Key Terms – Fight for Democracy and Freedom

Constitutional Charter of 1814

Charles X July Ordinances Louis Philippe Second Republic Louis Napoleon Frederick William IV Reform Bill of 1832

Alexander II Zemstvos Imperialism Crimean War Pan-Slavism Pogroms

The Revolutions of 1830

Louis XVIII attempted to win favor with the French by maintaining many of the rights they had fought for during the Revolution.

Launched the Constitutional Charter of 1814 → granted freedom of the press and parliamentary representation

Charles X

Upon the death of Louis XVIII, his brother Charles X would take over.

Charles X believed in absolute monarchy and attempted to restore it.

Restricted freedom of the press, demanded reparations to nobles for lost land.

The July Ordinances

To consolidate his power, Charles X and his ministers launched the July Ordinances

July Ordinances → dismissed the legally elected lawmaking body, disenfranchised many French citizens.

Revolution of 1830

French would revolt against Charles X.

Would barricade the streets and fight the king's soldiers.

Government collapsed in three days and Charles abdicated.

Louis Philippe would become the new king

Louis Philippe

Louis Philippe, duke of Orleans, would be made the new king of France.

He would construct a constitution that limited the king's power and gave the vote to more of the middle class.

Revolutions of 1848

Poor economic standing and corruption led to another revolution in France.

The lack of enfranchisement of most of the middle class served as the key reason to depose Louis Philippe.

When riots broke out after a broken protest, Louis Philippe abdicated.

The Second Republic

Upon the abdication of Louis Philippe, the Second Republic would take over control of France.

The Second Republic set up a new constitution that involved an elected president and a legislature.

Louis Napoleon would become the first president of France.

Louis Napoleon/Emperor Napoleon III

Louis Napoleon would be president for a short time until he led a coup d'etat to establish himself as emperor of France.

Emperor Napoleon III would establish the Second Empire.

Would be known for his aggressive policies and establishment of overseas landholdings.

Revolutions Among the Empires

Revolutionaries attempted to acquire more rights under a unified Germany.

Sought to unify the Confederation of the Rhine.

Frederick William IV → ruler of Prussia who refused unification; believed that if he were elected he would not have absolute power.

Austria and Italy

Conservatives prevented the attempt by revolutionaries to establish republics in Austria and Italy.

Rights were given to peasants as a means of preventing future revolution.

Changes in Britain

Compromises in Britain prevented revolt and led to massive changes within the British government.

The first was the Reform Bill of 1832, it lowered the property requirements for voting which doubled the amount of voters in Britain.

Other reforms would lower the requirements even further, ensuring change without issue.

The abolition of the slave trade occurred in 1833 after it was deemed sinful.

Alexander II

Alexander II → czar in Russia who managed to free the serfs.

Would allow for more tax paying citizens but would bring hardship to the newly freed.

Villages had to pay the taxes of the serfs meaning they did not really own their land.

Other Reforms by Alexander II

Created local government bodies known as the zemstvos. Elected bodies Managed education, health and welfare in their

area Held little power due to most of the power lying

within the wealthy landowners Created trial by jury in Russia, reducing the

power of the czar. Alexander II would be assassinated by radicals

who felt that his reforms were inadequate.

Russian Expansion

Nationalistic feelings in Russia were embodied in their want to acquire territories they could control or to become imperialistic.

Imperialism → control by one country of another nation, directly or indirectly

Russia would acquire territories near the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Siberia from the Muslims and Chinese respectively.

Crimean War Russia sought to acquire the straits of the Bosporus and

Dardanelles near Constantinople. Claimed they wanted to protect Eastern Orthodox Christians

within the Turkish Empire → when this was refused, Russia would occupy the Crimean peninsula.

Crimean War (cont.)

Britain and France did not want the Russians to acquire this important territory and sent troops to block the Russian acquisition.

The lack of supplies, railroads, and reinforcements led to Russia losing the war and signing the Treaty of Paris in 1856.

Russia would lose any territory it took form the Ottoman Empire.

Pan-Slavism

Russians claimed via nationalism, that they had the right to protect any Slavic peoples from other nations and invading forces.

Support of Slavic unity was known as Pan-Slavism.

Russians used this as an imperialistic move since they felt they could control any Slavic territories since they were protecting them.

Russia would acquire Bulgaria through this but would relinquish it through treaties with the other nations.

Discrimination

Russians attempted to Russify those individuals within Slavic territories.

They would ban the use of native languages and customs as a means of unifying the territories.

They would also launch discriminatory laws against the Jews.

Pogroms → violent attacks against Jews Russia all but sanctioned the pogroms that

occurred in their territories.