Key Grammar Points

8/3/2019 Key Grammar Points

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Past tenses

Present tenses

Future tenses Conditionals

Passives

Reported speech


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We knowwhen it

happened

We dont knowwhen it

happened

It happenedbefore

something

else in thepast

Onesingular

eventPast Simple Present Perfect Past Perfect

For aperiod of

time

PastContinuous

N/A Past PerfectContinuous


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Habitual action: He walks everyday

Fact/Eternal truths: Hot air rises Unalterable plans: I leave on Tuesday Fixed schedules: The train leaves at 6p.m nstantaneous actions: Beckham scores! Performative verbs: I sayI believeI name this

ship Past actions in newspaper headings: Bush denies all

knowledge Historical/fictional present: Darwin presents

evidence. Past narrative: A man walks into a bar Descriptions with the verb to be: This is John, John is a

teacher Keywords: Normally, generally, every, often, usually


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Action occurring at the moment of speaking:Shes talking now

Temporary/habitual action: Im reading Catch22 this week

Persistent or habitual actions: Im alwayslosing things

Keywords:Currently, Now, Right Now, At themoment, always


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ncomplete past with for and since: Weve beenworking together for 6 years

To emphasize results vs. action: Ive cleanedthe house vs. Ive been cleaning the house

Sentence that use since andfor a period of timewhich:-

started in the past continued to the present

and will probably continue into the future.


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We arentsure

We are100% sureEvent is

planned

An eventbefore

another

event inthe future

One event Futuresimple

Going tofuture

Futureperfect

For aperiod of

time

Futurecontinuous

Presentcontinuous

Futureperfect

continuous


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Truth

Reality

Dreams

Regrets

If you heat ice, it meltsPresent simple, present simpleIf it rains, I will get wet

Present simple, future simpleIf I won a million euros, I would buyan islandPast simple, modal tense

If I had known earlier, I would havemoved to Slovenia soonerPast perfect, modal perfect


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Have a look at the following two sentences:-

1) They built the house in 1486

2) The house was built in 1486

The first sentence is active and the second is passive.

We use the passive structure when we are notconcerned with or it doesnt matter who did theactions. What is most important is the event itself.

We normally make passive forms of a verb by usingtenses of the auxiliary be followed by the pastparticiple of the verb.


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Tense Structure Example

Present simple Am/are/is + pp English here

(To Speak)Present continuous Am/are/is being + pp Excuse the mess, the house

(To Paint)

Past simple Was/were + pp I , but I went anyway

(To Not Invite)

Past continuous Was/were being + pp I felt as if I

(To Watch)

Present perfect Have/has been + pp Mary yet?

(To Tell)

Past perfect Had been + pp I knew why I

(To Choose)

Will future Will be + pp You when the time comes(To Tell)

Future perfect Will have been + pp Everythingby Tuesday (To Do)

Going to future Am/are/is going to be

+ pp

Who ?

(To Invite)


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There are two main ways of reporting peoples words, thoughts,beliefs etc

1) Direct speech We can give the exact words (more or less) thatthere said by using single quotation marks.

So he said, I want to go home, and just walked out. Did she say, What do you want? And then I thought, Well, does he really mean it?

2) Indirect speech Sometimes called reported speech, we canmake a speakers words or thoughts part of our own sentence,using conjunctions such as that and changing the pronouns, tensesand other words where necessary.

So he said that he wanted to go home, and just walked out. Did she just ask what I wanted? And then I wondered whether he really meant it.


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Documents

Key Grammar Points