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v013003 copy 2003 Purdue Univ 1
Key Crop Management Issues for Optimizing Grain Yield amp Quality
RL (Bob) NielsenAgronomy Department
Purdue University Indiana US
Email rnielsenpurdueeduWeb wwwkingcornorgrln-biohtm
5th Australian Maize Conference18-20 Feb 2003 Toowoomba QLD Australia
5th Australian Maize Conference18-20 Feb 2003 Toowoomba QLD Australia
Links to this presentation can be found under ldquoPresentations amp Papersrdquo
Links to this presentation can be found under ldquoPresentations amp Papersrdquo
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 2v013003
Purdue Univ Indiana USA
937
612
Total Arable
Mill
ion
hect
ares
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 3v013003
Itrsquos still winter in Indianahellip
Low temp Jan 27 = -24C
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 4v013003
Major Indiana crops
024 014
219 235
Maize Soybean Hay Wheat
Mill
ion
hect
ares
Source Indiana Ag Statistics Serv
Source httpwwwnassusdagovinpressrelpr011003txt
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 5v013003
Maize land areahellipAustralia vs Top 3 Indiana Counties
82
595542 518
Thou
sand
hec
tare
s
Sources Australian Bureau of Statistics amp USDA-Natrsquol Ag Statistics Service
Image source USDA
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 6v013003
Current state yield estimate
Current estimate of 76 tonha is about 14 below historical trend yield of 88 tonha (140 buac)
Wet spring delayed plantingSoil compactionSubsequent dry weather
~ 76 tonha in 2002 vs ~ 98 tonha in 2001~ 76 tonha in 2002 vs ~ 98 tonha in 2001
Indiana maizeIndiana maize
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 7v013003
Maize yield and grain qualityBoth are important goals of maize productionBoth are influenced by your management decisions and an array of other yield influencing factors (YIFs)Spatial amp temporal consistency of optimum yield and quality requires a combination of good agronomic management on your part and good luck
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 8v013003
Skill versus luckSound agronomic skills amp knowledge will help youhellip
Identify negative and positive YIFs Develop strategies to mitigate or prevent negative YIFs and enhance or promote positive YIFs
Plenty of luck is required if the important YIFs are unknown unidentified or not quantified
Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 9v013003
Yield influencing factorsCrops are influenced by vast array of yield influencing factors (YIFs)
Some influence yield directlySome interact with othersSome occur every year others do notSome influence different crops differentlyWeather interacts with most of them
Identifying YIFs can be difficulthellipIdentifying YIFs can be difficulthellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 10v013003
lsquoPerennialrsquo YIFs Spatial variability for some yield influencing factors is reasonably constant from year to year
Soil fertility or pH patternsSoil drainage patternsPatterns of perennial weed growth
These patterns can be described with site-specific technology and consequently used for YIF management
Soil mapping units
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 11v013003
lsquoSporadicrsquo YIFs Other yield influencing factors occur sporadically over the years
Diseases amp insects even fertility problems are greatly dependent on weather
lsquoAbnormalrsquo weather seems to be the norm
Site-specific technology can help identify these problems when they occur but not necessarily prevent their reoccurrence
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 12v013003
Which YIFs Are Most Important
Row Spacing
Stand Establ
Chemical Appln
Machinery Adj
Harv Date
Diseases
WeedsInsectsTilth
Fertility
Moisture
Soil Temp
Air Temp
Humidity
Sunlight
Rainfall
Plt Date
Seeding Rate
VarietyTimeliness
Last yearLast year
Next yearNext year
This fieldThis field
That fieldThat field
Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress
Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 13v013003
Agronomic choices aboundhellipTillage type and timingHybrid typeSeeding ratePlanting dateRow spacingFertilizer type applrsquon timing placementInsect controlWeed control
Crop rotationDisease controlIrrigation amount and timingHarvest timing rel to grain moisture mechanical kernel damage and mechanical harvest loss
Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 14v013003
Key agronomic practicesRather than identifying specific practices for maximizing yields consistentlyhellip
hellipyou need to understand key agronomic concepts related to optimum yieldshelliphellipthen seek practices that are available and adaptable to your specific situations (YIFs)
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 15v013003
Hybrid performancehellipHigh-yielding hybrids well-adapted to YIFs common in your farming operation
Look for hybrids that yield consistently well across a diverse set of conditions in your area especially weather and disease
Requires comparative hybrid performance data across multiple locations not simply performance on your farm
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 16v013003
After identifying hybridshellipEliminate hybrids with weaknesses for specific traits important to your farming operation
eg specific disease tolerance root amp stalk strength emergence vigor etcInfo about hybrid characteristics can be found on many seed company Web sites
Hybrid Selection StrategyHybrid Selection Strategy
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 17v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipRapid amp uniform stand establishment
Germination amp emergenceEstablishment of nodal root system
Minimizes duration of exposure to pest amp weather stresses while young plants are dependent on kernel reservesIncreases ability to tolerate later stresses
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 18v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipExcellent seed quality
Indicated by warm or cold germination ratings
Excellent genetic seedling vigor
Company ratingsSeed protection from insects or diseases
Seed treatmentsSurface soil free of crust or compaction
Availability of soil nutrients
Starter fertilizer (esp N)Error-free seeding
Planter maintenancePlanter adjustmentsPlanting speed
Adequate amp uniformSoil temperaturesSoil moistureSeed-soil contact
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 19v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipVigorous growth between ldquoknee-highrdquo and pollination (ldquogrand growth periodrdquo)
Ensures successful ear size determinationCompletes establishment of whole root system
Aim for maximum canopy development by at least two weeks prior to flowering
Ensures nearly complete interception of solar radiation during pollination and grain fill
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 20v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Availability of soil nutrients (esp N)Seeding rates amp row spacing sufficient to achieve full canopy closure 2 weeks prior to pollination
Indiana 74000ha and 76-cm row spacing
Minimal competition from weeds insects or diseases
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 21v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipSuccessful pollination and early grain fill
Ensures maximum kernel set on earsMinimizes abortion risk
Minimal stress throughout grain fill
Ensures max kernel weightEnsures max grain qualityMinimizes risk of root and stalk rot development
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation
Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003
Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC
Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop
Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)
Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003
Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content
Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency
Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss
Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field
As great as 1 per point of GMC
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors
Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors
Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 2v013003
Purdue Univ Indiana USA
937
612
Total Arable
Mill
ion
hect
ares
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 3v013003
Itrsquos still winter in Indianahellip
Low temp Jan 27 = -24C
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 4v013003
Major Indiana crops
024 014
219 235
Maize Soybean Hay Wheat
Mill
ion
hect
ares
Source Indiana Ag Statistics Serv
Source httpwwwnassusdagovinpressrelpr011003txt
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 5v013003
Maize land areahellipAustralia vs Top 3 Indiana Counties
82
595542 518
Thou
sand
hec
tare
s
Sources Australian Bureau of Statistics amp USDA-Natrsquol Ag Statistics Service
Image source USDA
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 6v013003
Current state yield estimate
Current estimate of 76 tonha is about 14 below historical trend yield of 88 tonha (140 buac)
Wet spring delayed plantingSoil compactionSubsequent dry weather
~ 76 tonha in 2002 vs ~ 98 tonha in 2001~ 76 tonha in 2002 vs ~ 98 tonha in 2001
Indiana maizeIndiana maize
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 7v013003
Maize yield and grain qualityBoth are important goals of maize productionBoth are influenced by your management decisions and an array of other yield influencing factors (YIFs)Spatial amp temporal consistency of optimum yield and quality requires a combination of good agronomic management on your part and good luck
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 8v013003
Skill versus luckSound agronomic skills amp knowledge will help youhellip
Identify negative and positive YIFs Develop strategies to mitigate or prevent negative YIFs and enhance or promote positive YIFs
Plenty of luck is required if the important YIFs are unknown unidentified or not quantified
Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 9v013003
Yield influencing factorsCrops are influenced by vast array of yield influencing factors (YIFs)
Some influence yield directlySome interact with othersSome occur every year others do notSome influence different crops differentlyWeather interacts with most of them
Identifying YIFs can be difficulthellipIdentifying YIFs can be difficulthellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 10v013003
lsquoPerennialrsquo YIFs Spatial variability for some yield influencing factors is reasonably constant from year to year
Soil fertility or pH patternsSoil drainage patternsPatterns of perennial weed growth
These patterns can be described with site-specific technology and consequently used for YIF management
Soil mapping units
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 11v013003
lsquoSporadicrsquo YIFs Other yield influencing factors occur sporadically over the years
Diseases amp insects even fertility problems are greatly dependent on weather
lsquoAbnormalrsquo weather seems to be the norm
Site-specific technology can help identify these problems when they occur but not necessarily prevent their reoccurrence
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 12v013003
Which YIFs Are Most Important
Row Spacing
Stand Establ
Chemical Appln
Machinery Adj
Harv Date
Diseases
WeedsInsectsTilth
Fertility
Moisture
Soil Temp
Air Temp
Humidity
Sunlight
Rainfall
Plt Date
Seeding Rate
VarietyTimeliness
Last yearLast year
Next yearNext year
This fieldThis field
That fieldThat field
Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress
Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 13v013003
Agronomic choices aboundhellipTillage type and timingHybrid typeSeeding ratePlanting dateRow spacingFertilizer type applrsquon timing placementInsect controlWeed control
Crop rotationDisease controlIrrigation amount and timingHarvest timing rel to grain moisture mechanical kernel damage and mechanical harvest loss
Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 14v013003
Key agronomic practicesRather than identifying specific practices for maximizing yields consistentlyhellip
hellipyou need to understand key agronomic concepts related to optimum yieldshelliphellipthen seek practices that are available and adaptable to your specific situations (YIFs)
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 15v013003
Hybrid performancehellipHigh-yielding hybrids well-adapted to YIFs common in your farming operation
Look for hybrids that yield consistently well across a diverse set of conditions in your area especially weather and disease
Requires comparative hybrid performance data across multiple locations not simply performance on your farm
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 16v013003
After identifying hybridshellipEliminate hybrids with weaknesses for specific traits important to your farming operation
eg specific disease tolerance root amp stalk strength emergence vigor etcInfo about hybrid characteristics can be found on many seed company Web sites
Hybrid Selection StrategyHybrid Selection Strategy
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 17v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipRapid amp uniform stand establishment
Germination amp emergenceEstablishment of nodal root system
Minimizes duration of exposure to pest amp weather stresses while young plants are dependent on kernel reservesIncreases ability to tolerate later stresses
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 18v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipExcellent seed quality
Indicated by warm or cold germination ratings
Excellent genetic seedling vigor
Company ratingsSeed protection from insects or diseases
Seed treatmentsSurface soil free of crust or compaction
Availability of soil nutrients
Starter fertilizer (esp N)Error-free seeding
Planter maintenancePlanter adjustmentsPlanting speed
Adequate amp uniformSoil temperaturesSoil moistureSeed-soil contact
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 19v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipVigorous growth between ldquoknee-highrdquo and pollination (ldquogrand growth periodrdquo)
Ensures successful ear size determinationCompletes establishment of whole root system
Aim for maximum canopy development by at least two weeks prior to flowering
Ensures nearly complete interception of solar radiation during pollination and grain fill
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 20v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Availability of soil nutrients (esp N)Seeding rates amp row spacing sufficient to achieve full canopy closure 2 weeks prior to pollination
Indiana 74000ha and 76-cm row spacing
Minimal competition from weeds insects or diseases
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 21v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipSuccessful pollination and early grain fill
Ensures maximum kernel set on earsMinimizes abortion risk
Minimal stress throughout grain fill
Ensures max kernel weightEnsures max grain qualityMinimizes risk of root and stalk rot development
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation
Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003
Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC
Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop
Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)
Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003
Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content
Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency
Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss
Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field
As great as 1 per point of GMC
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors
Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors
Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 3v013003
Itrsquos still winter in Indianahellip
Low temp Jan 27 = -24C
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 4v013003
Major Indiana crops
024 014
219 235
Maize Soybean Hay Wheat
Mill
ion
hect
ares
Source Indiana Ag Statistics Serv
Source httpwwwnassusdagovinpressrelpr011003txt
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 5v013003
Maize land areahellipAustralia vs Top 3 Indiana Counties
82
595542 518
Thou
sand
hec
tare
s
Sources Australian Bureau of Statistics amp USDA-Natrsquol Ag Statistics Service
Image source USDA
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 6v013003
Current state yield estimate
Current estimate of 76 tonha is about 14 below historical trend yield of 88 tonha (140 buac)
Wet spring delayed plantingSoil compactionSubsequent dry weather
~ 76 tonha in 2002 vs ~ 98 tonha in 2001~ 76 tonha in 2002 vs ~ 98 tonha in 2001
Indiana maizeIndiana maize
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 7v013003
Maize yield and grain qualityBoth are important goals of maize productionBoth are influenced by your management decisions and an array of other yield influencing factors (YIFs)Spatial amp temporal consistency of optimum yield and quality requires a combination of good agronomic management on your part and good luck
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 8v013003
Skill versus luckSound agronomic skills amp knowledge will help youhellip
Identify negative and positive YIFs Develop strategies to mitigate or prevent negative YIFs and enhance or promote positive YIFs
Plenty of luck is required if the important YIFs are unknown unidentified or not quantified
Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 9v013003
Yield influencing factorsCrops are influenced by vast array of yield influencing factors (YIFs)
Some influence yield directlySome interact with othersSome occur every year others do notSome influence different crops differentlyWeather interacts with most of them
Identifying YIFs can be difficulthellipIdentifying YIFs can be difficulthellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 10v013003
lsquoPerennialrsquo YIFs Spatial variability for some yield influencing factors is reasonably constant from year to year
Soil fertility or pH patternsSoil drainage patternsPatterns of perennial weed growth
These patterns can be described with site-specific technology and consequently used for YIF management
Soil mapping units
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 11v013003
lsquoSporadicrsquo YIFs Other yield influencing factors occur sporadically over the years
Diseases amp insects even fertility problems are greatly dependent on weather
lsquoAbnormalrsquo weather seems to be the norm
Site-specific technology can help identify these problems when they occur but not necessarily prevent their reoccurrence
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 12v013003
Which YIFs Are Most Important
Row Spacing
Stand Establ
Chemical Appln
Machinery Adj
Harv Date
Diseases
WeedsInsectsTilth
Fertility
Moisture
Soil Temp
Air Temp
Humidity
Sunlight
Rainfall
Plt Date
Seeding Rate
VarietyTimeliness
Last yearLast year
Next yearNext year
This fieldThis field
That fieldThat field
Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress
Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 13v013003
Agronomic choices aboundhellipTillage type and timingHybrid typeSeeding ratePlanting dateRow spacingFertilizer type applrsquon timing placementInsect controlWeed control
Crop rotationDisease controlIrrigation amount and timingHarvest timing rel to grain moisture mechanical kernel damage and mechanical harvest loss
Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 14v013003
Key agronomic practicesRather than identifying specific practices for maximizing yields consistentlyhellip
hellipyou need to understand key agronomic concepts related to optimum yieldshelliphellipthen seek practices that are available and adaptable to your specific situations (YIFs)
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 15v013003
Hybrid performancehellipHigh-yielding hybrids well-adapted to YIFs common in your farming operation
Look for hybrids that yield consistently well across a diverse set of conditions in your area especially weather and disease
Requires comparative hybrid performance data across multiple locations not simply performance on your farm
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 16v013003
After identifying hybridshellipEliminate hybrids with weaknesses for specific traits important to your farming operation
eg specific disease tolerance root amp stalk strength emergence vigor etcInfo about hybrid characteristics can be found on many seed company Web sites
Hybrid Selection StrategyHybrid Selection Strategy
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 17v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipRapid amp uniform stand establishment
Germination amp emergenceEstablishment of nodal root system
Minimizes duration of exposure to pest amp weather stresses while young plants are dependent on kernel reservesIncreases ability to tolerate later stresses
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 18v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipExcellent seed quality
Indicated by warm or cold germination ratings
Excellent genetic seedling vigor
Company ratingsSeed protection from insects or diseases
Seed treatmentsSurface soil free of crust or compaction
Availability of soil nutrients
Starter fertilizer (esp N)Error-free seeding
Planter maintenancePlanter adjustmentsPlanting speed
Adequate amp uniformSoil temperaturesSoil moistureSeed-soil contact
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 19v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipVigorous growth between ldquoknee-highrdquo and pollination (ldquogrand growth periodrdquo)
Ensures successful ear size determinationCompletes establishment of whole root system
Aim for maximum canopy development by at least two weeks prior to flowering
Ensures nearly complete interception of solar radiation during pollination and grain fill
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 20v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Availability of soil nutrients (esp N)Seeding rates amp row spacing sufficient to achieve full canopy closure 2 weeks prior to pollination
Indiana 74000ha and 76-cm row spacing
Minimal competition from weeds insects or diseases
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 21v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipSuccessful pollination and early grain fill
Ensures maximum kernel set on earsMinimizes abortion risk
Minimal stress throughout grain fill
Ensures max kernel weightEnsures max grain qualityMinimizes risk of root and stalk rot development
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation
Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003
Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC
Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop
Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)
Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003
Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content
Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency
Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss
Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field
As great as 1 per point of GMC
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors
Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors
Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 4v013003
Major Indiana crops
024 014
219 235
Maize Soybean Hay Wheat
Mill
ion
hect
ares
Source Indiana Ag Statistics Serv
Source httpwwwnassusdagovinpressrelpr011003txt
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 5v013003
Maize land areahellipAustralia vs Top 3 Indiana Counties
82
595542 518
Thou
sand
hec
tare
s
Sources Australian Bureau of Statistics amp USDA-Natrsquol Ag Statistics Service
Image source USDA
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 6v013003
Current state yield estimate
Current estimate of 76 tonha is about 14 below historical trend yield of 88 tonha (140 buac)
Wet spring delayed plantingSoil compactionSubsequent dry weather
~ 76 tonha in 2002 vs ~ 98 tonha in 2001~ 76 tonha in 2002 vs ~ 98 tonha in 2001
Indiana maizeIndiana maize
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 7v013003
Maize yield and grain qualityBoth are important goals of maize productionBoth are influenced by your management decisions and an array of other yield influencing factors (YIFs)Spatial amp temporal consistency of optimum yield and quality requires a combination of good agronomic management on your part and good luck
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 8v013003
Skill versus luckSound agronomic skills amp knowledge will help youhellip
Identify negative and positive YIFs Develop strategies to mitigate or prevent negative YIFs and enhance or promote positive YIFs
Plenty of luck is required if the important YIFs are unknown unidentified or not quantified
Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 9v013003
Yield influencing factorsCrops are influenced by vast array of yield influencing factors (YIFs)
Some influence yield directlySome interact with othersSome occur every year others do notSome influence different crops differentlyWeather interacts with most of them
Identifying YIFs can be difficulthellipIdentifying YIFs can be difficulthellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 10v013003
lsquoPerennialrsquo YIFs Spatial variability for some yield influencing factors is reasonably constant from year to year
Soil fertility or pH patternsSoil drainage patternsPatterns of perennial weed growth
These patterns can be described with site-specific technology and consequently used for YIF management
Soil mapping units
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 11v013003
lsquoSporadicrsquo YIFs Other yield influencing factors occur sporadically over the years
Diseases amp insects even fertility problems are greatly dependent on weather
lsquoAbnormalrsquo weather seems to be the norm
Site-specific technology can help identify these problems when they occur but not necessarily prevent their reoccurrence
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 12v013003
Which YIFs Are Most Important
Row Spacing
Stand Establ
Chemical Appln
Machinery Adj
Harv Date
Diseases
WeedsInsectsTilth
Fertility
Moisture
Soil Temp
Air Temp
Humidity
Sunlight
Rainfall
Plt Date
Seeding Rate
VarietyTimeliness
Last yearLast year
Next yearNext year
This fieldThis field
That fieldThat field
Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress
Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 13v013003
Agronomic choices aboundhellipTillage type and timingHybrid typeSeeding ratePlanting dateRow spacingFertilizer type applrsquon timing placementInsect controlWeed control
Crop rotationDisease controlIrrigation amount and timingHarvest timing rel to grain moisture mechanical kernel damage and mechanical harvest loss
Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 14v013003
Key agronomic practicesRather than identifying specific practices for maximizing yields consistentlyhellip
hellipyou need to understand key agronomic concepts related to optimum yieldshelliphellipthen seek practices that are available and adaptable to your specific situations (YIFs)
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 15v013003
Hybrid performancehellipHigh-yielding hybrids well-adapted to YIFs common in your farming operation
Look for hybrids that yield consistently well across a diverse set of conditions in your area especially weather and disease
Requires comparative hybrid performance data across multiple locations not simply performance on your farm
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 16v013003
After identifying hybridshellipEliminate hybrids with weaknesses for specific traits important to your farming operation
eg specific disease tolerance root amp stalk strength emergence vigor etcInfo about hybrid characteristics can be found on many seed company Web sites
Hybrid Selection StrategyHybrid Selection Strategy
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 17v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipRapid amp uniform stand establishment
Germination amp emergenceEstablishment of nodal root system
Minimizes duration of exposure to pest amp weather stresses while young plants are dependent on kernel reservesIncreases ability to tolerate later stresses
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 18v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipExcellent seed quality
Indicated by warm or cold germination ratings
Excellent genetic seedling vigor
Company ratingsSeed protection from insects or diseases
Seed treatmentsSurface soil free of crust or compaction
Availability of soil nutrients
Starter fertilizer (esp N)Error-free seeding
Planter maintenancePlanter adjustmentsPlanting speed
Adequate amp uniformSoil temperaturesSoil moistureSeed-soil contact
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 19v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipVigorous growth between ldquoknee-highrdquo and pollination (ldquogrand growth periodrdquo)
Ensures successful ear size determinationCompletes establishment of whole root system
Aim for maximum canopy development by at least two weeks prior to flowering
Ensures nearly complete interception of solar radiation during pollination and grain fill
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 20v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Availability of soil nutrients (esp N)Seeding rates amp row spacing sufficient to achieve full canopy closure 2 weeks prior to pollination
Indiana 74000ha and 76-cm row spacing
Minimal competition from weeds insects or diseases
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 21v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipSuccessful pollination and early grain fill
Ensures maximum kernel set on earsMinimizes abortion risk
Minimal stress throughout grain fill
Ensures max kernel weightEnsures max grain qualityMinimizes risk of root and stalk rot development
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation
Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003
Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC
Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop
Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)
Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003
Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content
Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency
Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss
Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field
As great as 1 per point of GMC
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors
Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors
Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 5v013003
Maize land areahellipAustralia vs Top 3 Indiana Counties
82
595542 518
Thou
sand
hec
tare
s
Sources Australian Bureau of Statistics amp USDA-Natrsquol Ag Statistics Service
Image source USDA
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 6v013003
Current state yield estimate
Current estimate of 76 tonha is about 14 below historical trend yield of 88 tonha (140 buac)
Wet spring delayed plantingSoil compactionSubsequent dry weather
~ 76 tonha in 2002 vs ~ 98 tonha in 2001~ 76 tonha in 2002 vs ~ 98 tonha in 2001
Indiana maizeIndiana maize
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 7v013003
Maize yield and grain qualityBoth are important goals of maize productionBoth are influenced by your management decisions and an array of other yield influencing factors (YIFs)Spatial amp temporal consistency of optimum yield and quality requires a combination of good agronomic management on your part and good luck
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 8v013003
Skill versus luckSound agronomic skills amp knowledge will help youhellip
Identify negative and positive YIFs Develop strategies to mitigate or prevent negative YIFs and enhance or promote positive YIFs
Plenty of luck is required if the important YIFs are unknown unidentified or not quantified
Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 9v013003
Yield influencing factorsCrops are influenced by vast array of yield influencing factors (YIFs)
Some influence yield directlySome interact with othersSome occur every year others do notSome influence different crops differentlyWeather interacts with most of them
Identifying YIFs can be difficulthellipIdentifying YIFs can be difficulthellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 10v013003
lsquoPerennialrsquo YIFs Spatial variability for some yield influencing factors is reasonably constant from year to year
Soil fertility or pH patternsSoil drainage patternsPatterns of perennial weed growth
These patterns can be described with site-specific technology and consequently used for YIF management
Soil mapping units
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 11v013003
lsquoSporadicrsquo YIFs Other yield influencing factors occur sporadically over the years
Diseases amp insects even fertility problems are greatly dependent on weather
lsquoAbnormalrsquo weather seems to be the norm
Site-specific technology can help identify these problems when they occur but not necessarily prevent their reoccurrence
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 12v013003
Which YIFs Are Most Important
Row Spacing
Stand Establ
Chemical Appln
Machinery Adj
Harv Date
Diseases
WeedsInsectsTilth
Fertility
Moisture
Soil Temp
Air Temp
Humidity
Sunlight
Rainfall
Plt Date
Seeding Rate
VarietyTimeliness
Last yearLast year
Next yearNext year
This fieldThis field
That fieldThat field
Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress
Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 13v013003
Agronomic choices aboundhellipTillage type and timingHybrid typeSeeding ratePlanting dateRow spacingFertilizer type applrsquon timing placementInsect controlWeed control
Crop rotationDisease controlIrrigation amount and timingHarvest timing rel to grain moisture mechanical kernel damage and mechanical harvest loss
Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 14v013003
Key agronomic practicesRather than identifying specific practices for maximizing yields consistentlyhellip
hellipyou need to understand key agronomic concepts related to optimum yieldshelliphellipthen seek practices that are available and adaptable to your specific situations (YIFs)
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 15v013003
Hybrid performancehellipHigh-yielding hybrids well-adapted to YIFs common in your farming operation
Look for hybrids that yield consistently well across a diverse set of conditions in your area especially weather and disease
Requires comparative hybrid performance data across multiple locations not simply performance on your farm
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 16v013003
After identifying hybridshellipEliminate hybrids with weaknesses for specific traits important to your farming operation
eg specific disease tolerance root amp stalk strength emergence vigor etcInfo about hybrid characteristics can be found on many seed company Web sites
Hybrid Selection StrategyHybrid Selection Strategy
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 17v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipRapid amp uniform stand establishment
Germination amp emergenceEstablishment of nodal root system
Minimizes duration of exposure to pest amp weather stresses while young plants are dependent on kernel reservesIncreases ability to tolerate later stresses
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 18v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipExcellent seed quality
Indicated by warm or cold germination ratings
Excellent genetic seedling vigor
Company ratingsSeed protection from insects or diseases
Seed treatmentsSurface soil free of crust or compaction
Availability of soil nutrients
Starter fertilizer (esp N)Error-free seeding
Planter maintenancePlanter adjustmentsPlanting speed
Adequate amp uniformSoil temperaturesSoil moistureSeed-soil contact
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 19v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipVigorous growth between ldquoknee-highrdquo and pollination (ldquogrand growth periodrdquo)
Ensures successful ear size determinationCompletes establishment of whole root system
Aim for maximum canopy development by at least two weeks prior to flowering
Ensures nearly complete interception of solar radiation during pollination and grain fill
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 20v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Availability of soil nutrients (esp N)Seeding rates amp row spacing sufficient to achieve full canopy closure 2 weeks prior to pollination
Indiana 74000ha and 76-cm row spacing
Minimal competition from weeds insects or diseases
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 21v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipSuccessful pollination and early grain fill
Ensures maximum kernel set on earsMinimizes abortion risk
Minimal stress throughout grain fill
Ensures max kernel weightEnsures max grain qualityMinimizes risk of root and stalk rot development
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation
Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003
Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC
Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop
Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)
Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003
Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content
Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency
Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss
Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field
As great as 1 per point of GMC
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors
Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors
Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 6v013003
Current state yield estimate
Current estimate of 76 tonha is about 14 below historical trend yield of 88 tonha (140 buac)
Wet spring delayed plantingSoil compactionSubsequent dry weather
~ 76 tonha in 2002 vs ~ 98 tonha in 2001~ 76 tonha in 2002 vs ~ 98 tonha in 2001
Indiana maizeIndiana maize
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 7v013003
Maize yield and grain qualityBoth are important goals of maize productionBoth are influenced by your management decisions and an array of other yield influencing factors (YIFs)Spatial amp temporal consistency of optimum yield and quality requires a combination of good agronomic management on your part and good luck
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 8v013003
Skill versus luckSound agronomic skills amp knowledge will help youhellip
Identify negative and positive YIFs Develop strategies to mitigate or prevent negative YIFs and enhance or promote positive YIFs
Plenty of luck is required if the important YIFs are unknown unidentified or not quantified
Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 9v013003
Yield influencing factorsCrops are influenced by vast array of yield influencing factors (YIFs)
Some influence yield directlySome interact with othersSome occur every year others do notSome influence different crops differentlyWeather interacts with most of them
Identifying YIFs can be difficulthellipIdentifying YIFs can be difficulthellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 10v013003
lsquoPerennialrsquo YIFs Spatial variability for some yield influencing factors is reasonably constant from year to year
Soil fertility or pH patternsSoil drainage patternsPatterns of perennial weed growth
These patterns can be described with site-specific technology and consequently used for YIF management
Soil mapping units
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 11v013003
lsquoSporadicrsquo YIFs Other yield influencing factors occur sporadically over the years
Diseases amp insects even fertility problems are greatly dependent on weather
lsquoAbnormalrsquo weather seems to be the norm
Site-specific technology can help identify these problems when they occur but not necessarily prevent their reoccurrence
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 12v013003
Which YIFs Are Most Important
Row Spacing
Stand Establ
Chemical Appln
Machinery Adj
Harv Date
Diseases
WeedsInsectsTilth
Fertility
Moisture
Soil Temp
Air Temp
Humidity
Sunlight
Rainfall
Plt Date
Seeding Rate
VarietyTimeliness
Last yearLast year
Next yearNext year
This fieldThis field
That fieldThat field
Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress
Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 13v013003
Agronomic choices aboundhellipTillage type and timingHybrid typeSeeding ratePlanting dateRow spacingFertilizer type applrsquon timing placementInsect controlWeed control
Crop rotationDisease controlIrrigation amount and timingHarvest timing rel to grain moisture mechanical kernel damage and mechanical harvest loss
Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 14v013003
Key agronomic practicesRather than identifying specific practices for maximizing yields consistentlyhellip
hellipyou need to understand key agronomic concepts related to optimum yieldshelliphellipthen seek practices that are available and adaptable to your specific situations (YIFs)
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 15v013003
Hybrid performancehellipHigh-yielding hybrids well-adapted to YIFs common in your farming operation
Look for hybrids that yield consistently well across a diverse set of conditions in your area especially weather and disease
Requires comparative hybrid performance data across multiple locations not simply performance on your farm
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 16v013003
After identifying hybridshellipEliminate hybrids with weaknesses for specific traits important to your farming operation
eg specific disease tolerance root amp stalk strength emergence vigor etcInfo about hybrid characteristics can be found on many seed company Web sites
Hybrid Selection StrategyHybrid Selection Strategy
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 17v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipRapid amp uniform stand establishment
Germination amp emergenceEstablishment of nodal root system
Minimizes duration of exposure to pest amp weather stresses while young plants are dependent on kernel reservesIncreases ability to tolerate later stresses
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 18v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipExcellent seed quality
Indicated by warm or cold germination ratings
Excellent genetic seedling vigor
Company ratingsSeed protection from insects or diseases
Seed treatmentsSurface soil free of crust or compaction
Availability of soil nutrients
Starter fertilizer (esp N)Error-free seeding
Planter maintenancePlanter adjustmentsPlanting speed
Adequate amp uniformSoil temperaturesSoil moistureSeed-soil contact
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 19v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipVigorous growth between ldquoknee-highrdquo and pollination (ldquogrand growth periodrdquo)
Ensures successful ear size determinationCompletes establishment of whole root system
Aim for maximum canopy development by at least two weeks prior to flowering
Ensures nearly complete interception of solar radiation during pollination and grain fill
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 20v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Availability of soil nutrients (esp N)Seeding rates amp row spacing sufficient to achieve full canopy closure 2 weeks prior to pollination
Indiana 74000ha and 76-cm row spacing
Minimal competition from weeds insects or diseases
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 21v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipSuccessful pollination and early grain fill
Ensures maximum kernel set on earsMinimizes abortion risk
Minimal stress throughout grain fill
Ensures max kernel weightEnsures max grain qualityMinimizes risk of root and stalk rot development
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation
Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003
Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC
Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop
Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)
Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003
Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content
Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency
Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss
Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field
As great as 1 per point of GMC
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors
Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors
Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 7v013003
Maize yield and grain qualityBoth are important goals of maize productionBoth are influenced by your management decisions and an array of other yield influencing factors (YIFs)Spatial amp temporal consistency of optimum yield and quality requires a combination of good agronomic management on your part and good luck
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 8v013003
Skill versus luckSound agronomic skills amp knowledge will help youhellip
Identify negative and positive YIFs Develop strategies to mitigate or prevent negative YIFs and enhance or promote positive YIFs
Plenty of luck is required if the important YIFs are unknown unidentified or not quantified
Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 9v013003
Yield influencing factorsCrops are influenced by vast array of yield influencing factors (YIFs)
Some influence yield directlySome interact with othersSome occur every year others do notSome influence different crops differentlyWeather interacts with most of them
Identifying YIFs can be difficulthellipIdentifying YIFs can be difficulthellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 10v013003
lsquoPerennialrsquo YIFs Spatial variability for some yield influencing factors is reasonably constant from year to year
Soil fertility or pH patternsSoil drainage patternsPatterns of perennial weed growth
These patterns can be described with site-specific technology and consequently used for YIF management
Soil mapping units
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 11v013003
lsquoSporadicrsquo YIFs Other yield influencing factors occur sporadically over the years
Diseases amp insects even fertility problems are greatly dependent on weather
lsquoAbnormalrsquo weather seems to be the norm
Site-specific technology can help identify these problems when they occur but not necessarily prevent their reoccurrence
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 12v013003
Which YIFs Are Most Important
Row Spacing
Stand Establ
Chemical Appln
Machinery Adj
Harv Date
Diseases
WeedsInsectsTilth
Fertility
Moisture
Soil Temp
Air Temp
Humidity
Sunlight
Rainfall
Plt Date
Seeding Rate
VarietyTimeliness
Last yearLast year
Next yearNext year
This fieldThis field
That fieldThat field
Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress
Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 13v013003
Agronomic choices aboundhellipTillage type and timingHybrid typeSeeding ratePlanting dateRow spacingFertilizer type applrsquon timing placementInsect controlWeed control
Crop rotationDisease controlIrrigation amount and timingHarvest timing rel to grain moisture mechanical kernel damage and mechanical harvest loss
Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 14v013003
Key agronomic practicesRather than identifying specific practices for maximizing yields consistentlyhellip
hellipyou need to understand key agronomic concepts related to optimum yieldshelliphellipthen seek practices that are available and adaptable to your specific situations (YIFs)
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 15v013003
Hybrid performancehellipHigh-yielding hybrids well-adapted to YIFs common in your farming operation
Look for hybrids that yield consistently well across a diverse set of conditions in your area especially weather and disease
Requires comparative hybrid performance data across multiple locations not simply performance on your farm
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 16v013003
After identifying hybridshellipEliminate hybrids with weaknesses for specific traits important to your farming operation
eg specific disease tolerance root amp stalk strength emergence vigor etcInfo about hybrid characteristics can be found on many seed company Web sites
Hybrid Selection StrategyHybrid Selection Strategy
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 17v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipRapid amp uniform stand establishment
Germination amp emergenceEstablishment of nodal root system
Minimizes duration of exposure to pest amp weather stresses while young plants are dependent on kernel reservesIncreases ability to tolerate later stresses
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 18v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipExcellent seed quality
Indicated by warm or cold germination ratings
Excellent genetic seedling vigor
Company ratingsSeed protection from insects or diseases
Seed treatmentsSurface soil free of crust or compaction
Availability of soil nutrients
Starter fertilizer (esp N)Error-free seeding
Planter maintenancePlanter adjustmentsPlanting speed
Adequate amp uniformSoil temperaturesSoil moistureSeed-soil contact
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 19v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipVigorous growth between ldquoknee-highrdquo and pollination (ldquogrand growth periodrdquo)
Ensures successful ear size determinationCompletes establishment of whole root system
Aim for maximum canopy development by at least two weeks prior to flowering
Ensures nearly complete interception of solar radiation during pollination and grain fill
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 20v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Availability of soil nutrients (esp N)Seeding rates amp row spacing sufficient to achieve full canopy closure 2 weeks prior to pollination
Indiana 74000ha and 76-cm row spacing
Minimal competition from weeds insects or diseases
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 21v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipSuccessful pollination and early grain fill
Ensures maximum kernel set on earsMinimizes abortion risk
Minimal stress throughout grain fill
Ensures max kernel weightEnsures max grain qualityMinimizes risk of root and stalk rot development
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation
Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003
Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC
Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop
Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)
Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003
Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content
Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency
Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss
Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field
As great as 1 per point of GMC
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors
Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors
Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 8v013003
Skill versus luckSound agronomic skills amp knowledge will help youhellip
Identify negative and positive YIFs Develop strategies to mitigate or prevent negative YIFs and enhance or promote positive YIFs
Plenty of luck is required if the important YIFs are unknown unidentified or not quantified
Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 9v013003
Yield influencing factorsCrops are influenced by vast array of yield influencing factors (YIFs)
Some influence yield directlySome interact with othersSome occur every year others do notSome influence different crops differentlyWeather interacts with most of them
Identifying YIFs can be difficulthellipIdentifying YIFs can be difficulthellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 10v013003
lsquoPerennialrsquo YIFs Spatial variability for some yield influencing factors is reasonably constant from year to year
Soil fertility or pH patternsSoil drainage patternsPatterns of perennial weed growth
These patterns can be described with site-specific technology and consequently used for YIF management
Soil mapping units
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 11v013003
lsquoSporadicrsquo YIFs Other yield influencing factors occur sporadically over the years
Diseases amp insects even fertility problems are greatly dependent on weather
lsquoAbnormalrsquo weather seems to be the norm
Site-specific technology can help identify these problems when they occur but not necessarily prevent their reoccurrence
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 12v013003
Which YIFs Are Most Important
Row Spacing
Stand Establ
Chemical Appln
Machinery Adj
Harv Date
Diseases
WeedsInsectsTilth
Fertility
Moisture
Soil Temp
Air Temp
Humidity
Sunlight
Rainfall
Plt Date
Seeding Rate
VarietyTimeliness
Last yearLast year
Next yearNext year
This fieldThis field
That fieldThat field
Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress
Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 13v013003
Agronomic choices aboundhellipTillage type and timingHybrid typeSeeding ratePlanting dateRow spacingFertilizer type applrsquon timing placementInsect controlWeed control
Crop rotationDisease controlIrrigation amount and timingHarvest timing rel to grain moisture mechanical kernel damage and mechanical harvest loss
Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 14v013003
Key agronomic practicesRather than identifying specific practices for maximizing yields consistentlyhellip
hellipyou need to understand key agronomic concepts related to optimum yieldshelliphellipthen seek practices that are available and adaptable to your specific situations (YIFs)
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 15v013003
Hybrid performancehellipHigh-yielding hybrids well-adapted to YIFs common in your farming operation
Look for hybrids that yield consistently well across a diverse set of conditions in your area especially weather and disease
Requires comparative hybrid performance data across multiple locations not simply performance on your farm
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 16v013003
After identifying hybridshellipEliminate hybrids with weaknesses for specific traits important to your farming operation
eg specific disease tolerance root amp stalk strength emergence vigor etcInfo about hybrid characteristics can be found on many seed company Web sites
Hybrid Selection StrategyHybrid Selection Strategy
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 17v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipRapid amp uniform stand establishment
Germination amp emergenceEstablishment of nodal root system
Minimizes duration of exposure to pest amp weather stresses while young plants are dependent on kernel reservesIncreases ability to tolerate later stresses
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 18v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipExcellent seed quality
Indicated by warm or cold germination ratings
Excellent genetic seedling vigor
Company ratingsSeed protection from insects or diseases
Seed treatmentsSurface soil free of crust or compaction
Availability of soil nutrients
Starter fertilizer (esp N)Error-free seeding
Planter maintenancePlanter adjustmentsPlanting speed
Adequate amp uniformSoil temperaturesSoil moistureSeed-soil contact
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 19v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipVigorous growth between ldquoknee-highrdquo and pollination (ldquogrand growth periodrdquo)
Ensures successful ear size determinationCompletes establishment of whole root system
Aim for maximum canopy development by at least two weeks prior to flowering
Ensures nearly complete interception of solar radiation during pollination and grain fill
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 20v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Availability of soil nutrients (esp N)Seeding rates amp row spacing sufficient to achieve full canopy closure 2 weeks prior to pollination
Indiana 74000ha and 76-cm row spacing
Minimal competition from weeds insects or diseases
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 21v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipSuccessful pollination and early grain fill
Ensures maximum kernel set on earsMinimizes abortion risk
Minimal stress throughout grain fill
Ensures max kernel weightEnsures max grain qualityMinimizes risk of root and stalk rot development
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation
Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003
Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC
Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop
Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)
Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003
Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content
Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency
Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss
Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field
As great as 1 per point of GMC
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors
Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors
Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 9v013003
Yield influencing factorsCrops are influenced by vast array of yield influencing factors (YIFs)
Some influence yield directlySome interact with othersSome occur every year others do notSome influence different crops differentlyWeather interacts with most of them
Identifying YIFs can be difficulthellipIdentifying YIFs can be difficulthellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 10v013003
lsquoPerennialrsquo YIFs Spatial variability for some yield influencing factors is reasonably constant from year to year
Soil fertility or pH patternsSoil drainage patternsPatterns of perennial weed growth
These patterns can be described with site-specific technology and consequently used for YIF management
Soil mapping units
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 11v013003
lsquoSporadicrsquo YIFs Other yield influencing factors occur sporadically over the years
Diseases amp insects even fertility problems are greatly dependent on weather
lsquoAbnormalrsquo weather seems to be the norm
Site-specific technology can help identify these problems when they occur but not necessarily prevent their reoccurrence
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 12v013003
Which YIFs Are Most Important
Row Spacing
Stand Establ
Chemical Appln
Machinery Adj
Harv Date
Diseases
WeedsInsectsTilth
Fertility
Moisture
Soil Temp
Air Temp
Humidity
Sunlight
Rainfall
Plt Date
Seeding Rate
VarietyTimeliness
Last yearLast year
Next yearNext year
This fieldThis field
That fieldThat field
Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress
Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 13v013003
Agronomic choices aboundhellipTillage type and timingHybrid typeSeeding ratePlanting dateRow spacingFertilizer type applrsquon timing placementInsect controlWeed control
Crop rotationDisease controlIrrigation amount and timingHarvest timing rel to grain moisture mechanical kernel damage and mechanical harvest loss
Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 14v013003
Key agronomic practicesRather than identifying specific practices for maximizing yields consistentlyhellip
hellipyou need to understand key agronomic concepts related to optimum yieldshelliphellipthen seek practices that are available and adaptable to your specific situations (YIFs)
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 15v013003
Hybrid performancehellipHigh-yielding hybrids well-adapted to YIFs common in your farming operation
Look for hybrids that yield consistently well across a diverse set of conditions in your area especially weather and disease
Requires comparative hybrid performance data across multiple locations not simply performance on your farm
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 16v013003
After identifying hybridshellipEliminate hybrids with weaknesses for specific traits important to your farming operation
eg specific disease tolerance root amp stalk strength emergence vigor etcInfo about hybrid characteristics can be found on many seed company Web sites
Hybrid Selection StrategyHybrid Selection Strategy
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 17v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipRapid amp uniform stand establishment
Germination amp emergenceEstablishment of nodal root system
Minimizes duration of exposure to pest amp weather stresses while young plants are dependent on kernel reservesIncreases ability to tolerate later stresses
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 18v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipExcellent seed quality
Indicated by warm or cold germination ratings
Excellent genetic seedling vigor
Company ratingsSeed protection from insects or diseases
Seed treatmentsSurface soil free of crust or compaction
Availability of soil nutrients
Starter fertilizer (esp N)Error-free seeding
Planter maintenancePlanter adjustmentsPlanting speed
Adequate amp uniformSoil temperaturesSoil moistureSeed-soil contact
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 19v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipVigorous growth between ldquoknee-highrdquo and pollination (ldquogrand growth periodrdquo)
Ensures successful ear size determinationCompletes establishment of whole root system
Aim for maximum canopy development by at least two weeks prior to flowering
Ensures nearly complete interception of solar radiation during pollination and grain fill
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 20v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Availability of soil nutrients (esp N)Seeding rates amp row spacing sufficient to achieve full canopy closure 2 weeks prior to pollination
Indiana 74000ha and 76-cm row spacing
Minimal competition from weeds insects or diseases
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 21v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipSuccessful pollination and early grain fill
Ensures maximum kernel set on earsMinimizes abortion risk
Minimal stress throughout grain fill
Ensures max kernel weightEnsures max grain qualityMinimizes risk of root and stalk rot development
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation
Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003
Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC
Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop
Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)
Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003
Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content
Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency
Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss
Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field
As great as 1 per point of GMC
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors
Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors
Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 10v013003
lsquoPerennialrsquo YIFs Spatial variability for some yield influencing factors is reasonably constant from year to year
Soil fertility or pH patternsSoil drainage patternsPatterns of perennial weed growth
These patterns can be described with site-specific technology and consequently used for YIF management
Soil mapping units
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 11v013003
lsquoSporadicrsquo YIFs Other yield influencing factors occur sporadically over the years
Diseases amp insects even fertility problems are greatly dependent on weather
lsquoAbnormalrsquo weather seems to be the norm
Site-specific technology can help identify these problems when they occur but not necessarily prevent their reoccurrence
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 12v013003
Which YIFs Are Most Important
Row Spacing
Stand Establ
Chemical Appln
Machinery Adj
Harv Date
Diseases
WeedsInsectsTilth
Fertility
Moisture
Soil Temp
Air Temp
Humidity
Sunlight
Rainfall
Plt Date
Seeding Rate
VarietyTimeliness
Last yearLast year
Next yearNext year
This fieldThis field
That fieldThat field
Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress
Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 13v013003
Agronomic choices aboundhellipTillage type and timingHybrid typeSeeding ratePlanting dateRow spacingFertilizer type applrsquon timing placementInsect controlWeed control
Crop rotationDisease controlIrrigation amount and timingHarvest timing rel to grain moisture mechanical kernel damage and mechanical harvest loss
Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 14v013003
Key agronomic practicesRather than identifying specific practices for maximizing yields consistentlyhellip
hellipyou need to understand key agronomic concepts related to optimum yieldshelliphellipthen seek practices that are available and adaptable to your specific situations (YIFs)
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 15v013003
Hybrid performancehellipHigh-yielding hybrids well-adapted to YIFs common in your farming operation
Look for hybrids that yield consistently well across a diverse set of conditions in your area especially weather and disease
Requires comparative hybrid performance data across multiple locations not simply performance on your farm
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 16v013003
After identifying hybridshellipEliminate hybrids with weaknesses for specific traits important to your farming operation
eg specific disease tolerance root amp stalk strength emergence vigor etcInfo about hybrid characteristics can be found on many seed company Web sites
Hybrid Selection StrategyHybrid Selection Strategy
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 17v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipRapid amp uniform stand establishment
Germination amp emergenceEstablishment of nodal root system
Minimizes duration of exposure to pest amp weather stresses while young plants are dependent on kernel reservesIncreases ability to tolerate later stresses
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 18v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipExcellent seed quality
Indicated by warm or cold germination ratings
Excellent genetic seedling vigor
Company ratingsSeed protection from insects or diseases
Seed treatmentsSurface soil free of crust or compaction
Availability of soil nutrients
Starter fertilizer (esp N)Error-free seeding
Planter maintenancePlanter adjustmentsPlanting speed
Adequate amp uniformSoil temperaturesSoil moistureSeed-soil contact
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 19v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipVigorous growth between ldquoknee-highrdquo and pollination (ldquogrand growth periodrdquo)
Ensures successful ear size determinationCompletes establishment of whole root system
Aim for maximum canopy development by at least two weeks prior to flowering
Ensures nearly complete interception of solar radiation during pollination and grain fill
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 20v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Availability of soil nutrients (esp N)Seeding rates amp row spacing sufficient to achieve full canopy closure 2 weeks prior to pollination
Indiana 74000ha and 76-cm row spacing
Minimal competition from weeds insects or diseases
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 21v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipSuccessful pollination and early grain fill
Ensures maximum kernel set on earsMinimizes abortion risk
Minimal stress throughout grain fill
Ensures max kernel weightEnsures max grain qualityMinimizes risk of root and stalk rot development
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation
Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003
Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC
Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop
Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)
Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003
Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content
Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency
Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss
Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field
As great as 1 per point of GMC
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors
Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors
Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 11v013003
lsquoSporadicrsquo YIFs Other yield influencing factors occur sporadically over the years
Diseases amp insects even fertility problems are greatly dependent on weather
lsquoAbnormalrsquo weather seems to be the norm
Site-specific technology can help identify these problems when they occur but not necessarily prevent their reoccurrence
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 12v013003
Which YIFs Are Most Important
Row Spacing
Stand Establ
Chemical Appln
Machinery Adj
Harv Date
Diseases
WeedsInsectsTilth
Fertility
Moisture
Soil Temp
Air Temp
Humidity
Sunlight
Rainfall
Plt Date
Seeding Rate
VarietyTimeliness
Last yearLast year
Next yearNext year
This fieldThis field
That fieldThat field
Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress
Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 13v013003
Agronomic choices aboundhellipTillage type and timingHybrid typeSeeding ratePlanting dateRow spacingFertilizer type applrsquon timing placementInsect controlWeed control
Crop rotationDisease controlIrrigation amount and timingHarvest timing rel to grain moisture mechanical kernel damage and mechanical harvest loss
Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 14v013003
Key agronomic practicesRather than identifying specific practices for maximizing yields consistentlyhellip
hellipyou need to understand key agronomic concepts related to optimum yieldshelliphellipthen seek practices that are available and adaptable to your specific situations (YIFs)
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 15v013003
Hybrid performancehellipHigh-yielding hybrids well-adapted to YIFs common in your farming operation
Look for hybrids that yield consistently well across a diverse set of conditions in your area especially weather and disease
Requires comparative hybrid performance data across multiple locations not simply performance on your farm
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 16v013003
After identifying hybridshellipEliminate hybrids with weaknesses for specific traits important to your farming operation
eg specific disease tolerance root amp stalk strength emergence vigor etcInfo about hybrid characteristics can be found on many seed company Web sites
Hybrid Selection StrategyHybrid Selection Strategy
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 17v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipRapid amp uniform stand establishment
Germination amp emergenceEstablishment of nodal root system
Minimizes duration of exposure to pest amp weather stresses while young plants are dependent on kernel reservesIncreases ability to tolerate later stresses
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 18v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipExcellent seed quality
Indicated by warm or cold germination ratings
Excellent genetic seedling vigor
Company ratingsSeed protection from insects or diseases
Seed treatmentsSurface soil free of crust or compaction
Availability of soil nutrients
Starter fertilizer (esp N)Error-free seeding
Planter maintenancePlanter adjustmentsPlanting speed
Adequate amp uniformSoil temperaturesSoil moistureSeed-soil contact
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 19v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipVigorous growth between ldquoknee-highrdquo and pollination (ldquogrand growth periodrdquo)
Ensures successful ear size determinationCompletes establishment of whole root system
Aim for maximum canopy development by at least two weeks prior to flowering
Ensures nearly complete interception of solar radiation during pollination and grain fill
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 20v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Availability of soil nutrients (esp N)Seeding rates amp row spacing sufficient to achieve full canopy closure 2 weeks prior to pollination
Indiana 74000ha and 76-cm row spacing
Minimal competition from weeds insects or diseases
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 21v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipSuccessful pollination and early grain fill
Ensures maximum kernel set on earsMinimizes abortion risk
Minimal stress throughout grain fill
Ensures max kernel weightEnsures max grain qualityMinimizes risk of root and stalk rot development
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation
Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003
Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC
Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop
Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)
Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003
Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content
Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency
Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss
Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field
As great as 1 per point of GMC
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors
Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors
Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 12v013003
Which YIFs Are Most Important
Row Spacing
Stand Establ
Chemical Appln
Machinery Adj
Harv Date
Diseases
WeedsInsectsTilth
Fertility
Moisture
Soil Temp
Air Temp
Humidity
Sunlight
Rainfall
Plt Date
Seeding Rate
VarietyTimeliness
Last yearLast year
Next yearNext year
This fieldThis field
That fieldThat field
Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress
Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 13v013003
Agronomic choices aboundhellipTillage type and timingHybrid typeSeeding ratePlanting dateRow spacingFertilizer type applrsquon timing placementInsect controlWeed control
Crop rotationDisease controlIrrigation amount and timingHarvest timing rel to grain moisture mechanical kernel damage and mechanical harvest loss
Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 14v013003
Key agronomic practicesRather than identifying specific practices for maximizing yields consistentlyhellip
hellipyou need to understand key agronomic concepts related to optimum yieldshelliphellipthen seek practices that are available and adaptable to your specific situations (YIFs)
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 15v013003
Hybrid performancehellipHigh-yielding hybrids well-adapted to YIFs common in your farming operation
Look for hybrids that yield consistently well across a diverse set of conditions in your area especially weather and disease
Requires comparative hybrid performance data across multiple locations not simply performance on your farm
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 16v013003
After identifying hybridshellipEliminate hybrids with weaknesses for specific traits important to your farming operation
eg specific disease tolerance root amp stalk strength emergence vigor etcInfo about hybrid characteristics can be found on many seed company Web sites
Hybrid Selection StrategyHybrid Selection Strategy
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 17v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipRapid amp uniform stand establishment
Germination amp emergenceEstablishment of nodal root system
Minimizes duration of exposure to pest amp weather stresses while young plants are dependent on kernel reservesIncreases ability to tolerate later stresses
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 18v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipExcellent seed quality
Indicated by warm or cold germination ratings
Excellent genetic seedling vigor
Company ratingsSeed protection from insects or diseases
Seed treatmentsSurface soil free of crust or compaction
Availability of soil nutrients
Starter fertilizer (esp N)Error-free seeding
Planter maintenancePlanter adjustmentsPlanting speed
Adequate amp uniformSoil temperaturesSoil moistureSeed-soil contact
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 19v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipVigorous growth between ldquoknee-highrdquo and pollination (ldquogrand growth periodrdquo)
Ensures successful ear size determinationCompletes establishment of whole root system
Aim for maximum canopy development by at least two weeks prior to flowering
Ensures nearly complete interception of solar radiation during pollination and grain fill
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 20v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Availability of soil nutrients (esp N)Seeding rates amp row spacing sufficient to achieve full canopy closure 2 weeks prior to pollination
Indiana 74000ha and 76-cm row spacing
Minimal competition from weeds insects or diseases
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 21v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipSuccessful pollination and early grain fill
Ensures maximum kernel set on earsMinimizes abortion risk
Minimal stress throughout grain fill
Ensures max kernel weightEnsures max grain qualityMinimizes risk of root and stalk rot development
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation
Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003
Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC
Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop
Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)
Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003
Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content
Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency
Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss
Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field
As great as 1 per point of GMC
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors
Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors
Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 13v013003
Agronomic choices aboundhellipTillage type and timingHybrid typeSeeding ratePlanting dateRow spacingFertilizer type applrsquon timing placementInsect controlWeed control
Crop rotationDisease controlIrrigation amount and timingHarvest timing rel to grain moisture mechanical kernel damage and mechanical harvest loss
Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 14v013003
Key agronomic practicesRather than identifying specific practices for maximizing yields consistentlyhellip
hellipyou need to understand key agronomic concepts related to optimum yieldshelliphellipthen seek practices that are available and adaptable to your specific situations (YIFs)
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 15v013003
Hybrid performancehellipHigh-yielding hybrids well-adapted to YIFs common in your farming operation
Look for hybrids that yield consistently well across a diverse set of conditions in your area especially weather and disease
Requires comparative hybrid performance data across multiple locations not simply performance on your farm
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 16v013003
After identifying hybridshellipEliminate hybrids with weaknesses for specific traits important to your farming operation
eg specific disease tolerance root amp stalk strength emergence vigor etcInfo about hybrid characteristics can be found on many seed company Web sites
Hybrid Selection StrategyHybrid Selection Strategy
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 17v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipRapid amp uniform stand establishment
Germination amp emergenceEstablishment of nodal root system
Minimizes duration of exposure to pest amp weather stresses while young plants are dependent on kernel reservesIncreases ability to tolerate later stresses
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 18v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipExcellent seed quality
Indicated by warm or cold germination ratings
Excellent genetic seedling vigor
Company ratingsSeed protection from insects or diseases
Seed treatmentsSurface soil free of crust or compaction
Availability of soil nutrients
Starter fertilizer (esp N)Error-free seeding
Planter maintenancePlanter adjustmentsPlanting speed
Adequate amp uniformSoil temperaturesSoil moistureSeed-soil contact
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 19v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipVigorous growth between ldquoknee-highrdquo and pollination (ldquogrand growth periodrdquo)
Ensures successful ear size determinationCompletes establishment of whole root system
Aim for maximum canopy development by at least two weeks prior to flowering
Ensures nearly complete interception of solar radiation during pollination and grain fill
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 20v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Availability of soil nutrients (esp N)Seeding rates amp row spacing sufficient to achieve full canopy closure 2 weeks prior to pollination
Indiana 74000ha and 76-cm row spacing
Minimal competition from weeds insects or diseases
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 21v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipSuccessful pollination and early grain fill
Ensures maximum kernel set on earsMinimizes abortion risk
Minimal stress throughout grain fill
Ensures max kernel weightEnsures max grain qualityMinimizes risk of root and stalk rot development
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation
Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003
Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC
Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop
Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)
Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003
Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content
Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency
Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss
Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field
As great as 1 per point of GMC
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors
Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors
Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 14v013003
Key agronomic practicesRather than identifying specific practices for maximizing yields consistentlyhellip
hellipyou need to understand key agronomic concepts related to optimum yieldshelliphellipthen seek practices that are available and adaptable to your specific situations (YIFs)
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 15v013003
Hybrid performancehellipHigh-yielding hybrids well-adapted to YIFs common in your farming operation
Look for hybrids that yield consistently well across a diverse set of conditions in your area especially weather and disease
Requires comparative hybrid performance data across multiple locations not simply performance on your farm
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 16v013003
After identifying hybridshellipEliminate hybrids with weaknesses for specific traits important to your farming operation
eg specific disease tolerance root amp stalk strength emergence vigor etcInfo about hybrid characteristics can be found on many seed company Web sites
Hybrid Selection StrategyHybrid Selection Strategy
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 17v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipRapid amp uniform stand establishment
Germination amp emergenceEstablishment of nodal root system
Minimizes duration of exposure to pest amp weather stresses while young plants are dependent on kernel reservesIncreases ability to tolerate later stresses
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 18v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipExcellent seed quality
Indicated by warm or cold germination ratings
Excellent genetic seedling vigor
Company ratingsSeed protection from insects or diseases
Seed treatmentsSurface soil free of crust or compaction
Availability of soil nutrients
Starter fertilizer (esp N)Error-free seeding
Planter maintenancePlanter adjustmentsPlanting speed
Adequate amp uniformSoil temperaturesSoil moistureSeed-soil contact
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 19v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipVigorous growth between ldquoknee-highrdquo and pollination (ldquogrand growth periodrdquo)
Ensures successful ear size determinationCompletes establishment of whole root system
Aim for maximum canopy development by at least two weeks prior to flowering
Ensures nearly complete interception of solar radiation during pollination and grain fill
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 20v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Availability of soil nutrients (esp N)Seeding rates amp row spacing sufficient to achieve full canopy closure 2 weeks prior to pollination
Indiana 74000ha and 76-cm row spacing
Minimal competition from weeds insects or diseases
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 21v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipSuccessful pollination and early grain fill
Ensures maximum kernel set on earsMinimizes abortion risk
Minimal stress throughout grain fill
Ensures max kernel weightEnsures max grain qualityMinimizes risk of root and stalk rot development
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation
Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003
Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC
Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop
Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)
Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003
Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content
Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency
Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss
Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field
As great as 1 per point of GMC
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors
Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors
Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 15v013003
Hybrid performancehellipHigh-yielding hybrids well-adapted to YIFs common in your farming operation
Look for hybrids that yield consistently well across a diverse set of conditions in your area especially weather and disease
Requires comparative hybrid performance data across multiple locations not simply performance on your farm
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data
httpwwwksuedukscptnccec
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 16v013003
After identifying hybridshellipEliminate hybrids with weaknesses for specific traits important to your farming operation
eg specific disease tolerance root amp stalk strength emergence vigor etcInfo about hybrid characteristics can be found on many seed company Web sites
Hybrid Selection StrategyHybrid Selection Strategy
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 17v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipRapid amp uniform stand establishment
Germination amp emergenceEstablishment of nodal root system
Minimizes duration of exposure to pest amp weather stresses while young plants are dependent on kernel reservesIncreases ability to tolerate later stresses
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 18v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipExcellent seed quality
Indicated by warm or cold germination ratings
Excellent genetic seedling vigor
Company ratingsSeed protection from insects or diseases
Seed treatmentsSurface soil free of crust or compaction
Availability of soil nutrients
Starter fertilizer (esp N)Error-free seeding
Planter maintenancePlanter adjustmentsPlanting speed
Adequate amp uniformSoil temperaturesSoil moistureSeed-soil contact
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 19v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipVigorous growth between ldquoknee-highrdquo and pollination (ldquogrand growth periodrdquo)
Ensures successful ear size determinationCompletes establishment of whole root system
Aim for maximum canopy development by at least two weeks prior to flowering
Ensures nearly complete interception of solar radiation during pollination and grain fill
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 20v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Availability of soil nutrients (esp N)Seeding rates amp row spacing sufficient to achieve full canopy closure 2 weeks prior to pollination
Indiana 74000ha and 76-cm row spacing
Minimal competition from weeds insects or diseases
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 21v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipSuccessful pollination and early grain fill
Ensures maximum kernel set on earsMinimizes abortion risk
Minimal stress throughout grain fill
Ensures max kernel weightEnsures max grain qualityMinimizes risk of root and stalk rot development
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation
Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003
Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC
Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop
Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)
Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003
Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content
Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency
Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss
Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field
As great as 1 per point of GMC
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors
Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors
Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 16v013003
After identifying hybridshellipEliminate hybrids with weaknesses for specific traits important to your farming operation
eg specific disease tolerance root amp stalk strength emergence vigor etcInfo about hybrid characteristics can be found on many seed company Web sites
Hybrid Selection StrategyHybrid Selection Strategy
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
Links to Seed Company Web Sites
httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 17v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipRapid amp uniform stand establishment
Germination amp emergenceEstablishment of nodal root system
Minimizes duration of exposure to pest amp weather stresses while young plants are dependent on kernel reservesIncreases ability to tolerate later stresses
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 18v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipExcellent seed quality
Indicated by warm or cold germination ratings
Excellent genetic seedling vigor
Company ratingsSeed protection from insects or diseases
Seed treatmentsSurface soil free of crust or compaction
Availability of soil nutrients
Starter fertilizer (esp N)Error-free seeding
Planter maintenancePlanter adjustmentsPlanting speed
Adequate amp uniformSoil temperaturesSoil moistureSeed-soil contact
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 19v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipVigorous growth between ldquoknee-highrdquo and pollination (ldquogrand growth periodrdquo)
Ensures successful ear size determinationCompletes establishment of whole root system
Aim for maximum canopy development by at least two weeks prior to flowering
Ensures nearly complete interception of solar radiation during pollination and grain fill
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 20v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Availability of soil nutrients (esp N)Seeding rates amp row spacing sufficient to achieve full canopy closure 2 weeks prior to pollination
Indiana 74000ha and 76-cm row spacing
Minimal competition from weeds insects or diseases
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 21v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipSuccessful pollination and early grain fill
Ensures maximum kernel set on earsMinimizes abortion risk
Minimal stress throughout grain fill
Ensures max kernel weightEnsures max grain qualityMinimizes risk of root and stalk rot development
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation
Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003
Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC
Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop
Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)
Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003
Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content
Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency
Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss
Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field
As great as 1 per point of GMC
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors
Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors
Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 17v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipRapid amp uniform stand establishment
Germination amp emergenceEstablishment of nodal root system
Minimizes duration of exposure to pest amp weather stresses while young plants are dependent on kernel reservesIncreases ability to tolerate later stresses
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 18v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipExcellent seed quality
Indicated by warm or cold germination ratings
Excellent genetic seedling vigor
Company ratingsSeed protection from insects or diseases
Seed treatmentsSurface soil free of crust or compaction
Availability of soil nutrients
Starter fertilizer (esp N)Error-free seeding
Planter maintenancePlanter adjustmentsPlanting speed
Adequate amp uniformSoil temperaturesSoil moistureSeed-soil contact
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 19v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipVigorous growth between ldquoknee-highrdquo and pollination (ldquogrand growth periodrdquo)
Ensures successful ear size determinationCompletes establishment of whole root system
Aim for maximum canopy development by at least two weeks prior to flowering
Ensures nearly complete interception of solar radiation during pollination and grain fill
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 20v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Availability of soil nutrients (esp N)Seeding rates amp row spacing sufficient to achieve full canopy closure 2 weeks prior to pollination
Indiana 74000ha and 76-cm row spacing
Minimal competition from weeds insects or diseases
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 21v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipSuccessful pollination and early grain fill
Ensures maximum kernel set on earsMinimizes abortion risk
Minimal stress throughout grain fill
Ensures max kernel weightEnsures max grain qualityMinimizes risk of root and stalk rot development
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation
Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003
Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC
Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop
Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)
Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003
Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content
Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency
Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss
Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field
As great as 1 per point of GMC
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors
Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors
Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 18v013003
Successful stand establishmenthellipExcellent seed quality
Indicated by warm or cold germination ratings
Excellent genetic seedling vigor
Company ratingsSeed protection from insects or diseases
Seed treatmentsSurface soil free of crust or compaction
Availability of soil nutrients
Starter fertilizer (esp N)Error-free seeding
Planter maintenancePlanter adjustmentsPlanting speed
Adequate amp uniformSoil temperaturesSoil moistureSeed-soil contact
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 19v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipVigorous growth between ldquoknee-highrdquo and pollination (ldquogrand growth periodrdquo)
Ensures successful ear size determinationCompletes establishment of whole root system
Aim for maximum canopy development by at least two weeks prior to flowering
Ensures nearly complete interception of solar radiation during pollination and grain fill
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 20v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Availability of soil nutrients (esp N)Seeding rates amp row spacing sufficient to achieve full canopy closure 2 weeks prior to pollination
Indiana 74000ha and 76-cm row spacing
Minimal competition from weeds insects or diseases
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 21v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipSuccessful pollination and early grain fill
Ensures maximum kernel set on earsMinimizes abortion risk
Minimal stress throughout grain fill
Ensures max kernel weightEnsures max grain qualityMinimizes risk of root and stalk rot development
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation
Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003
Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC
Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop
Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)
Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003
Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content
Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency
Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss
Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field
As great as 1 per point of GMC
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors
Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors
Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 19v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipVigorous growth between ldquoknee-highrdquo and pollination (ldquogrand growth periodrdquo)
Ensures successful ear size determinationCompletes establishment of whole root system
Aim for maximum canopy development by at least two weeks prior to flowering
Ensures nearly complete interception of solar radiation during pollination and grain fill
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 20v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Availability of soil nutrients (esp N)Seeding rates amp row spacing sufficient to achieve full canopy closure 2 weeks prior to pollination
Indiana 74000ha and 76-cm row spacing
Minimal competition from weeds insects or diseases
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 21v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipSuccessful pollination and early grain fill
Ensures maximum kernel set on earsMinimizes abortion risk
Minimal stress throughout grain fill
Ensures max kernel weightEnsures max grain qualityMinimizes risk of root and stalk rot development
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation
Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003
Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC
Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop
Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)
Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003
Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content
Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency
Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss
Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field
As great as 1 per point of GMC
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors
Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors
Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 20v013003
Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Availability of soil nutrients (esp N)Seeding rates amp row spacing sufficient to achieve full canopy closure 2 weeks prior to pollination
Indiana 74000ha and 76-cm row spacing
Minimal competition from weeds insects or diseases
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 21v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipSuccessful pollination and early grain fill
Ensures maximum kernel set on earsMinimizes abortion risk
Minimal stress throughout grain fill
Ensures max kernel weightEnsures max grain qualityMinimizes risk of root and stalk rot development
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation
Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003
Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC
Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop
Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)
Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003
Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content
Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency
Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss
Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field
As great as 1 per point of GMC
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors
Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors
Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 21v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipSuccessful pollination and early grain fill
Ensures maximum kernel set on earsMinimizes abortion risk
Minimal stress throughout grain fill
Ensures max kernel weightEnsures max grain qualityMinimizes risk of root and stalk rot development
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation
Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003
Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC
Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop
Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)
Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003
Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content
Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency
Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss
Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field
As great as 1 per point of GMC
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors
Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors
Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003
Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits
Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage
Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation
Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003
Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC
Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop
Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)
Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003
Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content
Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency
Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss
Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field
As great as 1 per point of GMC
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors
Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors
Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003
Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC
Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop
Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)
Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early
Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003
Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content
Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency
Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss
Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field
As great as 1 per point of GMC
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors
Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors
Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003
Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content
Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency
Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss
Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field
As great as 1 per point of GMC
Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors
Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors
Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors
Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors
Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors
Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003
Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip
Harder endospermHybrid selection
Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill
Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development
Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying
Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003
Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets
Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo
What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003
Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook
Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg
Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks
Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest
wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003
Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program
pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab
Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html
Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003
Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition
wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm
Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau
New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau
Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003
Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)
wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm
Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)
foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003
Hungry for More
Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin
copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003
A Final Thought
ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo
-- Benjamin Franklin