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Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) Observatory

Country Report South Korea: regional aspects of KETs deployment

13 March 2015 Laura Seiffert (TNO)

Client: European Commission, Directorate-General Enterprise & Industry

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Contents

Introduction .............................................................................................................................................3

KETs Observatory ................................................................................................................................3

Regional uptake of KETs ......................................................................................................................3

General characteristics of Korea .............................................................................................................3

Economy and innovative capacity .......................................................................................................3

Policies addressing KETs ......................................................................................................................5

Performance in KETs ............................................................................................................................6

Regional economic and governance structure ..................................................................................... 11

Economic and STI characteristics of Korea’s regions ....................................................................... 11

Regional governance ........................................................................................................................ 14

Regional performance in KETs .............................................................................................................. 14

Regional case: The Photonics cluster in Gwangju ................................................................................ 18

References ............................................................................................................................................ 20

Annex .................................................................................................................................................... 21

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Introduction

KETs Observatory

The European Commission (EC) has launched a project involving the set-up and implementation of a Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) Observatory for 2013-2015. The project is run by a consortium comprising IDEA Consult, TNO, CEA, ZEW, NIW, Ecorys UK Ltd and Fraunhofer (as sub-contractors).

The objective of the KETs Observatory is to provide EU, national and regional policymakers with information on the deployment of Key Enabling Technologies, as a basis for the development and implementation of dedicated industrial policies. It will offer insight on the trends and developments of the KETs related technology and products in the EU, with reference to other competing economies.

Within the framework of this project, different indicators monitoring the deployment of Key Enabling Technologies are compiled. Indicators cover, amongst others, technology (e.g. technology uptake and deployment, measured with the help of patent data).

Regional uptake of KETs

This document addresses KETs in the regional context of South Korea. The first section provides a brief description of the country (i.e. economy, industry), its KETs related policies and its national KETs performance based on patent data. The following section describes the economic and STI1 characteristics of Korea’s different regions. Aspects of regional governance are also examined. Thereafter, an overview of the performance of the different regions with regard to KETs is given. The last section provides a brief description of a regional cluster around KETs (here Photonics) and the policy supporting it.

General characteristics of South Korea

Economy and innovative capacity

South Korea is among the most advanced economies worldwide. Its GDP ranks 12th in the world (in PPP), behind Germany (5th) and France (9th) but ahead of other major European economies such as Spain (14th) and Poland (21th) (IMF 2014). South Korea’s growth rates have been high and robust during the last years, which is in stark contrast with the performance of many EU member states and the EU average (see Figure 2). Economic projections for Korea are positive. The economic upturn is expected to continue due to growing exports and a pick-up in investment (OECD 2014a).

South Korea’s economy is traditionally outwards-looking. 54,6% of GDP is generated through the export of goods and services. The most important industries, which generate a significant part of their income through exports, are electronics, telecommunications, automobile production, chemicals and shipbuilding. (CIA 2014)

South Korea’s competitiveness is comparably high. In the World Economic Forum’s (WEF) Global Competitiveness Index it has managed to remain among the 25 most competitive economies worldwide during the last years; ranking 22 in 2010-11, 24 in 2011-2012 and 19 in 2012-2013 (WEF 2012). In the latest version of the Index it is outperformed by several EU countries, such as Finland,

1 STI: Science, Technology and Industry

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Sweden and the Netherlands, but ranks ahead of other major European economies like France and Spain.

In regards to innovative capacity South Korea is also a strong performer. It takes the 16th place in the Global Innovation Index; again ahead of countries like France (22th) and Spain (27th) (Cornell University 2014). The strengths of its innovation system are (OECD 2014b):

• High investments in R&D from business and government – Korea's R&D spending as percentage of GDP was, at 4,4% in 2012, the highest in all OECD countries (OECD 2014a).

• A highly skilled labour force • A high degree of absorption of advanced technologies • Several highly competitive global players, e.g. Samsung, Kia Motors, and LG Corporation

However, South Korea’s innovation system also faces several challenges, such as (OECD 2014b):

• Partly weak linkages between science and industry • Low investment in R&D in the service sector • Relatively weak SME sector

South Korea’s commitment to further advance the country’s innovative capacity is illustrated by the government’s endorsement of the ‘Creative Economy Plan’ in 2013. The plan contains an ambitious set of measures with the goal to promote innovation and a knowledge-based economy which is increasingly driven by high-value services such as financial services (OECD 2014b). Moreover, a dedicated new ministry - the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (MSIP) – was established to drive the implementation of the strategy. Together with the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE) it accounts for 60% of total public R&D expenditures in 2013 (OECD 2014b).

Figure 1: GDP of selected countries and EU28 in USD [millions, in current PPP at current prices] (Source: OECD)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013Korea 1,038, 1,096, 1,174, 1,267, 1,306, 1,295, 1,393, 1,445, 1,469, 1,537,Japan 3,753, 3,889, 4,064, 4,264, 4,289, 4,081, 4,322, 4,386, 4,504, 4,624,United States 12,277 13,095 13,857 14,480 14,720 14,417 14,958 15,533 16,244 16,800EU (28 countries) 12,670 13,315 14,486 15,373 16,077 15,781 16,182 16,898 16,932 17,410China 5,634, 6,472, 7,518, 8,814, 9,848, 10,837 12,109 13,495 14,792 -

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Figure 2: GDP growth of selected countries and EU [change in % compared to previous year] (Source: OECD)

Policies addressing KETs

South Korea appears not to use the term “Key Enabling Technologies” to refer to the group of crucial technologies which are necessary to drive the development of future goods and services. Nevertheless, supporting disruptive technologies such as nanotechnology or biotechnology is high on the priority list of the government. One objective of the Creative Economy Plan is to promote new future-oriented industries (OECD 2014b). Support for promising sectors such as biomedical, nano and environmental technology is planned to be increased (OECD 2014b).

There are several initiatives to support the development of specific KETs in South Korea; for example:

• Korean Nanotechnology Initiative (KETs Observatory 2013) - The goal of the initiative is to foster technological advances in nanotechnology that can establish Korea as a world leader in this emerging class of technologies. Under the initiative, the government has launched a number of projects. For example, it has established the Center for Tera-Level Nanodevices, charged with developing nanoelectronics devices with trillion-bit memory density capable of processing a trillion bits of information per second. The programme ran from 2001 to 2010 and disposed of a budged of 1,5 billion USD.

• The 21C Frontier R&D programme (mKETs Pilot Lines 2013) - Since 1999 this programme supports 23 projects over a 10-year period, developing core technologies that hold commercial potential, including nanotechnology, space technology and bioscience. Each of these projects benefits from funds of at least 1 million USD. For example between 2001 and 2005 the government launched three programmes for nano-technological development: The National Programme for Tera-Level Nano devices (see above), the Centre for Nano Scale Mechatronics and Manufacturing and the Centre for Nanostructured Materials Technology. During the second phase (2006 – 2015) the major R&D efforts were divided into basic

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013Korea 4.6 4.0 5.2 5.1 2.3 0.3 6.3 3.7 2.0 3.0Japan 2.4 1.3 1.7 2.2 -1.0 -5.5 4.7 -0.5 1.4 1.5United States 3.8 3.4 2.7 1.8 -0.3 -2.8 2.5 1.8 2.8 1.9EU (28 countries) 2.6 2.2 3.4 3.2 0.4 -4.5 2.0 1.6 -0.4 0.1China 10.1 11.3 12.7 14.2 9.6 9.2 10.4 9.3

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prerequisite activities (2006 – 2010), while system-level technologies that use nanotechnology are to be identified and promoted during the third period (2011-2015).

• The Future Industry Pioneering Technology Development Programme (mKETs Pilot Lines 2013) - This programme aims to create new growth engines that will have a big impact on Korea’s future industry. It is divided into two sub-programmes which focus on short/mid-term economic results and on the creation of new markets. Topics of the former programme include new natural pharmaceuticals, system semiconductors for IT convergent devices, green transportation system based on next generation electro-vehicle, high efficient large area thin film photovoltaic and “K-MEG” (Korea-Micro Energy Grid). The latter programme includes topics like transparent flexible display, offshore plant for producing deep sea resources, high-precision roll-to-roll production system for printed-electronics, multifunctional graphene materials and components, and wellness human-care platform.

Performance in KETs In order to illustrate the level of deployment of KETs within the South Korean innovation system, we compare its market share in the total production of patents for the different KETs with that of other countries. This indicator on market share is composed within the framework of the KETs Observatory.2 It indicates the relevance of a country in the respective technology market, and is compiled by dividing the number of patent applications of a certain country by the total number of patent applications of all countries in the sample in the respective KET area. Note that this indicator is strongly influenced by the size of a country as larger countries are more likely to produce more patents than small countries.

South Korea significantly increased its share of patents for all KETs between 2000 and 2011 (see Figure 3). The improvement has been most dynamic in Micro- and Nanoelectronics where the patent share almost increased sixfold. In 2010/2011 Korea’s KETs performance is the highest in Micro- and Nanoelectronics, Nanotechnology and Photonics, followed by Advanced Materials, Industrial Biotechnology and, with some lag, Advanced Manufacturing Technologies.

South Korea also performs well in KETs when compared to other major economies (see Figure 4). It took over both Germany and France in Micro- and Nanoelectronics and Nanotechnology. However, China is also catching up and displayed in 2011 for the first time more patent applications in Photonics than South Korea.

All in all South Korea has been very successful in boosting KETs and now ranks on a par with leading global economies such as Germany and France. This development is probably even more significant than suggested by the graphs below as South Korea has a smaller population (ca. 50 mil.) than for example Germany (ca. 81 mil.), France (ca. 66 mil) or Japan (ca. 127 mil.)

2 See www.ketsobservatory.eu for other indicators as well as a further explanation of the underlying methodology.

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Figure 3: Korea’s market share in patent activities for different KETs [in %] (Source: KETs Observatory)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011ATM 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4AM 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 6 7PHOT 2 3 4 5 5 5 6 5 6 8 8 8MNE 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 7 9 9 10NANO 2 2 4 4 5 6 5 6 6 9 9 9IB 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 5 6 6

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Figure 4: Market share in patent activities of different countries in total production of patents in a certain KET area of all countries in the sample [in %] (Source: KETs Observatory)

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Regional economic and governance structure

Economic and STI characteristics of Korea’s regions

South Korea is a unitary state with two levels of local government. The upper level includes Seoul as a special city, 6 metropolitan areas and 9 provinces (OECD 2012a). These 16 upper level units are commonly grouped into 7 regions (see Figure 5). The lower level consists of 230 bodies, including 75 cities, 86 counties and 69 autonomous districts.

Figure 5: Territorial map of Korea (Source: OECD 2012a)

South Korea’s regional development is characterised by a high level of disparity. 82% of the population lives in urban areas, compared to 79% in France and 75% in Germany (World Bank 2013). In contrast rural areas have experienced a constant outflow of people (OECD 2012b). The capital region around Seoul is by far the most important region in economic terms, and concerning STI activities. Almost half of the population lives in or around Seoul and 48% of Korea’s GDP is generated there. The capital region also accounts for more than 60% of total R&D spending (see Table 2). Moreover, it has the highest number of R&D personnel and the highest percentage of persons with tertiary education (43% of the labour force). The vast majority of patent applications (70%) originates from the region around Seoul. Major industries in the capital region include IT, Bio and Logistics (see Figure 6). The Gyeongnam region located in the south of Korea ranks second behind the capital region in terms of GDP and population. However, concerning STI activities it is outperformed by the less populous and

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economically less important Chungcheong region. The Chungcheong region spends the second most on R&D and has the highest share of R&D personnel (3,14% of employment in the region). The region relies on industries such as Bio, High-tech Materials and Semiconductors. The least significant regions in STI in absolute terms are Gangwon and Jeju. These regions also exhibit the lowest levels of GDP and the smallest number of inhabitants.

Figure 6: Strategic industries in Korea 2003-08 (Source: OECD 2012b)

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Table 1: Regions in South Korea and their characteristics [2010] (Source OECD)

Regional GDP (millions

of US $ current PPP, current prices)

Population (total)

Korea (total) 1.393.239,33 49.410.366,00

Capital Region (KR) 666.401,10 24.339.494,00

Gyeongnam Region 238.828,70 7.768.607,00

Gyeonbuk Region 135.369,28 5.100.008,00

Jeolla Region 140.819,79 5.060.852,00

Chungcheong Region 165.134,11 5.108.134,00

Gangwon Region 34.249,30 1.486.522,00

Jeju 12.437,04 546.749,00

Table 2: Regional innovation indicators for South Korea [2010] (Source OECD)

R&D expenditure (total)

R&D personnel (total)

R&D personnel total (as % of employment)

Tertiary education (as % of labour force)

Patent applications (total)

Korea (total) 43.854.834,28 500.124,00 2,10 38,88 8.433,64

Capital Region (KR) 28.218.339,54 301.017,00 2,52 43,51 5.821,02

Gyeongnam Region 2.805.354,22 46.461,00 1,28 35,66 651,64

Gyeonbuk Region 2.418.609,37 34.296,00 1,36 33,71 330,59

Jeolla Region 1.534.291,90 29.016,00 1,23 32,88 343,89

Chungcheong Region 8.481.717,55 75.702,00 3,14 34,72 1.163,07

Gangwon Region 284.718,30 9.646,00 1,45 29,18 71,10

Jeju 111.803,40 3.986,00 1,41 36,72 19,26

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Regional governance

South Korea has been historically a very centralised country (OECD 2012b). Since the mid-1990 the central government has attempted to increase decentralisation with the objective of achieving a more regionally balanced growth (OECD 2012b). However, the reform attempts have not yet been fully effective and local governments have still little autonomy in strategic and financial planning (OECD 2012b). Also the degree of decentralisation differs by policy area. While local authorities have more discretion in implementing education or health care policies, their leeway with regard to industrial and innovation policy is more limited (OECDb 2012).

Regional performance in KETs For the assessment of the regional deployment of KETs, we analysed 2000 - 2011 patent data for all Korean regions. For each KET the total number of patents per year is displayed on regional level (see Figure 7 to Figure 12). The data are obtained from the KETs Observatory, and it is based on patent applications, using the inventor's location and applying fractional counting. Based on the assessment we conclude that:

• The capital region around Seoul is by far the most prominent region with respect to patenting in KETs. This is in line with the region’s dominant position regarding population size, economic capacity and STI activities.

• The Chungcheong region located in the centre of Korea ranks second in the number of patent applications in all KETs. This reflects its generally strong position with regard to STI in Korea despite being less populous and economically less important than other regions.

• The Gyeongnam region, which is ranks second concerning GPD contribution and population size, performs well in Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (see Figure 12). Though its number of patent applications in other KETs is negligible compared with the two leading regions (capital and Chungcheong).

• The island Jeju displays the lowest amount of patent application of all regions. Between 2000 and 2011 only 23 patent applications for all KETs were recorded there.

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Figure 7: Number of patent applications in Photonics [2000-2011] (Source: KETs Observatory / ZEW 2014)

Figure 8: Number of patent applications in Nanotechnology [2000-2011] (Source: KETs Observatory / ZEW 2014)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Capital region 59 122 169 211 188 183 217 180 210 326 429 433Chungcheong region 10 17 25 22 29 28 60 44 63 59 85 96Gangwon region 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 3 5 4Gyeonbuk region 3 2 8 12 16 5 14 7 8 21 12 16Gyeongnam region 2 4 8 3 6 7 3 5 5 15 11 11Jeju 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1Jeolla region 3 4 4 13 17 5 8 14 18 19 17 22

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Figure 9: Number of patent applications in Industrial Biotechnology [2000-2011] (Source: KETs Observatory / ZEW 2014)

Figure 10: Number of patent applications in Advanced Materials [2000-2011] (Source: KETs Observatory / ZEW 2014)


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Figure 11: Number of patent applications in Micro- and Nanoelectronics [2000-2011] (Source: KETs Observatory / ZEW 2014)

Figure 12: Number of patent applications in Advanced Manufacturing Technologies [2000-2011] (Source: KETs Observatory / ZEW 2014)


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Regional case: The Photonics cluster in Gwangju A major KET ecosystem is the photonics cluster in Gwangju. It was strongly supported by government policy from 2000 onwards and has developed successfully since. Gwangju is a major city (ca. 1,5 mil. inhabitants) located in the south-east of the country in the Jeolla region.

Figure 13: Location of Gwangju in Korea (Source: OECD 2012a)

Next to the provinces and cities located in the capital region and the Chungcheong region, Gwangju displays the highest number of total patent applications in Photonics in the period 2000-2011 (for details see Table 4 in the Annex). The photonics cluster around Gwangju has significantly increased its size and competitiveness since 2000 as shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Development of photonics industry in Gwangju [2000-2010] (Source: OECD 2012)

2000 2003 2008 2010 Sales (billion KRW) 113,6 323,4 1.307,9 2.540,0 Employees (number) 1.896 2.834 6.018 8.004 Firms (number) 47 190 327 360

In 2010 the cluster accounted for around 20% of the total employment in Korea’s photonics industry (Lee and Yoo 2012). The cluster includes several world class companies in the photonics sector, such as Finisar3 (world’s largest supplier of optical communication components and subsystems) or Wooriro Optical Telecom4 (optical telecommunication components supplier). Next to ca. 360 companies, numerous other organisations are located within the cluster, such as universities (e.g. industry-academy campus of Chosun University and Chonnam National University), research institutes (e.g. Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Korea Photonics Technology Institute), and service agencies (e.g. Korea Association for Photonics Industry Development, Gwangju SME Business

3 http://www.finisar.com/ 4 http://www.photonteck.com/en/article_read_303.html

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Support Center, Gwangju Design Center) (Lee and Yoo 2012). Gwangju is also a designated techno park5, with a focus on photonics, optical, photovoltaic, and auto parts.

The cluster was actively developed through government policy since 2000. Following the bankruptcy of Asia Motors (a major automotive company seated in Gwangju) in 1999, the local government drew up a development plan for the local photonics industry. In the following years the cluster received substantial financial support. In 1995 the Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology was established and in 2001 the Korea Photonics Technology Institute, the first government-based research institute specialised in photonics, was created. Between 2000 and 2003, 400 billion KRW (around 30 million EUR) were invested (60% central government, 15% local government and 25% private sector). 80% of this budget was spent on soft and hard infrastructure and 20% on R&D. The development of the cluster was favoured by the increasing importance of liquid electronic displays (LED), optical communication and solar power systems in the global economy. (OECD 2012b)

A variety of instruments supporting innovation and business development in photonics is available through the institutions on-site and other mechanisms:

• Techno park Gwangju – Gwangju hosts one of Korea’s 18 techno parks. As part of the Gwangju techno park, several testing and pilot production facilities have been build. For example, between 2003 and 2006 a LED Packaging Pilot Production Facility was built for 18,715 billion KRW (around 16 million EUR - 63% central government, 6% local government and 31% private sector) (Gwangju Techno park n.t.). Businesses, including local SMEs and start-ups, can use the facilities and the equipment to develop, test and pilot new products and business models. Moreover, the techno park provides support services, such as advice and assistance in (international) marketing, strategy development and fundraising (Global Growth Network n.t.). Additionally, it offers several educational programmes and trainings to generate the skills needed in Gwangju’s photonic industry.

• Korea Photonics Technology Institute (KOPTI) – KOPTI is a government-based research institute specialised in photonics. It keeps state-of-the-art laboratory equipment and clean room facilities. Through carrying out R&D activities, often jointly with local businesses, it supports the local photonics industry by making new technologies and products available. It also offers pilot production, testing and patent analysis. (Business Wire 2013)

• In 2012 a 8 billion KRW fund (around 600,000 EUR) was set up to support local SMEs in professionalising their financial management and to build or upgrade their (production) facilities (Gwangju City 2012).

The vision of the cluster is to become a global photonics hub in the future. In working towards this goal, policy makers will focus in the future on promoting R&D concerning cutting-edge technologies, attracting large companies from within Korea and abroad, and nurturing SMEs by intensifying business support services (Lee and Yoo 2012).

5 “A technopark refers to an industrial and technological complex where personal, material and technological resources, which are often scattered to businesses, academic institutions, research facilities and governments, are gathered into a single place.” (http://www.technopark.kr/eng/main/main.php)

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References Business Wire (2013), Korean Photonics Technology Institute (KOPTI) Purchases Veeco MBE System, http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130115005198/en/Korean-Photonics-Technology-Institute-KOPTI-Purchases-Veeco#.VCVOBqPCRfw

CIA (2014), The World Factbook, South Korea, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ks.html

Cornell University (2014), The Global Innovation Index 2014, https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/content.aspx?page=data-analysis

Global Growth Network (n.t.), Gwangju Technopark, http://www.cicom.fr/ggn/index09f9.html?id=258

Gwangju City (2012), Gwangju Sets Up 8 Billion Won-Support Fund for SMEs

Gwangju Techno park (n.t.), LED/LD Packaging Service Centre, http://english.gjtp.or.kr/index.sko?menuCd=BH03003000000

International Monetary Fund (2014), World Economic Outlook database, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/index.aspx

KETs Observatory (2013), Korea https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/ketsobservatory/sites/default/files/policy/KOREA.pdf

Lee, Jeong Hyop, Ph.D and Yoo, Dong Guk, Ph.D (2012), Gwangju Photonics Cluster: Instilling Bottom-up Processes, presentation, https://www.google.nl/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCEQFjAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.oecd.org%2Fservlet%2FJiveServlet%2Fdownload%2F18348-31102%2FGroup_4_Korea_Jeong%2520Hop%2520Lee.pptx&ei=bHklVK3tBMqwPJTggZAP&usg=AFQjCNHXD-uCRdEIQ1PMCHQaWt0yVlJUvw&bvm=bv.76247554,d.ZWU

mKETs Pilot Lines (2013), Country Report South Korea, http://www.mkpl.eu/uploads/media/mKPL-_country_report_South_Korea.pdf

OECD (2014a), OECD Economic Surveys Korea, http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Overview_Korea_2014.pdf

OECD (2014b), Industry and Technology Policies in Korea, http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/9214081e.pdf?expires=1411043035&id=id&accname=oid017645&checksum=5C05CB0F3D3B846D8A76D85860BEA726

OECD (2012a), OECD Urban Policy Reviews, Korea 2012, http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/0412061e.pdf?expires=1411052582&id=id&accname=oid017645&checksum=FEFA930CC0024865092965463F44A03F

OECD (2012b), Industrial Policy and Territorial Development - Lessons from Korea, http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/4112021e.pdf?expires=1411632946&id=id&accname=oid017645&checksum=057B2220A057FB9B0C9678A513D6A367

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World Bank (2013), Word Development Indicators, http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/variableselection/selectvariables.aspx?source=world-development-indicators

World Economic Forum (2012), The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–20013, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2012-13.pdf

Annex Table 4: Number of patent applications in Photonics [2000-2011] (Source: KETs Observatory / ZEW 2014)

NUTS 3 regions 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Total

(2000-11)

Gyeonggi-do 42 73 116 121 121 132 148 120 136 189 223 240 1663Incheon 1 2 5 8 6 2 8 5 4 8 12 9 70Seoul 17 47 48 81 61 49 61 54 69 128 194 183 993

Chungcheongbuk-do 3 5 3 3 3 7 21 7 12 6 6 7 84Chungcheongnam-do 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 12 13 16 25 73Daejeon 6 12 22 18 27 21 39 29 39 40 63 65 382

Gangwon-do 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 3 5 4 18

Daegu 2 0 3 5 8 1 2 3 2 12 6 7 51Gyeonsangbuk-do 1 2 5 8 8 4 12 4 5 9 6 9 75

Busan 1 1 3 3 2 3 1 4 1 10 6 7 42Gyeonsangnam-do 1 3 4 0 4 3 1 1 4 3 4 4 33Ulsan 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 7

Jeju-do 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 3

Gwangju 0 1 1 12 16 3 7 9 17 13 13 12 104Jeollabuk-do 3 2 2 1 2 1 0 1 1 4 2 5 24Jeollanam-do 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 1 2 2 4 15

JEOLLA REGION

CAPITAL REGION

CHUNGCHEONG REGION

GANGWON REGION

GYEONBUK REGION

GYEONGNAM REGION

JEJU

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Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) Observatory Enabling Technologies (KETs) Observatory ... increasingly driven by ... foster technological advances in nanotechnology that can establish