [D, Q, AR, MA-DE, FA, RM, AV, SCH]

PE 4417CHOREOGRAPHY

Grover-Haskin, K. [D, CH-DE] PE 4423CHRISTIANITY

Pennington, C. R. [D, Q-DE, MR, RC, AC] HE 757Sneddon, R. B. [D, DA, I-DE] PE 4443

CHRONIC DISEASERomeder, Z. M. [D, I-DE, %, MAV, G] HE 754

CLINICRyan, M. B. [D, Q-DE, AV, TU, G] PE 4398

CLOTHINGWingo, J. E. [D, Q, A-DE, %, RM, AV, BON, G]

PH 1769CLUBHEAD

Thompson, C. J. [D, Q, A, AR-DE, AC, BON, RPM, G]PE 4429

COACHBradney, D. [D, Q-DE, FA, MAV] PE 4389Meyer, J. L. [D, Q, S-DE, AV, MR, RC] PSY 2277Pizzi, J. [D, Q-DE, RPM, T] PE 4392Terrell, S. L. [D, Q, I-DE, U] PE 4444Van Wychen, S. L. [D, IA-DE, RE, AV, RM, G] PE 4408

COACHINGBradney, D. [D, Q-DE, FA, MAV] PE 4389Pizzi, J. [D, Q-DE, RPM, T] PE 4392

COACHING BEHAVIOUR ASSESSMENT SYSTEMVan Wychen, S. L. [D, IA-DE, RE, AV, RM, G] PE 4408

COGNITIONMagyar, T. M. [D, Q-DE, AV, FA, RPM, MAV] PSY 2262

COGNITIVE STYLEMaslovat, D. [D, TC-DE, AV, RM, GG, TU, G] PSY 2263

COMMITMENTDean, M. L. [D, Q, E-DE, MAV, AV RM, MR] PSY 2267

COMMUNITYMani, M. J. [D, E, I-DE, CS, RM] PE 4405

COMPARATIVE STUDYVan Wychen, S. L. [D, IA-DE, RE, AV, RM, G] PE 4408

COMPETENCY-BASED INSTRUCTIONKearney, M. M. [D, Q-DE, AV] PE 4404

COMPETITIONRubin, L. [D, M, Q-DE, AV, T, MR] PSY 2273

COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOURVan Wychen, S. L. [D, IA-DE, RE, AV, RM, G] PE 4408

COMPLIANCEVan Wychen, S. L. [D, IA-DE, RE, AV, RM, G] PE 4408Wilson, C. C. [D, Q-DE, RPM] PSY 2272

COMPUTERWirakartakusumah [D, Q-DE, RPM, AV, RD] PE 4409

CONCENTRATIONMaslovat, D. [D, TC-DE, AV, RM, GG, TU, G] PSY 2263

CONNECTICUTWu, C. [D, Q-DE, RPM, T, G] RC 559

CONTEXTUAL INTERFERENCEMaslovat, D. [D, TC-DE, AV, RM, GG, TU, G] PSY 2263

51


COORDINATIONNagelkerke, P. [D, AR-DE, RM, AV, TU, T, G] PSY 2265

CORONARY DISEASEBurns, S. [D, A, L-DE, AV, RM, RPM] PH 1773

CORRELATIONDerrick, T. R. [D, M, AR-DE, RPM, G] PE 4456

CREATIVITYGrover-Haskin, K. [D, CH-DE] PE 4423

CULTUREWu, C. [D, Q-DE, RPM, T, G] RC 559

CYCLINGBrucker, L. [D, A-DE, RM, AV, G] PH 1761Fredrick, D. [D, AR-DE] PH 1775Hunt, M. A. [D, AR-DE, RM,AV, TU, G] PE 4395Lanigan, E. [D, COM-DE] PH 1768Murphy, O. F. [D, A-DE, RC,RM, AV, CV, RPM, G]

PH 1771Rust, J. [D, E-DE] PH 1764

DANCEAndrzejewski, C. E. [D-DE] PE 4420Grover-Haskin, K. [D, CH-DE] PE 4423Hawkins, C. M. [D, H-DE] PE 4440Kim, K. [D-DE] PE 4424Ozmun, L. M. [D-DE] PE 4426Scott, A. [D-DE] PE 4428Sneddon, R. B. [D, DA, I-DE] PE 4443

DEAFNESSVolding, L. A. [D, IA-DE, T, FA, AC] PSY 2266

DIAGNOSISCrenshaw, B. D. [D-DE, %, G] HE 743

DIAPHRAGMMiller, J. [D, L-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] HE 744

DIETMurtaza, S. [D, Q-DE, %, CS, FET] HE 742Schuster-Decker, R. [D-DE, %, RM, AV, TU] HE 747

DIETARY FATHagobian, T. A. [D,A, L-DE, %, MAV, NK, G] PH 1776Miller, M. R. [D, A-DE, %, MAV, RM, NK] PH 1777

DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATIONHagobian, T. A. [D,A, L-DE, %, MAV, NK, G] PH 1776

DISCRIMINATIONWillming, C. L. [D, Q-DE, %, T, AV, MR, RPM] PE 4399

DISEASECrenshaw, B. D. [D-DE, %, G] HE 743Halliwill, J. R. [D, Q, L-DE, RM, AV, T, RE] PH 1772Murtaza, S. [D, Q-DE, %, CS, FET] HE 742Smith, C. D. [D, A, Q-DE, AV, T, BON] HE 750

DISLOCATIONKarduna, A. R. [D, MA, L, TC-DE, RM, AV, BON, G]

PE 4434DISTANCE

Bolles, J. R. [D, L-DE, %, RPM] PH 1778Brucker, L. [D, A-DE, RM, AV, G] PH 1761Rust, J. [D, E-DE] PH 1764

DIVISION IIIPack, S. M. [D, Q-DE] PE 4416

DOCUMENTATIONWhite, B. J. [D, DA-DE, T, AV, CS] PE 4393

DYNAMOMETRYDonahue, M. D. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU] PH 1762

EATING DISORDERBradney, D. [D, Q-DE, FA, MAV] PE 4389

EDUCATIONFrerking, B. C. [D, Q-DE, %] PE 4413

Kearney, M. M. [D, Q-DE, AV] PE 4404Pelletier, D. J. [D, Q-DE, AV, HV] PE 4390Terrell, S. L. [D, Q, I-DE, U] PE 4444Thomas, T. R. [D, Q-DE, %] PE 4438Willming, C. L. [D, Q-DE, %, T, AV, MR, RPM] PE 4399

ELBOWCutler, A. J. [D, A, Q-DE, T] PE 4421

ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHYCrenshaw, B. D. [D-DE, %, G] HE 743Grall, S. K. [D, DA, IA-DE, CS, %] HE 761

ELECTROMYOGRAPHYMyers, R. L. [D, AR-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PE 4451

ELEMENTARY SCHOOLPelletier, D. J. [D, Q-DE, AV, HV] PE 4390

ELITE ATHLETECimbalnik, A. M. [D, Q-DE, RE, %, G] PE 4401Van Wychen, S. L. [D, IA-DE, RE, AV, RM, G] PE 4408Veit-Hartley, S. [D, I, SD-DE, TA] PSY 2274

EMPLOYEEBryan, A. E. [D, Q-DE, %, G] HE 752Wu, C. [D, Q-DE, RPM, T, G] RC 559

ENDOCRINE SYSTEMDaly, W. [D, L, Q, A-DE, RE, %, AV, TU, G]

PH 1767ENDURANCE

Abel, M. G. [D, L, A-DE, %, T] PE 4400Fredrick, D. [D, AR-DE] PH 1775Hannibal, N. S. [D, Q, A, AR-DE, RC, RM, AV, RPM, T, %,

G] HE 755Ricciuti, D. P. [D, Q-DE, FA, AV, RM, G] PSY 2258

ENERGY METABOLISMBrucker, L. [D, A-DE, RM, AV, G] PH 1761Miller, M. R. [D, A-DE, %, MAV, RM, NK] PH 1777

EQUALITYThomas, T. R. [D, Q-DE, %] PE 4438

EQUILIBRIUMAdomaitis, L. G. [D, AR-DE, %, TA, RM, AV, T, RPM, G]

PSY 2261Gunter, K. B. [D, AR, Q-DE, %, AV, BON] HE 741

ERGOMETRYDonahue, M. D. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU] PH 1762Lanigan, E. [D, COM-DE] PH 1768

ERGONOMICSFoggiano, P. H. [D, AR, A-DE, T] PE 4412

ESCAPESpievak, E. R. [D, Q, S, IA-DE, RC, FA] PSY 2270

EVALUATIONBarrett, S. A. [D, L-DE, RM, AV, RPM, G] HE 759Bryan, A. E. [D, Q-DE, %, G] HE 752Crenshaw, B. D. [D-DE, %, G] HE 743Egbert, C. K. [D, Q-DE, AV, RD, BON, T, G] HE 753Fredrick, D. [D, AR-DE] PH 1775Kearney, M. M. [D, Q-DE, AV] PE 4404Lanigan, E. [D, COM-DE] PH 1768Murphy, O. F. [D, A-DE, RC,RM, AV, CV, RPM, G]

PH 1771Smith, C. D. [D, A, Q-DE, AV, T, BON] HE 750

EXAMINATIONMurtaza, S. [D, Q-DE, %, CS, FET] HE 742

EXERCISEAbel, M. G. [D, L, A-DE, %, T] PE 4400Anning, J. H. [D, L-DE, AV, RM, LSD, RPM, MR]

PH 1770Armstead, C. C. B. [D, I-DE, TA] HE 760Burns, S. [D, A, L-DE, AV, RM, RPM] PH 1773

52


Donahue, M. D. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU] PH 1762Hagobian, T. A. [D,A, L-DE, %, MAV, NK, G] PH 1776Halliwill, J. R. [D, Q, L-DE, RM, AV, T, RE] PH 1772Hannibal, N. S. [D, Q, A, AR-DE, RC, RM, AV, RPM, T, %,

G] HE 755Higginson, B. K. [D, Q, L-DE, MAV, RM, SCH, G] PE 4447Karlsdottir, A. E. [D, E-DE, %, AV, RM, TU, G] PH 1763Keller, C. P. [D, A-DE, FA, RM, AV, RPM, SEE, RC, G]

PE 4449Kuebel, D. [D, Q-DE, T] PSY 2269McCafferty, J. E. [D, Q, AR, MA-DE, FA, RM, AV, SCH]

PE 4417Miller, M. R. [D, A-DE, %, MAV, RM, NK] PH 1777Murphy, O. F. [D, A-DE, RC,RM, AV, CV, RPM, G]

PH 1771Murtaza, S. [D, Q-DE, %, CS, FET] HE 742Myers, R. L. [D, AR-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PE 4451Pennington, C. R. [D, Q-DE, MR, RC, AC] HE 757Rauzon, T. A. [D, Q-DE, %, MAV, AV, CS] HE 758Romeder, Z. M. [D, I-DE, %, MAV, G] HE 754Ruiz, M. D. [D, S, Q, I-DE, FA, AV, T, G] PSY 2259Schuenke, M. [D, AR, L-DE, %, RM, AV, SCH, G]

PH 1765Schuster-Decker, R. [D-DE, %, RM, AV, TU] HE 747Smith, C. D. [D, A, Q-DE, AV, T, BON] HE 750Spievak, E. R. [D, Q, S, IA-DE, RC, FA] PSY 2270St. John, W. E. [D, Q, L-DE, T, RPM, WI, G] HE 756Tzovanis, M. [D, E, A-DE, T, AV, RM, G] PH 1774Wilson, C. C. [D, Q-DE, RPM] PSY 2272Wulk, E. A. [D, AR-DE, AV, G] PE 4410

FAILUREBeilock, S. L. [D, Q-DE, AV, G] PSY 2275

FALLINGGunter, K. B. [D, AR, Q-DE, %, AV, BON] HE 741

FAMILYPennington, C. R. [D, Q-DE, MR, RC, AC] HE 757

FANTASYWirakartakusumah [D, Q-DE, RPM, AV, RD] PE 4409

FATIGUEDaly, W. [D, L, Q, A-DE, RE, %, AV, TU, G]

PH 1767Garner, D. J. P. [D, L, A-DE, RM, AV, %, G] PH 1760Kindling, L. A. [D, AR-DE] PE 4450

FEMINISMGrover-Haskin, K. [D, CH-DE] PE 4423

FINGERFoggiano, P. H. [D, AR, A-DE, T] PE 4412

FOOTDeVita, P. [D, AR, MA-DE, G] PE 4432DeVita, P. [D, AR, MA-DE, AV, MR, G] PE 4431

FOOTBALLHammond, J. [D, Q-DE] PE 4458

FOREIGN STUDENTSato, N. [D, Q, S-DE, %, T, RPM] PSY 2260

FRANCHISEThomas, T. R. [D, Q, DA-DE, T] PE 4437

FREE THROWMilligan, P. E. [D, AR-DE, AV, RM] PE 4459

FRIENDSHIPMcDonough, M. H. [D, Q-DE, %, RC, RPM, RD, MR, RE]

PSY 2264FUN RUN

Ryan, M. B. [D, Q-DE, AV, TU, G] PE 4398FUNCTIONALISM

Gunter, K. B. [D, AR, Q-DE, %, AV, BON] HE 741

FUND RAISINGTurano, C. [D, I-DE] PE 4452

GAITAdomaitis, L. G. [D, AR-DE, %, TA, RM, AV, T, RPM, G]

PSY 2261Hunt, M. A. [D, AR-DE, RM,AV, TU, G] PE 4395McCafferty, J. E. [D, Q, AR, MA-DE, FA, RM, AV, SCH]

PE 4417Sadeghi, H. [D, AR-DE, RPM, CAN, G] PE 4419

GAMEWirakartakusumah [D, Q-DE, RPM, AV, RD] PE 4409

GIRLDavidson, K. [D, AR-DE, T, RPM] PE 4422Mani, M. J. [D, E, I-DE, CS, RM] PE 4405McDonough, M. H. [D, Q-DE, %, RC, RPM, RD, MR, RE]

PSY 2264GLENOHUMERAL JOINT

Karduna, A. R. [D, MA, L, TC-DE, RM, AV, BON, G]PE 4434

GLUCOSEWeise, C. L. [D, E, A-DE, AV, RM, G] HE 748

GOAL SETTINGKuebel, D. [D, Q-DE, T] PSY 2269

GOLF TEST OF ATTENTIONAL STYLEThompson, C. J. [D, Q, A, AR-DE, AC, BON, RPM, G]

PE 4429GRAVITATION

Caster, B. L. [D, AR, A-DE, AV, RE, RM] PE 4430GRIP

Foggiano, P. H. [D, AR, A-DE, T] PE 4412GROUND REACTION FORCE

Caster, B. L. [D, AR, A-DE, AV, RE, RM] PE 4430DeVita, P. [D, AR, MA-DE, G] PE 4432Harter, R. A. [D, AR-DE, AV, RM, G] PE 4445Ingram, S. G. [D, AR, M-DE, MR, WI, G] PE 4441

GYMNASTICSDavidson, K. [D, AR-DE, T, RPM] PE 4422

HANDNagelkerke, P. [D, AR-DE, RM, AV, TU, T, G] PSY 2265

HANDICAPPEDKearney, M. M. [D, Q-DE, AV] PE 4404Rauzon, T. A. [D, Q-DE, %, MAV, AV, CS] HE 758Reigstad, A. C. [D, Q-DE] PE 4407

HEALTHBradney, D. [D, Q-DE, FA, MAV] PE 4389Chong, Y. K. D. [D, A-DE, T, AV, RPM] HE 749Kuebel, D. [D, Q-DE, T] PSY 2269St. John, W. E. [D, Q, L-DE, T, RPM, WI, G] HE 756

HEALTH CAREBryan, A. E. [D, Q-DE, %, G] HE 752Egbert, C. K. [D, Q-DE, AV, RD, BON, T, G] HE 753Murtaza, S. [D, Q-DE, %, CS, FET] HE 742

HEALTH EDUCATIONRandall, P. L. [D, Q-DE, DEL] HE 745

HEALTH PROMOTIONBryan, A. E. [D, Q-DE, %, G] HE 752Egbert, C. K. [D, Q-DE, AV, RD, BON, T, G] HE 753Robinson, B. L. [D, Q-DE, MAV, AV, T, SCH] HE 762

HEARTCrenshaw, B. D. [D-DE, %, G] HE 743Smith, C. D. [D, A, Q-DE, AV, T, BON] HE 750

HEART DISEASEGrall, S. K. [D, DA, IA-DE, CS, %] HE 761Karlsdottir, A. E. [D, E-DE, %, AV, RM, TU, G] PH 1763Voelker, S. A. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PH 1766

53


HEART RATEKarlsdottir, A. E. [D, E-DE, %, AV, RM, TU, G] PH 1763Tzovanis, M. [D, E, A-DE, T, AV, RM, G] PH 1774

HEART VENTRICLEKarduna, A. R. [D, MA-DE, G] PE 4433

HEMODYNAMICSAnning, J. H. [D, L-DE, AV, RM, LSD, RPM, MR]

PH 1770Halliwill, J. R. [D, Q, L-DE, RM, AV, T, RE] PH 1772

HEROGaddie, T. [D, I, C, P-DE, TA] PE 4439

HIP THROWHarter, R. A. [D, AR-DE, AV, RM, G] PE 4445

HISTOLOGYTaylor, I. W. [D, A,Q, L-DE, CS, AC] PE 4462

HISTORYGaddie, T. [D, I, C, P-DE, TA] PE 4439Hawkins, C. M. [D, H-DE] PE 4440Sneddon, R. B. [D, DA, I-DE] PE 4443

HORMONEDaly, W. [D, L, Q, A-DE, RE, %, AV, TU, G]

PH 1767HYDROCORTISONE

Kastberg, L. S. [D, L-DE, AV, RM, TU] PE 4448HYPEREMIA

Weise, C. L. [D, E, A-DE, AV, RM, G] HE 748HYPERTENSION

Schuster-Decker, R. [D-DE, %, RM, AV, TU] HE 747IMAGERY

Ricciuti, D. P. [D, Q-DE, FA, AV, RM, G] PSY 2258IMPACT

Caster, B. L. [D, AR, A-DE, AV, RE, RM] PE 4430INDIVIDUALISM

Rampersaud, R. [D, Q-DE, AV, FA, SCH, LSD] PE 4406INJURY

Birkelo, J. R. [D, AR, A-DE, RM, AV, T,G] PE 4411Cimbalnik, A. M. [D, Q-DE, RE, %, G] PE 4401Comstock, R. D. [D, Q-DE, %, AV, CS, RE, T,G] PE 4454Cutler, A. J. [D, A, Q-DE, T] PE 4421Hammond, J. [D, Q-DE] PE 4458Hunt, M. A. [D, AR-DE, RM,AV, TU, G] PE 4395Leszun, C. N. [D, Q, A-DE, T, G] PE 4414McIntyre, K. [D, MA, AR, A-DE, AV, MR, G] PE 4415Spievak, E. R. [D, Q, S, IA-DE, RC, FA] PSY 2270Terrell, S. L. [D, Q, I-DE, U] PE 4444Wulk, E. A. [D, AR-DE, AV, G] PE 4410

INSTRUMENTATIONBarrett, S. A. [D, L-DE, RM, AV, RPM, G] HE 759

INTEGRATIONMani, M. J. [D, E, I-DE, CS, RM] PE 4405

INTERFERENCEMaslovat, D. [D, TC-DE, AV, RM, GG, TU, G] PSY 2263

INTERNETWirakartakusumah [D, Q-DE, RPM, AV, RD] PE 4409

ISOKINETICLander, J. E. [D, AR, TC-DE, FA, AV, %, G] PE 4442Myers, R. L. [D, AR-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PE 4451Sawhill, J. A. [D, AR-DE, RPM, FA, AV, G] PE 4460

ISOMETRICKarlsdottir, A. E. [D, E-DE, %, AV, RM, TU, G] PH 1763Schuenke, M. [D, AR, L-DE, %, RM, AV, SCH, G]

PH 1765ISOMETRIC TRAINING

Abel, M. G. [D, L, A-DE, %, T] PE 4400

ISOTONICLander, J. E. [D, AR, TC-DE, FA, AV, %, G] PE 4442

JOB ANALYSISPack, S. M. [D, Q-DE] PE 4416

JOB SATISFACTIONEgbert, C. K. [D, Q-DE, AV, RD, BON, T, G] HE 753Wu, C. [D, Q-DE, RPM, T, G] RC 559

JUDOHarter, R. A. [D, AR-DE, AV, RM, G] PE 4445

JUMPINGCaster, B. L. [D, AR, A-DE, AV, RE, RM] PE 4430McIntyre, K. [D, MA, AR, A-DE, AV, MR, G] PE 4415

KANSASThomas, T. R. [D, Q-DE, %] PE 4438

KNEEHarter, R. A. [D, AR, Q-DE, RPM, AV, T, G] PE 4446Hunt, M. A. [D, AR-DE, RM,AV, TU, G] PE 4395Knutzen, K. M. [D, AR-DE, AV] PE 4435McCafferty, J. E. [D, Q, AR, MA-DE, FA, RM, AV, SCH]

PE 4417McIntyre, K. [D, MA, AR, A-DE, AV, MR, G] PE 4415Oosthuizen, J. J. [D, L, A-DE, G] PE 4397

KNOWLEDGE LEVELGaddie, T. [D, I, C, P-DE, TA] PE 4439Reynolds, T. L. [D, IA, Q-DE, %, T] HE 746

KOREAKim, J. [D, Q-DE, RPM,T, MAV, AV] PSY 2276

LABANANALYSISKim, K. [D-DE] PE 4424

LACTATEBolles, J. R. [D, L-DE, %, RPM] PH 1778

LANDINGCaster, B. L. [D, AR, A-DE, AV, RE, RM] PE 4430

LATERALITYNagelkerke, P. [D, AR-DE, RM, AV, TU, T, G] PSY 2265

LAWWhite, B. J. [D, DA-DE, T, AV, CS] PE 4393

LEADERSHIPMagyar, T. M. [D, Q-DE, AV, FA, RPM, MAV] PSY 2262Meyer, J. L. [D, Q, S-DE, AV, MR, RC] PSY 2277Pizzi, J. [D, Q-DE, RPM, T] PE 4392Wu, C. [D, Q-DE, RPM, T, G] RC 559

LEARNINGMaslovat, D. [D, TC-DE, AV, RM, GG, TU, G] PSY 2263

LEGCaster, B. L. [D, AR, A-DE, AV, RE, RM] PE 4430McCafferty, J. E. [D, Q, AR, MA-DE, FA, RM, AV, SCH]

PE 4417Sawhill, J. A. [D, AR-DE, RPM, FA, AV, G] PE 4460

LEGISLATIONReigstad, A. C. [D, Q-DE] PE 4407White, B. J. [D, DA-DE, T, AV, CS] PE 4393

LEISURESargent, L. A. [D, Q-DE, %, RC, G] RC 561Spurlock, P. [D, A, Q-DE, T, CS] HE 751Willming, C. L. [D, Q-DE, %, T, AV, MR, RPM] PE 4399

LIABILITYWhite, B. J. [D, DA-DE, T, AV, CS] PE 4393

LIFTINGBobick, T. G. [D, TC, A, AR-DE, RM, T, AV, G] PE 4394Peterman, W. A. [D, AR, A-DE, RM, %, AV, G] PE 4391

LIGAMENTHarter, R. A. [D, AR, Q-DE, RPM, AV, T, G] PE 4446Hunt, M. A. [D, AR-DE, RM,AV, TU, G] PE 4395

54


Terrell, S. L. [D, Q, I-DE, U] PE 4444LOADING

Caster, B. L. [D, AR, A-DE, AV, RE, RM] PE 4430Peterman, W. A. [D, AR, A-DE, RM, %, AV, G] PE 4391

LOCOMOTIONIngram, S. G. [D, AR, M-DE, MR, WI, G] PE 4441

LONGITUDINAL STUDYHarter, R. A. [D, AR, Q-DE, RPM, AV, T, G] PE 4446Talsky, K. A. [D, Q, H-DE, %, AV] PE 4461

LUMBAR VERTEBRAEBobick, T. G. [D, TC, A, AR-DE, RM, T, AV, G] PE 4394

LUMBOSACRAL REGIONBenson, M. E. [D, AR,Q-DE, RM, AV, T, G] PE 4453

MAGNETIC FIELD THERAPYCutler, A. J. [D, A, Q-DE, T] PE 4421Leszun, C. N. [D, Q, A-DE, T, G] PE 4414

MAINSTREAMINGHawkins, C. M. [D, H-DE] PE 4440

MANLock, H. A. [D, A-DE, RPM, AV, TU] PE 4396Thompson, C. J. [D, Q, A, AR-DE, AC, BON, RPM, G]

PE 4429MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES

Murtaza, S. [D, Q-DE, %, CS, FET] HE 742MARKETING

Darnell, S. C. [D, I-DE] PE 4455Rosaaen, K. R. [D, I, DA-DE] PE 4418Thomas, T. R. [D, Q, DA-DE, T] PE 4437Wirakartakusumah [D, Q-DE, RPM, AV, RD] PE 4409

MASSACHUSETTSWu, C. [D, Q-DE, RPM, T, G] RC 559

MATHEMATICAL MODELDerrick, T. R. [D, M, AR-DE, RPM, G] PE 4456Ingram, S. G. [D, AR, M-DE, MR, WI, G] PE 4441

MEASUREMENTDerrick, T. R. [D, M, AR-DE, RPM, G] PE 4456DeVita, P. [D, AR, MA-DE, G] PE 4432DeVita, P. [D, AR, MA-DE, AV, MR, G] PE 4431Fredrick, D. [D, AR-DE] PH 1775Lock, H. A. [D, A-DE, RPM, AV, TU] PE 4396Wulk, E. A. [D, AR-DE, AV, G] PE 4410

MECHANICKarduna, A. R. [D, MA-DE, G] PE 4433Peterman, W. A. [D, AR, A-DE, RM, %, AV, G] PE 4391

MEDIA COVERAGEDarnell, S. C. [D, I-DE] PE 4455

MEDICATIONMurtaza, S. [D, Q-DE, %, CS, FET] HE 742

MENTAL RETARDATIONKim, J. [D, Q-DE, RPM,T, MAV, AV] PSY 2276

METABOLIC CLEARANCE RATELanigan, E. [D, COM-DE] PH 1768

METABOLISMHagobian, T. A. [D,A, L-DE, %, MAV, NK, G] PH 1776Miller, M. R. [D, A-DE, %, MAV, RM, NK] PH 1777Rust, J. [D, E-DE] PH 1764Taylor, I. W. [D, A,Q, L-DE, CS, AC] PE 4462Weise, C. L. [D, E, A-DE, AV, RM, G] HE 748

METHODOosthuizen, J. J. [D, L, A-DE, G] PE 4397Pelletier, D. J. [D, Q-DE, AV, HV] PE 4390Van Wychen, S. L. [D, IA-DE, RE, AV, RM, G] PE 4408Wulk, E. A. [D, AR-DE, AV, G] PE 4410

MODERN DANCE

Hawkins, C. M. [D, H-DE] PE 4440MOTION PERCEPTION

van Donkelaar, P. [D, AR-DE, T, AV, RM, G] PSY 2271MOTIVATION

Hammond, K. C. [D, Q-DE, RPM, MR, BON] PSY 2268Kuebel, D. [D, Q-DE, T] PSY 2269Magyar, T. M. [D, Q-DE, AV, FA, RPM, MAV] PSY 2262Meyer, J. L. [D, Q, S-DE, AV, MR, RC] PSY 2277Ruiz, M. D. [D, S, Q, I-DE, FA, AV, T, G] PSY 2259

MOTOR CONTROLNagelkerke, P. [D, AR-DE, RM, AV, TU, T, G] PSY 2265

MOTOR DEVELOPMENTKim, J. [D, Q-DE, RPM,T, MAV, AV] PSY 2276Volding, L. A. [D, IA-DE, T, FA, AC] PSY 2266

MOVEMENTBobick, T. G. [D, TC, A, AR-DE, RM, T, AV, G] PE 4394Derrick, T. R. [D, M, AR-DE, RPM, G] PE 4456DeVita, P. [D, AR, MA-DE, AV, MR, G] PE 4431DeVita, P. [D, AR, MA-DE, G] PE 4432Harter, R. A. [D, AR, Q-DE, RPM, AV, T, G] PE 4446Karduna, A. R. [D, MA, L, TC-DE, RM, AV, BON, G]

PE 4434Nagelkerke, P. [D, AR-DE, RM, AV, TU, T, G] PSY 2265Peterman, W. A. [D, AR, A-DE, RM, %, AV, G] PE 4391Sawhill, J. A. [D, AR-DE, RPM, FA, AV, G] PE 4460

MOVEMENT AWARENESSKim, K. [D-DE] PE 4424

MULTIPLE SCLEROSISGarner, D. J. P. [D, L, A-DE, RM, AV, %, G] PH 1760

MUSCLEBenson, M. E. [D, AR,Q-DE, RM, AV, T, G] PE 4453Caster, B. L. [D, AR, A-DE, AV, RE, RM] PE 4430Foggiano, P. H. [D, AR, A-DE, T] PE 4412Garner, D. J. P. [D, L, A-DE, RM, AV, %, G] PH 1760Kuipers, N. T. [D, Q-DE, T] PE 4425Leszun, C. N. [D, Q, A-DE, T, G] PE 4414Myers, R. L. [D, AR-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PE 4451Ricciuti, D. P. [D, Q-DE, FA, AV, RM, G] PSY 2258Sawhill, J. A. [D, AR-DE, RPM, FA, AV, G] PE 4460

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEMPeterman, W. A. [D, AR, A-DE, RM, %, AV, G] PE 4391

MYOCARDIAL DISEASECrenshaw, B. D. [D-DE, %, G] HE 743

NATIONAL BASKETBALL ASSOCIATIONThomas, T. R. [D, Q, DA-DE, T] PE 4437

NATIONAL COLLEGIATE ATHLETIC ASSOCIATIONGarrett, D. M. [D, DA, Q-DE, %] PE 4457Pack, S. M. [D, Q-DE] PE 4416Turano, C. [D, I-DE] PE 4452

NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUEThomas, T. R. [D, Q, DA-DE, T] PE 4437

NEOPLASMReynolds, T. L. [D, IA, Q-DE, %, T] HE 746

NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEMTerrell, S. L. [D, Q, I-DE, U] PE 4444

NUTRITIONHagobian, T. A. [D,A, L-DE, %, MAV, NK, G] PH 1776

OBESITYChong, Y. K. D. [D, A-DE, T, AV, RPM] HE 749

OBSERVATIONGrall, S. K. [D, DA, IA-DE, CS, %] HE 761

OBSTACLERauzon, T. A. [D, Q-DE, %, MAV, AV, CS] HE 758

OLYMPIC GAMESDarnell, S. C. [D, I-DE] PE 4455

55


ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENTWu, C. [D, Q-DE, RPM, T, G] RC 559

ORIENTATIONBobick, T. G. [D, TC, A, AR-DE, RM, T, AV, G] PE 4394

OVERHEADBirkelo, J. R. [D, AR, A-DE, RM, AV, T,G] PE 4411

OXYGEN CONSUMPTIONBrucker, L. [D, A-DE, RM, AV, G] PH 1761Chong, Y. K. D. [D, A-DE, T, AV, RPM] HE 749Schuenke, M. [D, AR, L-DE, %, RM, AV, SCH, G]

PH 1765PAIN

Hannibal, N. S. [D, Q, A, AR-DE, RC, RM, AV, RPM, T, %,G] HE 755

Ricciuti, D. P. [D, Q-DE, FA, AV, RM, G] PSY 2258Ryan, M. B. [D, Q-DE, AV, TU, G] PE 4398

PARENTVolding, L. A. [D, IA-DE, T, FA, AC] PSY 2266

PARENT-CHILD RELATIONPennington, C. R. [D, Q-DE, MR, RC, AC] HE 757

PARKWu, C. [D, Q-DE, RPM, T, G] RC 559

PARTICIPATIONKuebel, D. [D, Q-DE, T] PSY 2269Mani, M. J. [D, E, I-DE, CS, RM] PE 4405McDonough, M. H. [D, Q-DE, %, RC, RPM, RD, MR, RE]

PSY 2264PATELLOFEMORAL PAIN SYNDROME

Oosthuizen, J. J. [D, L, A-DE, G] PE 4397PATHOLOGY

Adomaitis, L. G. [D, AR-DE, %, TA, RM, AV, T, RPM, G]PSY 2261

Burns, S. [D, A, L-DE, AV, RM, RPM] PH 1773McCafferty, J. E. [D, Q, AR, MA-DE, FA, RM, AV, SCH]

PE 4417van Donkelaar, P. [D, AR-DE, T, AV, RM, G] PSY 2271

PATIENT ADVOCACYGrall, S. K. [D, DA, IA-DE, CS, %] HE 761

PERCEIVED EXERTIONGrotenhuis, J. A. [D-DE, T] PE 4402

PERCEPTIONKearney, M. M. [D, Q-DE, AV] PE 4404Kim, K. [D-DE] PE 4424Maslovat, D. [D, TC-DE, AV, RM, GG, TU, G] PSY 2263Willming, C. L. [D, Q-DE, %, T, AV, MR, RPM] PE 4399

PERFORMING ARTSAndrzejewski, C. E. [D-DE] PE 4420Grover-Haskin, K. [D, CH-DE] PE 4423Ozmun, L. M. [D-DE] PE 4426

PERSONAL SPACEScott, A. [D-DE] PE 4428

PERSONNEL MANAGEMENTWu, C. [D, Q-DE, RPM, T, G] RC 559

PHILOSOPHYGaddie, T. [D, I, C, P-DE, TA] PE 4439Kim, K. [D-DE] PE 4424Scott, A. [D-DE] PE 4428Sneddon, R. B. [D, DA, I-DE] PE 4443Veit-Hartley, S. [D, I, SD-DE, TA] PSY 2274

PHYSICAL EDUCATIONGrotenhuis, J. A. [D-DE, T] PE 4402Halverson, K. S. [D, Q-DE, AV, CA, %] PE 4403Kearney, M. M. [D, Q-DE, AV] PE 4404Pelletier, D. J. [D, Q-DE, AV, HV] PE 4390Petitgout, M. [D, JA-DE, AV, %] PE 4427

Reigstad, A. C. [D, Q-DE] PE 4407Robinson, B. L. [D, Q-DE, MAV, AV, T, SCH] HE 762

PHYSICAL FITNESSChong, Y. K. D. [D, A-DE, T, AV, RPM] HE 749Dean, M. L. [D, Q, E-DE, MAV, AV RM, MR] PSY 2267Pennington, C. R. [D, Q-DE, MR, RC, AC] HE 757Rauzon, T. A. [D, Q-DE, %, MAV, AV, CS] HE 758Sargent, L. A. [D, Q-DE, %, RC, G] RC 561Spurlock, P. [D, A, Q-DE, T, CS] HE 751Thompson, C. J. [D, Q, A, AR-DE, AC, BON, RPM, G]

PE 4429PHYSICAL THERAPY

Adomaitis, L. G. [D, AR-DE, %, TA, RM, AV, T, RPM, G]PSY 2261

PHYSIOLOGIC MONITORINGHalliwill, J. R. [D, Q, L-DE, RM, AV, T, RE] PH 1772Lanigan, E. [D, COM-DE] PH 1768Weise, C. L. [D, E, A-DE, AV, RM, G] HE 748

PHYSIOLOGYAbel, M. G. [D, L, A-DE, %, T] PE 4400Anning, J. H. [D, L-DE, AV, RM, LSD, RPM, MR]

PH 1770Birkelo, J. R. [D, AR, A-DE, RM, AV, T,G] PE 4411Bobick, T. G. [D, TC, A, AR-DE, RM, T, AV, G] PE 4394Bolles, J. R. [D, L-DE, %, RPM] PH 1778Brucker, L. [D, A-DE, RM, AV, G] PH 1761Caster, B. L. [D, AR, A-DE, AV, RE, RM] PE 4430Cutler, A. J. [D, A, Q-DE, T] PE 4421Daly, W. [D, L, Q, A-DE, RE, %, AV, TU, G]

PH 1767Davidson, K. [D, AR-DE, T, RPM] PE 4422DeVita, P. [D, AR, MA-DE, G] PE 4432DeVita, P. [D, AR, MA-DE, AV, MR, G] PE 4431Donahue, M. D. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU] PH 1762Fredrick, D. [D, AR-DE] PH 1775Garner, D. J. P. [D, L, A-DE, RM, AV, %, G] PH 1760Gunter, K. B. [D, AR, Q-DE, %, AV, BON] HE 741Higginson, B. K. [D, Q, L-DE, MAV, RM, SCH, G] PE 4447Hunt, M. A. [D, AR-DE, RM,AV, TU, G] PE 4395Karlsdottir, A. E. [D, E-DE, %, AV, RM, TU, G] PH 1763Keller, C. P. [D, A-DE, FA, RM, AV, RPM, SEE, RC, G]

PE 4449Kuipers, N. T. [D, Q-DE, T] PE 4425Miller, J. [D, L-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] HE 744Murphy, O. F. [D, A-DE, RC,RM, AV, CV, RPM, G]

PH 1771Peterman, W. A. [D, AR, A-DE, RM, %, AV, G] PE 4391Ricciuti, D. P. [D, Q-DE, FA, AV, RM, G] PSY 2258Rust, J. [D, E-DE] PH 1764Schuenke, M. [D, AR, L-DE, %, RM, AV, SCH, G]

PH 1765Tzovanis, M. [D, E, A-DE, T, AV, RM, G] PH 1774Voelker, S. A. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PH 1766Weise, C. L. [D, E, A-DE, AV, RM, G] HE 748Wulk, E. A. [D, AR-DE, AV, G] PE 4410

PITCHINGBirkelo, J. R. [D, AR, A-DE, RM, AV, T,G] PE 4411

PLASMA VOLUMEAnning, J. H. [D, L-DE, AV, RM, LSD, RPM, MR]

PH 1770PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME

St. John, W. E. [D, Q, L-DE, T, RPM, WI, G] HE 756PREVENTION

Birkelo, J. R. [D, AR, A-DE, RM, AV, T,G] PE 4411Gunter, K. B. [D, AR, Q-DE, %, AV, BON] HE 741Hannibal, N. S. [D, Q, A, AR-DE, RC, RM, AV, RPM, T, %,

G] HE 755

56



McIntyre, K. [D, MA, AR, A-DE, AV, MR, G] PE 4415Murtaza, S. [D, Q-DE, %, CS, FET] HE 742Reynolds, T. L. [D, IA, Q-DE, %, T] HE 746Terrell, S. L. [D, Q, I-DE, U] PE 4444

PROFESSIONALEgbert, C. K. [D, Q-DE, AV, RD, BON, T, G] HE 753

PROFESSIONAL PREPARATIONRandall, P. L. [D, Q-DE, DEL] HE 745

PROGRAMBryan, A. E. [D, Q-DE, %, G] HE 752Spurlock, P. [D, A, Q-DE, T, CS] HE 751

PROPRIOCEPTIONNagelkerke, P. [D, AR-DE, RM, AV, TU, T, G] PSY 2265

PROTOCOLFredrick, D. [D, AR-DE] PH 1775

PSYCHOLOGYAndrzejewski, C. E. [D-DE] PE 4420Armstead, C. C. B. [D, I-DE, TA] HE 760Beilock, S. L. [D, Q-DE, AV, G] PSY 2275Bradney, D. [D, Q-DE, FA, MAV] PE 4389Dean, M. L. [D, Q, E-DE, MAV, AV RM, MR] PSY 2267Gaddie, T. [D, I, C, P-DE, TA] PE 4439Hammond, K. C. [D, Q-DE, RPM, MR, BON] PSY 2268Kuebel, D. [D, Q-DE, T] PSY 2269Magyar, T. M. [D, Q-DE, AV, FA, RPM, MAV] PSY 2262Maslovat, D. [D, TC-DE, AV, RM, GG, TU, G] PSY 2263McDonough, M. H. [D, Q-DE, %, RC, RPM, RD, MR, RE]

PSY 2264Meyer, J. L. [D, Q, S-DE, AV, MR, RC] PSY 2277Ozmun, L. M. [D-DE] PE 4426Pizzi, J. [D, Q-DE, RPM, T] PE 4392Rauzon, T. A. [D, Q-DE, %, MAV, AV, CS] HE 758Ricciuti, D. P. [D, Q-DE, FA, AV, RM, G] PSY 2258Romeder, Z. M. [D, I-DE, %, MAV, G] HE 754Rubin, L. [D, M, Q-DE, AV, T, MR] PSY 2273Ruiz, M. D. [D, S, Q, I-DE, FA, AV, T, G] PSY 2259Spievak, E. R. [D, Q, S, IA-DE, RC, FA] PSY 2270Spurlock, P. [D, A, Q-DE, T, CS] HE 751Veit-Hartley, S. [D, I, SD-DE, TA] PSY 2274Wilson, C. C. [D, Q-DE, RPM] PSY 2272

PUBLIC HEALTHReynolds, T. L. [D, IA, Q-DE, %, T] HE 746

PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGEMiller, J. [D, L-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] HE 744Schuenke, M. [D, AR, L-DE, %, RM, AV, SCH, G]

PH 1765QUADRICEPS

Kindling, L. A. [D, AR-DE] PE 4450QUALITY OF LIFE

Rampersaud, R. [D, Q-DE, AV, FA, SCH, LSD] PE 4406RANGE OF MOTION


RECOVERYChong, Y. K. D. [D, A-DE, T, AV, RPM] HE 749Harter, R. A. [D, AR, Q-DE, RPM, AV, T, G] PE 4446

RECREATIONReigstad, A. C. [D, Q-DE] PE 4407Sargent, L. A. [D, Q-DE, %, RC, G] RC 561Thompson, C. J. [D, Q, A, AR-DE, AC, BON, RPM, G]

PE 4429Wu, C. [D, Q-DE, RPM, T, G] RC 559

REHABILITATIONAdomaitis, L. G. [D, AR-DE, %, TA, RM, AV, T, RPM, G]

PSY 2261Crenshaw, B. D. [D-DE, %, G] HE 743Grall, S. K. [D, DA, IA-DE, CS, %] HE 761Harter, R. A. [D, AR, Q-DE, RPM, AV, T, G] PE 4446Hunt, M. A. [D, AR-DE, RM,AV, TU, G] PE 4395Karduna, A. R. [D, MA, L, TC-DE, RM, AV, BON, G]

PE 4434Karlsdottir, A. E. [D, E-DE, %, AV, RM, TU, G] PH 1763Knutzen, K. M. [D, AR-DE, AV] PE 4435Oosthuizen, J. J. [D, L, A-DE, G] PE 4397Smith, C. D. [D, A, Q-DE, AV, T, BON] HE 750Voelker, S. A. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PH 1766

RELIGIONSneddon, R. B. [D, DA, I-DE] PE 4443

REPAIRTzovanis, M. [D, E, A-DE, T, AV, RM, G] PH 1774

REPETITION TRAININGAdomaitis, L. G. [D, AR-DE, %, TA, RM, AV, T, RPM, G]

PSY 2261RESEARCH

Garner, D. J. P. [D, L, A-DE, RM, AV, %, G] PH 1760RESPIRATION

Miller, J. [D, L-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] HE 744Voelker, S. A. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PH 1766

RETIREMENTGunter, K. B. [D, AR, Q-DE, %, AV, BON] HE 741

RISKMcIntyre, K. [D, MA, AR, A-DE, AV, MR, G] PE 4415Ryan, M. B. [D, Q-DE, AV, TU, G] PE 4398

RISK MANAGEMENTGunter, K. B. [D, AR, Q-DE, %, AV, BON] HE 741

ROTATOR CUFFKarduna, A. R. [D, MA, L, TC-DE, RM, AV, BON, G]

PE 4434ROWING

Magyar, T. M. [D, Q-DE, AV, FA, RPM, MAV] PSY 2262RUGBY

Comstock, R. D. [D, Q-DE, %, AV, CS, RE, T,G] PE 4454RUNNING

Bolles, J. R. [D, L-DE, %, RPM] PH 1778DeVita, P. [D, AR, MA-DE, G] PE 4432DeVita, P. [D, AR, MA-DE, AV, MR, G] PE 4431Higginson, B. K. [D, Q, L-DE, MAV, RM, SCH, G] PE 4447Kindling, L. A. [D, AR-DE] PE 4450Ryan, M. B. [D, Q-DE, AV, TU, G] PE 4398

SAFETYHammond, J. [D, Q-DE] PE 4458

SCHEDULINGVan Wychen, S. L. [D, IA-DE, RE, AV, RM, G] PE 4408

SCHOOLMani, M. J. [D, E, I-DE, CS, RM] PE 4405

SECONDARY SCHOOLBradney, D. [D, Q-DE, FA, MAV] PE 4389Frerking, B. C. [D, Q-DE, %] PE 4413Grotenhuis, J. A. [D-DE, T] PE 4402Halverson, K. S. [D, Q-DE, AV, CA, %] PE 4403Petitgout, M. [D, JA-DE, AV, %] PE 4427Talsky, K. A. [D, Q, H-DE, %, AV] PE 4461Thomas, T. R. [D, Q-DE, %] PE 4438

SELECTIONFrerking, B. C. [D, Q-DE, %] PE 4413

SELF-ACTUALIZATIONGaddie, T. [D, I, C, P-DE, TA] PE 4439

57


SELF-CONTROLSpievak, E. R. [D, Q, S, IA-DE, RC, FA] PSY 2270

SELF-DETERMINATIONRobinson, B. L. [D, Q-DE, MAV, AV, T, SCH] HE 762

SELF-EFFICACYDean, M. L. [D, Q, E-DE, MAV, AV RM, MR] PSY 2267Gunter, K. B. [D, AR, Q-DE, %, AV, BON] HE 741Sargent, L. A. [D, Q-DE, %, RC, G] RC 561Wilson, C. C. [D, Q-DE, RPM] PSY 2272

SELF-PERCEPTIONMcDonough, M. H. [D, Q-DE, %, RC, RPM, RD, MR, RE]

PSY 2264SEX DISCRIMINATION

Thomas, T. R. [D, Q-DE, %] PE 4438SHOES

DeVita, P. [D, AR, MA-DE, G] PE 4432DeVita, P. [D, AR, MA-DE, AV, MR, G] PE 4431

SHOOTINGHigginson, B. K. [D, Q, L-DE, MAV, RM, SCH, G] PE 4447

SHOULDERBirkelo, J. R. [D, AR, A-DE, RM, AV, T,G] PE 4411

SHOULDER JOINTKarduna, A. R. [D, MA, L, TC-DE, RM, AV, BON, G]

PE 4434SKIN

Kastberg, L. S. [D, L-DE, AV, RM, TU] PE 4448SKIN DISEASE

Reynolds, T. L. [D, IA, Q-DE, %, T] HE 746SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

Sato, N. [D, Q, S-DE, %, T, RPM] PSY 2260SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Mani, M. J. [D, E, I-DE, CS, RM] PE 4405Rampersaud, R. [D, Q-DE, AV, FA, SCH, LSD] PE 4406

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTMani, M. J. [D, E, I-DE, CS, RM] PE 4405Robinson, B. L. [D, Q-DE, MAV, AV, T, SCH] HE 762Willming, C. L. [D, Q-DE, %, T, AV, MR, RPM] PE 4399Wu, C. [D, Q-DE, RPM, T, G] RC 559

SOCIAL PERCEPTIONTalsky, K. A. [D, Q, H-DE, %, AV] PE 4461

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGYHammond, K. C. [D, Q-DE, RPM, MR, BON] PSY 2268Magyar, T. M. [D, Q-DE, AV, FA, RPM, MAV] PSY 2262Sato, N. [D, Q, S-DE, %, T, RPM] PSY 2260

SOCIAL REINFORCEMENTSargent, L. A. [D, Q-DE, %, RC, G] RC 561

SOLOAndrzejewski, C. E. [D-DE] PE 4420

SORENESSLeszun, C. N. [D, Q, A-DE, T, G] PE 4414

SPATIAL ORIENTATIONvan Donkelaar, P. [D, AR-DE, T, AV, RM, G] PSY 2271

SPECIAL EDUCATIONReigstad, A. C. [D, Q-DE] PE 4407

SPECIAL OLYMPICSMani, M. J. [D, E, I-DE, CS, RM] PE 4405

SPEEDThompson, C. J. [D, Q, A, AR-DE, AC, BON, RPM, G]

PE 4429SPEED SKATING

Cimbalnik, A. M. [D, Q-DE, RE, %, G] PE 4401SPINE

Benson, M. E. [D, AR,Q-DE, RM, AV, T, G] PE 4453Bobick, T. G. [D, TC, A, AR-DE, RM, T, AV, G] PE 4394

Peterman, W. A. [D, AR, A-DE, RM, %, AV, G] PE 4391SPIRITUALITY

Veit-Hartley, S. [D, I, SD-DE, TA] PSY 2274SPONSORSHIP

Rosaaen, K. R. [D, I, DA-DE] PE 4418SPORT

Cimbalnik, A. M. [D, Q-DE, RE, %, G] PE 4401Gaddie, T. [D, I, C, P-DE, TA] PE 4439Hammond, K. C. [D, Q-DE, RPM, MR, BON] PSY 2268Magyar, T. M. [D, Q-DE, AV, FA, RPM, MAV] PSY 2262McDonough, M. H. [D, Q-DE, %, RC, RPM, RD, MR, RE]

PSY 2264Oosthuizen, J. J. [D, L, A-DE, G] PE 4397Rampersaud, R. [D, Q-DE, AV, FA, SCH, LSD] PE 4406Rosaaen, K. R. [D, I, DA-DE] PE 4418Rubin, L. [D, M, Q-DE, AV, T, MR] PSY 2273Thomas, T. R. [D, Q-DE, %] PE 4438Thomas, T. R. [D, Q, DA-DE, T] PE 4437Turano, C. [D, I-DE] PE 4452White, B. J. [D, DA-DE, T, AV, CS] PE 4393Wirakartakusumah [D, Q-DE, RPM, AV, RD] PE 4409

SPORTS MEDICINECimbalnik, A. M. [D, Q-DE, RE, %, G] PE 4401Comstock, R. D. [D, Q-DE, %, AV, CS, RE, T,G] PE 4454Ryan, M. B. [D, Q-DE, AV, TU, G] PE 4398

SPRINTINGIngram, S. G. [D, AR, M-DE, MR, WI, G] PE 4441

STABILITYAdomaitis, L. G. [D, AR-DE, %, TA, RM, AV, T, RPM, G]

PSY 2261Hunt, M. A. [D, AR-DE, RM,AV, TU, G] PE 4395

STANCEPeterman, W. A. [D, AR, A-DE, RM, %, AV, G] PE 4391

STANDINGPeterman, W. A. [D, AR, A-DE, RM, %, AV, G] PE 4391

STORYScott, A. [D-DE] PE 4428

STRENGTHFoggiano, P. H. [D, AR, A-DE, T] PE 4412Hannibal, N. S. [D, Q, A, AR-DE, RC, RM, AV, RPM, T, %,

G] HE 755Kuipers, N. T. [D, Q-DE, T] PE 4425Wulk, E. A. [D, AR-DE, AV, G] PE 4410

STRESSDaly, W. [D, L, Q, A-DE, RE, %, AV, TU, G]

PH 1767STRESS MANAGEMENT

Sato, N. [D, Q, S-DE, %, T, RPM] PSY 2260Spievak, E. R. [D, Q, S, IA-DE, RC, FA] PSY 2270

STRETCHINGKuipers, N. T. [D, Q-DE, T] PE 4425

STROKEAdomaitis, L. G. [D, AR-DE, %, TA, RM, AV, T, RPM, G]

PSY 2261STUDENT

Frerking, B. C. [D, Q-DE, %] PE 4413Halverson, K. S. [D, Q-DE, AV, CA, %] PE 4403Mani, M. J. [D, E, I-DE, CS, RM] PE 4405

STUDENT TEACHERRandall, P. L. [D, Q-DE, DEL] HE 745

STYLEPizzi, J. [D, Q-DE, RPM, T] PE 4392

SUCCESSPizzi, J. [D, Q-DE, RPM, T] PE 4392

58


SUMMERHigginson, B. K. [D, Q, L-DE, MAV, RM, SCH, G] PE 4447

SURGERYHarter, R. A. [D, AR, Q-DE, RPM, AV, T, G] PE 4446Karduna, A. R. [D, MA, L, TC-DE, RM, AV, BON, G]

PE 4434Knutzen, K. M. [D, AR-DE, AV] PE 4435Oosthuizen, J. J. [D, L, A-DE, G] PE 4397Tzovanis, M. [D, E, A-DE, T, AV, RM, G] PH 1774

SURVEYRusch, M. [D, Q-DE, G] RC 560

SWIMMINGSt. John, W. E. [D, A,Q-DE, RPM, RE, AV, T] PE 4436

SYMBOLISMAndrzejewski, C. E. [D-DE] PE 4420

SYMMETRYBobick, T. G. [D, TC, A, AR-DE, RM, T, AV, G] PE 4394Nagelkerke, P. [D, AR-DE, RM, AV, TU, T, G] PSY 2265

TEACHINGOzmun, L. M. [D-DE] PE 4426Pelletier, D. J. [D, Q-DE, AV, HV] PE 4390Petitgout, M. [D, JA-DE, AV, %] PE 4427

TEAMGrotenhuis, J. A. [D-DE, T] PE 4402

TEAM SPORTRampersaud, R. [D, Q-DE, AV, FA, SCH, LSD] PE 4406

TECHNIQUELock, H. A. [D, A-DE, RPM, AV, TU] PE 4396Pelletier, D. J. [D, Q-DE, AV, HV] PE 4390Thomas, T. R. [D, Q, DA-DE, T] PE 4437Wulk, E. A. [D, AR-DE, AV, G] PE 4410

TECHNOLOGYKarduna, A. R. [D, MA-DE, G] PE 4433

TELEMETRYCrenshaw, B. D. [D-DE, %, G] HE 743

TESTINGBarrett, S. A. [D, L-DE, RM, AV, RPM, G] HE 759Kastberg, L. S. [D, L-DE, AV, RM, TU] PE 4448Keller, C. P. [D, A-DE, FA, RM, AV, RPM, SEE, RC, G]

PE 4449Murphy, O. F. [D, A-DE, RC,RM, AV, CV, RPM, G]

PH 1771van Donkelaar, P. [D, AR-DE, T, AV, RM, G] PSY 2271

TESTOSTERONEDaly, W. [D, L, Q, A-DE, RE, %, AV, TU, G]

PH 1767TETRALOGY OF FALLOT

Tzovanis, M. [D, E, A-DE, T, AV, RM, G] PH 1774THERAPY

Burns, S. [D, A, L-DE, AV, RM, RPM] PH 1773Halliwill, J. R. [D, Q, L-DE, RM, AV, T, RE] PH 1772Hannibal, N. S. [D, Q, A, AR-DE, RC, RM, AV, RPM, T, %,

G] HE 755Karlsdottir, A. E. [D, E-DE, %, AV, RM, TU, G] PH 1763McCafferty, J. E. [D, Q, AR, MA-DE, FA, RM, AV, SCH]

PE 4417Romeder, Z. M. [D, I-DE, %, MAV, G] HE 754Schuster-Decker, R. [D-DE, %, RM, AV, TU] HE 747Smith, C. D. [D, A, Q-DE, AV, T, BON] HE 750St. John, W. E. [D, Q, L-DE, T, RPM, WI, G] HE 756

THERMODYNAMICSWingo, J. E. [D, Q, A-DE, %, RM, AV, BON, G]

PH 1769THROWING

Birkelo, J. R. [D, AR, A-DE, RM, AV, T,G] PE 4411

TIME TRIALMurphy, O. F. [D, A-DE, RC,RM, AV, CV, RPM, G]

PH 1771Rust, J. [D, E-DE] PH 1764

TISSUEKarduna, A. R. [D, MA-DE, G] PE 4433

TITLE IXGarrett, D. M. [D, DA, Q-DE, %] PE 4457

TOURISMRusch, M. [D, Q-DE, G] RC 560

TRACK AND FIELDVeit-Hartley, S. [D, I, SD-DE, TA] PSY 2274

TRAININGCimbalnik, A. M. [D, Q-DE, RE, %, G] PE 4401Davidson, K. [D, AR-DE, T, RPM] PE 4422Fredrick, D. [D, AR-DE] PH 1775Higginson, B. K. [D, Q, L-DE, MAV, RM, SCH, G] PE 4447Kearney, M. M. [D, Q-DE, AV] PE 4404Milligan, P. E. [D, AR-DE, AV, RM] PE 4459Ryan, M. B. [D, Q-DE, AV, TU, G] PE 4398Terrell, S. L. [D, Q, I-DE, U] PE 4444Van Wychen, S. L. [D, IA-DE, RE, AV, RM, G] PE 4408Wulk, E. A. [D, AR-DE, AV, G] PE 4410

TRAVELWillming, C. L. [D, Q-DE, %, T, AV, MR, RPM] PE 4399

TREATMENTHalliwill, J. R. [D, Q, L-DE, RM, AV, T, RE] PH 1772Leszun, C. N. [D, Q, A-DE, T, G] PE 4414McCafferty, J. E. [D, Q, AR, MA-DE, FA, RM, AV, SCH]

PE 4417Oosthuizen, J. J. [D, L, A-DE, G] PE 4397Ricciuti, D. P. [D, Q-DE, FA, AV, RM, G] PSY 2258Ryan, M. B. [D, Q-DE, AV, TU, G] PE 4398Schuster-Decker, R. [D-DE, %, RM, AV, TU] HE 747Voelker, S. A. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PH 1766

TRIATHLONDarnell, S. C. [D, I-DE] PE 4455

UNDERHAND THROWMilligan, P. E. [D, AR-DE, AV, RM] PE 4459

UNDERWATERWulk, E. A. [D, AR-DE, AV, G] PE 4410

UNITED STATESHawkins, C. M. [D, H-DE] PE 4440Pizzi, J. [D, Q-DE, RPM, T] PE 4392Sargent, L. A. [D, Q-DE, %, RC, G] RC 561Thomas, T. R. [D, Q, DA-DE, T] PE 4437Willming, C. L. [D, Q-DE, %, T, AV, MR, RPM] PE 4399

UNIVERSITYBradney, D. [D, Q-DE, FA, MAV] PE 4389Frerking, B. C. [D, Q-DE, %] PE 4413Kearney, M. M. [D, Q-DE, AV] PE 4404Leszun, C. N. [D, Q, A-DE, T, G] PE 4414Magyar, T. M. [D, Q-DE, AV, FA, RPM, MAV] PSY 2262Pizzi, J. [D, Q-DE, RPM, T] PE 4392Rubin, L. [D, M, Q-DE, AV, T, MR] PSY 2273Sato, N. [D, Q, S-DE, %, T, RPM] PSY 2260Spurlock, P. [D, A, Q-DE, T, CS] HE 751St. John, W. E. [D, A,Q-DE, RPM, RE, AV, T] PE 4436Turano, C. [D, I-DE] PE 4452White, B. J. [D, DA-DE, T, AV, CS] PE 4393Willming, C. L. [D, Q-DE, %, T, AV, MR, RPM] PE 4399

UPHILLMurphy, O. F. [D, A-DE, RC,RM, AV, CV, RPM, G]

PH 1771VANCOUVER

Ryan, M. B. [D, Q-DE, AV, TU, G] PE 4398

59


VENTILATION-PERFUSION RATIOSchuenke, M. [D, AR, L-DE, %, RM, AV, SCH, G]

PH 1765Voelker, S. A. [D, Q-DE, RM, AV, TU, G] PH 1766

VISIONvan Donkelaar, P. [D, AR-DE, T, AV, RM, G] PSY 2271

VISUAL PERCEPTIONKim, K. [D-DE] PE 4424van Donkelaar, P. [D, AR-DE, T, AV, RM, G] PSY 2271

VITAMIN B COMPLEXRust, J. [D, E-DE] PH 1764

WAIVERWhite, B. J. [D, DA-DE, T, AV, CS] PE 4393

WALKINGKeller, C. P. [D, A-DE, FA, RM, AV, RPM, SEE, RC, G]

PE 4449Sadeghi, H. [D, AR-DE, RPM, CAN, G] PE 4419

WEIGHTLIFTINGFoggiano, P. H. [D, AR, A-DE, T] PE 4412Lander, J. E. [D, AR, TC-DE, FA, AV, %, G] PE 4442Schuenke, M. [D, AR, L-DE, %, RM, AV, SCH, G]

PH 1765WINNING

Gaddie, T. [D, I, C, P-DE, TA] PE 4439Pizzi, J. [D, Q-DE, RPM, T] PE 4392

WISCONSINHalverson, K. S. [D, Q-DE, AV, CA, %] PE 4403Randall, P. L. [D, Q-DE, DEL] HE 745Rusch, M. [D, Q-DE, G] RC 560

WOMANArmstead, C. C. B. [D, I-DE, TA] HE 760Bolles, J. R. [D, L-DE, %, RPM] PH 1778Comstock, R. D. [D, Q-DE, %, AV, CS, RE, T,G] PE 4454Davidson, K. [D, AR-DE, T, RPM] PE 4422Grover-Haskin, K. [D, CH-DE] PE 4423Gunter, K. B. [D, AR, Q-DE, %, AV, BON] HE 741Leszun, C. N. [D, Q, A-DE, T, G] PE 4414Magyar, T. M. [D, Q-DE, AV, FA, RPM, MAV] PSY 2262Rauzon, T. A. [D, Q-DE, %, MAV, AV, CS] HE 758Spurlock, P. [D, A, Q-DE, T, CS] HE 751St. John, W. E. [D, A,Q-DE, RPM, RE, AV, T] PE 4436St. John, W. E. [D, Q, L-DE, T, RPM, WI, G] HE 756Turano, C. [D, I-DE] PE 4452

WORKBryan, A. E. [D, Q-DE, %, G] HE 752

WOUNDCimbalnik, A. M. [D, Q-DE, RE, %, G] PE 4401Hunt, M. A. [D, AR-DE, RM,AV, TU, G] PE 4395

YOGAWilson, C. C. [D, Q-DE, RPM] PSY 2272

60


AUTHOR INDEXAbel, M. G. PE 4400 ............... 2Adomaitis, L. G. PSY 2261 ............. 43Andrzejewski, C. E. PE 4420 ............. 10Anning, J. H. PH 1770 ............. 24Armstead, C. C. B. HE 760 ............... 30Barrett, S. A. HE 759 ............... 30Beilock, S. L. PSY 2275 ............. 39Benson, M. E. PE 4453 ............. 12Birkelo, J. R. PE 4411 ............. 13Bobick, T. G. PE 4394 ............. 13Bolles, J. R. PH 1778 ............. 25Bradney, D. PE 4389 ............... 3Brucker, L. PH 1761 ............. 25Bryan, A. E. HE 752 ............... 31Burns, S. PH 1773 ............. 25Caster, B. L. PE 4430 ............. 13Chong, Y. K. D. HE 749 ............... 31Cimbalnik, A. M. PE 4401 ............. 20Comstock, R. D. PE 4454 ............. 20Crenshaw, B. D. HE 743 ............... 31Cutler, A. J. PE 4421 ............. 20Daly, W. PH 1767 ............. 26Darnell, S. C. PE 4455 ............... 9Davidson, K. PE 4422 ............. 14Dean, M. L. PSY 2267 ............. 39Derrick, T. R. PE 4456 ............. 14DeVita, P. PE 4432 ............. 14DeVita, P. PE 4431 ............. 14Donahue, M. D. PH 1762 ............. 26Egbert, C. K. HE 753 ............... 32Foggiano, P. H. PE 4412 ............. 15Fredrick, D. PH 1775 ............. 26Frerking, B. C. PE 4413 ............... 6Gaddie, T. PE 4439 ............... 5Garner, D. J. P. PH 1760 ............. 26Garrett, D. M. PE 4457 ............... 1Grall, S. K. HE 761 ............... 32Grotenhuis, J. A. PE 4402 ............... 7Grover-Haskin, K. PE 4423 ............. 11Gunter, K. B. HE 741 ............... 33Hagobian, T. A. PH 1776 ............. 27Halliwill, J. R. PH 1772 ............. 27Halverson, K. S. PE 4403 ............... 1Hammond, J. PE 4458 ............. 20Hammond, K. C. PSY 2268 ............. 44Hannibal, N. S. HE 755 ............... 33Harter, R. A. PE 4446 ............. 21Harter, R. A. PE 4445 ............. 15Hawkins, C. M. PE 4440 ............. 11Higginson, B. K. PE 4447 ............... 3Hunt, M. A. PE 4395 ............. 15Ingram, S. G. PE 4441 ............. 16Karduna, A. R. PE 4433 ............. 17Karduna, A. R. PE 4434 ............. 16Karlsdottir, A. E. PH 1763 ............. 27Kastberg, L. S. PE 4448 ............. 21Kearney, M. M. PE 4404 ............. 21Keller, C. P. PE 4449 ............... 5Kim, J. PSY 2276 ............. 43

Kim, K. PE 4424 ............. 11Kindling, L. A. PE 4450 ............. 17Knutzen, K. M. PE 4435 ............. 17Kuebel, D. PSY 2269 ............. 40Kuipers, N. T. PE 4425 ............. 22Lander, J. E. PE 4442 ............. 18Lanigan, E. PH 1768 ............. 28Leszun, C. N. PE 4414 ............. 22Lock, H. A. PE 4396 ............. 22Magyar, T. M. PSY 2262 ............. 45Mani, M. J. PE 4405 ............... 7Maslovat, D. PSY 2263 ............. 40McCafferty, J. E. PE 4417 ............. 22McDonough, M. H. PSY 2264 ............. 41McIntyre, K. PE 4415 ............. 18Meyer, J. L. PSY 2277 ............. 45Miller, J. HE 744 ............... 33Miller, M. R. PH 1777 ............. 28Milligan, P. E. PE 4459 ............... 3Murphy, O. F. PH 1771 ............. 28Murtaza, S. HE 742 ............... 34Myers, R. L. PE 4451 ............. 18Nagelkerke, P. PSY 2265 ............. 43Oosthuizen, J. J. PE 4397 ............. 23Ozmun, L. M. PE 4426 ............. 11Pack, S. M. PE 4416 ............... 1Pelletier, D. J. PE 4390 ............... 6Pennington, C. R. HE 757 ............... 34Peterman, W. A. PE 4391 ............. 18Petitgout, M.– PE 4427 ............... 6Pizzi, J. PE 4392 ............... 4Rampersaud, R. PE 4406 ............... 7Randall, P. L. HE 745 ............... 34Rauzon, T. A. HE 758 ............... 35Reigstad, A. C. PE 4407 ............... 8Reynolds, T. L. HE 746 ............... 35Ricciuti, D. P. PSY 2258 ............. 41Robinson, B. L. HE 762 ............... 35Romeder, Z. M. HE 754 ............... 36Rosaaen, K. R. PE 4418 ............... 9Rubin, L. PSY 2273 ............. 41Ruiz, M. D. PSY 2259 ............. 41Rusch, M. RC 560 ............... 38Rust, J. PH 1764 ............. 28Ryan, M. B. PE 4398 ............. 23Sadeghi, H. PE 4419 ............. 19Sargent, L. A. RC 561 ............... 38Sato, N. PSY 2260 ............. 46Sawhill, J. A. PE 4460 ............. 19Schuenke, M. PH 1765 ............. 29Schuster-Decker, R. N. HE 747 ............... 36Scott, A. PE 4428 ............. 12Smith, C. D. HE 750 ............... 36Sneddon, R. B. PE 4443 ............. 12Spievak, E. R. PSY 2270 ............. 42Spurlock, P. HE 751 ............... 37St. John, W. E. PE 4436 ............. 23St. John, W. E. HE 756 ............... 37Talsky, K. A. PE 4461 ............... 8

Taylor, I. W. PE 4462 ............. 24Terrell, S. L. PE 4444 ............... 4Thomas, T. R. PE 4438 ............... 2Thomas, T. R. PE 4437 ............... 9Thompson, C. J. PE 4429 ............... 4Turano, C. PE 4452 ............. 10Tzovanis, M. PH 1774 ............. 29van Donkelaar, P. PSY 2271 ............. 44Van Wychen, S. L. PE 4408 ............... 4Veit-Hartley, S. PSY 2274 ............. 42Voelker, S. A. PH 1766 ............. 29Volding, L. A. PSY 2266 ............. 44Weise, C. L. HE 748 ............... 38White, B. J. PE 4393 ............... 2Willming, C. L. PE 4399 ............... 8Wilson, C. C. PSY 2272 ............. 42Wingo, J. E. PH 1769 ............. 30Wirakartakusumah PE 4409 ............. 10Wu, C. RC 559 ............... 38Wulk, E. A. PE 4410 ............... 5

61


SCHOOL INDEX

Brigham Young UniversityHawkins, C. M. PE 4440 ...................... 11Milligan, P. E. PE 4459 ........................ 3Pennington, C. R. HE 757 ....................... 34Sneddon, R. B. PE 4443 ...................... 12

Eastern Michigan UniversityTerrell, S. L. PE 4444 ........................ 4

Gonzaga UniversityMeyer, J. L. PSY 2277 ................... 45

Johns Hopkins UniversityKarduna, A. R. PE 4433 ...................... 17

Loyola College in MarylandRubin, L. PSY 2273 ................... 41

McGill UniversityTzovanis, M. PH 1774 ..................... 29

Michigan State UniversityBeilock, S. L. PSY 2275 ................... 39Kim, J. PSY 2276 ................... 43Magyar, T. M. PSY 2262 ................... 45

Montana State UniversityHigginson, B. K. PE 4447 ........................ 3Keller, C. P. PE 4449 ........................ 5McCafferty, J. E. PE 4417 ...................... 22Murphy, O. F. PH 1771 ..................... 28

Northern Arizona UniversityGarrett, D. M. PE 4457 ........................ 1

Northern Illinois UniversityHannibal, N. S. HE 755 ....................... 33Petitgout, M. PE 4427 ........................ 6

Oregon State UniversityGarner, D. J. P. PH 1760 ..................... 26Gunter, K. B. HE 741 ....................... 33White, B. J. PE 4393 ........................ 2

Purdue UniversityBryan, A. E. HE 752 ....................... 31Egbert, C. K. HE 753 ....................... 32Hammond, K. C. PSY 2268 ................... 44Lock, H. A. PE 4396 ...................... 22

Roosevelt UniversityArmstead, C. C. B. HE 760 ....................... 30

San Francisco State UniversityFredrick, D. PH 1775 ..................... 26Hagobian, T. A. PH 1776 ..................... 27Miller, M. R. PH 1777 ..................... 28

Simon Fraser UniversityRomeder, Z. M. HE 754 ....................... 36

Slippery Rock UniversityCutler, A. J. PE 4421 ...................... 20Davidson, K. PE 4422 ...................... 14Foggiano, P. H. PE 4412 ...................... 15Kuipers, N. T. PE 4425 ...................... 22Leszun, C. N. PE 4414 ...................... 22Spurlock, P. HE 751 ....................... 37

Springfield CollegeBradney, D. PE 4389 ........................ 3Pelletier, D. J. PE 4390 ........................ 6Peterman, W. A. PE 4391 ...................... 18Pizzi, J. PE 4392 ........................ 4Ricciuti, D. P. PSY 2258 ................... 41Ruiz, M. D. PSY 2259 ................... 41Sato, N. PSY 2260 ................... 46Wu, C. RC 559 ....................... 38

State University of New York, BrockportHammond, J. PE 4458 ...................... 20Robinson, B. L. HE 762 ....................... 35Volding, L. A. PSY 2266 ................... 44

Texas Woman’s UniversityAndrzejewski, C. E. PE 4420 ...................... 10Grover-Haskin, K. PE 4423 ...................... 11Kim, K. PE 4424 ...................... 11Ozmun, L. M. PE 4426 ...................... 11Scott, A. PE 4428 ...................... 12

University of British ColumbiaDarnell, S. C. PE 4455 ........................ 9Hunt, M. A. PE 4395 ...................... 15Maslovat, D. PSY 2263 ................... 40McDonough, M. H. PSY 2264 ................... 41Nagelkerke, P. PSY 2265 ................... 43Ryan, M. B. PE 4398 ...................... 23Taylor, I. W. PE 4462 ...................... 24

University of Calgaryvan Donkelaar, P. PSY 2271 ................... 44

University of California, San DiegoComstock, R. D. PE 4454 ...................... 20

University of CincinnatiSt. John, W. E. PE 4436 ...................... 23

University of FloridaWillming, C. L. PE 4399 ........................ 8

University of GuelphMurtaza, S. HE 742 ....................... 34

University of Hong KongChong, Y. K. D. HE 749 ....................... 31

University of KansasThomas, T. R. PE 4438 ........................ 2Thomas, T. R. PE 4437 ........................ 9Thompson, C. J. PE 4429 ........................ 4

University of LouisvilleDean, M. L. PSY 2267 ................... 39Spievak, E. R. PSY 2270 ................... 42

University of MemphisRosaaen, K. R. PE 4418 ........................ 9Wilson, C. C. PSY 2272 ................... 42

University of MontrealSadeghi, H. PE 4419 ...................... 19

University of Nebraska, OmahaSargent, L. A. RC 561 ....................... 38

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University of New MexicoBurns, S. PH 1773 ..................... 25

University of North Carolina, Chapel HillBarrett, S. A. HE 759 ....................... 30Birkelo, J. R. PE 4411 ...................... 13Bolles, J. R. PH 1778 ..................... 25Daly, W. PH 1767 ..................... 26Frerking, B. C. PE 4413 ........................ 6Kastberg, L. S. PE 4448 ...................... 21Lanigan, E. PH 1768 ..................... 28McIntyre, K. PE 4415 ...................... 18Myers, R. L. PE 4451 ...................... 18Pack, S. M. PE 4416 ........................ 1Smith, C. D. HE 750 ....................... 36Turano, C. PE 4452 ...................... 10Wingo, J. E. PH 1769 ..................... 30

University of OregonAdomaitis, L. G. PSY 2261 ................... 43Caster, B. L. PE 4430 ...................... 13Derrick, T. R. PE 4456 ...................... 14DeVita, P. PE 4432 ...................... 14DeVita, P. PE 4431 ...................... 14Harter, R. A. PE 4445 ...................... 15Harter, R. A. PE 4446 ...................... 21Ingram, S. G. PE 4441 ...................... 16Kindling, L. A. PE 4450 ...................... 17Knutzen, K. M. PE 4435 ...................... 17Lander, J. E. PE 4442 ...................... 18Sawhill, J. A. PE 4460 ...................... 19

University of PennsylvaniaKarduna, A. R. PE 4434 ...................... 16

University of RochesterKuebel, D. PSY 2269 ................... 40

University of South AfricaGaddie, T. PE 4439 ........................ 5

University of Southern CaliforniaSt. John, W. E. HE 756 ....................... 37

University of Texas, El PasoBenson, M. E. PE 4453 ...................... 12

University of the Free StateOosthuizen, J. J. PE 4397 ...................... 23

University of ToledoAnning, J. H. PH 1770 ..................... 24

University of UtahRauzon, T. A. HE 758 ....................... 35

University of Wisconsin, La CrosseAbel, M. G. PE 4400 ........................ 2Brucker, L. PH 1761 ..................... 25Cimbalnik, A. M. PE 4401 ...................... 20Crenshaw, B. D. HE 743 ....................... 31Donahue, M. D. PH 1762 ..................... 26Grall, S. K. HE 761 ....................... 32Grotenhuis, J. A. PE 4402 ........................ 7Halverson, K. S. PE 4403 ........................ 1Karlsdottir, A. E. PH 1763 ..................... 27Kearney, M. M. PE 4404 ...................... 21Mani, M. J. PE 4405 ........................ 7Miller, J. HE 744 ....................... 33Rampersaud, R. PE 4406 ........................ 7Randall, P. L. HE 745 ....................... 34Reigstad, A. C. PE 4407 ........................ 8Reynolds, T. L. HE 746 ....................... 35Rusch, M. RC 560 ....................... 38Rust, J. PH 1764 ..................... 28Schuenke, M. PH 1765 ..................... 29Schuster-Decker, R. N. HE 747 ....................... 36Van Wychen, S. L. PE 4408 ........................ 4Voelker, S. A. PH 1766 ..................... 29Weise, C. L. HE 748 ....................... 38Wirakartakusumah, D. N. PE 4409 ...................... 10Wulk, E. A. PE 4410 ........................ 5

University of Wisconsin, MilwaukeeTalsky, K. A. PE 4461 ........................ 8

Virginia Commonwealth UniversityHalliwill, J. R. PH 1772 ..................... 27

West Virginia UniversityBobick, T. G. PE 4394 ...................... 13

Western Washington UniversityVeit-Hartley, S. PSY 2274 ................... 42

63


AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINESPORTS MEDICINE BULLETIN 10(1975)-32(1997)

American College of Sports Medicine. 23 ficheACSM News 8(1973)-9(1974)

American College of Sports Medicine. 1 ficheAMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE NEWSLETTER 2:2(May 1967)-7:4(Oct. 1972)

American College of Sports Medicine. 2 ficheAMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE 1:1(March 1966)-2:1(Feb. 1967)

American College of Sports Medicine. 1 fiche

Complete Set (27 fiche) ........................................................................................................................................................... $108

COUNCIL FOR NATIONAL COOPERATION IN AQUATICSArchives, records, reference material, conference reports (1951-1972). More than 2400 pages. 32 fiche ..................... $64Addition No. 1. Biennial conference reports (1974-1980). More than 600 pages. 8 fiche ................................................. $16

IOC WORLD CONGRESS ON SPORT SCIENCE PROCEEDINGSIOC WORLD CONGRESS ON SPORT SCIENCES “Proceedings: First IOC World Congress on Sport Sciences,

October 28, 1989-November 3, 1989" The Broadmoor Hotel, Colorado Springs, 1989. 5 fiche ...................................... $20

UNITED STATES VOLLEYBALL ASSOCIATIONArchives, history, records, annual guides (1916-1975). More than 9,000 pages. 126 fiche .......................................... $378Addition No. 1—Volleyball Review (1940-1973), U.S.A. Volleyball Review (1973-1980),

Volleyball Official Guide (1976-1980). 4,958 pages. 67 + fiche .................................................................................. $201Addition No. 2—Volleyball Review (1980-1981), U.S.A. Volleyball Review (1981-1986), Volleyball Official Guide

(1981-1986). 2,916 pages. 43 fiche ................................................................................................................................... $129Addition No. 3—USA volleyball reference guide (1987-1999), United States beach volleyball rules (1997-1999)

United States volleyball rules (1990-1999). 70 fiche ..................................................................................................... $210Complete Set: 17,000+ pages. 306 fiche ................................................................................................................................ $900

Also Available:Flanagan, Lance (1960). The History of Volleyball in the United States. Columbia University. 3 fiche ......................... $12.00Lu, Hui-Ching (1950). An analysis of volley ball in various regions of the world.

A report of a Type C project (Ed.D.), Columbia University. 5 fiche ..................................................................... $20.00

THE UNITED STATES OLYMPIC ACADEMYUSOA I “Perspectives of the Olympic Games” University of Illinois at Chicago Circle, 1977. 3 fiche ....................... $12USOA II “Sport and Olympism: A Way of Life” Illinois State University at Normal, 1978. 2 fiche ............................. $8USOA III “The Spirit of Sport” Brigham Young University at Provo, 1979. 2 fiche ......................................................... $8USOA IV “The Olympic Ideal: 776 B.C. to the 21st Century” Indiana University at Bloomington, 1980. 11 fiche ... $44USOA V “Expanding Olympic Horizons” Olympic Training Center at Colorado Springs, 1981. 4 fiche .................. $16USOA VI “Purposes, Principles and Contradictions of the Olympic Movement” Pepperdine University, 1982.

2 fiche ...................................................................................................................................................................................... $8USOA VII “Olympism: A Movement of the People” Texas Tech University, 1983. 5 fiche ........................................ $20USOA VIII “Educating for a Better World: Now!” Los Angeles Athletic Club, 1984. 3 fiche ................................... $12

ADDITIONAL ITEMS

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USOA IX “Olympism: A Commitment to a Better World Tomorrow Through Sport” State University ofNew York, Pittsburg, 1985. 3 fiche .................................................................................................................................. $12

USOA X “Olympism, the Olympic Games and the Worldwide Olympic Movement” U.S. Olympic Complex,Colorado Springs, 1986. 5 fiche ....................................................................................................................................... $20

USOA X SELECTIONS I “United States Olympic Committee, United States Olympic Academy, A Collectionof 23 Representative Presentations at USOAs I-IX. A Souvenir Prepared for the Celebration of USOA Xat Colorado Springs, June 10-14, 1986” Colorado Springs, 1986. 2 fiche .................................................................... $8

USOA X SELECTIONS II “Compendium of the Speeches Presented by Educators, Olympic Champions,Administrators, and Avery Brundage at the International Olympic Academy 1961-1985”Colorado Springs, 1986. 3 fiche ...................................................................................................................................... $12

USOA XI “The Olympics: Serving All People and All Nations” Indianapolis, Indiana, 1987. 4 fiche ...................... $16USOA XII “Proceedings, United States Olympic Academy XII” Pennsylvania State University, 1988. 3 fiche ...... $12USOA XIII “Olympic Education: Breaking Ground for the 21st Century” Evergreen State College, 1989. 4 fiche . $16USOA XIV "Gold or Laurel: The Olympic Tradition in a Changing World" Emory University, 1990. 4 fiche .......... $16USOA XV "Olympic USA: A Team Effort." Colorado State University, 1991. 3 fiche .................................................... $12

Complete Set Price, USOA I – XV incl. USOA X SELECTIONS I & II : .......................................................................... $200

1984 OLYMPIC SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS

Abstracts of papers presented. 9 fiche ..................................................................................................................................... $18

PHYSICAL EDUCATION SPORTS AND THE SCIENCESPapers Presented in Honor of H. Harrison Clarke, Edited by Jan Broekhoff, 1976.Physical Fitness - Tests and Measurements - Physiology of Exercise - Motor Learning - Morphology - BiomechanicsContribution by more than 30 authors from the United States, Canada, Europe, Japan, and AustraliaKeynote addresses by H. Harrison Clarke, Franklin Henry, and Henry Montoye. Book, 406 pages ............................ $10

REFLECTIONS BY H. HARRISON CLARKEReflections is the autobiography of H. Harrison Clarke, a renown physical educator whose numerous accomplish-ments and contributions to the profession span seven decades! A former president of the American Academy ofPhysical Education and vice president of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation andDance, Dr. Clarke initiated intramural athletics and the graduate study program in physical education at SyracuseUniversity, established the doctor of physical education degree at Springfield College, founded Microform Publica-tions, the Physical Fitness Newsletter, and completed the Medford Boys’ Growth Study while at the University ofOregon. Book .............................................................................................................................................................................. $12Available on Microfiche ............................................................................................................................................................. $12

CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN ATHLETIC COMPETITIONChildren and Adolescents in Athletic Competition—Rewards and Adversities is the title of the Proceedings of a 1994symposium held in memory of Professor Jan Broekhoff, last dean of the College of Human Development andPerformance at the University of Oregon. The book contains the most important issues discussed during the sympo-sium. Central was the question, how intense training influences children's physical and psychological maturation.International Institute for Sport and Human Performance, 1995. Book ............................................................................ $10

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