khh;r; 2017 ,jo; 1leisaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Tamil-March...Women in cultivation of Cumbu Napier (CN Co4) fodder grass in Attapallam village Photo: J. Krishnan, AmEF

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2 yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 1 • khh;r; 2017

This issue in Tamil is a translated version of LEISA India magazine. This includes selected articles from LEISA India, originally published in English.Address : AmE Foundation No. 204, 100 Feet Ring Road, 3rd Phase, Banashankari 2nd Block, 3rd Stage, Bangalore - 560 085, IndiaTel: +91-080- 2669 9512, +91-080- 2669 9522 Fax: +91-080- 2669 9410E-mail: [email protected]

Leisa indiaChief Editor : K.V.S. Prasadmanaging Editor : T.m. Radha

Translated by N. Lalitha Sakthivel

Translation coordination Poornima

Administration Rukmini G. G.

Design and Layout m.S. Vasanth Christopher

Printing L.S. Graphic Prints, Chennai

Cover photo Women in cultivation of Cumbu Napier (CN Co4)

fodder grass in Attapallam village Photo: J. Krishnan, AmEF

Different editions

• Regional editions Telugu, Hindi, Kannada, marathi, Punjabi and Oriya

• Farming Matters The Global edition in English

• Leisa Revista de agroecologia The Latin American edition in Spanish

• Leisa india The Indian edition in English

• aGRiDaPe The West African edition in French

• agriculturas, experiencias em agroecologia The Brazilian edition in Portuguese

V.vk;., gTz;Nl\d; Fiwe;j ntspapL nghUs; %yk; ,aw;if ts Mjhuq;fs; Nkyhz;ikf;fhf ghuk;ghpa mwpitAk;> Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;G njhopw;El;gq;fisAk; xd;wpizj;J epiyj;j tho;thjhug; gzpfis ngUf;Ftjpy; <Lgl;L tUfpwJ. V.vk;., gTz;Nl\d; Ntshz;ikapy; khw;WfisAk;> mwpitAk; ngUf;FtjpYk;> gapw;rpfs; mspg;gjpYk;> tsh;r;rp gzpfspy; <Lgl;L tUk; epWtdq;fNshL njhlh;Gfis Vw;gLj;JtjpYk;> mDgtq;fis gfph;e;J nfhs;tjw;Fk;> jf;fhz gPlg+kp gFjpfspy; rpW FW coth;fs; kj;jpapy; gzpahw;wp tUfpwJ.

V.vk;., epWtdk; Mh;tKs;s tptrhaf; FOf;fSld; gy fpuhkq;fspy; khw;W tptrha Kiwfis ngUf;fTk;> eilKiwg;gLj;jTk; gzp nra;J tUfpwJ. ,e;j gFjpfs; ,aw;if Ntshz; Kiwfis nfhz;Ltu Kaw;rpf;Fk; kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jp nfhz;L tUk; jd;dhh;tf; FOf;fs; kw;Wk; $l;likg;GfSf;F fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; ,lq;fshfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. www.amefound.org

kpnrshpah; vd;gJ tsh;r;rp xj;Jiog;gpw;fhf> n[h;kdp ehl;by; cs;s fj;Njhypf;f ghjphpahh;fshy; 1958 Mk; Mz;by; epWtg;gl;l Xh; epWtdkhFk;. kpnrshpah; fle;j 50 tUlq;fSf;Fk; Nkyhf Mg;gphpf;fh> Mrpah kw;Wk; yj;jPd; mnkhpf;f ehLfspy; Vo;ik xopg;gjw;fhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jd;id mh;gzpj;J gzpahw;wp tUfpwJ. kjk;> ehfhPfk;> ghypdk; vd;w ve;j NtWghby;yhky; kdpj Fyj;jpd; Njitf;F jdJ cjtpia mspj;J tUfpwJ.

Vio kw;Wk; gpd;jq;fpa kf;fs;> jhq;fshf Jtf;Fk; ve;j xU Kaw;rpf;Fk; MjuT nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ek;GfpwJ. cs;@h; $l;lhspfSld;> Fwpg;ghf fpUj;Jt Nfhapy;fNshL njhlh;Gila epWtdq;fs;> muR rhuh epWtdq;fs;> r%f ,af;fq;fs;> Muha;r;rp epWtdq;fs; Nghd;wtw;NwhL ,ize;J gzpahw;Wtij tpUk;GfpwJ. gadhspfNshL ,ize;J> mjd; $l;lhspfs; cs;@h; ts Nkk;ghl;L Kiwfspy; cjtpAk;> jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jpAk; tUfpd;wdh;. ,t;topahfNt> kpnrshpah; jdJ $l;lhspfSld; ,ize;J njhlh;r;rpahf khwptUk; rthy;fis vjph;nfhs;fpwJ. www.misereor.de; www.misereor.org

mwf;fl;lisapd; mwq;fhtyh;fs;:jpU. rpuQ;[Pt; rpq;> IAS - jiyth;Kidth;. tpj;jy; uh[d; - cWg;gpdh;Kidth;. vk;. k`hNjtg;gh - cWg;gpdh;Kidth;. vd;.[p. n`f;Nl - cWg;gpdh;Kidth;. b.vk;. jpahfuh[d; - cWg;gpdh;Nguhrphpah;. tp. tPugj;iua;ah - cWg;gpdh;

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yPrh vd;gJ Fiwe;j ntspapL nghUs; kw;Wk; epiyj;j Ntshz;ik vd;gjd; RUf;fkhFk;. Rw;Wr;RoYf;F cfe;j topfspy; cw;gj;jpiaAk;> tUkhdj;ijAk; ngUf;f tpUk;Gk; coth;fSf;F njhopw;El;g kw;Wk; r%f hPjpapyhd tha;g;Gfis cs;slf;fpajhFk;. yPrh vd;gJ cs;@h; ts Mjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; ,aw;ifapd; Nghf;Ffis msTld; gad;gLj;jp Njitg;gLk; NghJ ghJfhg;ghd msT ntspaPL nghUl;fis jpwd;gl ifahs;tjhFk;. yPrh vd;gJ Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; coth;fis> me;j r%fj;ij Ragyk; kpf;fth;fshfTk;> rf;jp kpf;fth;fshfTk; khw;wp mjd;%yk; mth;fspd; vjph;fhyj;ij jq;fs; nrhe;j mwpT> jpwik>kjpg;gPL> fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk; mikg;Gfis mikf;f cjTtjhFk;. yPrh vd;gJ khwptUk; #oy;fs; kw;Wk; NjitfSf;F Vw;g coth;fs; kw;Wk; ,ju gq;Fjhuh;fspd; jpwikfs;> gq;Nfw;G mZFKiwfs; %yk; gyg;gLj;JtjhFk;. yPrh vd;gJ ghuk;ghpa mwpitAk;> mwptpay; g+h;tkhd mwpitAk; ,izj;J mjd;%yk; nfhs;if cUthf;fj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jp vjph;fhy tsh;r;rpf;F rhjfkhd #oiy cUthf;FtjhFk;. yPrh vd;gJ xU fUj;J> xU mZFKiw kw;Wk; tpNtfkhd nra;jp.

yPrh ,e;jpah jkpo; rpwg;gpjo;

The editors have taken every care to ensure that the contents of this magazine are as accurate as possible. The authors have ultimate responsibility,however, for the content of individual articles.The editors encourage readers to photocopy and circulate magazine articles.

Supported by mISEREOR, Published by AmE Foundation


3yPrh ,e;jpah • ,jo; 1 • khh;r; 2017

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,jo; 1 • khh;r; - 2017

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tptrhapfSk; gadilAk; tifapy; Gjpa njhopy;El;gq;fs; kw;Wk; Ntshz; Kiwfis ghpNrhjidfisAk; nra;jhh;. gpufh\pd; fij gUt epiy khw;wj;jpd; nray;ghLfspdhy; Vw;gl;l jhf;fj;jpy; cUthd ntw;wpf; fijfspy; xd;whFk;. NkYk; fpuhk Neub epfo;r;rpapd; ,Wjp gl;lk; ntd;wth;fspy; xUtuhf ,th; ,Ue;jhh;.

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Foe;ij gUtj;jpypUe;Nj tptrhak; nra;JtUk; fpuhkthrpahd> re;Njh\; F\;th`h vd;gth; ‘vq;fs; epyk; Kd;G tskhf ,y;iy> NkYk; ghiw epyk;> Fiwe;j kioasT nfhz;bUg;gjhy;

u[hth; fpuhkj;jpy;>,uz;L Mz;Lfs; mk;hpj; kpj;jp gad;gLj;jpa gr;irgNrnyd fhzg;gLk; tay;fs;.


ve;j gaph; tsh;g;gJk; kpf fbdkhf ,Uf;Fk;. mjdhy; tptrhak; ,q;F Rygkhd gzpahf ,y;iy vd;W $wpdhh;. jw;NghJ> re;Njh\; jdJ tay;fis fhl;Lk;NghJ mtuJ Kfk; re;Njh\j;jpy; xsph;fpwJ. NkYk;> mk;Uj; kpj;jpia taypy; gad;gLj;jpa gpd;dh; epyj;jpd; cw;gj;jp mjpfhpj;Js;sJ vd;W $wpdhh;. re;Njh\; kw;Wk; kw;w tptrhapfSk; mth;fSila epyj;jpd; rpW gFjpia mk;Uj; kpj;jpia gad;gLj;jp Kjypy; xU gaph; gl;lj;jpw;F ghpNrhjid nra;jdh;. mk;Uj; kpj;jpia gad;gLj;jpa ,lj;jpy; jz;zPh; Njit kpf Fiwthf cs;sJ> NkYk; jhdpaq;fs; MNuhf;fpakhfTk; ,Ug;gij mth;fs; fz;ldh;. ,d;W u[hthpy; cs;s Rkhh; 90 rjtpfpj tptrhapfs; mk;Uj; kpj;jpia jdJ tay;fspy; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. mk;Uj; kpj;jpia gad;gLj;Jtjpdhy;> ghrdj;jpw;F Njitahd jz;zPhpd; msT FiwtNjhL> gaphpd; cw;gj;jp juk; tphpTgLj;JfpwJ vd;W tptrhapfs; $Wfpd;wdh;. ,J NkYk; ,urhad cuq;fspd; nryT Fiwg;gjw;Fk; cjTfpwJ. ,e;j nryNt Kd;G tptrhapfSf;F mjpf gz;iz nrythf ,Ue;jJ. ,Jkl;Lkpy;yhky;> jw;NghJ> ,e;j fpuhkj;jpy; Kd;G tsh;f;f ,ayhj> jz;zPh; mjpfk; Njitg;gLk; gaph;fshd fha;fwpfs; tay;fspy; tsh;f;f KbfpwJ.

u[hthpy; cs;s kf;fs; kuq;fs; tsh;g;gjw;Fk;> m t h ; f S i l a n r h j ; j p w ; F k ; c s ; s

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Mifahy;> u[hth; fpuhkk; xd;W Nrh;e;j khw ;wj ;j pd ; nray ;Kiw %yk ; r pwe ;j Kiwapy; tsh;r ;rpia Nehf;fp nry;tij nra;J fhl;bAs;sJ. r%f thndhyp> ,q;F> jfty;fis jdp kdpjh;fSf;F toq;Ftjpy; ntw;wp fz;lJkl;Lkpy;yhky;> gUt epiy khw;wj;jpd; gpur;rpidfSf;Fk; ,e;j r%fj;jpy; fye;JiuahLk; mstpw;F Kd;NdwpAs;sJ. ,e;j nray;ghl;bd; khw;wk; xUthplkpUe;J Jsph;e;J> kw;w r%f kf;fSf;F nrd;wile;J> r%f mstpyhd jhf;fj;ij ngw;wJ vd;w tifapy; ,e;j fpuhkk; xU Mh;tKila khjphpapd; gpujpepahf jpfo;fpwJ. NkYk; fpuhk Neub epfo;r;rp> ,e;j nray;Kiwia Jtf;Ftjw;F Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jJ.

shweta PrajapatiDeputy Manager, Development Alternatives

GazalashaikhAssistant Programme DirectorDevelopment AlternativesB-32, TARA CrescentQutub Institutional Area, New Delhi - 110 016

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tptrhapfshf khw;wpajw;F Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jd.


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md;dkdlh (jpU#h;)> Myj;J}h; (ghyf;fhL) > Myk;Nfhl; kw;Wk; njd;dy;y (ky;yGuk;) Mfpa Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l fpuhk gQ;rhaj;Jfspy;>

re;ijf;F mhprp %l;ilia jahhpf;Fk; cWg;gpdh;fs;


gQ;rhaj;J mstpyhd FLk;g= mikg;Gfis cs;@h; gQ;rhaj;J kw;Wk; Ntshz; mYtyfk; cjtpNahL Vw;gLj;jp> mjd;%yk; rhFgb nra;aKbahj epy chpikahsh;fsplkpUe;J ngw;W ‘epy tq;fp” vd;w Kjw;fl;l mikg;gpd; %yk;> ngz;fs; FOf;fSf;F Njitahd Fj;jiff;F tpLk; epyq;fs; mth;fSf;F cWjpahf fpilf;Fk;gb nra;fpd;wdh;. epy chpikahsh;fSf;F tpopg;Gzh;T $l;lq;fs; elj ;jg ;gl ;ld. ,jpy ; e pyj ;ij rhFgb nra;tjw;fhd Njit > Fj;jif tptrhaj;ij vLg;gjw ;F ngz;fs; FOf;fspd; jahh ; epiy> NkYk; Ntshz; mYtyfk; %yk; epyj;ij Fwpg ;gpl ;l fhyj;jpw ;F mjhtJ %d;W tUlq;fs;> Fj;jiff;F vLf;Fk; topKiw Mfpa fhuzpfs; tpopg ;Gzh;T Vw;gLj;jpajd; %yk; epy chpikahsh;fs; mth;fsJ epyj;ij ngz; tptrhapfSf;F Fj;jiff;F mspg;gJ ghJfhg;ghdJ vd;W czh;e;Js;sdh;. kpfTk; Mh;tkpf;f Myk;Nfhl; kw;Wk; jd;dy;y gQ;rhaj;Jfis Nrh;e ;j ngz; jiyth;fs; gjN\fuh FOkq;fspd; xUq;fpizg;ghsh;fshfTk; nray;gLfpd;wdh;. (Ntshz;ik Jiw Vw;gLj;jpa cs;@h; ney; tptrhapfspd; FOkk;).

fle;j fhyj;jpy; ngz;fSf;F flDjtp mspf;f Mh;tkpy;yhj tq;fp Kfikfs;> jw;NghJ gy ngz;fs; FOf;fSf;F mjpf fld; mspf;fpwJ. $l;L nghWg;Gf; FO jpl;lk; %yk; nray;ghl;bw;F Kd; mspf;fg;gl;l flDjtp kw;Wk; ngz;fs; FOf;fs; rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; nra;j Nkyhz;ik Mfpait Nfushtpy; cs;s ngz;fis njhopy; tptrhapfshf khw;wpa fw;fshf ,Uf;fpwJ.

ed;nra; epy caph;r;#oy; mikg;gpd; ghJfhtyh;fs;cWjpahf ,LnghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Mjhuq;fs; fpilg;gjdhy; Viog; ngz;fs; tptrhaj;ij nra;fpd;wdh ; . NkYk; mth ;fis gzk; <l;Lgth;fshf khw;WfpwJ> mjd;gpd;dh; mth;fspd; FLk;gq;fs; kw;Wk; r%fq;fs; kj;jpapy; kjpg;gplg;gLk; cWg;gpdh;fshf khWfpd;wdh;. FLk;g=apd; fPo; ngz;fs; $l;L rf;jpia ngw;Ws;sdh;. NkYk; tptrhak; nra;tjw;F Fiwe;j tl;bapy; flDjtpAk; fpilj;jJ. ,it epykw;w ngz;fs; tptrhapfshf khw;wpajw;F Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jd.

ePz;l fhykhf jhprhf tplg;gl;l ney; tay;fspy; epiyj;j ney; rhFgb nra;jjdhy;> Nfushtpy;> ngz;fs; FOf;fs; ,aw;ifahfNt ‘ed;nra; epy caph;r;#oy; mikg;gpd; ghJfhtyh;fshf cUthfpAs;sd. Nfushtpy; cs;s ngz; tptrhapfs; ghJfhg;ghd kw;Wk; ey;y jukhd czT cw;gj;jp nra;J> cs;@h; kf;fSf;F mspf;f KbfpwJ vd ngUkpjk; nfhs;fpwhh;fs;. mNj rkaj;jpy; fTutkhd tUkhdk; ngw;W> ey;y jukhd tho;f;if thoTk; KbfpwJ.

Geethakutty P sProfessor and Project Co-ordinatorCentre for Gender Studies in AgricultureKerala Agricultural UniversityVellanikkara, Thrissur, KeralaE-mail: [email protected]

%yk;: yPrh ,e;jpah> brk;gh; 2015> thy;a+k; 17> ,jo; 4


Nfushtpy; cs;s KOikahd tPl;Lj;Njhl;lk; vd;gJ tskhd kz;> ey;y rPNjh\z epiy> rkkhf nga;Ak; kio kw;Wk; rpWFW epyg; gug;gsT Mfpa gz;Gfis jhq;fpapUf;fpwJ. njd;id kw;Wk; gid kuq;fs; gytUlg; gapuhf cUthfp> Jiz gaph;fis mjDld; tsh;f;f ,ilntsp mspf;fpwJ. CLgaph;fis Njh;e;njLj;jy;> tpisnghUl;fis gad;gLj;JtJ rke;jkhd KbTfs;> FLk;gj; Njitfis re;jpj;jy;> rpW njhopy; gjg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; kpFjpahf cs;s tpisnghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;jy; Mfpatw;wpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpg;gJ ngz;fNs. nghJthf> fha;fwpfs; (tUlk; KOtJk; rj;Jf;fs; my;yJ tPl;Lj; Njhl;lk;) fpoq;F ga ph ;fs ; (fUizf; f poq ;F > Nridf ; fpoq;F> cUisf; fpoq;Ffs; Nghd;wit FLk;g gad;ghl;bw;fhf xU tUlj;jpw;F Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ) kw;Wk; thiog;gok; (gy;NtW ghfq;fshf ,Uf;Fk; fha;fwpfs; kw;Wk; goq;fs;) Mfpait CLgaph;fshf tsh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; tPl;by; gaph ;fs; Njh;T nra;tjpy; ngz;fNs KbntLf;fpd;wdh;. gy tUl gaph;fshd KUq;if> fwpNtg;gpiy> fPiufs; Mfpa gaph;fisAk; njd;id Njhl;lj;jpd; ,ilapy; tsh;f;fyhk;.

gad;ghL kw;Wk; tUkhdk; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg ;gilapy ; fyg ;G gad ;ghL cila gaph;fisNa ngUk;ghYk; Njh;e ;njLg;gh;. gy ;NtW nray ;ghLfis nra ;tjw ;Fk ; > FLk ;g cWg ;g pdh ;fSf;F ghJfhg ;ghd czTj; Njitia jPh;g ;gjw;Fk;> mth;fs; xj ;JNghFk; > Rygkhf ,Uf;Fk; kw ;Wk ; xd;Nwhnlhd;W rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; fhuzpfis

tho;tpw;F kjpg;G $l;Ljy;gp. mdpjhFkhhp kw;Wk; tp. fpU\;zFkhh;

tPl;Lj; Njhl;l tptrha mikg;G> Nfushtpy; cs;s FLk;g rhFgbia GjpjhfTk;> ,Uf;Fk; epiyf;F jFe;jhw;Nghy; nray;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; kpf rpwg;ghd tha;g;Gfis mspf;fpwJ. rhFgb Kiwia cjhrpdg;gLj;jg;gl;l epiyapy;> jw;NghJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j ikaq;fspd; cjtpNahL> gz;iz mstpyhd kjpg;G $l;Ljy; Kd;Ndw;w ghijf;F nry;fpwJ. vjth ngz;fspd; rq;fk; mth;fspd; $ypf;F Vw;w fdpfis mWtil nra;Ak; mNjNeuj;jpy; cw;gj;jp jpwd; nfhz;l gz;iz rhh;e;j nray;ghLfspy; <LgLfpd;wdh;.

xUq;fpizf;fpd;wdh;. Rkhh; 30% FLk;gq;fs; Nfhop my;yJ thj;J> gz;izia rpwpastpy; (10-20 gwitfs;)> fhy;eil> MLfs;> Nkk;gLj;jp te;jdh;. ,jpy; 90 rjtpfpjj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhd nray;ghLfs; ngz;fNs nra;fpd;wdh;.

gz;iz mstpyhd kjpg;Gf; $l;Ljy; I.rp.V.Mh;- kj;jpa kug;gaph;fs; Muha;r;rp ikak;> gz;iz mstpy; kjpg;G $l;Ljiy cah;j;j 2010-2014 tiu ngz;fs; gq;Nfw;Gld; $ba jpl;lj;ij nray;gLj;jpaJ. ,Uf;Fk; gz;iz Mjhuq;fis tPzhfhky; gad;gLj;jTk;> gz;iz FLk;gj;jpd; tUkhdj;ijAk; kw;Wk; gz;izapy; ngz;fspd; <LghL mjpfhpf;fTk; nra;tNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

jw ;Nghija #o;epiyia Ghpe ;Jnfhs;s jpUtde;jGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s vjth fpuhk gQ;rhaj;jpy; tay; mbg;gil Ma;T elj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Ma;tpy; 70 rjtpfpjj;jw;Fk; Nky; ngz;fs; xU ehisf;F 1.5 - 2 kzp Neuq;fs; cw;gj;jp nray;ghLfSf;F nrytpLfpd;wdh;. ,th;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhh; Kf;fpakhf ngz;fs; Ra cjtp FOf;fspd; cWg;gpdh;fs; my;yJ mYtyf nghWg;ghsh;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. ngz;fis nghUj;jtiuapy;> FLk;gj;jpw;F Njitahd rj;jhd kw;Wk; ghJfhg;ghd czit cw;gj;jp nra;tJk;> rpW njhopy;fs; %yk; tUkhdk; ngWtJk;> tptrhaj;jpd; Nehf;fkhf fUJfpd;wdh;. ,e;jf; fhuzpfis

kjpg;G $l;lg;gl;l nghUl;fis ghh;itf;F itf;Fk; cWg;gpdh;fs;


fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> tPl;Lj; Njhl;lj;jpypUe;J ngWk; tpisnghUl;fis> gz;izapNyNa kjpg;G $l;Lk; nray;ghl;il xUq;fpizj;J> xU jpl;lk; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. Ntshz;ikj; Jiw> njhopy; Jiw> Ntshz; njhopy;El;g Nkyhz ;ik Kfik kw ;Wk ; tq ;f pfs ; Mfpa mikg;GfsplkpUe;J epjpAjtpAk;> nghUSjtpAk; ngwg;gl;lJ.

gQ;rhaj;J mstpy; xt;nthU gl;lj;jpYk; fpilf;Fk; gz;iz nghUl;fspd; msT Fwpj;j jftiy Nrfhpj;J> mjd; mbg;gilapy; kjpg;G $l;Ljy; njhopiy jpl;lkpl;L> gQ;rhaj;J mstpy; KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. Njq;fha; (10 nghUl;fs;)> gyhg; gok; (23 nghUl;fs;)> fpoq;F tiffs; (4 nghUl;fs;)> fhshd;fs; (Gjpa kw;Wk; 2 nghUl;fs;) gz;iz mstpy; gr;ir epw G+Q;rhzk; ngUf;Fk; mikg;G gy;NtW kjpg;G $l;Ljy; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;F MW ngz; tptrhapfspd; cg-FOf;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ - njd;id gapiuj; jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa G+r;rpfspd; xd;whd fhz;lhkpUf tz;Lfspd; ,dngUf;f ,lj;ij mopf;Fk; caph;f; nfhy;yp> kz;GO cuk; (nghl;lykpl;lJ) kw;Wk; rhzk; (csu itj;J> nghl;lykpl;lJ)Mfpait cw;gj;jpf;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jf; FOf;fs;midj;Jk;> gjpT nra;ag;gl;l

vjth ngz;fspd; rq;fkhf> 2010 Mk; Mz;L $l;likf;fg;gl;lJ. gy ty;Yeh;fsplkpUe;J tptrhak;> mij rhh;e;j nray;ghLfs; kw;Wk; nghUl ;fis nghJTilikahf ;fg ;gl ;l tpw;gid Mfpait vjth ngz;fspd; rq;fk; vLj;j nray;ghLfspy; rpytw;NwhL Gjpa ,izg;Gfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jpwd; tsh;j;jy;fpuhkj;jpy;> vjth ngz;fspd; rq;f cWg;gpdh;fs;> Gjpa fpuhk gapw;rp ikaj;jpd; %yk; gz;iz tpisnghUl;fis kjpg;G $l;lg;gl;l nghUl;fs; Fwpj ;J nray ; gapw ;r paspg ;gjw ;fhfNt MFk;. Jtf;fj;jpy; I.rp.V.Mh;-d; fPo; kj;jpa kug;gaph;fs; Muha;r;rp ikak; kw;Wk; Ntshz; Jiw gy;NtW gapw;rpfs; elj;jpaJ. gy;NtW ikaq;fspd; ty;Yeh;fs;> gjg;gLj;Jjypy; GJik gilj;jth;fs; MfpNahiu jfty; Mjhuq;fshf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

g z ; i z t p i s n g h U l ; f i s k j p g ; G $l;Ljy; Fwpj;J gy;NtW jpwd;fspy; Rkhh; 200 ngz; tptrhapfSf;F KOikahf gapw ;r paspf ;fg ;gl ;lJ. mth ;fspy ; > MW gphpTfspy; kjpg;G $l;Ljypy; Njh;e;j 100 tptrhapfis> cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; nghUl;fspd; juk;> tplhKaw;rp> xd;wpize;J nray;gLjy;> <LghL kw ;Wk ; Mh ;tk ; Mfpatw ;w pd ; mbg;gilapy;> Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j tptrhapfspy;> Kjph;e;j gapw;rpahsh;fshf MW ngz;fis Njh;e;njLj;J> mth;fSf;F njhlh;G nfhs;Sjy;> xUq;fpizj;jy; kw;Wk; tpw;gid Fwpj;j jpwd;fs; Fwpj;J ahTk; rpwg;G gapw;rpfs; %yk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. mth;fs; Kjph;e;j gapw;Wdh;fshf> Nfushtpy; cs;s VO khtl;lq;fspy; ,Uf;Fk; 6000 j;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l tptrhapfSf;F gapw;rpaspj;jdh;.

K j p h ; e ; j g a p w ; W d u h f m t h ; f s p d ; Nghf;Ftuj;JfSk;> r%f epiyAk; jfty; NjLk; Mh;tj;NjhL cah;e;jJ. ‘vq;fshy; njhlh;G nfhz;L ,j;jid tptrhapfSf;F kjpg;G $l;Ljy; Fwpj;J gapw;rpaspg;Nghk; vd;W ehq;fs; vd;WNk epidj;jjpy;iy. vq;fs; vjth ngz;fs; rq;fj;jpd; %yk; ehq;fs; cz;ikahfNt ngUikailfpNwhk;”> vd;W xU gapw;Wdh; $Wfpwhh;.

ntspg;ghLfs;,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpd; ntw;wp midj;J FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fs; kw;Wk; ez;gh;fs; ahtUk; ,e;j FOf;fspd; mq;fkhf khwptpl;ldh;. rq;f

ngz;fis nghUj;jtiuapy;> FLk;gj;jpw;F Njitahd rj;jhd

kw;Wk; ghJfhg;ghd czit cw;gj;jp nra;tJk;> rpW njhopy;fs;

%yk; tUkhdk; ngWtNj> tptrhaj;jpd; Nehf;fkhf

fUJfpd;wdh;.

ey;y re;ijf;fhf gyhg;goq;fis gjg;gLj;Jk; ngz;fs;


cWg;gpdh;fSf;F tUlk; KOtJk; gFjp Neu Ntiy (&. 600-3500/- xU khjk; xU cWg;gpdUf;F) kw;Wk; r%fj;jpd; ghuhl;Lk; fpilf;fpwJ. kjpg;G $l;Ljy; %yk; Njq;fha;f;F &. 2-20/-> gyhtpw;F &. 80-300/- kw;Wk; fhshDf;F &. 10-30/- tiu ngWfpd;wdh;. ,e;j ikaq;fspypUe;J fpilf;Fk; ,aw;if fopT kz;GOthf khw;wp mjid xU fpNyhtpw;F &.12 /- vd tpw;fg;gLfpwJ. tUkhdj;jpy; cs;s nkhj;j cah;T 30-40 rjtpfpjk; MFk;. cs;@h; Ra muR epiyj;jj;jd;ikia cWjpgLj;Jk; tifapy; tpw;gidf;F Njitahd nghUl;fis tsh;f;f cjtpaJ. ngz; FO cWg;gpdh;fs; gz;izapNyNa GJ Af;jpia gad;gLj;jp> 45% nryit Fiwj;Jk;> 30% cw;gj;jp Neuj;ij Fiwj;J gr;ir epw G+Q;rhzj;ij tsh;f;f Kbe;jJ.

‘,e;j khjphpfs; ngz;fSf;F Vw;wJ. rpW FW tPl;Lj; Njhl;lj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nghUl;fs; mjpfkhf k PWtjpy ;iy> Mdhy; fpuhkg ; gFjpfspy; cs;s kjpg;G $l;lg;gLk; ikaj;jpw;F> r pw pJ r pw pjhf Nrfh pj ;J Njitahd mstpw;F mspf;fyhk;. ngz; tptrhapfs; tpisnghUl;fis Nrfhpg;gjw;F Rygkhf nghWg;Ngw;f Njhs; nfhLj;jdh;” vd;W jpUkjp. RNyfh> vjth ngz;fs; rq;fj;jpd; jiyth; $Wfpwhh;. vjth ngz;fs; rq;fj;jpd; ntw;wp Fwpj;J midj;jpe;jpa thndhyp> J}h;jh;\d;> ,ju njhiyf;fhl;rp Nrdy;fspYk; kw;Wk; mr;R Clfj;jpYk; gug;gg;gl;lJ.

,aw;if Mjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; gz;izapy; cs;s gaph;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffs; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J ngWk; fopTfis nfhz;L kWRow;rp nra;J>

mjd; %yk; ghJfhg;ghd czT cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. gRe;jio cuq;fs;> kf;F kw;Wk; njhO cuk; mjDld; rhk;gy; Mfpa midj;Jk; rikayiwapypUe;J Rygkhf fpilg;gjhy; ngz;fs; ,tw;iw Njh;T nra;fpd;wdh;. gy;NtW fhuzpfis xUq;fpizg;gjhy; rikayiw fopTfs; FiwtNjhL Rw;Wg;Gwr;#oy; J}a;ikahf ,Uf;fpwJ. tPl;ilr; Rw;wp ed;whf jpl;lkpl;L mlh;thf rhFgb nra;Ak; ,e;j Kiw> ngz;fSf;F kpf rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; Neu Nkyhz;ik nra;tjw;F tha;g;gspf;fpwJ. tPl;L Ntiyfis nra;Jnfhz;Nl gaph;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; gwitfis fz;fhzpj;jy;. Gjpa gz;iz cw;gj;jp nghUl;fis> gy ikapy;fs; nry;yhky; ghJfhg;ghd czT jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

anithakumari PPrincipal Scientist (Agricultural Extension)ICAR - Central Plantation Crops Research InstituteRegional Station, Krishnapuram P.O.Kayamkulam- 690 533, Kerala.E-mail: [email protected]

V KrishnakumarHead, ICAR - Central Plantation Crops Research Institute,Regional Station, Krishnapuram P.O.Kayamkulam- 690 533, Kerala.E-mail: [email protected]



jh;kGhp khtl;lj;jpy;> ngd;dhfuk; tl;lj;jpy;> ey;yk;gl;b fpuhkj;jpy; thOk; jpUkjp. Nutjp> xU ,sk; tptrhap. ,tuJ FLk;gj;jpw;F tptrhak; xU Kf;fpa tho;thjhuk; vd;whYk;> ,thpd; fzth; mUfpy; cs;s rpWefhpy; Xl;Lduhf gzpGhptij Kf;fpakhf vz;Zfpwhh;. Vndd;why; xU Vf;fh; khdhthhp epyj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; tUkhdk; FLk;gj;jpw;F Nghjtpy;iy. epyj;ij jhprhf tpl kdkpy;yhky;> Nutjp jdJ xU Vf;fh; khdhthhp epyj;jpy; rhFgb nra;J te;jhh;. rhjhuz Kiwapy; rhFgb nra;J te;j mtUf;F> ngUk;ghYk; xU gapiu ntw;wpfukhf kf#y; vLg;gjw;F gy gpur;ridfis re;jpj;J te;jhh;. ntspapL nghUl;fis rhh;e;jpUg;gjhy; cw;gj;jp nryTk; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ. cw;gj;jp jpwd; ghjpf;fg;gl;L> kz;zpd; MNuhf;fpaKk; ehsiltpy; Fiwe;Jtpl;lJ.

2011 Mk; Mz;L> V.vk; .,. epWtdk; Vw;ghL nra;jpUe;j tptrha tay;ntspg; gs;sp jpl;lj;jpy; gq;FngWtjw;fhd tha;g;G> Nutjpf;F fpilj;jJ. Jtf;fj;jpy; 20 ,sk; ngz;fs; nfhz;l FO xd;W xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jg; ngz;fs; Vw;fdNt Ra cjtpf; FOtpy; <Lgl;L Nrkpj;Jk;> fld; ngw;Wk; tUfpd;wdh;. Kjypy; ngz;fSf;F epiyj;j Ntshz;ik Fwpj;j gapw;rp mspf;fgl;lJ> gpd;dh; tptrhapia topelj;Jdh;fshf;Ftjw;F gapw;rpaspf;fg;gl;lJ.

tptrha tay; ntspg;gs;spapy; fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;NghJ> jd ;Dila taypy ; Nutjp gy caph ;r ;#oy ; njhopy;El;gq;fis nray;gLj;jpdhh;. kio ePiu Nrkpf;Fk; Nehf;NfhL rhpTf;F FWf;Nf coT nra;jhh;> kz; tsj;ij mjpfhpg;gjw;F gRe;jhs; cuj;ij klf;fp coT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf Kf;fpa gaph; rhFgb

Ntshz; caph;r;#oy;tpay; - tsj;jpw;F topnra;tjw;F Kd;> rdg;ig tpijia> ,iyjiofs; cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;F tpijj;jhh;. mth;> cap&l;lg;gl;l njhOcuj;ij iuNrhgpak;> gh];Nghghf;Bhpah> vjph;caphpahd l;iuNfhnlh;kh tphpb Nghd;witfis fye;J taypy; ,l;lhh;.

G+r;rpfis fl;LgLj;Jtjw;F> Fwpg;ghf epyf;fliyapy; ngUk; Nrjk; Vw;gLj;Jk; rhW cwpQ;Rk; G+r;rpahd> vgpl;]; <h;f;f> Fiwe;j nryTila kQ;rs; xl;L nghwpia fz;Lgpbj;J taypy; epWtpdhh;. rhW cwpQ;Rk; G+r;rpfis jLf;f Nrhsg;gapiu Xug;gapuhf tsh;j;jhh;. GOf;fs; gapiu jhf;fhky; jLf;f> Mkzf;F gapiu Xug;gapuhf tsh;j;jhh;. ,jdhy; G+r;rpnfhy;ypfis epWj;jpdhh;.

Jtiu kw;Wk; fhuhkzp Mfpatw;iw epyf;fliyf;F CLgapuhf tpijj;jjdhy; rhFgbapy; gy;tifikia Vw;gLj;jpajhy; gpur;ridfisAk; Fiwj;jhh;. gz;izapy; cs;s gy;tifik> mth;fsJ gz;iz kw;Wk; tho;thjhuq;fspy; tise;JnfhLf;Fk; jd;ik cah;tJ kl;Lkpy;yhky;> ey;y kf#y; ngw;W tUkhdKk; mjpfhpj;jJ. ek;gKbahj mstpw;F khdhthhp epyj;jpy;> Nutjp &.85000 <l;lKbe;jJ. cw;gj;jp nryTk; &.3450 tiu Fiwe;jJ. Nutjp> jd;Dila gz;izapy; gy ,ju gz;iz rhh;e;j njhopy;El;gq;fs; nra;J te;jhh;. mth; 13 tifahd fha;fwpfis tpijj;J mjd; %yk; thuj;jpw;F &.1000 kjpg;Gs;s tpisnghUl;fis mWtil nra;jhh;. jPtd tq;fp kw;Wk; mNrhyh tsh;g;G fhy;eilf;F njhlh;e;J jPtdk; mspj;J te;jJ. ,uz;Nl gLf;if mikj;J Nutjp fhshd; tsh;g;igAk; nra;;a Jtq;fpdhh;. fha;fwpfs;> ghy; kw;Wk; fhshd; ahTk; MNuhf;fpakhd rj;Jf;fs; epiwe;j czit mspf;fpwJ. msTf;F mjpfkhf fpilg;gij tpw;W njhlh;e;J tUkhdKk; <l;bdhh;.

Nutj p > mtu ; vLj ;j Kaw ;r pfSf ;F mth ; ngUikgLfpwhh;. jdJ gz;izia epiyj;jjd;ik mile;jjw;Fk;> MNuhf;fpak; kw;Wk; rj;Jf;fs; epiwe;j czit mspj;jjw;Fk;> fhy;eilfSf;F jPtdKk; kw;Wk; tPl;bw;F tUkhdKk; fpilj;jjpy; ntw;wp ngw;wjhf epidf;fpNwd;. ,thpd; jpwd; kw;Wk; tpopg;Gzh;it nfhz;L> jw;NghJ caph;r;#oy; Ntshz;ik gapw;Wduhf ,Uf;fpwhh;.

This article has been developed by J. Krishnan. He can be contacted at [email protected]. K Revathi can be contacted at Door.No. 3/1A,Nallampatti village, B. Agraharam, Pennagaram taluk, Dharmapuri district, TamilNadu - 636 813

%yk;: yPrh ,e;jpah> brk;gh; 2015> thy;a+k; 17> ,jo; 4tPl;bd; gpd;Gwj;jpy; tsh;f;Fk; jPtdg;gaph;fSld; Nutjp.


nrk;ik ney; rhFgb (SRI) vd;gJ vspjhd> xd;Wf;nfhd;W cjtf;$ba nray;ghLfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Gjpa KiwahFk;. ,jd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs; vspjhd topapy;> mNj Neuk; Fwpg;gpl;l topapy; new;gapiuAk;> kz;> ePh ; kw;Wk; rj;Jf;fis Nkyhz;ik nra;tij khw;wpaikg;gjhFk;. nrk;ik ney; rhFgbapd; ntw;wp vd;gJ Ie;J Kf;fpakhd topKiwfis cWjpahf nray;gLj;Jtij nghUj;Nj mikfpwJ. mit: ,s ehw;Wfspd; cw;gj;jp> xU ehw;wpid elT nra;jy;> rJu Kiwapy; eLjy;> ePh; Nkyhz;ik nra;tJ kw;Wk; fisnaLf;Fk; fUtpia gad;gLj;JtjhFk;. Ie;J Kf;fpakhd topKiwfspy; ,s ehw;Wfis tsh;j ;njLg;gJk; > jdpj ;jdpahf xw;iw ehw;Wf;fis eLtJ> rJu tbtpy; eLtJ> jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s ePh;ghrd trjpAs;s ney; gaphpLk; gFjpfspy; czT ,iwahz;ikf;F top mikj;Jf; nfhLf;fpwJ. nrk;ik ney; rhFgb KiwahdJ cw;gj;jp ngUf;f #oypy; Gjpa Kiwahf ,Ug;gjhy;> mNef epWtdq;fshy; MjuT jug;gLfpwJ. nghJj;Jiw Muha;r;rp epWtdq;fspy; Kd;ndhbahd jkpo;ehL Ntshz; gy;fiyf;fofk; cyf tq;fpapd; cjtpNahL $ba jkpo;ehL - Iak;thk; (jkpo;ehL ePh;ghrd Ntshz;ik etPdkakhf;Fk; kw;Wk; ePh; epiyfs; GJg;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ik) jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; Kd;ndLj;J nray;gLj;jpaJ.

gpy;NyFj;jh; fpuhk fij:

jkpo;ehL Ntshz; gy;fiyf;fofk; nrk;ik ney; rhFgb Kiwia fpU~;zfphp khtl;lj;jpy; cs ;s g py ;NyFj ;jh ; vd ;w f puhkj ;j py ; mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. gpy;NyFj;jh; fpuhkkhdJ X#h ; - f pU~;zf p h p neLQ ;rhiya py ; mike;Js;s fpuhkkhFk;. ,f;fpuhkk; mjd;

czT ,iwahz;ik: jkpo;ehl;bd; ePh;ghrd trjpAs;s ney; rhFgb KiwfSf;F nrk;ik ney; rhFgb mbj;jskpLfpwJ.tp.Nf. utpr;re;jpud;> Nf. Mh;. n[fd; Nkhfd; kw;Wk; gp.N[. ghz;bad;

nrk;ik ney; rhFgb vd;W miof;fg;gLfpw Gjpa tif ney; rhFgb Kiwia nghJj;Jiw Muha;r;rp epWtdq;fspy; Kd;Ndhbahd jkpo;ehL Ntshz; gy;fiyf;fofk; Kd;ndLj;J nray;gLj;jpaJ. ed;F tbtikf;fg;gl;l mZFKiwfs; thapyhf mJ nrk;ik ney; rhFgb Kiwia jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s ePh;ghrd trjpAs;s new;rhFgb gaphplf;$ba ngUk;ghd;ikahd ,lq;fSf;F gutyhf;fpaJ.

tho ;thjhuj ;j pw ;F Ntshz;ikiaNa gpujhdkhf ek;gpAs;sJ. fpU~;zfphp xU Gjpa khtl;lkhFk;. gpd;jq;fpa khtl;lkhd jh;kGhp khtl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J gphpf;fg;gl;l khtl;lkhFk; . ,f;fpuhkk ; f Potug ;gs;sp mizf;fl;by; tUk; Maf;fl;L gFjpia rhh;e;jJk; (ngz;izahh; MW) mq;F ney; gapNu Kjd;ikahd gapuhf gaphplg;gl;Lk; tUfpwJ. rhjfkhd jl;g ntg;g #o;epiyfs; fhuzkhf new;gaph; kl;Lky;yhky; fha;fwp gaph;fSk; gaphplg ;gLfpwJ. ,q;Fs;s tptrhapfs; nkhopthhpahf ikdhhpl;b kf;fshfTk;> XNu rKjhaj;ij Nrh;e;jth;fshfTk; ,Ug;gjhy; xUtUf;nfhUth; VjhtJ xU topapNyh my;yJ kw;w topapNyh cwT nfhz;Ls;sdh;.

nrk;ik ney; rhFgb Kiwapy; kpfTk; fbdkhd gFjp vd;dntd;why;> ,s taJ ehw;Wf;fis tsh;j;njLg;gJk;> mtw;iw 14-15 ehl;fspy; gwpj;J rJu tbtpy; 25 nr.kP.f;F 25 nr.kP. ,ilntspapy; eLtJkhFk;. gioa Kiw ney; rhFgb Kiwapy; mq;Fkpq;Fkhf 25-30 ehl;fs; taJila ehw;Wf;fis xU Fj;jpy; 8 Kjy; 10 ehw;Wf;fis eLtJ tof;fk;. ,k;Kiwapy; xU n`f;NlUf;F Njitg;gLk; tpij Njit 8 fpNyh kl;LNk. Mdhy; gioa Kiwapy; tpijg;gjw;F xU n`f;NlUf;F Njitg;gLk; tpij msthdJ 70 Kjy; 80 fpNyh tpij MFk;;. fy;tpawpT Fiwthd kw;Wk; Muk;gf; fy;tpawpT kl;LNk nfhz;l ngz; $ypahl;fs;> gioa Kiwapy; ehw;Wf;fis eLtjpy; gof;fk; mjpfk;. nrk;ik ney; rhFgb Kiwapy; ehw;Wf;fis eLtjw;F gof;FtJ kpfTk; fbdkhd Ntiyahf ,Ue;jJ.

Fiwe;j ts Mjhu FLk;g gpd;dzpapy; ,Ue;J te;j ngUk;ghyhd $yp tptrhapfSf;F


ehw ;Wf ;fis elT nra;Ak ; Kiwf;fhd gapw;rpfs; mspf;fg;gl;ld. gpwF ehw;Wf;fs; eLk; rkaj;jpy; ed;F gapw;rp ngw;w $ypahl;fSf;F ,ilapy; ,uz;bypUe;j %d;W gapw;rp ngwhjh $ypahl;fisAk; itj;Jf;nfhz;L eLk;NghNj gapw;rpia mspj;J> mth;fs; eLk; Kiwfs; mt;tg;NghNj fz;fhzpf;fg;gl;ld. ,f;$yp tptrhaj; njhopyhsh;fs; ,jpy; ed;F gapw;rp ngw;wjd; fhuzkhf ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; Gjpa cj;jpfis jhq;fshfNt fz;L gpbj;J nray;gLj;jpdh;. Fwpg;ghf Kd;ngy;yhk; if epiwa ehw;Wf;fl;Lfis itj;Jf;nfhz;L eLthh;fs;.

nrk;ik ney; rhFgb Kiwapy; ehw;Wf;fis jdpj;jdpahf gphpj ;J vLj;J eLtjw;F

nrk;ik ney; rhFgb gioa ney; rhFgb Kiw$Ljy; tpOf;fhL

Fiwe;jJ mjpfg;gbahdJ ruhrhp Fiwe;jJ mjpfg;gbahdJ ruhrhp

8047 6477 7275 6048 4708 5375 35.3

r%f mstpy; ney; ehw;wq;fhy; mikg;gJ xU rpwe;j top:xU nrd;l; epyg;gug;gpy; ehw;wq;fhy; mikg;gJ 1 Vf;fh; epyj;jpw;F el Njitg;gLk; ehw;Wf;fis cw;gj;jp nra;a NghJkhdJ. Mdhy; Muk;g fhyq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gha; ehw;wq;fhy; KiwahdJ mjpf njhopw;El;gk; epiwe;jhFk;. ,J ed;F Njh;r;rp ngw;w fs cjtpahsh;fspd; tbtikg;gpYk;> fz;fhzpg;gpYk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU tptrhapiaAk; fpuhk mstpy; gapw;Wtpg ;gjw;F gjpyhf> Gjpa Kaw;rpahf tpOg;Guk; khtl;lk; ghk;g+h; vd;w fpuhkj;jpy; r%f mstpy; ney; ehw;wq;fhy; vd;w fUj;jhf;fk; cUthdJ. jw;nrayhf> tpOg;Guk; khtl;lkhdJ ePh; gw;whf;Fiw epiwe;j gFjpahfTk;> ngUk;ghyhd tsk; Fd;wpa coth;fis nfhz;l gFjpahfTk; mike;jpUe;jJ. r%f mstpyhd ehw;wq;fhypy; 15 Kjy; 20 coth;fspd; tsq;fs; xd;whf jpul;lg;gl;L mth;fSf;F Njitahd ehw;Wfs; xNu ,lj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,J ehw;Wfis ed;F tsh;f;fTk;> mUfpypUe;J $h;e ;J fz;fhzpf;fTk; cjTfpwJ. 14 Mk; ehspy; ehw;Wfs; gwpj;njLf;fg;gl;l ,jpy; gq;Nfw;w midj;J coth;fSf;Fk; gfph;e;jspf;fg;gl;lJ.

nrk;ik ney; rhFgb Kiwapd; nray; jpwd;: (fpNyh/n`f;NlUf;F)

jkpo;ehl;by; 7037 n`f;Nlhpy; 16 ,lq;fspy; vLf;fg;gl;l kf#y; msT.

Mjhuk;: jkpo;ehL - Iak;thk; jpl;lk;> j.Nt.g.f.> Nfhak;Gj;J}h;

nrk;ik ney; rhFgb KiwahdJ mhprp cw;gj;jpia 33 tpOf;fhl;bw;Fk; mjpfkhf cah;j;j cjtpAs;sJ. coth;fs; $Ljy; tUthahf 35 tpOf;fhL msT $Ljyhf ngw;Ws;sdh;. fha;r;rYk;. gha;r;rYk; vd;w Kiwapy; ePh; gha;r;rpajhy; mth;fshy; 33 tpOf;fhL ePiu Nrkpf;f Kbe;jJ. nrk;;ik ney; rhFgb Kiwapy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l r%f mstpyhd $l;Lr; nray;ghLfshy; r%f mstpy; cwTfs; Nkk;gl cjtpd.

,jd; ,ay;ghd cw;gj;jp jpwd; mjpfhpg;ghy; nrk;ik ney; rhFgb KiwahdJ coth;fSf;F ney; rhFgb Kiwapy; jq;fSf;F cs;s chpikia epiyehl;b jq;fSf;F Njitahd czT kw ;Wk ; Ntshz ; Kiwfis tFj;Jf;nfhz;L czT ,iwahz;ikia miltjw;F Vw;w topahf mike;jJ. khepy mstpy; 43896 n`f;Nlh; ney; rhFgb gug;G ,e;j Gjpa Kiw ney; rhFgb Kiwapy; nfhz;L tug;gl;Ls;sJ. ,q;qdk;> czT> Rw;Wr;#oYf;F ghJfhg;ghd topapYk;. epiyj;j jd;ik nfhz;Lk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. mJNt cly; eyj;jpw;Fk;> fyhr;rhu hPjpahf nghUj;jkhfTk; mikfpwJ.

trjpahf Fiwthd msT nfhz;l ehw;Wf; fl ;Lfis itj;J el Muk ;g pj ;J eLk ; Kiwfis vspjhfTk;> tpiuthfTk; Kbf;Fk; mstpw;F Njh;r ;rp ngw;wdh;. Kjy; Kiw ,e;jKiwapy; 20 $yp Ml;fis nfhz;L 1.80 Vf;fh; gug;gsT nfhz;l epyj;ij 4 kzp Neuj;jpy; el;L Kbj;jdh;. nrk;ik ney; rhFgbapy; Kf;fpakhd gFjp vd;dntd;why; $yp Ml;fspd; NjitahdJ 50 tpOf;fhL Fiwe;jJ.

gioa Kiwapy; 1 n`f;Nlh; epyj;jpy; ehw;W eLtjw;F 40-45 $yp Ml;fs; Njitg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; nrk;ik ney; rhFgb Kiwapy; 20-22 $yp Ml;fNs Njitg;gl;lJ. me;j gUtj;jpy; nrk;ik ney; rhFgb KiwahdJ ed;F


ftug;gl;L> mLj;j gUtj;jpy; kw;wth;fSf;F top fhl;Lk; egh;fshf nrk;ik ney; rhFgbapy; Njh;r;rp ngw;w Kf;fpa egh;fis nfhz;l FOtpdh; tpsq;fpdh;. Mf nrk;ik ney; rhFgb KiwahdJ> kf;fs; jhq;fs; tpUk;Gk; czT kw;wk; Ntshz; rhFgb Kiwfisj; Njh;e;njLf;fTk;> epiyj;j jd;ik nfhz;l topapy; czT ,iwahz;ikia cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk; topNfhypaJ.

fisfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j “NfhNdhtPlh;” vd miof;fg;gLk; fisnaLf;Fk; fUtpia 4 Kiw gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ ehw;Wfs; elg;gl;l gpwF 15 Mk; ehspy; ,Ue;J 45 Mk; ehs; tiu 10 ehl;fSf;F xU Kiw gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,k;Kiwapy; fisfs; gpLq;fg;gl;L kz;zpNy jpUk;g mKf;fg;gLtjhy; kz;Zf;F f pilf ;f Ntz;ba ,aw ;if jiofs ; nfhLf;fg;gl;L kz; tsg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. fisfs; ed;F guhkhpf;fg;gLtjhy; xt;nthU Fj;jpYk; gaDs;s rpk;Gfs; mjpfk; tUtjw;F cjTfpwJ. fisnaLf;Fk; fUtpfs; mjpfk; gad;gLj;jg ;gLtjhy; typikahd Gjpa ntz;zpw Nth;fs; cw;gj;jpahfp mit nrbf;F Njitahd rj;Jf;fis rpwe;j Kiwapy; vLj;Jf; nfhLf;f cjTfpd;wJ. gz;izapy;

cs;s ngz;fs; NfhNdhtPlh; fisnaLf;Fk; fUtpia ,af;Ftjpy; fw;Wj; Njh;tjhy; fisnaLf;Fk; gzpAk; vspjhfpwJ. ,jd; %yk; fisnaLg;gjpy; Vw;gLk; nrytpy; 30 tpOf;fhL FiwfpwJ.

ed;wp:

,f;fl;Liuapd; Mrphpah;fs; cyf tq;fpapd; cjtpNahL gy Jiwfs; rk;ke;jg;gl;l jkpo;ehL - Iak;thk; jpl;lj;jpy; gzp Ghpgth;fs; Mthh;. jkpo;ehl;by; nrk;ik ney; rhFgb gutyhf ey;y mbj;jsk; mikj;Jf; nfhLj;j ,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpw;F jq;fspd; ed;wpia njhptpj;Jf; nfhs ;f pd ;wdh ; . NkYk ; ,j ;j pl ;lj ;ij ntw;wpfukhf nray;gLj;j cjtpa jkpo;ehL Ntshz; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;Fk; jq;fspd; ed;wpia njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.

Dr. V.K.Ravichander, Dr. K.R.Jagan Mohan and Dr. B.J.PandianTamilNadu Agricultural UniversityTamilNadu - IAMWARM Project (World Bank fund)Email: [email protected]



Nfushtpy; ngz; tptrhapfs;> ney;> fpoq;Ffs; kw;Wk; fha;fwpfs; Mfpait KOikahf rhFgb nra;tjpy; <Lgl;bUe;jdh;. 1970 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; tho;f;if gaph;fshd - ney; kw;Wk; fUizf; fpoq;fpypUe;J> gzg;gaph;fshd fU kpsF> fhg;gp> ,Q;rp kw;Wk; ug;gh; Mfpatw;wpw;F ngUk; khw;wkile;jJ. Fiwe;j kz; kw;Wk; jz;zPh; Nrkpg;G njhopy;El;gq;fNshL ,izj;J njhlh;e;J Ntshz;ik nra;jjdhy; Ntshz; cw;gj;jp Fiwe;jJ. fle;j gj;J Mz;Lfspy;> mjpfhpj;j G+r;rp jhf;Fjy;>Neha;fs; kw;Wk; rhpe;JtUk; tpiyfs; midj;Jk;> mjpfhpj;j cw;gj;jp nryTk; Nrh;e;J cs;@h; rhFgbapy; gpur;rid Vw;gl;L ,jdhy; tptrhapfs; kw;Wk; ,ju gzpahsh;fs; njhlh;e;J tWik epiy milfpd;wdh;.

2004 Mk; Mz;L> u];jh vd;w mikg;G> taehL khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s ,uz;L gQ;rhaj;Jfspy; (cs;@h; eph ;thfg; gFjp) Ma;T elj;jpaJ> mjpy; czT gaph;fspy; 90 rjtpfpjg; ngz;fs; $ypahl ;fshf gzpahw ;Wfpd;wdh ; vd;W fhl ;LfpwJ. Mdhy; rhFgbapy ; czTg; gaph;fspypUe;J (ney;) gzg;gaph;fSf;F (thio) khwpajd; tpisthf ngz; $ypfspd; epiyAk; khwpaJ. taehL khtl;lj;jpy; u];jh mikg;gpdhy; rkPgfhy kjpg;gPL fhl;baJ vd;dntd;why; ney; rhFgb 40000 n`f;NlhpypUe;J 12000 n`f;Nluhf RUq;fpa gpd;dh;> ngz;fs; xU gl;lj;jpy; fpl;ljl;l 1>500>000 gzp ehl;fs; ney; rhFgbapd;NghJ njhiyj;jdh; vd;gJjhd;.

ngz;fs;> Ntshz; gzpfis ehsiltpy; Fiwj;jjdhy;> mth;fspd; rhh ;Gj ;jd;ik mjpfhpj;J> mjdhy; mbg;gil nghUshjhu NjitfSf;Fk; jq;fsJ fzthplNk vjph;g;ghh;f;f Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl ;Ls;sJ. ,J NkYk; FLk;g mstpy; czT cj;jputhjkpd;ikia cUthf ;f pAs ;sJ. rk Pgfhykhf tptrha jw;nfhiyfs; mjpfhpj;J tUtjdhy; ngz;fspd;

Njhs ;fspy ; > FLk ;gj ;ij Nkk ;gLj ;JtJ> Foe;ijfspd; fy;tp kw;Wk; ,ju FLk;g Njitfs; Mfpa nghWg;Gfs; Rkf;Fk; epiyAk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

rf;jptha;e;j ngz;fshf;Fjy;

u];jh epWtdk; taehL khtl;lj;jpy; 1987 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J fpuhk kf;fspd; gpur;ridfis jPh ;T fhZk; gzpapy;> Fwpg;ghf ngz;fs;> ghuk;ghpa r%fq;fs; kw;Wk; FW tptrhapfspd; gpur;ridfSf;F jPh;T fhZk; gzpapy; <Lgl;L tUfpwJ. ngz;fs ; j pwd ;k pf ;fth ;fshf Mf;FtJ> ,e;j epWtdk; Kf;fpa rthy;fspy; xd;whf Jtf;fpa ehspypUe;Nj fUJfpwJ. Jtf;fj;jpy; fpuhk kw;Wk; goq;Fbapd ngz;fis xUq;fpizg;gjw;fhf ‘Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; fld; toq;Fk; FOf;fs;” u];jh epWtdk; %yk; 1990 Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fp> gpd;dh; Ra cjtpf; FOf;fshf khtl;lj;jpy; 12000 Viof; FLk;gq;fSf;F gutyhf gug;gg;gl;lJ. 10-15 ngz;fs; xd;W $Ljy;> ngUk;ghyhNdhh; xNu vz;zj;Jld; ,Ug;Nghh;> xNu nghUshjhu gpd;dzpapy; cs;sth;fs; Nghd;w fhuzpfisf; nfhz;L Ra cjtpf; FOf;fis xUq;fpizj;jy;. ,th;fs; thuk; xU Kiw $b Nrkpg;G> mth;fSila chpikfs; kw;Wk; vjph;fhyj; jpl;lq;fs; Fwpj;J fye;Jiuahb> fw;Wnfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,uz;L Kjy; %d;W Mz;LfSf;Fs; FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fs; kj;jpapy; jplkhd jiyik gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; xd;Wgl;l nray;fs; cUthfpwJ. NkYk; ,e;j xd;Wgl;l rf;jp> cWg;gpdh;fSf;F> ngUk;ghYk; Gjpa my;yJ khw;W tho;thjhu nray;ghLfs; njhlq;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;bahf mikfpwJ. tUlq;fs; nry;y nry;y Ra cjtpf; FO mZFKiw> ngz;fis rf;jptha;e;jth;fshf Mf;Ftjw;Fk;> fpuhkq;fspy; cs;s tsh;e;J tUk; czT cj;jputhjkpd;ik gpur;ridf;F jPh;T fhZtjw;F kpf VJthf ,Ue;jij ehq;fs; fz;Nlhk;. Kjd;ik tho;thjhu Jiwahd> Ntshz;ikapy;> gy gpur;ridfis re;jpg;gjhy;> u];jh epWtdk; ,jw;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;J> epiyj;j Ntshz; cw;gj;jp Kiwfs;> mwpT ghpkhw;wk;> fs tphpthf;f gzp kw;Wk; gaph; gy;tifik Mfpatw;wpy; gapw;rpaspj;J ,e;j gpur;ridf;F jPh;T fz;ldh;.

Kjy; Kiwahf ,e;j FLk;gq;fSf;F ghy; ,Ug;G

,Uf;fpwJ> NkYk; cWg;gpdh;fspd; MNuhf;fpak; cah;e;jpUf;fpwJ.

r%f Kaw;rpapd; %yk; czT cj;jputhjkpd;ikapd; rthiy re;jpj;jpy;b.Nf. Xkdh

jpwd; kw;Wk; ek;gpf;ifia tsh;g;gjd; %yk; ngz;fis rf;jptha;e;jth;fshf Mf;Fjy;> ,Uf;Fk; jpwd;fis gad;gLj;JtJ> Njitahd ,lj;jpy; cjtp mspg;gJ kw;Wk; kWRow;rp %yk; midj;J gz;iz nray;ghLfis xUq;fpizj;jy; Mfpa fhuzpfs; ahTk;> Nfushtpy; cs;s ,e;j Vio ngz;fis tWikapypUe;J ntspnfhzh;e;jJ.


czT cj;jputhjkpd;ik kw;Wk; Ntiyapd;ik Mfpa gpur;ridfSf;F jPh ;T fhz ngz; t ptrha pfis xUq ;f pizj ;J $l ;lk ; elj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;jg; gpur;ridia jPh;g;gjw;F ngUk;ghyhd cWg;gpdh;fs; jdpj;Jtk; tha;e;j xd;iw Jtf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W MNyhrid $wpdh;. Ra cjtp FOf;fis Nrh;e;j Ie;E}W goq;Fbapd kw;Wk; ,ju FW tptrhapfspd; Viof; FLk;gq;fs; ,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpd; xU gFjpahf ,Uf;f Kd;te;jdh;.

tpij ghpkhw;wj; jpUtpoh

FLk;g czTf; $ilapy; fha;fwpfs; ngUk; gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. gy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu fha;fwp rhFgb> gzg;gaph;fs; rhFgbf;F khwpaJ. ,e;j njhopy;El;gk; kWcUntLf;f> xU tpij ghpkhw;wj; jpUtpoh Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;lJ. tpij ghpkhw;wj; jpUtpoh vd;gJ fpuhkj;jpy; cs;s ngz; tptrhapfs; mth;fsplk; cs;s tpijfis kw;w tptrhapfNshL ghpkhwpf;nfhs;tNj ,jd; Nehf;FkhFk;. Fiwe;jJ xU tpijahtJ ngw ;wpUe ;jhy ; kl ;LNk tptrhapfs; ,e ;j jpUtpohtpy; gq;Fngw mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

njhlf;fj;jpy;> Kg;gJ FOf;fs; (300 ngz; tptrhapfs;) ,e;j tpij ghpkhw;w jpUtpohf;fspy; <LgLj;jg;gl;ldh;. tpij ghpkhw;w jpUtpoh> brk;gh; khjk; ney; mWtil nra;j clNd elj;jg;gLfpwJ. jpUtpohtpw;F gpd;dh;> 5-10 cWg;gpdh;fs; nfhz;l ngz; FOf;fs; Nrh;e;J fha;fwpfs; rhFgb nra;th;. ,aw;if cuq;fs;> kf;F kw;Wk; kdpjdhy; fl;LgLj;jg;gLk; G+r;rpfs;. jtph;f;f Kbahj #o;epiyapy; kl;LNk mth;fs; Nrhg;G kw;Wk; Gifapiy fyitia gad;gLj;Jth; - xU caph;r;#oYf;F cfe;j G+r;rp fl;LgLj;Jk; Kiw. xU khjj;jpw;Fs; mth;fs; mWtil nra;a Muk;gpj;J tpLfpd;wdh;> Kjypy; fPiw tiffspy; Muk;gpj;J> gpd;dh; kw;w gaph;fis mWtil nra;th;. kpFjpahd fha;fwpfs; r%fj;jpw;F Neubahf tpw;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J ,ilj;jufh;fis tpyf;fp> ngz;fspd; FOf;fSf;F cWjpahf mjpf tpiy fpilf;fpwJ kw;Wk; mjpf jukhd ,aw;if fha;fwpfs;> ,urhad G+r;rpnfhy;ypfspypUe;J tpLjiy Mfpag; gad;fs; fpuhk r%fq;fSf;F fpilj;Js;sJ. ,e;j nray;ghL tPl;by; czT ,Ug;G mjpfhpj;Js;sJ> NkYk; ntsp czit rhh;e;jpUj;jYk; Fiwe;Js;sJ.

mWtila pd ; NghJ r pwg ; ghd juk pf ;f tpisnghUis tpijnghUshf Nrfhpj;J> ghuk;ghpa Kiwfspy; ghJfhj;J mLj;j tpijj; jpUtpohtpy; mjid gfph;e;Jnfhs;sg;gLk;. Mifahy; ghuk;ghpa ,ufj;ij Nrkpg;gjw;Fk;> gug;Gtjw;Fk; xU ghuk;ghpak; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.

fhy;eil nfhzh;jy;

fhy;eil thq;Ftjw;F> Rkhh; 530 cWg;gpdh;fs; jyh &.20>000 rpW fld; ngw;wdh;. ngz;fs;

FOthf mZfpajhy;> ve;j gj;jpuKk; ,y;yhky; fld;fs; fpilj;jJ. ,q;F FO nghWg;Ngw;fpwJ> ,e;j FONt cj;jputhjk; mspf;fpwJ. ,J cs;@h; nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fk;> Vio FLk;gq;fSf;Fk; rpwe;j Cl;lkhFk;.

mjpf ghy ; cw ;gj ;jp mspf ;Fk; gRf;fis Nkk;gLj;JtJ Fwpj;J ngz;fSf;F nray;ghl;L gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jg; gFjp ,aw;if tsq;fs; epiwe;j gFjpnad;gjhy;> ,wf;Fkjp cztpd; rhh;Gj;jd;ik kpff; FiwthfNt cs;sJ. NkYk; gz;izf; fopTfs; jPtdkhf gad;gLfpwJ> Mifahy; gaph; cw;gj;jpNahL fhy;eilAk; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;lJ.

ruhrhpahf> xU gR xU ehisf;F15-20 ypl;lh; ghy; cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ. kpy;kh vd;w muR ghy; tpdpNahf epWtdj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ghy; $l;LwT rq;fj;jpd; %yk; ghy; Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ngz;fs; xU ehisf;F &.600 tUkhdk; ngw;wdh;. fhy;eilfis tsh;g;gjw;fhd nryTk;> fld; jpUk;g nrYj;Jtjw;Fk; ,J NghJkhdjhFk;. fhy;eil tsh;g;G ,e;j ngz;fSf;F tUkhdk; <l;Lk; ey;y jpl;lkhf cs;sJ.

fhy;eil tsh;g;G FLk;gj;jpw;F gy topfspy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. rhzk; gad;ghL fha;fwp kw;Wk; ney; rhFgb cah;fpwJ.

kf ;F vUtpw ;F k pf Fiwthd msNt gad;gLj;Jtjhy;> k PjKs;s rhzk; caph ; vhpthAtpw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gz;iz tPLfSf;F xU caph; vhpthA njhl;bw;F &. 5000 (Rkhh; 50%)ed;nfhilahf mspf;fg;gl;lJ. kPjpAs;s njhif $ypahl;fs; my;yJ Ra cjtp FOf;fsplkpUe;J fld; vLf;fg;gl;lJ. caph ; vhpthA fyd;fis tpwF cgNahfk; FiwtNjhL> ntsp Mw;wy; tpdpNahf rhh;Gj; jd;ik Fiwe;Js;sJ. caph; vhpthA fopT kWRow;rp nra;J gaph;fSf;F vUthfpwJ.

cWg;gpdh;fs; $l;lhf rhFgb nra;Ak; fha;fwpfs;


nrk;ik ney; rhFgb %yk; ney; cw;gj;jpia kWkPl;nlLj;jy;

Ie;J ngz;fs; nfhz;l Rkhh; 40 FOf;fs; nrk;ik ney; rhFgb Kiw %yk; 200 Vf;fh; epyj;jpy; ney; rhFgb nra;jdh;. ,e;j Kiwapy; mjpf kf#y; fpilg;gjw;F> rhjhuz Kiwia tpl 50% Fiwthd tpijfSk;> 40-50% Fiwthd jz;zPUk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. fd;dpak;ngl;l gQ;rhaj;ij Nrh;e;j ghuk;ghpa ngz; tptrhapahd> jq;fk;kh> xU Vf;fh; epyj;jpy; 3500 fpNyh mhprp cw;gj;jp nra;j ,th;> kw;w tptrhapfSf;F ce;Jjyha; ,Ue;jJ. gRQ;rhzk;> kf;F cuk; kw;Wk; caph; vhpthA fopT Mfpa midj;Jk; fpilg;gjhy;> cw ;gj ;j p Kiw KOtJk; ,aw ;ifahfNt gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. fha;fwpfis NghyNt> ngz;fs; kpFjpahf ,Uf;Fk; mhprpaidAk; kw;w cs;@h; thbf;ifahsh;fSf;F ey;y tpiyf;F tpw;fTk; KbfpwJ.

KbT

jpwd; kw ;Wk ; ek ;g pf ;if tsh;g ;g pd; %yk; ngz;fs; rf;jp tha;e;jth;fshf;Fjy;> ,Uf;Fk; jpwd;fis gad;gLj;Jjy;> Njitahd ,lj;jpy; cjtp mspj;jy;> midj;J nray;ghLfisAk; xUq;fpizj;jy;> mjpy; xU nray;ghl;bd; fopTfs;> kw;w nray;ghl;bw;F ,LnghUsha; MfptpLjy; Mfpa fhuzpfs; ,e;jj; jpl;lk; ntw;wp ngw;wjw;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzk;. Mjhuk; kWRow;rp

nra;tjdhy; cw;gj;jp nryT FiwfpwJ> NkYk; ntsp Mjhuq;fspd; rhh;Gj;jd;ikAk; FiwfpwJ.

rj;Jf;fs; cj;jputhjj;jpy; Mr;rhpa%l;Lk; khw;wk;> ,e;j FLk;gq;fspd; Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; ngz;fspd; epiyjhd;> ,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpd; rpwe;j jhf;fq;fspy; xd;W. Kjy; Kiwahf ,e;j FLk;gq;fSf;F ghy; ,Ug;G ,Uf;fpwJ> NkYk; cWg;gpdh;fspd; MNuhf;fpak; cah;e;jpUf;fpwJ. cuj;jpw;F gad;gLj;Jk; gRQ;rhzk; Nghd;w cg nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; kjpg;G $l;lg;gl;l nghUl;fshd caph; vhpthA Mfpait Ntshz; ,LnghUl;fs; Nky; tptrhapfspd; ghh;it khwpaJ.

kpf Kf;fpakhf> r%fj;jpw;Fs; ngz;fspd; epiy kw;Wk; mth;fspd; Ra ek;gpf;if mjpfhpj;Js;sJ. jw;NghJ> cs;@h; muR gQ;rhaj;J uh[; ikaKk; ,e;jj; jpl;lj;ij vLj;J khepyj;jpy; gutyhf elj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

T K OmanaDirector,Rural Agency for Social and Technological Advancement(RASTA), Kamblakad.P.O.,Wayanad District.,Kerala – 673122www.rastaindia.orgE-mail: [email protected]%yk;: yPrh ,e;jpah> brk;gh; 2015> thy;a+k; 17> ,jo; 4

tpij jpUtpohtpy; gq;Nfw;Fk; ngz;fs;

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