Khmer Chinese Ceramic 9-14 Century

8/6/2019 Khmer Chinese Ceramic 9-14 Century

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Table 9.2 Architectural ceramics glaze and body colors from Khmer kilns and other sites

tile

round flat Eave/ridge

finial Site/type of Architectural

ceramics

Glazed unglazed Glazed unglazed Glazed Unglazed Glazed unglazed

TMK Brown

Light

yellow

gray,

orange

Brown

Light

yellow,

green

brown

Yellow,

grayish

white

Gray,

orange

Yellow,

milky

green

Gray,

orange

Tani A6 light

green1

gray,

orange,

brown

(restore7)

light

green1

brown

gray,

orange8

2 orange

brown etc.

(restore5,

shard 177)

brown,

grayish

brown6

Tani B1,B4 Light

green1

Unknow

n2

Grayish

white4

Gray1

Orange4

Grayish

white

body2

Yellow

green1

yellow,

grayish

white

body1

green1

unknown1

Light

brown1,

yellowish

orange1

grayish

white1

grayish

white1

light

yellow1

Sarsey Dark gray Yellow,

green

grayish

white

body

Reddish

gray

Light gray

reddish

Light gray

reddish

Khnar Por

Siem

Reap

orange,

reddish

Gray

white,

grayish

white,

Gray,

grayish


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orange orange, white,

orange

Banteay

Kdei

light

brown etc

light

brown

etc

Chau Say

Tevoda

gray 1

orange2

both sides

green 1

orange3 orange1 orange 2

Preah Khan

Angkor,

Siem

Reap

Exterior

green1

orange 2

gray 1

Interior

green3

orange3 light

yellow2

Light

yellow7

Prasat

Phanom

Wan

orange orange orange

Prasat Hin

Phimai

NE

Thailand

brown,

reddish

yellow >50

brown,

reddish

yellow

brown,

reddish

yellow

5 Author had found few pieces of celadon glazed flat tiles in Chinese Government Team for Safeguarding Angkor, Siem Reap.


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Table 10 Examples of Khmer architectural ceramics found from archaeological sites in Cambodia and

tileArchaeological site

round flat Eave/ridge

fin

1 2 3 4 5

TMK kiln

T014, L3, 19, l:24, w:12-15

T03, L6,23, l:20, w:11-16

T04, L6,23, l:26,w:10.5-17,t:0.4

T06,L6,23, l:21,w:13.5-18.4

T02E105, l:15.5 T08L6

h

7 8 9 1011

12

Tani A6

54, l:23.5,w:12-14.3

70,l:26.5,w:14.5

63,l:24.5,w:11.5-13.5,t:1

61,l:22.5,14.5-17,t:1

type15:39,h:13.8,w:11.7,

type4:8,h:13.2,l:17,t:4

71,h :

7

14 15

16-17 18

Tani B1,B4

Siem Reap,

Cambodia

202,Pit3-1 205,TrIII 198,TrIII

196,TrIII

197,TrIII

199,T


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20 21

22

23

Sarsei kiln

S23, l:24-26, w S22, l:24.2-26 10, S24, l:16.4, w:15-16.4 S

25 26 27

Banteay Kdei

CU02(III), C03(IV) C03(IV) C03

29 30 31

Chao Say

Tevoda

IT1503:2 III T1511:6, t:1.2 IVT09012,

h:8.5,w:4,t:1.2

Sur

colle

35 36

37

38 3

Preah Khan

Angkor,

Cambodia

From Dharmasala From Dharmasala From jetty From


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40 41 42 43

44

45 4

Prasat Phanom

Wan

PWIT38, PWIT12 PWIT40, PWIT37 PWIT2, PWIT31 PW

48 49 50 51

rasat Hin Phimai

(2000)

NE Thailand

cat no.186, l:16.6 cat no.8, l:17 cat no.72,194, h:13.3,7.4


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Table 11 Comparison between the form and shape of Chinese roof tiles and Khmer tiles

Khmer flat tile (ca.11C) Chinese flat tile (10C)

L6,23:T04

Celadon,

yellow white

body

l:26,w:13-14,

t:0.5-0.8

Weight:1268g

TMK002

(2007)

(P1, Miksic et

al. 2008, pic8)


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Khmer round tile Chinese round tile

L3,19:T015

Celadon,

yellow body

l:23,w:12-15,t:

0.5-0.9

weight:1000g

TMK002

(2007)

(P1)


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Khmer ridge tile/eave tile (ca.11C) Chinese ridge tile and tile-end (1

T028:2

celadon,

yellowish

white body

w:11

weight:671

TMK002

(2007)

(P1)

T030:2

celadon,

yellowish

white body

H:9.5

weight: 273g

TMK002

(2007)

(P1)


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Khmer flat tile from Tani kiln, 11C Khmer flat tile from 15th Century site

A6, 66

Unglazed, light

orange body

Short

length:12.1

Tani Kiln

(1999)

(P7, NARA

2005:58,

pl.29-2)


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Table 12: Comparison of architectural ceramics forming, stacking and firing methods between Khmer Empi

Khmer architectural ceramics forming, stacking and firing methods Chinese architectural ceramics forming methods

K1 K2

Forming

method

Round tile from Tani kiln (P7)

K3

K4 K5 K6

Stacking

method

Tani kiln (Tabata 2005:29, pic6),TMK001 (P6)

Tiles from TMK002 (P1)

C1

C2

C3

C4

Firing

method

K1: both tiles and urns unearthed from TMK002 fire box (P6), K2: Tile

supports found from TMK001 (Tabata 2007:68, pic6)

C1-2: Zhongzhou road, Luoyang, Warring States to H

Western Han (Li 1996:314, pic176) C4,7: Mong Tseng

molding (C5-6:P5, C7:Song 1998:225)


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Chinese architectural ceramics firing methods

C9 C10

C11

Tile kilns for Palace construction work,C1: Y3, Daming Palace, Shaanxi,

7C (CASS 1997:368, pic19) C2: Sui Tang Palace, Luoyang, A.D.605-731

(Xiong 1995:127, pic4-2-8)

Tile Firing and burning-moistening technique

(Song 1998:227-228)


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Table 13: Comparison of architectural ceramics setting and roofing methods between Khmer and China during eigh

Khmer architectural ceramics setting and roofing Chinese architectural ceramic

K1 K2

K3

K4

C1

C4

Tile

setting/

function

of

different

forms of

tile

K1:Tiles from Tani Kiln, 11C (P7) K2: Prah Ko end

tiles K3: Tiles from the Eastern Mebon and Pre Rup

(Dumaray 2001, pic47,63)

Reconstruction of roofing,

Prasat Phanom Wan, 11C

(Pottier 1994, pic 8)

C1:celadon tiles from Nanhan Pala

Shanxi (Knapp 2000, pic3.166) C3

Xian 8-9C(CASS 2007, pic17-2),

(Pan 2005:165,pic517 ), C5-6: func

K5 K6

Tile

roofing

K5: reconstruction of roofing in the Eastern Mebon K6: reconstruction of roofing


Reconstruction of roofing , Nanhan

picture adopted from Cheng 1991,


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Elevation

and plan

of temple

and palace

K7

K8

K9

C9

Elevation of Bayon east faade, plan of Bayon


Inner gallery, Bayon (Dumaray

2001, pic97)

Elevation and plan of Hanyuan Hall, D

pic5.6-7) Theory of harmony in univer

K10

K11 K12

Roofing

informa-

tion from

bas relief

and

painting

Tile roofing method and reconstruction from Pre Rup (Dumaray 1973:29, pic30), different

roofing methods on bas relief in Bayon Temple (Photos taken by the author)

tile roofing method from Yingzao fashi

pic5-7, CAS1993:310, pic6-4-3) tile an

the River in Qingming Festival (CAS


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Table 14 Comparison between the ranking and color of architectural ceramics using in Khmer Empire and

Type Flat tile Round tile Eave tile Ridge

1-3 4-5 6

Tang

Daming

Palace

7-9C

(CASS 2007, pl.16-6,19-3,23-3) (CASS 2007, pl.16-5-6) (CASS 2007, p

9 10

Nanhan

Palace 10C

Yellow

Glaze (Guangzhou 2005b:196,pic203, pic200,2

13 14 15 16

Celadon

Glaze

(Guangzhou 2005a:pl.37, Guangzhou 2005b:194, pic191,200, pic197, 195, pic192)

17

18

Glass lead

glazed

(Guangzhou 2005a:pl.38, 42,254, pic2)

20 21

Unglazed

Yellow

white

body (Guangzhou 2005b:198, pic195, 202, pic199, Guangzhou 200a:254, p

23 24 25 26 27 28

Unglazed

gray body

(23-24,26-P4; 25,27-30-Guangzhou 2005b:199, pic196,204, pic201,201,pic198,207,pic204,205, pic2


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Type Flat tile Round tile Eave tile

TMK002

ca. 11C

brown

Glaze TMK002T020,2; T40FT6(P1) TMK002T015,19,3;

T40,FT6(P1)

TMK002T43,FT6(P1)

Yellow

glazed

TMK002T04,L6,23(P1) TMK002T02,9,2(P1) TMK002T43,FT6?(P1) T017

Celadon

glazed

TMK002T05,19,9(P1) TMK002T

Unglazed

grayish

white

TMK002T03,E1.05(P1)

Unglazed

gray

TMK002T011,L2,6(P1) TMK002T016,19,3(P1)

Unglazed

orange

TMK002T07,26-27(P1) TMK002T17,19,3(P1)


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Table 15 Technique sequences of contemporary glass glazed tile production in China*

Forming

Use a wire bow to fix the size of mold Round and flat tile mold, trimming tools Smooth tile on the mold Lift off the excess clay from

1. flat tile glazing Stir the glaze Dip down to the rim Pour glaze on interior

Glazing

2. round tile glazing Pour the glaze in the basin Stack after glazed 3. pour the glaze on t

Stacking

and

firing

Stack flat tiles vertically from

bottom to the top of the kiln

Kiln for first firing of unglazed

biscuit

Brushing away the dirt Removing ceramics s

between glazed tiles

*Photos taken by Wong Wai Yee in Liulicun (Glass Glazed Tiles Village) company, Mentougou, Beijing


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Table 16 Technique sequences of contemporary unglazed roof tile production in China and India

Roof tiles production in Zhejiang, China

1 2 3

buffalo trampling river mud repeatedly Smoothing the packed mud, cutting into thin

sheets using a wire bow

The sheet of clay is laid around a wooden mold,

covered of with a moistened cloth

5 6 7

Using a curved shaping tool, rotating the

mould until surface is even

Tubular clay separated from the mould and

stacking to a drying area

After dry, the tubular clay is broken with a twist of

the wrist into four tiles

Roof tiles production in India

Throwing cylinders and sun-drying,

Madhubani, Bihar (Cooper 1998:27)

Large half-cylinder flat tiles are sun-dried over a

mould, Eastern Gujarat (Cooper 1998:31)

Tile making with mould and ash in Rajwar,

Madhya Pradesh, India (Perryman 2000:139)


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166

Table 17 Roof tiles excavated in Nanyue Kingdom Official Hall site, Guangzhou

Double Phoenix motif on eave tiles in Nanhan Period (10C)

Black glazed (P9) Yellow glazed

(Guangzhou

2005b:196,

pic203)

Unglazed, Yellow

white body

(Guangzhou

2005b:198,

pic195)

Unglazed, grayish

body (P9)

Table 18.1 Roof tiles excavated in Oc Eo, Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Unglazed flat tiles unearthed in Pre-Angkorian Period (1-9C)

Tiles Type A-D (Manguin 2006:295-297, pic1-3)

Angkorian type round and eave tiles (Manguin 2006:306, pic18)


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167

Table 18.2 Roof tiles in Pre-Angkorian Period, Cambodia

Unglazed flat tiles unearthed in Pre-Angkorian Period (1-9C)

Angkor Borei (Lun 2009:1-1) Sambo Prei Kuk (Lun 2009:1-2)

Table 18.3 Roof tiles in Angkorian Period, Cambodia

Glazed round tile, eave tile and finial Unglazed flat tile

Royal Palace (Lun 2009:3-1)

Brown glazed architectural ceramics Eave tile

Khnar Po (Lun 2009:2-3) Angkor Wat Western Causeway

(Marui 1999:179, pic3)

Table 18.4 Lead tiles discovered in the Elephant Terrace, Angkor Thom

Flat tile Round tile

(Pottier 1997:214, photo 1, 217,fig2) (Pottier 1997:214, photo 2, 217,fig3)

Eave tile

(Pottier 1997:215, photo 3, 218-219,fig4)

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Khmer Chinese Ceramic 9-14 Century