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Key Individuals
Giuseppe Mazzini Born in Genoa Studied to be a lawyer Became member of the
Carbonari in 1827 Led failed attempts at
revolution during the 1830s
Founded ‘Young Italy’ Elected to the Triumvirate
in 1849 Criticised new Italian state
after 1870
What were Mazzini’s aims?
Encouraged people to see themselves as
part of a nation
Wanted democratic independent
Italian Republic
Had concept of ‘Third Rome’ – a civilising
influence on the world
What were Mazzini’s methods?‘Education and revolution’
Sought support from young educated m/class
Italian people to drive the Austrians out
Hoped that publicity and propaganda would create revolutionary class
Constitutional monarchies seen as stop-gap only
How big an impact did Mazzini have on the Unification of Italy? Gave encouragement to Italian patriotism Presented new view of Italy Inspired Garibaldi to join movement Helped to win international publicity for
Italian freedom. Defence of Rome in 1849 was heroic failure
By his actions put pressure on Cavour and others to act more positively
How successful was Mazzini?
Had little practical experience Overestimated level of support – ignored
problems of the peasants Support was limited – used Carbonari methods All his plots failed! Some middle class alienated by his revolutionary
stance Made no attempt to win support from peasants and
town workers
Mazzini’s verdict on Italy, 1871
Italian territory under foreign control
Foreigners had played too important a role in unification
Unhappy with new constitution
Count Emilio Cavour Member of
Piedmontese ruling class
Great admirer of British system of government
Initially aimed at expanding Piedmont rather than uniting Italy
Cavour – Foreign Policy
Aware of shortcomings of ‘Italia fara da se’ Aimed to move Austrians out of Lombardy
& Venetia As PM had considerable control over
foreign policy 1854 – outbreak of Crimean War: Britain &
France vs Russia 15,000 troops sent to support France & GB
Cavour and the Crimean War
Some doubt over motivation but perhaps aimed to gain support from GB & France
Troops played only minor role but did win respect & gratitude from allies
Congress of Paris (1856) dealt with peace negotiations
Cavour not directly involved in talks
Cavour wins support
Foreign support & diplomacy seen as main successes
Also important was link with National Society
Number of its leaders beginning to accept Piedmont as focus for unification
Cavour now looked to France for help against Austria
Napoleon III and Italian Unity Former member of the
Carbonari His troops had crushed
Roman Republic in 1849
Had his own reasons for aiding Piedmont
Probably favoured federation headed by Pope
The Orsini Bomb Plot! In January 1848 Felice
Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon III
Hoped that this would aid Italian unity
Did spur Napoleon III into action
Agreement made via Compact of Plombieres
War with Austria
1859 War provoked with Austria French (with limited help from Piedmont)
won 2 closely fought victories Austria on brink of surrender Napoleon III now pulled put of the war –
Truce of Villafranca! Cavour was furious – resigned as PM
Cavour and Garibaldi
Garibaldi raised volunteers to fight for Savoy
Instead went to Sicily Cavour not happy – feared consequences of
Garibaldi’s actions Was torn between trying to stop Garibaldi
and offering support Attempts to stop him failed!
Cavour and the Papal States
Biggest problem for Cavour was fear of French or Austrian intervention
To forestall Garibaldi marching on Rome Cavour sent troops into the Papal States
Piedmontese troops successful but did not receive the same level of support as Garibaldi’s men
By end of 1861 Victor Emmanuel acclaimed first King of Italy
Cavour died end of 1861
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Great romantic figure of the Risorgimento
Charismatic guerrilla leader
Had distinguished himself in the defence of Rome
Was a follower of Mazzini
Garibaldi & the campaign of 1861
Hi-jacked the popular revolt in Sicily Used great cunning to gain control of the
island His ‘1000 Red Shirts’ gained more and
more support Had more problems on the mainland but
was successful in defeating King of Naples Handed his conquests over to VE II
Italy 1861-1870
Kingdom of Italy declared – Victor Emmanuel II ‘by the grace of God and the rule of the people’
First parliament met in Turin, March 1861 1866 VE II anxious to prove Italian military
prowess 2 shattering defeats followed – no support
from Venetians!
Italy 1861-1870 (2)
Venetia occupied after Austrian defeat – voted to join with Italy
Garibaldi made 2 failed attempts to seize Rome (1862, 1867) – little support from the Romans
1870 Franco-Prussian War saw withdrawal of French garrison
Pius XI soon withdrew to the Vatican
How united was Italy by 1870? Bad relations with the Papacy Lack of common language Spread of Piedmontese constitution caused
conflict Franchise restricted – ½ million/22 million Liberal aims had little in common with peasantry Severe economic problems ‘Brigands’ War’ in the South for many years Political system did not develop well