Key role of water and Key role of water and carbonates in respirationcarbonates in respiration

VV. . VoeikovVoeikovNN.. Vilenskaya Vilenskaya, , SS.. Malishenko Malishenko, ,

K. NovikovK. NovikovFaculty of BiologyFaculty of Biology

Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityLomonosov Moscow State University

Aerobic Aerobic respirationrespiration::

"a slow combustion of carbon and hydrogen, similar in every way to that which takes place in a lighted candle, and in that respect, breathing animals are active combustible bodies that are burning and wasting away".

Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier, 1791

From another perspective this process may be looked upon as oxygen reduction to H2O with hydrogen atoms taken from organic compounds providing for the major part of energy generation, while oxidation of carbon is just a necessary side reaction yielding a “by-product”, CO2 e.g.:

C6H12O6 + 3O2 6H2O

[6(CO)] + 3O2 6CO2

But are H2O and CO6 just final products of respiration or its active

participants?

Water is universal catalyst of chemical reactions

All chemical reactions proceed as a rule in the presence of at least traces of water.

For example:

……Temperature of boiling of dry benzene, ethanol, bromide, mercury exceeds table values for these substances by dozens of degrees…

…Sodium and potassium are not oxidized and do not burn in dry oxygen; dry carbon, sulfur and phosphorus burn in dry oxygen at much higher temperatures than in the presence of vapor…

“It is difficult to imagine what would be written in chemical manuals if chemistry was studied in complete anhydrous conditions”

«…the hydrogen of water is the only substance, that restores oxygenated bodies to their combustible state; and water is the only source of the oxygen, which oxygenates combustible bodies. ».

Example: the combustion of charcoal «…the carbone attracts the oxygen of the water, and forms carbonic acid, while the hydrogen of the water unites with oxygen of the vital air, and forms a new quantity of water

equal to that decomposed».

ОН

Н

ОН

НС + СO2 + 4H; 4H + O2 2H2O

Fulhame Elizabeth. An essay on combustion, with a view to a new art of dying and painting, wherein

the phlogistic and antiphlogistic hypotheses are proved erroneous.– London: Published by

the author, 1794.

Peculiar properties of

“Living water”

Sea water:Water <97%Solids: >3%

Jelly-fish:Water 99,9%Solids: 0,1%

«Macromolecular crowding (скученность)” in a living cell

CONSEQUENCES :

Rates and accuracy of biochemical reactions in cells exceed those in vitro manifold!

Distance between macromolecules does not exceed 5-10 water molecules diameters

Erythrocyte: only 2 - 18 (maximum) molecules of water separate hemoglobin molecules

Blood: water volume in plasma ~3 litersSurface area of all erythrocytes – 5 000 m2

«Crowding» in blood

Consequences:

Erythrocytes are liquid crystalline dipoles (K.S. Trincher, 1965)

Blood does not flow, but rather slides along the vessels

The result of «crowding» -- arousal of a specific form of water – interfacial water

Na+

K+

Distribution coefficients for most substances between interfacial and bulk water may deviate significantly from unity: spontaneity of substances distribution between the cell and the environment;

Significant differences in the parameters of chemical reactions occurring in bulk and interfacial waters

200 µm

How far water may be polarized by a hydrophilic surface?

Polyacrylic gel strip

Suspension of

microspheres

Polarized (interfacial):

> 700 000 layers

Jerald H. Pollack, 2003

Interfacial water is a catalyst of Red/Ox reactions(in a sense of Elizabeth Fulhame?)

Due to strong reducing properties of INTERFACIAL WATER such water built around fullerenes provides for intense free radical turnover

G.V. Andrievsky

Why does it have such properties?

Emilio Del Giudice

Theory Theory of Coherent Water Domains of Coherent Water Domains

based on principles of based on principles of quantum electrodynamicsquantum electrodynamics

Coherent water domains (CD)

keep excess of quasi-free

electrons at their surface

электр.

О2

О2 – НО2 Н2О2 НО

CDs have reducing properties and may serve electron donors for oxygen

Interfacial water possesses all the properties of CDs!

And ENERGY OF ELECTRONIC EXCITATION And ENERGY OF ELECTRONIC EXCITATION equivalent to photons in range fromequivalent to photons in range from UV - to visible part of EM spectrumUV - to visible part of EM spectrum

HH↑↑ + + ↓↓OH OH H H22O + ~O + ~ 5 eV5 eV HH↑↑ + + ↓↓H H HH22 ++ 4,5 eV4,5 eV

HOHO↓↓ + + ↑↑OH OH H H22OO22 + + ~4,5 eV~4,5 eV 2H2H22OO22 2H 2H22O + O + OO22 + + ~~2 eV2 eV

Final products of water splitting: OXYGEN, HYDROGEN,

H↑ + ↓H H2

HO↓ + ↑OH H2O2 2H2O2 2H2O + O2

If water receives proper energy of If water receives proper energy of electronic excitation water splitting and electronic excitation water splitting and electron release is intensified and water electron release is intensified and water

may literally BURN! may literally BURN!

Burning of sea water irradiated with radio waves (~800-900 MHz ?)

John Kanzius, 2007

Aerobic respiration is

"a slow combustion of carbon and hydrogen, similar in every way to that which takes place in a lighted candle,

and in that respect, breathing animals are active combustible bodies that are burning and wasting away".

Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier

Time, hours

Ph

oto

n e

mis

sio

n, th

ou

sa

nd

s o

f c

pm

0

250

500

750

1000

5 10 20 30 40

IN WATER SELF-DEVELOPMENT OF ORDERED VERY SLOW «BURNING» MAY BE OBSERVED

O

NH2 OHÑÍ 2O

O

ÑÍ 3

H

Oscillatory modes of luminescence accompany reactions between carbonyls and amines in aqueous solutions

in

HOH

methyl glyoxal glycin

For the development in water of such processes and their durability the presence of CARBONATES, primarily of bicarbonate is necessary

Carbonates participate in free radical reactionsCarbonates participate in free radical reactions

СО2 and products of its interaction with water attenuate “harsh”

oxidative reactions with OH participation turning itself into

CARBONATE RADICAL

HCO3 + OH CO3

+ H2O

2 CO3 + 2Н+ PRODUCTS (!)+ energy

Generation of energy of electronic excitation in bicarbonate solutions being in contact with air

Time, seconds

Em

issi

on, c

oun

ts p

er s

ec

Immediately after preparation

Reagent

5 hours of contact with air

24 hours 48 hours

Reagent: Fe(II)+luminol

Evolution of Red/Ox potential in bicarbonate Na/K 3:1 solutions

kept in contact with air

Concentration, mM

Red

/ox

po

ten

tial

no

rmal

ized

to

pH

8.0

, m

V

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

2 hrs 1 day 2 days 4 days

(ROP of distilled water 220 mV)

Bicarbonate solutions in water become less and less oxidizing with time

Bicarbonate supports oxygen reduction by electrons donated by coherent domains

Necessary (not sufficient!) conditions for efficient aerobic respiration:

1. Enough highly coherent interfacial water (reducing water) should be available(availability of interfacial water depends on the area of hydrated surfaces and their properties)

2. Optimal concentration of carbonates is provided in the milieu(The fact that СО2 and carbonates are important regulator of respiration is

known to physiologists. The ultimate source of carbonates in the organism is СО2 – the product of full oxidation of organic compounds. The alternative

source is drinking carbonated waters.).

3. Certain part of oxygen – the acceptor of electrons, should always be present in the form of active oxygen to provide for the development of self-catalytic process of oxygen consumption(That is why good air should contain Chizhevsky’s air ions – superoxide anion and other natural ROS)

CONCLUSIONS:CONCLUSIONS:

Thank you!

Time, min

Em

issi

on

, th

ou

san

ds

of

cpm

-2

-1

0

1

2

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Time, min

Red

/ox

po

ten

tial

, mv

-8

-4

0

4

8

12

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Time, hours

Phot

on e

mis

sion

, tho

usan

ds o

f cpm

Red/

ox p

oten

tial,

mv

-460

-450-440-430-420-410-400

-300

-200

-100

0

4

8

12

16

20

24

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Emission

Red/ox potential

Oscillations of

Биологическая роль СО2 и продуктов его взаимодействия с водой

СО2 необходим для дыханияF. Miescher, 1897

А это известно меньше!А это известно меньше!

"Сухие" углекислые ванны.      ИБС, в том числе восстановительное (реабилитационное) лечение

пациентов, перенесших инфаркт миокарда Гипертоническая болезнь Хронические обструктивные заболевания легких (хронический

обструктивный бронхит, бронхиальная астма, эмфизема легких, пневмосклероз)

Инфекционно-аллергический риносинусит Облитерирующий атеросклероз периферических сосудов Тромбангиит Сахарный диабет с периферической диабетической ангиопатией

(«диабетическая стопа») Варикозное расширение вен нижних конечностей в том числе и при

наличии посттромбофлебитного вазоспазма Кожные заболеваний ифекционно-аллергической природы Реабилитация пострадавших от радиации Нарушения обмена веществ, в том числе ожирение в период снижения

массы тела Соматоформные расстройства (неврозы) Нарушения либидо, потенции, другие проблемы в сексуальной сфере Реабилитация после тяжелых физических нагрузок (спортивная медицина) Улучшение здоровья при синдроме дезадаптации, вызванном тяжелыми

условиями проживания, трудовой деятельности (вредные условия труда, тяжелые физические и/или психические нагрузки и т.д.)

Профилактика и реабилитация сосудистых заболеваний мозга (инсультов, дисциркуляторной энцефалопатии) у лиц пожилого возраста.

Биологическая роль СО2

СОСО22 и функция гемоглобина и функция гемоглобина

[HCO3 в крови = 24 ± 1 мМ]

Биологическая роль СО2

КарбамоилированиеКарбамоилирование

Гемоглобин

Белки слюны

Внутриклеточные белки

Гормоны

И на белках растет отрицательный заряд