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8/3/2019 KIM3701 Marine Sediment
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BIOGENOUS VS HYDROGENUS
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SEDIMENT
Sediment is a broad term used by geologists for anyparticulate matter that is transported by fluid flow.
The deposition of suspended matter on the bed or
bottom of a body of water by settling is known assedimentation.
In most places the sea floor is covered with a layer ofsediment.
The exceptions would be a newly formed volcanic
island or the bottom of a submarine canyon recentlyscoured by a turbidity current.
Sediment layers in the ocean are records of processesoccurring both in the oceans and on land.
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CLASSIFYING SEDIMENTS
Geologists group these sediment into 4 maingroups based on the origin or source of thesediment:1) Terrigenous Sediment
2) Biogenous Sediment
3) Hydrogenous Sediment
4) Cosmogenous Sediment
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Origin organic material
Remains of biological organisms
(animals & plants)
Biogenous Sediments
CLASSIFICATION OF MARINE
SEDIMENTS
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Biogenous sediments: Origin
Hard parts: shell, bones, teeth
Accumulates as biogenous sediment
Classified as either macroscopic or microscopicbiogenous sediment
CONTINUE
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Biogenous sediments: Origin
MACROSCOPIC
Can be seen with bare eyes:
shells, bones, teeth
Not common (except coralreefs)
MICROSCOPIC
Microscopic organisms produce
tiny shells teststests sink after organism die
CONTINUE
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Biogenous sediments: Microscopic
Microscopic tests accumulates in deposits called
Ooze(fine-grained mushy material)
Biogenous ooze must contain at least
30% biogenous test material (by weight)
CONTINUE
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Biogenous sediments: Composition
Most common chemical compounds in
biogenous sediment are:
silica (SiO2) quartz
calcium carbonate(CaCO3) calcite
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CONTINUE
Silica in biogenousooze
Radiolarians(protozoan) &
Diatoms (microscopic algae)
Biogenous sediments: Composition
Calcium carbonatein biogenous ooze
Foraminifera (protozoan) &
Coccolithophores(microscopic algae)
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Radiolarians (protozoa)
CONTINUE
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Diatoms (microscopic algae)
CONTINUE
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Foraminifers (protozoa)
CONTINUE
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Coccolithophores (microscopic algae)
CONTINUE
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Origin chemical precipitationof minerals dissolved in water
Hydrogenous Sediments
CLASSIFICATION OF MARINE
SEDIMENTS
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Hydrogenous sediments: Origins
Seawater contains many dissolved materials
Chemical reactions cause materials to come out ofsolution precipitate(from dissolved to solid
state)
Precipitation occurs as environmental conditions
change (temperature, pressure, salinity)
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Hydrogenous sediments: Composition
Many different composition
As the composition of the ocean itself
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Chemical composition of seawater
CONTINUE
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Mineral Deposits
CONTINUE
Manganese nodules composition
Major components: MnO2 (30%) + FeO (20%)
Minor components (less than 1%) copper (wiring, pipe, brass and bronze)
nickel (stainless steel)
cobalt (strong magnets and steel tools)
Hydrogenous sediments: Composition
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Manganese nodules
CONTINUE
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CONTINUE
Manganese nodules
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Hydrogenous sediments: Composition
Mineral Deposits
Oolites
Formed from calcium carbonate and magnesiumcarbonate in warm, shallow productive waters
CONTINUE
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Hydrogenous sediments: Composition
Mineral Deposits
Phosphate deposits
Coatings on rocks & shallow water nodules (
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Hydrogenous sediments: Composition
Mineral Deposits
Metal sulfides deposits
Associated with hydrothermal vents (mid-ocean ridge)
Contain: iron, nickel, copper, zinc, silver,
CONTINUE
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Hydrogenous sediments: Composition
Mineral Deposits
Evaporite deposits
Restricted circulation + high evaporation saturation
Chemical precipitation
Examples: halite (rock salt) + gypsum (CaSO4)
CONTINUE
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Biogenous sediments
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Hydrogenous sediments