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KEY ASPECTS OF NAVIGATION- Maneuvers
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Definition
A Maneuver is: A connected, ordered sequence of road segments, attributed to signify:
– Where a turn is prohibited, required, or discouraged.– Where there are multiple natural continuations of a road.– Where a route is legally designated as a through route.
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Definition
Maneuvers are used to:
Create accurate route calculations Prevent illegal, unsafe, or undesirable turns Provide navigational guidance when:
– Departing a legal through route
or or – Encountering roads that “split” into two or more natural continuations
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Maneuvers Types
7 Maneuver Types
– Prohibited
– Mandatory
– Implicit (Algorithmic & Manual)
– Through Route
– Bifurcations
– Discouraged
– Permitted
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Specifications
Interior/Exterior Significance– “Collapsing” of street network
• “Level 1” all attributes• “Level 2” collapsed
– Distinction maintains (virtual) reality, and allows the restrictions, prohibitions, etc. that are present in the street network to be maintained in the logical network
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Specifications
A complete maneuver includes:– From segment,
– To segment,
– (0-n) Via segments
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Specifications
Interior Maneuvers– FromFrom segment is interior to an intersection
– ToTo segment is (usually) interior to an intersection.
– One or two segments.
intersectionintersection
preferred pathpreferred path
Interior maneuverInterior maneuverB
C
D
E
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Specifications
Exterior Maneuvers– FromFrom segment is exterior to an intersection
– ToTo segment is (usually) exterior to an intersection
– One or more segments
The from and to edges are The from and to edges are exteriorexterior to the intersection to the intersection
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Specifications
In order to correctly attribute maneuvers following must be checked…
Which path(s) at an intersection are “main” paths, and which are “alternative” paths through an intersection?
– Restrict paths as signplate dictates– Main paths = restricted by external maneuvers– Alternative paths = restricted by internal maneuvers
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Specifications
Other Classifications:
– Single-Segment
– Two-Segment
– Multi-Segment
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Specifications
General Maneuver Rules One or more road segments No Walkways, Stairs or Ferries
– Note: the above classes do not accept vehicular traffic– Crossing ferry lines are separated by “Z levels”
Ordered and joined segment sequence Cannot reference a segment more than once in a particular travel direction Maneuver shall not relate to crossings with grade separation.
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Specifications
General Rules
End of FromFrom segment identified– Via nodes at junction
Only captured if notnot confirming traffic flow
Maneuver not captured !Maneuver not captured !
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Specifications
General Rules Only captured if notnot confirming traffic flow
– VT example
No Trucks allowed on street
trucks
Maneuver not captured !Maneuver not captured !
This restriction will be This restriction will be expressed via DTRF expressed via DTRF attribution on the attribution on the segmentssegments
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Specifications
General Rules Only captured if notnot confirming traffic flow
– TRI example
One-way: 7:30 AM to 5:30 PM Mon-Fri
Maneuver captured !Maneuver captured !
All Day Saturdays
Is this maneuver captured?
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Specifications
General Rules Single Segment maneuvers must exist on each segment whose “ToTo” end
participates in the intersection
Each of these interior maneuvers is Each of these interior maneuvers is needed in the data to prevent u-turnsneeded in the data to prevent u-turns
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Maneuver Types
Prohibited Maneuvers
Prohibited by law
Approved resources mandatory– Survey, ordinance source, etc.
Vehicles not allowed to proceed in a specific direction.
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Prohibited Maneuvers (Rules)
Not captured if confirming traffic flow Interior or exterior possible
– Depending upon situation in reality; main/alternate path at an intersection
Vehicle Types (VTR) and Time Domain (TRI) designations allowed– Vehicle-specific maneuvers– Time-specific maneuvers
Maneuver Types
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Maneuver Types
Prohibited Maneuvers (Rules)
A maneuver cannotcannot reference a segment more than once in a particular travel direction.
– Single-segment maneuvers do not violate this rule because they reference the segment only once in each travel direction.
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Maneuver Situations
Prohibited Maneuver Situations *Fully Restricted*
Prohibition of travel paths at intersections– Main path [most direct path (usually mirrors road network)]
– Alternative path [paths created by centerline representation]
Exterior prohibit maneuvers restrict main path
Case specific
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Maneuver Situations
Single Carriageway
Most common intersection in data Exterior 2 – segment maneuver
An exterior, 2 –segment An exterior, 2 –segment Prohibited Maneuver Prohibited Maneuver from from A→B is used to prevent vehicles from making right A→B is used to prevent vehicles from making right turns at the intersection.turns at the intersection.
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Maneuver Situations
Dual Carriageway
Another common intersection Exterior multiple segment maneuver
For Noright turn prohibited maneuver, U-turn is For Noright turn prohibited maneuver, U-turn is also restricted, unless and until there is a sign also restricted, unless and until there is a sign plate for U-turn.plate for U-turn.
An exterior, multi-segment An exterior, multi-segment Prohibited Maneuver Prohibited Maneuver from A→B→C is used to prevent vehicles from from A→B→C is used to prevent vehicles from making right turns and U-turns at the making right turns and U-turns at the intersection.intersection.
A
B
C
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Maneuver Situations
Dual Carriageway Terminus (after)
Closes after intersection Exterior multiple segment maneuver Exterior single segment Maneuver
In this example, an interior, multi-segment In this example, an interior, multi-segment Prohibited Prohibited Maneuver Maneuver from A→B→C is used to prevent vehicles from from A→B→C is used to prevent vehicles from making U-turns at the intersection.making U-turns at the intersection.
In this situation it is also necessary to have an exterior, In this situation it is also necessary to have an exterior, single-segment single-segment Prohibited Maneuver Prohibited Maneuver from D→D’ to from D→D’ to prevent vehicles from making U-turns prevent vehicles from making U-turns just before just before the the intersection.intersection.
D
D’
A
B
C
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Maneuver Situations
Dual Carriageway Terminus (after-II)
Closes after intersection Exterior multiple segment maneuver Exterior single segment Maneuver
Eastbound vehicles are legally prohibited from making Eastbound vehicles are legally prohibited from making U-turns at the intersection. The most direct U-turn path U-turns at the intersection. The most direct U-turn path is prevented by an exterior, multi-segment is prevented by an exterior, multi-segment Prohibited Prohibited Maneuver Maneuver from A→B→C.from A→B→C.
The other possible U-turn path can be prevented using a The other possible U-turn path can be prevented using a 2-segment 2-segment Prohibited Maneuver Prohibited Maneuver from D→E since this from D→E since this maneuver does not prevent legal right turns at the maneuver does not prevent legal right turns at the intersection.intersection.
A
B
C
D
E
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Maneuver Situations
It is also necessary to have an exterior, two-segment It is also necessary to have an exterior, two-segment Prohibited ManeuverProhibited Maneuver from B→B’ to prevent vehicles from B→B’ to prevent vehicles from making U-turns at thefrom making U-turns at the end end of the dual digitized of the dual digitized road.road.
An exterior, single-segment An exterior, single-segment Prohibited ManeuverProhibited Maneuver from from A→A’ is used to prevent eastbound vehicles from A→A’ is used to prevent eastbound vehicles from making U-turn at the intersection.making U-turn at the intersection.
A
A’
B
B’
Dual Carriageway Terminus (before)
Closes before intersection Exterior multiple segment maneuver Exterior single segment maneuver
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Maneuver Situations
Right Turn Channels
Right turn allowed using turn channel ALL U-turns restricted Multiple travel paths
Northbound vehicles are legally prohibited from making Northbound vehicles are legally prohibited from making U-turns at the intersection via any travel path. U-turns U-turns at the intersection via any travel path. U-turns via the turn channel are prevented by an exterior, multi-via the turn channel are prevented by an exterior, multi-segment segment Prohibited Maneuver Prohibited Maneuver from A→B→C→D. from A→B→C→D.
The other possible U-turn path can be prevented by an The other possible U-turn path can be prevented by an interior, two-segment interior, two-segment Prohibited Maneuver Prohibited Maneuver from E→F from E→F this maneuver does this maneuver does not not prevent right turns via the turn prevent right turns via the turn channel – only from the main carriage.channel – only from the main carriage.
E
F
A
B
C
D
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Maneuver Situations
Median Crossovers on Limited-Access Highways “Cop
Stops”
Authorized use only Mandatory prohibited maneuvers
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Maneuver Situations
Prohibited Maneuver Situations *Partially Restricted*
Prohibition of alternative vs. main (most direct) travel paths
- Typically, exterior prohibited maneuvers are used to prohibit main (most direct) paths
- Typically, interior prohibited maneuvers are used to prohibit alternative paths
Avoid Prohibiting legal paths !! Case specific analysis
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Maneuver Situations
An interior, two-segment Prohibited Maneuver from A→B prevents northbound vehicles from turning left -unless the turn channel is used.
If Prohibited sign is posted in reality
Left Turn Channels
Allow vehicle to avoid intersection One way traffic flow
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Maneuver Situations
Right Turn Channels
Queue vehicles for right turn One-way Posted Prohibited signs mandatory
A 2-segment A 2-segment Prohibited Maneuver Prohibited Maneuver from A→B prevents from A→B prevents northbound vehicles from making right turns and U-northbound vehicles from making right turns and U-turns outside the right-hand turn channel.turns outside the right-hand turn channel.
Posted Signs apply to main northbound “main” carriage only
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Maneuver Situations
In this example, an interior, two-segment In this example, an interior, two-segment Prohibited Prohibited Maneuver Maneuver from B→C prevents northbound vehicles from from B→C prevents northbound vehicles from making right turns outside the jughandle.making right turns outside the jughandle.
U-turns outside of the jughandle are prevented by an U-turns outside of the jughandle are prevented by an exterior, single-segment exterior, single-segment Prohibited Maneuver Prohibited Maneuver from A from A →A’ and an interior, single-segment →A’ and an interior, single-segment Prohibited Maneuver Prohibited Maneuver from B →from B → B’. B’.
Jughandles (Single Carriageway)
Jughandles are for right and U-Turns Posted Prohibited signs in reality No Right / No U-turn at “main intersection”
A A’
B B’
C
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Maneuver Situations
Jughandles (Dual Carriageway)
Jughandles are for right and U-Turns Posted Prohibited signs in reality No Right / No U-turn at “main intersection”
An interior, 2-segment An interior, 2-segment Prohibited Maneuver Prohibited Maneuver from A→B prevents northbound vehicles from A→B prevents northbound vehicles from making right turns and U-turns outside from making right turns and U-turns outside of the jughandle.of the jughandle.
B
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Maneuver Situations
Michigan U-turns
Also devoted to right and U-Turns Posted Prohibited signs in reality No Right / No U-turn at “main intersection”
2 -segment 2 -segment interior Prohibited Maneuvers interior Prohibited Maneuvers from from BB→→C and DC and D→→A prevent westbound and eastbound A prevent westbound and eastbound vehicles from making right turns and U-turns in the vehicles from making right turns and U-turns in the middle of the intersection.middle of the intersection.
2 -segment 2 -segment interior Prohibited Maneuvers interior Prohibited Maneuvers from Afrom A→→B B and Cand C→→D prevent northbound and southbound D prevent northbound and southbound vehicles from making right turns and U-turns in the vehicles from making right turns and U-turns in the middle of the intersection. middle of the intersection. B
AD
C
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Maneuver Types
Mandatory Maneuvers
Represents only allowedallowed maneuvers
Signed or painted arrows
Only allowed to proceed in a specific direction
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Maneuver Types
Mandatory Maneuvers (Rules)
– Not captured if confirming traffic flow
– Interior or exterior
– Can consist of two or more segments
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Maneuver Types
Mandatory Maneuvers (Rules)
Vehicle Type OK
Time Domains acceptable
Cannot be logical duplicates
ToTo edge not more restrictive
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Maneuver Types
Implicit ManeuversImplicit Turn is the database representation of a maneuver, which is in legal
aspects allowed but is forbidden to avoid unwanted turn recommendations.
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Maneuver Types
Implicit Maneuvers
Restrict undesirable turn instructions
Prohibit turns as do prohibited maneuvers
Not signed in reality; implied from network Geometry
Primarily Algorithmically placed in database
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Maneuver Types
A
B
In most cases, In most cases, equivalent equivalent maneuvers would maneuvers would also be placed at also be placed at C C EE
C
E
Implicit Maneuvers
Limited Access Examples
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Maneuver Types
# 40
Implicit Maneuvers
Limited Access Examples
Interior, 2-segment Interior, 2-segment Implicit Maneuvers Implicit Maneuvers from A→C and B→C prevent right from A→C and B→C prevent right turns by the left and right forks.turns by the left and right forks.
B
c
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Maneuver Situations
Implicit Maneuvers at Single/Dual transitions
No explicit prohibitions (I.e. no signs) U-turn must be prevented on short section of Single Carriageway road…
Single Segment Implicit Maneuvers Single Segment Implicit Maneuvers from A > A’ and A’ > A prevent u-from A > A’ and A’ > A prevent u-turns on this short section of road.turns on this short section of road.
A
A’
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Maneuver Situations
Implicit Maneuvers on small slip roads
At the beginning of a small slip road, Implicit Turn is used to avoid alternate turn recommendations in case the angle between the small slip road and the road it comes down is sharp.
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Maneuver Situations
Implicit Maneuvers on small slip roads
At the end of a small slip road, the direction of traffic is assumed to continue if the angle between the small slip road and the road to which the small slip road comes up is sharp, Implicit Turn is necessary to ban the opposite direction.
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Maneuver Types
Implicit Maneuvers (Rules)
Always apply to all vehicle types
No time domain allowed – valid 24/7
Cannot be logical duplicates
ToTo edge not more restrictive
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Maneuver Types
Through Route Maneuvers
Indicate a given driving direction has priority Captured only at turns or bends in road network Presence indicated by signs or lines
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Maneuver Types
Through Route Maneuvers
Valid for both directions of travel, even though only one may be visible
Captured independent of DTRF and functional/arterial class
“Straight ahead” navigation instruction
Captured at the main intersection when a turn channel is present
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Maneuver Types
Through Route Maneuvers (Rules)
Interior or Exterior Consists of only two segments Apply to all vehicle types NO time domain The From and To segments cannot match the From and To segments of
another maneuver
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Maneuver Types
Through Route Maneuvers
Examples
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Maneuver Types
Bifurcations
Special feature created for using in navigation systems.– Generate route guidance
Indicates:– A road is splitting up into 2 or more natural continuations– A road with several lanes running parallel is splitting into 2 or more natural
continuations.
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Maneuvers Types
Discouraged Maneuvers
– Legally permitted maneuver discouraged due to a more appropriate existing path
– Complex traffic flow patterns at major interchanges
– Reference multiple road segments
– Always obtained from approved maneuver resources, and must be approved prior to entry
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Maneuvers Types
Discouraged Maneuver (Example)
In this example, Westbound vehicles on Highway #1 that want to exit at ramp D should take In this example, Westbound vehicles on Highway #1 that want to exit at ramp D should take path A→B→C→D and not path A→E→F→G→C→D. This is because of the amount of space path A→B→C→D and not path A→E→F→G→C→D. This is because of the amount of space that one has on segment C to access the off-ramp. `that one has on segment C to access the off-ramp. `
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Maneuvers Types
Permitted Maneuver
New type of maneuver Acts as a “placeholder”
– Ensures erroneous Implicit or Prohibited Maneuvers are not reintroduced into the
database in the same location as a previously identified incorrect maneuver by manual or automatic processes.
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Maneuvers Types
Permitted Maneuvers
Exterior or Interior Must reference the same sequence of segments of the maneuver it is meant
to replace Cannot allow a turn that is fully prohibited by road network geometry, one-
ways, or Z-levels Vehicle Types & TRI acceptable
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Maneuvers Types
Permitted Maneuver
Change maneuvers to Permitted when:
– an existing Prohibited/Implicit in the database is found to be invalid in the field…
– BUT only if the invalid maneuver could potentially be re-attributed
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Maneuvers Types
Permitted Maneuver
Do not change a Prohibited/Implicit to a Permitted maneuver if:
– There is no risk of an invalid Prohibited/Implicit Maneuver being re-captured in that location.
• For example: DTRF, Blocked Passages, Geometry deletion, etc. prevent the need for a Prohibited/Implicit Maneuver.
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Exercises
Q: In the figure below, which segments would an interiorinterior maneuver include?
A
B
C
D
E
Interior maneuverInterior maneuver
A: Segments D>E are covered by an interior maneuver at this intersection.
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Exercises
Q: What type of maneuvers are being depicted in the examples below?
A: Through Route Maneuvers
These maneuvers indicate which path has priority, collected from signs or painted arrows.
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Exercises
Should the maneuver below be captured?
Maneuver not captured !
Capturing this maneuver would “confirm” the existing traffic flow on the eastbound segments.
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Exercises
Should the maneuver below be captured?
One way: 7:30 AM to 5:30 PM Mon-Fri
All Day Saturdays
Maneuver captured !Maneuver captured !
This is because the one-way traffic flow does not apply This is because the one-way traffic flow does not apply on the time domain indicated on the sign.on the time domain indicated on the sign.
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Exercises
Q: What maneuver would be captured at each location based upon the clues shown below?
A. Through Route Maneuvers
B. Mandatory Maneuvers
C. Bifurcation
AB
C
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Exercises
Identify 9 possible positions to capture implicit maneuvers in the intersection diagrammed below.
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Exercises
Q: What would be the proper way to capture the prohibited right turns at this intersection?
A
B
C
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Questions
