Keystone Anchors• BIO.A.1.2.1 Compare cellular structures and their functions in prokaryotic and

eukaryotic cells.

• BIO.A.1.2.2 Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biological organization (i.e., organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and multicellular organisms)

• BIO.A.4.1.1 Describe how the structure of the plasma membrane allows it to function as a regulatory structure and/or protective barrier for a cell.

• BIO.A.4.1.2 Compare the mechanisms that transport materials across the plasma membrane (i.e., passive transport—diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion; and active transport—pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis).

• BIO.A.4.1.3 Describe how membrane‐bound cellular organelles (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus) facilitate the transport of materials within a cell.

Vocabulary

• Active transport• Diffusion• Endocytosis• Eukaryotic• Exocytosis• Hypertonic• Hypotonic

Isotonic Organ Organ system Osmosis Passive

transport Prokaryotic Tissue

Vocabulary –Cell parts• Cell membrane• Cell wall• Centrioles• Chloroplasts• Chromosomes• Cytoplasm• Endoplasmic

reticulum

Golgi body Lysosomes Mitochondria Nucleus Nucleolus Ribosomes Vacuoles Vesicle

Why So Small?Describe why you think cells are so small?

Process Box

Cells are small!

• Most cells are about 1/500 the size of a period.

• Almost all cells are too small to see without the aid of a microscope.

• However the invention of the compound microscopes didn’t come until the late 1500’s

• Compound microscopes contain 2 or more lenses

• Total magnification is the product of the magnifying power of each individual lens

Discovery of Cells• In 1665 Robert Hooke used a 3-lens

compound microscope to examine thin slices of cork.

• He observed that cork is made of tiny, hollow compartments.

• He gave them the name “cells”

• Hooke was only looking at cell walls & empty space.

Discovery of Cells, cont.

• Anton van Leeuwenhoek was studying new lens-making methods to examine cloth.

• This resulted in powerful single-lens microscopes

• In 1674 he observed living single-celled organisms swimming in pond water

• Named these cells: “animalcules”

Discovery of Cells, cont.

• Microscopes and lens-design continued to advance, which led to greater magnification

• This led more people to make more observations on more organisms.

• They saw a wide variety of cells, shapes, & cells dividing

• Led to the questions: “Is all living matter made of cells?”, & “Where do cells come from?”

Cell Theory

• In 1838 Matthias Schleiden proposed that plants are made of cells.

• Theodor Schwann was studying animal cells

• Schwann was struck by similarities between plant & animal cells, concluded all animals are made of cells.

• In 1839 he proposed the 1st part of cell theory: All living things are made of cells & cell products

Cell Theory, cont.

• Schwann stated that cells form spontaneously by free-cell formation.

• This led scientists to study the process of cell division

• They concluded part of Schwann’s theory was wrong

• In 1855 Rudolf Virchow, reported all cells come from preexisting cells2014 Nobel Prize

_____________HOOKE

The first to ____________

cells. Responsible for ____________

them

_____________ _____________ _____________ _____________LEEUWENHOEK SCHLEIDEN SCHWANN VIRCHOW

Made better ______________

and observed cells in greater

______________. First to observe

______________

The first to note that

_____________ were made up of

___________

Concluded that all ___________ ___________

were made up of ___________

Proposed that all cells come from ____________

__________

IDENTIFY

NAMING

LENSES

DETAIL

NUCLEUS

PLANTS

CELLS

LIVING THINGS

CELLS

OTHER CELLS

CORK ANIMALCULES• Cell Theory

1. ___________________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________________________

ALL ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF CELLS

THE CELL IS THE MOST BASIC UNIT OF LIFE.

ALL EXISTING CELLS ARE PRODUCED BY OTHER LIVING CELLS

Ted -ed

Categories of Cells

Eukaryotes

• Have a ______________

• Contain membrane-bound _____________

• The nucleus encloses the ___________

• May be ___________ or ______________

NUCLEUS

ORGANELLES

DNA

MULTI-CELLULAR SINGLE-CELLULAR

Prokaryotes

• Prokaryotic cells do not have a __________

• No membrane-bound _______________

• ___________is suspended within cytoplasm

• Are microscopic, ____________organisms

NUCLEUS

ORGANELLES

DNA

SINGLE-CELLED

Video

PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC?

EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC

_________________

_________________

_________________

_________________

_________________

_________________

_________________

_________________

_________________

_________________

_________________

_________________

_________________

_________________

_________________

_________________

_________________

_________________

_________________

_________________

-Plants-Animals-Protists-Single/multi celled

-bacteria-always single celled

TYPE II

• What are the differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells? How can you remember the difference?

SECTION 3.1 REVIEW1. How did improvements in the microscope help scientists form cell theory?

2. How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ?

3. Today, scientists can study human cells growing in petri dishes.

Explain how this technique builds on the work of early scientists.

4. In what ways are cells similar to atoms?

The microscope enabled the scientists to first ‘SEE’ the cells so they could be studied further.

Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or organelles.Eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus and organelles.

The fact that scientists can grow cells in petri dishes is because they recognize that cells come from other cells.

Both have a nucleus.

Make PredictionsThink about your body. List the functions that your body must be able to

perform in order for you to survive.

Process Box

Cell ComparisonStudy the cells on the board, what characteristics

sets the two types of cells apart?

• Process Box:

http://www.johnkyrk.com/CellIndex.html

_______________

_______________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

The outer most side of an animal cell, that gives the cell shape and holds in cytoplasm.

(Also contains pores to allow some particles to move in and out of the cell.)

CELL

MEMBRANE

Video

________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________

The clear, jellylike material between the cell membrane and the nucleus that makes up most of the cell

(Most of all cell activity occurs here.)

CYTOPLASM_______________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

______________

_

The control center of the cell.Parts of the Nucleus:

Nuclear Membrane: The membrane that surrounds the nucleus.

Nuclear Pores: allow some particles to move in and out of the nucleus

Nucleolus

Chromosomes

NUCLEUS

____________________________

__

____________________________

__

The membrane that surrounds the nucleus. ________________________________________

NUCLEAR

MEMBRANE

NUCLEAR

PORES

Nuclear Membrane in Green

____________________________________________________________________________________

_______________

Thread-like cell parts with information that determines what traits a living thing will have.

CHROMOSOMESChromosomes in Red

_______________

HELPS MAKE RIBOSOMES. ________________________________________

NUCLEOLUS

_______________

MAKES PROTEINS FOR THE BODY.

FOUND ON ENDOPLASMICE RETICULUM AND THROUGHOUT CYTOPLASM

RIBOSOMES

_____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________

_______________

________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________

Moves cell materials from cell membrane to nuclear membrane and visa versa.

(Can usually find ribosomes on this network.)

ENDOPLASMIC

RETICULUM

INTERPRETING DIAGRAMSHow can you tell the difference between the locations of the

cell membrane compared to the nuclear membrane? How can you tell the difference between the locations of the

nucleus compared to the nucleolus?

• Process Box:

__________________________________________________________________________Responsible for supplying ENERGY to the cell.

____________MITOCHONDRIA

________________________________________________________________________________________

Helps digest, (break down), waste materials of cell.

____________LYSOSOMES

______________

______________

_______________________________________

GOLGI

APPARATUS

Packages materials for the cell. Animation

____________________________________________Parts of an ANIMAL cell that help with cell REPRODUCTION

____________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________Stores food and water for cell

________VACUOLE

ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL

Contains many small vacuoles Contains one large “central vacuole that takes up most of the space inside of a plant cell

Label the organelles of this animal cell. 1. _________________

2. _________________

3. _________________

4. _________________

5. _________________

6. _________________

7. _________________

8. _________________

9. _________________

10._________________

11._________________

12._________________

13._________________

1. NUCLEOLUS

2. NUCLEUS

3. RIBOSOMES

4. VESICLE

5. ROUGH ER

6. GOLGI BODIES

7. CELL MEMBRANE

8. SMOOTH ER

9. MITOCHONDRIA

10.VACUOLE

11.CYTOPLASM

12.LYSOSOME

13.CENTRIOLES

____________

_________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

The outer most side of an plant cell, (surrounds the cell

membrane), that gives the cell structure, and a specific shape.

(More rigid than cell membrane.)

CELL WALL

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The plant cell parts that contain the green pigment, chlorophyll, which are responsible for

producing food.

CHLOROPLASTS______________________

Inner life of cell

Plant CellsThere are four distinct differences between plant cells and animal cells. List each difference and describe how its role and/or how it differs from

animal cells.

• Process Box:

1. ____________________ 2. ____________________

3. ____________________

4. ____________________

5. ____________________

6. ____________________7. ____________________

8. ____________________

9. ____________________

10. ____________________

1. ____________

2. ____________

3. ____________

4. ____________

5. ____________

6. ____________

7. ____________

8. ____________

1._____________

2._____________3._____________

4._____________5._________

7.________

8._____________9._____________

11.___________

6._________

10.___________

12._______

12.__________

3._________

2.____________

1.____________4._________

5._________

6._________

7._________

8._________

9._________

10.___________

11.___________12.___________

1._____________

2._________________

3.__________

4.______________

5.______________

6.________________

7._________________

10.____________

9.____________

8.____________

7.____________

6._____________

5._____________

4.____________

3.____________

2.____________1._____________

1._______________

3._______________

4.______________

5._______________

6._______________

7._______________

8._______________

2._______________

1.__________________

2.__________________

3.__________________

4.__________________

5.__________________

6.__________________

7.__________________

8.__________________

9.__________________

10.__________________

11.__________________

12.__________________

1._________

2.____________

3._______________

4.______________________

5.______________________

6.______________________

7.______________________

8.______________________

9._____________________

11._____________________

10.___________

1. _____________

2. _____________

3. _____________

4. _____________

5. _____________

6. ________________

7. _____________

8. _____________

9. _____________

10. _____________

11. _____________

12. _____________

1. ____________________ 2. ____________________

3. ____________________

4. ____________________

5. ____________________

6. ____________________

7. ____________________

8. ____________________

9. ____________________

10. ____________

11. __________

CELL MEMBRANE• Process Box:

Study the diagram of the cell membrane. What parts of the labeled diagram do you notice?What macromolecules make up the cell membrane?

Video

1. Known as the ________________, the ________________, or the ____________________membrane

2. Separates the _____________of all cells from the ______________ environment.

3. It is selectively __________________to ions and organic molecules

4. Controls the _______________________in and out of cells.5. Protects the ____________.6. Made up of ________________with embedded __________.

1. Phospholipid bilayer-2. Proteins-

7. Involved in a variety of cellular processesa. __________________ and __________________

b. __________________c. __________________

Cell Membrane FactsPlasma membrane Fluid mosaic model

cytoplasmic

interiorexternal

permeable

Movement of particles

cellPhospholipid bilayer proteins

Endocytosis Exocytosis

Cell SignalingTransport of materials

LIPID BILAYER

Hydrophilic Region:Hydro: ____________Philic: ____________

______________region of the membrane that have a tendency to interact with or be dissolved by water and other polar substances.

Hydrophobic Region:Hydro: ____________Phobic: ____________

______________ region of the plasma membrane that are more ‘selective’ as to what passes through the membrane.

WATERATTRACTION

POLAR

WATERREPEL

NON-POLAR

What Makes Up the Cell Membrane?

Label these parts: Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates

A. __________________

B. __________________

C. __________________

X. ___________________

Y. ___________________

A B

C

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

CARBOHYDRATES

PROTEINS

HYDROPHILIC HEAD

HYDROPHOBIC TAIL

A. ____________________

B. ____________________

C. ____________________

D. ____________________

E. ____________________

F. ____________________

G. ____________________

H. ____________________

I. ____________________

Label the cell membrane with the terms below. Color the parts according to their functions.

Lipid BilayerHydrophobic TailHydrophilic HeadTransport ProteinCarbohydrateCholesterolRecognition Protein

Red: Aids in cell recognition (Flags)Blue: Attracted to water molecules, allows it to move through Green: Acts as a receptor for certain moleculesYellow: Keeps the cell membrane ‘firm’ or sturdy Orange: Avoids waterPurple: Transport materials across cell membrane

All living cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic, have a plasma membrane that encloses their contents and serves as a semi-porous barrier to the outside environment. The membrane acts as a boundary, holding the cell constituents together and keeping other substances from entering. The plasma membrane is permeable to specific molecules, however, and allows nutrients and other essential elements to enter the cell and waste materials to leave the cell. Small molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, are able to pass freely across the membrane, but the passage of larger molecules, such as amino acids and sugars, is carefully regulated.

Text RenderingRead the article, highlight things that stand out, list notes on the right side

KEY CONCEPT Materials move across membranes because of concentration differences.

3.4 Diffusion and 3.4 Diffusion and OsmosisOsmosis

Passive transport - does not require energy input from a cell.

• Molecules can move across the cell membrane through passive transport.

• There are two types of passive transport.

• osmosis

• diffusion

3.4 Diffusion and 3.4 Diffusion and OsmosisOsmosis

• Osmosis - is the diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane.

• Diffusion – movement of a substance from where there is a large amount to where there is a small amount

3.4 Diffusion and 3.4 Diffusion and OsmosisOsmosis

• There are three types of solutions.

• isotonic – concentrations are equal

3.4 Diffusion and 3.4 Diffusion and OsmosisOsmosis

• Hypotonic – solution has fewer solutes than a cell, cell expands and may burst

• hypertonic – solution has more solutes than a cell, cell shrivels and dies

hypertonichypotonic

Some molecules can only diffuse through transport proteins.

• Some molecules cannot easily diffuse across the cell membrane.

• Facilitated diffusion - diffusion through transport proteins.

3.4 Diffusion and 3.4 Diffusion and OsmosisOsmosis

Active transport - Cells use energy to transport materials that cannot diffuse across a membrane.

3.5 3.5 Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Active Transport, Endocytosis, and ExocytosisExocytosis

Label the diagrams as ‘diffusion’, ‘facilitated diffusion’, and ‘active transport’.

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________ACTIVE

PASSIVE

DIFFUSION

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

A cell can import and export large materials or large amounts of material in vesicles during the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis.

• Cells use energy to transport material in vesicles.

• Exocytosis - the process of expelling material from inside the cell to outside the cell.

• Endocytosis - the process of taking material into the cell

• Phagocytosis - a type of endocytosis

3.5 3.5 Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Active Transport, Endocytosis, and ExocytosisExocytosis

ENDOCYTOSISENDOCYTOSIS OR EXOCYTOSIS?OR EXOCYTOSIS?

ENDOCYTOSISENDOCYTOSIS OR EXOCYTOSIS?OR EXOCYTOSIS?

ENDOCYTOSISENDOCYTOSIS OR EXOCYTOSIS?OR EXOCYTOSIS?

ENDOCYTOSISENDOCYTOSIS OR EXOCYTOSIS?OR EXOCYTOSIS?

• Organelle – Organelle – cell structure that has a unique functioncell structure that has a unique function

• Cell – Cell – basic unit of structure and functionbasic unit of structure and function

• TissuesTissues - groups of cells that perform a similar function. - groups of cells that perform a similar function.

• OrgansOrgans - groups of tissues that perform a specific or related - groups of tissues that perform a specific or related function.function.

• Organ systems Organ systems - groups of organs that carry out similar functions.- groups of organs that carry out similar functions.

CELL TISSUE ORGAN

• Organelle• Organ system• Organ• Tissue• Cell

• Osmosis• Diffusion• Exocytosis• Endocytosis• Active Transport• Passive Transport