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KERO-PEDIA
a spark ignitedby
....flaming into the world of kerosene
• THIS IS NOT A TELL-ALL TALE
ABOUT KEROSENE.
• THIS TELLS YOU THE "WOW"
FACTS ASSOCIATED WITH
KEROSENE .
• THIS PRODUCT IS ECLECTIC IN
DESIGN AND SHOULD NOT
MAKE YOU YAWN.
Kerosene is derived from the Greek word for wax keros.
KERO'S GREEK CONNECTION
THE PERSIAN CONNECTION
The process of distilling crude oil into
kerosene, as well as other hydrocarbon
compounds, was first written in the 9th
century by the Persian scholar Rāzi (or
Rhazes) in his Kitab Al‐Asrar (book of
secrets).
MANY FATHERS ,MANY NAMES
Naft Abyad(white naphtha) by Razi in 9th century.
Wax‐Oil (keroselaion) by Abraham Gesner in 1846
Paraffine oil by James Young in 1848
Carbon oil by Samuel Martin Kier in 1951
KERO SAVED THE WHALE ? In mid 19th century , a world wide
shortage of lamp oil made from
sperm whale's blubber caused it to
be more expensive as the whale
grew scarce due to over‐ hunting
Luckily for the whales, in 1846, a Canadian
surgeon Abraham Gesner research in minerals
at Nova Scotia resulted in the development of a
process to refine keroselaion from naturally
occurring asphaltum (albertite) which was
cleaner than whale oil in lamps.
KEROSENE MAN - 1
KEROSENE MAN - 2• In 1848, Scottish chemist James Youngexperimented with oil discovered seepingin a coal mine as a source of lubricating oiland illuminating fuel.
•When the seep became exhausted, heexperimented with the dry distillation ofcoal, especially the resinous "bogheadcoal" (torbanite).
• He extracted a number of useful liquidsfrom torbanite, one of which at lowtemperatures congealed into a substanceresembling paraffin wax.
THE PATENT WAR - YOUNG vs OTHERS
• In 1850, James Young took out a patent on paraffin wax making
process and the resulting products and built the first truly commercial
oil‐works in the world at Bathgate in 1851, using oil extracted from
locally mined torbanite, shale, and bituminous coal.
• Despite clear priority of discovery, Abraham Gesner did not obtain his
first kerosene patent until 1854, two years after James Young's US
patent.
• These patents were subsequently upheld in both countries in a series
of lawsuits, and other producers were obliged to pay royalties to
Young.
KEROSENE MAN - 3• Since the 1840s, Samuel Martin Kier's saltwells were becoming fouled withpetroleum.
• At first, Kier simply dumped the useless oilinto the nearby Pennsylvania Main LineCanal, but later he began experimentingwith several distillates of the crude oil,along with a chemist from easternPennsylvania.
• In 1851, Kier began selling kerosene tolocal miners, under the name "CarbonOil". He distilled this by a process of hisown invention from crude oil. He alsoinvented a new lamp to burn his product.
THE FIRST REFINERY
• Samuel Martin Kier‐dubbed as the
Grandfather of the American Oil
Industry was the first person in the
United States to refine crude oil into
lamp oil when he established
America's first oil refinery in
Pittsburgh in 1853.
• Kerosene was the first material to be
chemically extracted on a large
commercial scale.
THE STORY OF KEROSENE LAMP•Ignacy Lukasiewicz, a Polish pharmacistresiding in Lwow, had been trying to improveon Gesner's process, using local seep oil.
•On the night of July 31, 1853, doctors at thelocal hospital needed to perform anemergency operation, virtually impossible bycandlelight.
•They therefore sent a messenger forLukasiewicz and his new lamps. The lampburned so brightly and cleanly that the hospitalofficials ordered several lamps plus a largesupply of fuel.
• Lukasiewicz realized the potential of his workand quit the pharmacy to find a businesspartner, and then travelled to Vienna toregister his technique with the government.
KEROSENE FACT SHEET
• During fractional distillation of crude oil, the fraction that is collected
between 150°C and 250°C is kerosene.
• The auto‐ignition temperature is 220°C
•Maximum distillation temperature is 204.4°C
• Final Boiling Point is 300°C
•Minimum flash point is 37.78 °C
• The specifications for kerosene are set by the American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM) & American Petroleum Institute (API).
PRIMUS - THE FIRST KERO STOVE• In 1892, Frans Wilhelm Lindqvist ,aswedish mechanic partnered with hisfriend Johan Viktor Svenson to establishJ.V. Svenson’s Kerosene Stove Factory tomanufacture the new stoves (registeredas Sootless Kerosene Stove) , which weresold under the name Primus.
In late 1892, Berndt August Hjorth ,founder of Bahco Group acquiredsole rights to the Primus stove .
KERO - STOVES TO ROCKET
• BS2869 Class C1 (lighter) ‐ Used in lantern, camping stove, wick heater
and mixed with gasoline in vintage combustion engines.
• BS2869 Class C2 (heavier) ‐ Used as domestic heating oil.
• RP‐1 (alternately, Rocket Propellant‐1 or Refined Petroleum‐1) is a
highly refined form of kerosene outwardly similar to jet fuel, used as
rocket fuel.
TRYST BETWEEN RP-1 & SATURN V• Saturn V rocket’s first stage carries
7,70,000 liters of kerosene fuel (RP‐1) and
12 lakh liters of liquid oxygen needed for
combustion.
• During initial phase of lift‐off of Saturn V
the reaction between RP‐1 & Liquid
Oxygen generates 1.62 × 1011 watts of
power
KERO-STATISTICS•World kerosene consumption = 12 lakh barrels per day
• Largest consumers = Japan @ 350220 barrels per day.
• Largest exporter = China @ 128130 barrels per day
• Largest importer = Nigeria @ 32020 barrels per day
• India produces @ 163110 BPD• India consumes @ 191669 BPD• India imports @ 29250 BPD• India exports @ 700 BPD
ALTERNATIVE USES OF KERO
• The dry cleaning industry was born when a kerosene lamp was
accidentally tipped over onto a soiled tablecloth in France, thereby
discovering the oil's cleaning properties .
ALTERNATIVE USES OF KERO• Since 2004,the New York City Transit has been using Ultra‐low
sulfur kerosene to power its bus fleet.
ALTERNATIVE USES OF KERO• In X‐ray crystallography, kerosene can be used to store
(preserve) crystals.
ALTERNATIVE USES OF KERO• Paraffin oil is used as a laxative.
ALTERNATIVE USES OF KERO• Kerosene is often used in the entertainment industry for fire
performances, such as fire breathing, fire juggling or poi, and fire
dancing.
THIS IS NOT THE END !• Save Kerosene !
REFERENCES• www.rolfgross.dreamhosters.com
• www.hugovandermolen.nl
• www.blog.mailasail.com
• www.thejojobaoil.com• www.nsis.chebucto.org• www.greatkat.com• www.ecopolproject.blogspot.com• www.appropedia.org• www.madehow.com
• www.ffden‐2.phys.uaf.edu
• www.waymarker.com
• www.bgl.nu
• www.blogs.rsc.org
• www.projectcrystal.org
• www.the‐lib.com
• www.sebastienvalade.com
• www.en.wikipedia.org
• http://www.nycgo.com/venues/mta‐new‐york‐city‐transit
• http://www.mtv.com/artists/kerosene‐3/biography/
• www.Perpetualpreparedness.blogspot.com
KERO-PEDIA
a spark ignitedby
..................flaming into the world of kerosene
Servals Automation Pvt Ltd , 5/1 Balaji Nagar Upstairs ,First Street, Ekaduthangal
,Chennai – 600032 ,PHONE : 64577181 – 64577182 ,FAX : 044 - 45540339E-MAIL :
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