PETROLEUM

Annisa Azahra{03}Diko Firmandiansyah{07}Fatcullah {08}Linda Rohmawati{22}Riska Amalia {31}

PETROLEUM

HYPHOTHESIS

TO FOUND LOCATION

PROCESS FORMATION

HOW TO GET???

COMPOSITION

MANUFACTURE

PRODUCT

PURPOSE

OCTANE NUMBER

EFFECT

HYPOTHESIS

PROCESS

Barthelot

Bearl, Hofer

Mandeleyev

In petroleum, Alkali metal in Free Condition, High Temperature touch with CO2 form asitilena.

Petroleum formed influence of steam work in carbides metal inside the earth.

Petroleum & gas from sea organism that has dead in long time ago -> form a layer inside belly ‘s earth

PROCESS FORMATION

Petroleum formed from organics compound million years ago. Because high temperature and high pressure , the analyzing afford alloy complex hydrocarbon called petroleum in liquid phase and natural gas in gas phase. Because water more weight than gas, petroleum and natural gas move to up past porous rock and get caught in impermeable rock.

TO FOUND LOCATION

See the clues in surface’s earth

With survey seismic

TO GET PETROLEUM

DrillingHide pipe rute underground and undersea Build pavillion that pull by tanker ship to the continent

THE COMPOSITION OF NATURAL GAS

Natural gas contain of alkane with low temperature :• Methane• Ethane• Propane• Butane• And other ingredient like CO2, H2S

THE COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM

Petroleum represent complex mixture of hydrocarbon.

Alkanes (paraffin) : CnH2n+2

paraffin are saturated hydrocarbons with straight or branched

chains which contain only carbon and hydrogen.

Example: octane (C8H18)

Alkenes : CnH2n

THE COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM

Cycloalkanes (naphthenes) : CnH2n

Cycloalkanes have similar properties to alkanes but have higher boiling

points.

Aromatic hydrocarbons : CnHn

The aromatic hydrocarbons are unsaturated hydrocarbons which have

one or more planar six-carbon rings called benzene rings

The other organic compounds contain nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and

trace amounts of metals such as iron, nickel, copper and vanadium.

THE COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM

Element Percent range

Carbon 83 to 87%

Hydrogen 10 to 14%

Nitrogen 0.1 to 2%

Oxygen 0.1 to 1.5%

Sulfur 0.5 to 6%

Metals less than 1000 ppm

Composition by weight

THE COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM

Composition by weight

Hydrocarbon Average Range

Paraffins 30% 15 to 60%

Naphthenes 49% 30 to 60%

Aromatics 15% 3 to 30%

Asphaltics 6% remainder

THE COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM

component petroleum

% volume

n-alkanes cycloalkanes isoalkanes aromatic residu

Gas 100 - - - -

Gasoline 38 43 20 9 -

Kerosene 23 43 15 19 -

Diesel fuel 22 48 9 21 -

Lubricating oil

16 52 6 24 -

Residu 13 51 1 27 8

MANUFACTURE

Processing of petroleum is based to difference of point boiled its

compiler component, that is by high rise distillate ( distillation). Crude

oil heated with very high temperature and pumped into column of

distillate. Some of crude oil condense and ride on, then turn into to

melt. Vapour which don’t turn into to melt, climb to the in columns

and back turn into to melt at plates on the top.

MANUFACTURE

Crude oil in boiler (temperature:

600ºC, P = high)vaporDistillation

towerplate (tray)

Faction

Point boiled is high

Point boiled is low

Condensed

Conversion process

MANUFACTURE

KONVERSI

COKING

PERENGKAHAN (CRACKING)

ALKILASI

REFORMING

MANUFACTURE

• Cracking : Resolving of big molecule become small. Example : cracking heavy oil faction become gas faction, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel.

• Reforming : Altering structure enchain diametrical become to branch. Example : enchain diametrically (C5 – C6) gasoline faction become aromatic.

• Alkylation : Merger of small molecule become bigly. Example : merger of molecule of propene and of butene become gasoline faction

• Coking : Cracking faction of residue solid become oil faction burn and hydrocarbon of intermediate.

PETROLEUM FACTION ATOM C Boiled Point

Natural Gas(LNG) -160ºC to -88ºC

Elpiji (LPG) -49ºC to 0ºC

Petroleum of ether 20ºC to 70ºC

Gasoline 70ºC to 140ºC

Naphtha 140ºC to 180ºC

Kerosene 180ºC to 250ºC

Diesel fuel 250ºC to 350ºC

Lubricating oil Up 350ºC

Vaseline and waxrepresenting solid with

boiled point is high.

Asphalt Residue

PRODUCT

PURPOSE

FACTION PURPOSE

Gas Upon which burn LPG and raw material for the synthesis of compound of organic

Petroleum of ether Dissolving in industry

Gasoline Upon which burn motor vehicle

Naphtha For the making of plastic, rubber

Kerosene For the synthetics of, detergent, paint, and cosmetic

Diesel fuel Upon which burn vehicle of diesel

Lubricating oil As lubricating oil

Wax Used for the wax of paraffin, match, and shoe polish

Oil burn Upon which burn and power station

Bitumen As items pave and construction material

GASOLINE AND OCTANE NUMBER

Quality of gasoline determined by content of iso-octane recognized with octane number term. Octane number of n-heptane = 0 and number of iso-octane = 100. If pregnant gasoline 75% iso-octane and 25 % n-heptane, meaning the gasoline octane number is 75.

content of iso-octane, gasoline octane number earn is also improved by adding additive of anti knock, such as:• Tretraethyllead (TEL)• Methyl Tertier Butyl Ether (MTBE)• Etanol

IMPACT COMBUSTION OF FUEL

Combustion of petroleum can cause contamination, specially contamination of air.

As a result:o causing green house effecto bothering respiration processo generating sour raino poisoned.