KEYGUIDE TO INFORMATION SOURCES IN

MEDIA ETHICS

Barrie MacDonald and Michel Petheram

MANSELL

London and Washington

Contents

Introduction vi Acknowledgements ix

Part I Overview of media ethics 1

1 Media ethics 3

2 Freedom of speech 5

2.1 Justifications of free speech 6 2.2 Extent of free speech 10 2.3 Access 13 2.4 The right to know 14 2.5 Accountability 15

3 Government and the media 18 3.1 Internal threats 19 3.2 External threats 21

4 Economic pressures 26 4.1 Media ownership 28 4.2 Advertising and marketing 29

5 Privacy 32

6 Censorship: taste, decency and pornography 38 6.1 Freedom of expression and harm 41 6.2 Film censorship 46

iv CONTENTS

6.3 Broadcasting 6.4 Cable and the Internet

7 Truth and truth-telling 7.1 Accuracy 7.2 Understanding 7.3 Fairness and bias 7.4 TV news and journalism 7.5 News-gathering

8 Confidentiality and sources

9 The values of journalists 9.1 Conflicts of interest 9.2 Professionalism, councils and codes

10 Quality

10.1 Quality in television

11 Religion

12 Media imperialism

13 Advertising

Part II Bibliography

Media ethics General media ethics Mass media in general

Freedom of speech Justifications of free speech Extent of free speech Access The right to know Accountability

Government and the media Internal threats External threats

Economic pressures Media ownership Advertising and marketing

Privacy Censorship: taste, decency and pornography

Freedom of expression and harm Film censorship Broadcasting Cable and the Internet

47 50

52 56 58 60 64 65

68

73 76 77

81 83

87

89

92

99

102 102 114 124 130 132 135 136 139 140 143 147 153 153 156 156 166 169 172 174 176

Truth and truth-Accuracy Understanding Fairness and bias TV news a n d ' News-gathering

Confidentiality and The values of jour

Conflicts of' Professionalism,

Quality Quality in

Religion Media imperialism Advertising Periodicals Bibliographies, i

Part III Directory of

International Europe Africa Asia Americas

North America Central America South America

Oceania

Index

CONTENTS

Truth and truth-telling 177 Accuracy 179 Understanding 182 Fairness and bias 190 TV news and journalism 196 News-gathering 199

Confidentiality and sources 201 The values of journalists 203

Conflicts of interest 208 Professionalism, councils and codes 209

Quality 212 Quality in television 213

Religion 217 Media imperialism 221 Advertising 231 Periodicals 237 Bibliographies, indexes and abstracting services 245

Part III Directory of selected organizations 253

International 257 Europe 262 Africa 298 Asia 308 Americas 324

North America 324 Central America and the Caribbean 334 South America 339

Oceania 345

350