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INSIDE YOUR KIDNEY URINArY SYSTEMINTRODUCTION TO MEDICINEPresented by :Ummu Atyyah bt Mohamad IsaThe kidneys :It is paired bean-shaped organ ( 300 gram) about the size of clenched fist.Covered by renal capsule .

Function of the kidneys:Excrete wastes in urineHelp regulate blood pressureRegulating electrolytes in the human blood (e.g. Na+, K+, Ca2+).

2GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF THE KIDNEYSPARTS OF THE KIDNEY31. Renal capsule - a thin, outer membrane that helps protect the kidney2. Cortex - a lightly colored outer region3. Medulla- a darker, reddish-brown, inner region4. Renal pelvis- a flat, funnel-shaped cavity that collects the urine into the ureters

Parts of nephron4

RENAL CORPUSCLE Form by Glomerulus and Glomerular/ Bowmans Capsule. The Renal Corpuscle consists of 3 layers .i. the first layer - Endothelium ii. the middle layer basement membrane iii. the third layer visceral 3.Common components of glomerular filtrate are : I WON !i. Ions sodium, potassium, chloride,calcium & other ions.ii. Wateriii. Organic molecules glucose,amino acidsiv. Nitrogenous waste urea,uric acid,creatinine,drugs and toxics

The result of the filtration is collected in the Glomerular Capsule and is called Glomerular filtrate. 5.From the Glomerular Capsule the filtrate is transported to Proximal Convoluted Tubule.

5PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULEMade of simple cuboidal cells with the numerous of microvilli. Microvilli is to increase the surface of the reabsorptionMany substances filtered from blood such as water, electrolytes,glucose, amino acids and inorganic ions (phosphate,sulfate) are completely reabsorbed..

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The loop of henleThis loop composed of descending and ascending limbs.The wall of thin Loop of Henle is made of simple squamos epithelial cells.The Descending Loop of Nephron is a thin segment which is highly permeable to water but not to solutes. The wall of Ascending Loop of Nephron is made up of cuboidal epithelial cells.The Ascending loop of Nephron is a thick segment, which is highly permeable to solutes such as Sodium, Chloride and Bicarbonate but not to water.

7Process in The loop of henle

123DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULEAfter glomerular filtrate passes through the length of the Loop of Nephron, it moves into Distal Convoluted Tubule.The wall of the early of DCT is made of cuboidal epithelia cells, while the late of DCT is made of specific type cuboidal cells; principal and intercalated.The permeability of Principal cells for water and solutes are usually regulated by hormones.As the Adrenal Cortex releases the Aldosterone, the permeability of Principal cells for Na+ and water are increases, thus more K+ are secreted.While, the Intercalated cells is responsible for the secretion of hydrogen ions.Some substances reabsorbed into the blood by early of DCT are urea, electrolytes such Sodium, Phosphate, Chloride, Sulfate and hydrogen bicarbonate.

9Collecting ductThe glomerular filtrate from the DCT of each nephron is drain into the Collecting Duct.Cells in the collecting duct make the final adjustments.The Collecting Duct can be divided into Cortical and Medulla Collecting Ducts.The Cortical Collecting duct is made of principal and intercalated cells. In the presence of ADH, permeability of principal cells increases, allowing more water to be reabsorbed.In the presence of Aldosterone, the principal cells will reabsorbs Na+ and actively secretes excess K+ and H+. While, in the absence of Aldosterone, the intercalated cells will reabsorbs K+.The Medulla Collecting duct wall is made of principal cells, this section also reabsorbs or secretes water and urea by a hormone control.

10HORMONESAntidiuretic Hormone (ADH)This hormone responsible in regulating the water content of the blood (to control the blood osmolarity). When the changes occurring in the blood volume and blood pressure, they will be detected by the Osmoreceptors.Secreted by the posterior Pituitary Gland.The primary target cell of ADH is the collecting duct cell.AldosteroneThis hormone responsible in regulating the Sodium, Chloride, Potassium ions and water.Secreted by the Adrenal Cortex.

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