The September October Issue of Chinthamani online Journal is different from the earlier journals, since it attempts a bilingual (English and Malayalam) publication of a Research work undertaken by the Trust .Hereafter Chinthamani will be a Bimonthly, and every Issue will deal with part of the book Kerala History. More than 72 temples were visited for the purpose.Thanks to Archeological society of India (ASI),Cochin,Malabar,and Thiruvithamkore Devaswam Board ,Zamorins of Calicut for permitting to undertake research in the various temples under their jurisdiction.

Thanks to each of the Temple Ooraalers/Trustees who had given valuable information and help during field work.

DR SUVARNA NALAPAT TRUST FOR EDUCATION AND RESEARCH Kerala History based on temple traditions Part 2 History of Pallavas of

Kerala, their Timespan and scripts /Inscriptions

Dr Suvarna Nalapat

There are several South Indian stone/copper plate inscriptions which throw light to Keralas past. The temples of Kerala and their rich collection of evidence is not much utilized by historians so far. Therefore , the Trust undertook a study based on these. In this part the available Pallava history of Kerala, its relation to stories told in several popular scriptures, and subaltern histories, comparison with central Indian Sarabhapureeya inscription history is done.Available Malabar inscriptions are cited as a Table .Timespan of Munda and other Adivasi races of India, their relation to Royal families and the genetic (DNA) evidence of a scholar of Kerala/Ujjain are also probed for a clear picture of Kerala history from pre-historic days. In the next few volumes the findings from each of the temples have to be analysed and for this , this introductory part is essential.

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Peruvanam Ground Plan, and temple,Serpent design at Jain Temple Vaithiri, Padma at Veliyambam kotta Bhagavathi Temple, Elephant at Thiruvanchikkulam, Varavoor Kulaseharapuram Thali temple, and an Inscription at Thrikkotithanam are seen in this page.

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Kerala History based on Temple traditions of Kerala Part 2

History of Pallavas of Kerala, their Timespan and scripts /Inscriptions

Dr Suvarna Nalapat Trust

(Dr Suvarna Nalapat Trust for Education and Research) September /October Issue of Chinthamani Journal .

Contents

1 Tamil Chronology according to Modern Historians..

2 South Indian Stone Inscriptions . 3 Inscriptions of Pallavas and their relation to Kerala History

4 Malabar Inscriptions (A topographical list of Inscriptions of

Madras Presidency . V .Rangacharya .Asian Education Series .New Delhi 1985 ASI Thrissur Circle ACC 2125/14/12/04 ,South Indian Inscriptions Vol 5 Director Epigraphy Mysore on behalf of Director General Archeological Survey of India 1986 ASI No:417/34/ASI V)

5. Kathaasarith Saagaram, Haalaasyamaahaathmyam and Narayan Kannoor Saasanam/Inscription

6 Story of Goureemundan 7. Kerala and Naravahana Datha

8. Timespan of Adisankara and Kathaasarithsaagara

. 9.The gene of Vararuchi

Appendix : Comparison of Brahmi and pallava scripts

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( ) Tamil Chronology

. . Pre-Historic

1. 30,000 BCE Paleolithic Industries

2. 8000-3000 BCE Microlithic Industries 3. 3000-1000 BCE , Neolithic

,Microlithic

. Pre-Sangam age

1000-300 BCE Megalithic 600 BCE Tamil Brahmi 250 BCE -,,,

Asokans Edicts 200 BCE

Elara the contemporary of Duttha Gamini

. Sangam period

200 BCE-200 CE Beginning of the last sangam age 150 BCE .

Kharavela of Kalimga , Hathigumba 130- Uthayan Cheral 175-195 ,, Cheran

Chenkuttuvan, Gajabahu, Karikalacholan 190 katumko ilamcheral irum

porai . 200 vattezhuth 210-

Thalayalamkanam war of Nedumchezhiyan Pandian

. Pallava period after Sangham period

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300-590 . Kalabhras 300-500 Chilappathikaram is written 560-580 Simha Vishnu 560-590 Pandian Katumkon 590-630 1 Mahendravarman 1 610 ()

Thirunavukkarasar (Appar) teaches Mahendravarman

628 2 Chalukya Pulikesi 2 630-668 1, Narasimhavarman 1 642- ,

Maamallan captures Pulikesins Vaathaapi . 670-700 Arikesari

parankusa Maravarman 700-728 ,

Mamallapuram,kancheepuram kailasanath temple constructed by Pallava Rajasimha

710-730 Kongu war of Ko Chatayan Ranadheeran

731 Nandivarman Pallavamallan from second line of heirs is adopted

731-765 wars of Pandya Rajasimha and Chalukya Vikramaditya with Nandivarman

735- Kancheepuram captured by Chalukya Vikramadityan

760-Pallava . Nandivarmans siege on Ganga

768-815 PandyanParanthaka netumchetayan in Madura Throne

767 South of Kaveri , Pandian supremacy over Pallava

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. 800-830 1 Varaguna 1s victory over Danthivarman

830-862 Pandian Sreemara Sreevallabhan on Madura Throne

840 Sreemaarans victory over Senan of Simhalam

848 Vijayalaya Cholans victory over Mutharaya Muthurajas of Thanjavur on Kaveri Delta

. 846-869 3 Nandivarmas victory over Pandyas

859 Sreevallabhas victory over Pallavas in Kumbhakonam

862- Senan 2 of Simhala kills Sreemaaran

903 . .Aparajithapallavan defeated by Aditya Cholan. Cholas become powerful.

( ) South Indian Stone Inscriptions , , , ,, .

South Indian Inscriptions are in a mixture of Brahmi,Granthavari,Tamil, Telugu,Kannada,Malayala and Sanskrit. In the Tamil inscription of Rajaendra Chola 1, (Kandiyur ) ra,ja,sa, pa etc are in pure Malayalam scripts. Ra is written in the same inscription as Tamil and Malayalam . Similarly Pa also is written in both languages. For example in the name of Parakesari Varman both pa and Ra are written bilingually. In it, from line 12 to 23 , the wealth of Keralan Jayasimhan is eulogized. ( upto 18 translated ) ,,, . . , .

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12.Thennavan vaitha sundaramutiyum Indiranaramum thenthirai-

( the beautiful crown of southern emperors, the garland vaijayanthi of Indra)

-

13.Yeezhamandalamuzhuthum eripatai keralan murai meyyirchoodum

(keralan who destroyed Southern wealthy Eezhamandalam wears traditionally onhis body)

14 Kuladhanamakiya palarpukazh mutiyum chenkathirmalayum chenkathir

( the crown which His kuladhana or traditional wealth , eulogized by many , and the necklace of red suns)

15 Velai tholperumkaval palpazhan theevuncheruvin chinviyiruppa

( of the twilight , the thol or educational institutions protected by the pazhaya old-paal-paalaka protectors, which seen all around the Islands sides)

16 .Thorukaal raichu kalai katta parachuraaman mevarunchaanthimath theevarankaru-

(in the ancient times , when the kalai were all perfect, Parasurama with his shanthi , crowned the theevaradeva with)

17.Thi iruthiya chempon thiruthakumutiyum payankodu pazhimika-

( reddish golden crown and throne , the old and rich auspicious ,and rising)

18 Muyankiyil muthukittolitha jayachingan alpperumpukazhotu

( land with oceans rich in pearls , and with his fame Jayasimha)

19 Peetiyaliratta paatiyezharaiyilakkamum navanethikkulamperuma-

-

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20 Laikalum vikkiramaveerar chakkaraikkottamum muthirpatavallamathuramanda-

-

21 lamum (kaamitaivalai iyanaa)manaikkonaiyum venchina veerar panchappalli-

( ) -

22.yum paachataippazhana maachunidesamum ayarvil vankeerthiyaathina

23 karvayil chandiran tholkkulatthindirarathanai vilaiyamarkkalathukkilyo-

-

24 tum pitithu palathanathodu neerai kuladhanakkuvaiyum chittarum cherimilai otta vishayamum

-

in the next few lines it is said that during that time Kosala is ruled by Soora, and Bengal by Maheepaala, and the the mango gardens of Govinda chandan,the Vaakayam (Vakayur perumthurai ) of Kitaarath Arayan who is also called Samgrama Vijayothumga panmana (padman),the Kolam (kolathu nad) which is famous for its Kalam (kappal,ships are called kalam) which is ruled by thithamaaveli vinai maatha maalingam ,the katumthiral Ilaam (EElam) uridesam, and katal kaavalkkatumurat (s)kataaram the great kataaram called Murat or muras which is for protection of the seas, .. and all these are under the control of maapporu thandaar Ko parakesari varman Udayar (udayavar).

( ( ) () . . . ).

In inscriptions near pukalur ,Arkat hills, by the Cheras of Sangham period we read , (, .)

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Naakan makan nankeeran Naagan,son of Nakkeeran. Nakkeeran is a legendary scholar of Tamil Nad. . Naaga is a race and keera is a parrot (Sukam) which is proficient in language,literature,Musical prosody. . ,. ,, , .

Amutham amannan yaattoor chenkaayappan ko aavi irumpurai makan perum katumkon makan katunkon enkatunko ilamko aaka arppitha kallu Eternity /Amritham. King Aattoor chenkaay Appan Emperor of Praana (Aavi/ Athman) sits on Porai (Hill) . His son is Perumkatungon, son of perumkatunkon is katunkon.

Thaa amannan yaattoor chenkaayappan uraiya ko aathan chelli namporai makan perumkatumkon makan ilamko inko aachi arutha kallu .

Kottanthaila ey moontru ( Kottanthailam means Kottanchukkaadi oil . Ey moontru is a measurement 5 X 3= 15 ). Related to Ayurveda knowledge . ( The geneology starts from Ko Aathan Chelli Namporai of Perumchelloor Kazhakam of Kerala. His name is Mannan /king Aattoor Chenkaayappan Ko Aavi Irum porai . His son is Perum Katum Kon. His son Ilamko Katum Kon .. The second is the stone inscription when he became Ilamko /Yuvaraja and the 3rd is the one dedicated when he sacrificed the rule . Aatchi Arutha kallu means the stone when the rule was sacrificed or ended ) and both are those of an Ilamko , grandson of Chelli and son of Perumkatum ko. This chera inscription is important for the students of Perinchellur kazhakam and its Valabhi University , Mooshaka Vansa Geneology and Ayurveda traditions of that University. Aathan being a name attached to the oldest Emperors of Cheras and attached here to a Chelliyan of Perumchellur speaks volumes about the authenticity of Mooshakavansa Kavya and its geneology.) Ilam katumgons timespan is given as 190 AD by historians , so that his grandfather Ko Aathan Chelli Namporai must be in the first few years of Christian era.

Pallava natukal (Menhir inscriptions)

1 Mahendravarman 1 ,Dandam patu Natukal ...

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Ko Vijaya mayeendirapperumarkku pathinettavathumee venaattu Aanthaipaati eechai perumpaanarai charumarumakkal porchenthiyaaru chevakaru thorukkonda njaantru meettuppattaan venaattu nandiyaar kalkka ( The full name of Mahendravarman 1 is Ko Vijaya Maheendrapperumar or perumaal. At his period there was a Venad Aanthaippaati Eesa perumpaanar ) , and a Venat Nandiyaar . Mahendravarman 1 ruled well before the 5th century AD and at that time the Ay kingdom of Venad is mentioned at 2 places 1. Venaat Aanthaippaati ( Aanthavanpaati) Iswara Perumpaanar or the great Bard who sings on the God of Venad, Padmanabhaswami. 2. Venaat Nandiyaar . The Nandi or Scholarly Rishabha of the University of Valabhi at Venad. The popular historic concept that Venad came to existence only in 13th century as a kingdom is thus nullified . Mahendravarman is called Mahendra Perumar or Mahendra Perumal (LaRayorabhedam of grammatic rule) and thus establish the presence of Perumals of Kerala well before Mahendravarman 1 , that is before 4-5 th century AD . This is against the popular historic concept that Perumals of Kerala came to existence only after 8th century.

2.Mahendravarman 1 Eduthanoor Natukal :

Ko Vijaiya mayindirapperumarkku muppathunaakaavathu vaana ko araicharu marumakkal Pottaikkaiyaar Ilamakan Kandan Thevakka thitthammaerumaippuratthe vaatipattaan kalkkovilvannai annaay irukallanaikkatithu kaathirunnavaaru . ( The marumakan or nephew of the KoArachar Mahendravarman named here as the Ilamakan (young son) of Pottaikaiyar , Kandan Theva Thitthan and he has gardens in a place beyond Erumappuram and a stone temple and 2 stone Anaicuts . He looks after these . Kandan Theva is a name of Thalappalli Kovilakam kings. Thitthan Kandan Theva of Thalappalli swaroopam was nephew of Mahendravarman 1. The Erumappuram must be Erumappetty in Thalappalli Melvattam . This establish the relationship of

Pallava with the Thalappalli Kaadava kings . . .

3.Narasimhavarmman 2 .Veloor Natukal .

Ko Vijaiya narachingapperumarkku irantaavathu vaana ko athiraichar chevakar meekkontrai naattu mel Veloor aalum panaiyamaariyir ivvoortthorukkonda njaantrupattaar ( The name Chevakan for Sevakan is a Tamil word for warrior chieftains who served the king in Kerala. Meekkontrainaattu or

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upper hill country , mel veloor is upper Vel/sakthi Puram of the commanders. That upper Veloor is ruled by Panaiyamaari /Panayannaar rain Goddess .And the Bhattar/Pattaar /Bhattaaraka of that Goddess has eructed a stone in the second year of King Narasimha Perumaal.

4. Kampavarmans Chinnayyanpettai natukal . Swasthisree . Kovijaiya kamparumarkkuyaantu moontraavathu vayiramekavaana Ko araiyar chevakan meekuntrai naattu Malaiyanoorutaiya Chempatthondan makan Kaaripperumaan paachaarairutaitthorunayi naattaar kollappaachaattoor poochalitappoochal chentru kovoor naattu chittitaiyaattumukkontrai mukkil meemalai ayankayakkaraiyir chentrumutti Malaiyanoorutaiya chemparmakannaana kaaripperumaanannan uraiyilampumaala evvippthiramuruvi ethire chentru pattaan.( The Warrior Chevakan of the upper Hill country Malayanoor /Malayalanaad or malayamaanaat is Chembathontan and his son is Kaari Permaan . Kaari of Kuthiraimala of Sangham period is a Velir . The kuthiramala , including the present Kuthiraan is between Palghat and Thalappalli and belongs to Thalappalli Melvattom. Thus , the stone eructed by Kaaripperumaaal of Thalappalli Melvattom in Malayamaanaadu in the 3rd year of Kampapperumaar (perumaal) is important in Pallava and Chera/Kerala connections. Both belong to same race and is not a foreign extruder from Bactria or Greece.

5. Thiruvaanmoor Natukal of Kampavarmman :-

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Sreekampapperumarkku yaantu irupathaavathu pattai potthanukku okkonta naakan okka thinthan pattaipotthan methavam purinthathentru pataarikku navakkandam kuduthu kuntrakeethalai aruthu ppitalikaimel vaithaanukku thiruvaanmoor ooraar vaitha parisaavathu Emoorpparai kottakkal medu cheythaaraavirkku kkuduppaaraanaar potthanamkizhavarkalum thoruppati nilamkututhaarkal .ithu antrentraal kamkaiyitai kumara itai ezhunoottu kaathavum cheythaan cheytha paavatthuppatuvaar antrentraar antraal kovukku kaarppontrantappatuvaar.

6. Veloor natukal of Kampavarman :- 7.

.... .......... . Swasthisree.kovijaikkampapperumarkku yaantettaavathu vayirameka vaana kovaraiyaraal thakatoor naattuppaakaattoorkkaathavamaathevan makan kaalaman meeykkontrainaattumel veloor irunthu vaazhaanintra kaalathu murunkaiccheri nathathantraimaiyyanaar makalai kallar pitikkathooralkonteyya..avalai vituvithaal pattaan kaalaman . ( The kaatavan Maathevan of Paakaattoor in Thakatoor Naad , and his son Kaalavan/Kaala means a Rishabha or Ox /Nandi during his rule in Veloor , thieves abducted the daughter of Murungaiccheri /Muringoor chieftains relative. Bhattaarakan Kaalaman /Rishabha Nandi relieved the girl and protected her and a stone was eructed for this valourous act of Kaalaman. The name Kampa perumaal is noteworthy.Kambam or Sthambam (Natukal) is eructed by the tribals of South India and is venerated as Sthambeswari till period of Chalukkiyas. This ancient custom is revived during Kambapperumaal pallavans period and he is thus called kambapperumaal. Kambar of Tamil Ramayanam fame also may have such a origin for his name. The timespan of Kampapperumaal Pallava is fixed as AD 863-895 by historians. (Time of the Kollam era in Kerala) . After him only Nripathungavarman has ruled on Pallava throne. (AD 863- 904) .This Nripathungavarman is the same we have seen in Sarabhapuri Somavansi Pandavavansi Inscriptions of Central India and its significance I had discussed elsewhere. The last ruler of the Dynasty is considered as the first Ruler by historians when they think Perumals Kulasekharas started rule from 8th century.By 8th century their rule had lost its significance . It was just a transit period for them to give away the throne to the foreign powers one by one. India Adivasi rule had a magnificent beginning and course from Threthayuga,through Dwaparayuga a nd ended with beginning of Kollam Era and fall of their greatest Monarchs and Educational Institutions and economic controls .

7. Sucheendram sthaanunaathaswami (Thaanu-Maal-Aayan) thirukkovil first praakaaram .Swasthisree .Pootanthaiyum Jayamatanthayum polinthu thiruppyathiruppa paar muzhuthum putai nizhatta paraakkiramathaal muti chooti ,thenmathuraapuri thiruvilaiyaattathil kantu

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mannarellaam vanthiraincha malainaatu kontaruli ,maapaaratham porutharuli,mannavarkku thoothu chaentraruli,thevaasuramadhukai tharithi thenaarum maraiyum kontaruli,vatavaraiyil kayal porithu,vaanavarkon aaram poontu thitavaachakakkurumuni paal chenthamizhnool therintharuli,thalir irumkaimaathurimaicchenkolenkum disai natatthi, manniya veerachimmaasanatthil theerai lokeeyam muzhukutaiyaarotum veettiruntharuli,maamuthal mathikkulam vilakkiya ko muthal mottavanmaaraana thiripuvanachakkaravartthikal Sreeveerapaadiyatthevar apishekakaalathil, raachithaakothratthu, aaseelaayanachoothratthu, naaraayanan chendanaana Itaiyaattu mamgalatthu nampiyum thirupputthoor aazhvaarum,pillaiyaar veerakeralatthevarum,uthiramanthrikal veerakeralapaandiyakkonaarum,nirkka,itaiyaattumamgalathu nampiyotum thiruvaay mozhintharuli perumaalukku thiruvaayushyaarthhamaaka chucheenthiramutaiya naayanaarukku perumaal thaanam pannikkututtharulina poomi thenkoottuppurathaa naattuppoochankutippaalathavotu thottam ivvathavotu thottatthukku perunaankellai keezhellai paathiritthottatthuneer nakkal thennellai kalkkuzhikku vatakkumelellai pullaalkkuricchi karkkara vayalil ottruvaayalkkinattukku kizhakku vatavellai karatikkumbal katampukku therkku Eri irantinaal vilainilamum kaatumulppata nilam ezhu vezhi innilamezhuveliyum iraiyili kaaraanmaiyum utpata chucheendramutaiya naayanaarkku thaanam panninaan .perumaan mutaiyaarum pazhamperumaneekki ipptikku perumaan kallilum chempilum vettikkutukkaventru thiruvaay mozhintharuli thirumanthiravolai murappunaattu maravnooraam pallavan velaalnaana nitthavinotha mooventha velaarezhuthinaal pirachaatham cheytharuliya sreemukathinaalum senaapathikal venpaikkutinaattu ilavenpaicchanthirachekaranaana veerapaantiyamooventhavelar kataiyeettinaalum puravuvari thinaikkalnaayakam malaikkoottathu vilatthoor kesavanaana thennavasikhaamani mooventhavelar ezhuthinaalum mukavettinaayakam chembil naattu arayaneri thaayan ponnanaana kurumbil utaiyaan ezhuthinaalum koottukkooru thiruvazhuthi valanaattukkottoor perarulaalan kattam kutiyaan vaanavan vazhukkon .ttin ulvari patiyaalum ninthavinothamooventhavelaarezhuthinaal pirachaatham cheyytharuliya sreemukhathaalum veerapaandiyamooventhavelaalar thalaiyeettaalum piravuvariyaarezhuthitta ulvariyaalum ikkalamuthal thiruppatimaattu ullittan cheluthuvaaraaka chonnom chucheenthiramutaiya naayanaarkku

( .(Inscription in the first prakara of Sthanunathasmwmi temple) (swasthisree) ( Goddess Lakshmi in lotus flower) (Goddess Vijayalakshmi ) ( with all their glory on either side ) ( the one who has no equal in valour in the world, has been crowned) ( The one who is seen in the Thiruvilayatal of southern City of Madura) ( who rules Malanadu-Hill country Malayalanad, Kerala, where all kings come

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and eulogise) ,(The one who fought the war of Mahabharatha) (The one who has gone as a messenger of peace to the durbar of Kourava kings) ( The one who bears Nectar for both Deva and Asura ) ,( who is authority on both the rivers of honey and to the Vedas) (The one who has drawn the sign of Fishof South in the Northern Himalayas) , (The one who wears the Vaijayanthi garland of Indra, God of Devas) ,( The one who cognized the ancient Tamil Veda and taught it to the dwarf Muni Agasthya who is knownfor his fixity of sentences- The grammatic proficiency ) ( wearing the Chenkol in the tender leaflike soft hands , and ruling all directions) ( In the valorous throne of the earth, sitting with the Bhoodevi who is immersed in waters ) ( from the first ruler who began the Lunar race of Chandravansa /Mathikkulam to the crowning ceremony of the present Ko /king kottavarmman thribhuvana

chakravarthi Sri veerapandya Thevar ) , ( Idayaattumamgalam Nambi Narayanan Chennan of Rajagothram , Aswalayana Soothram) ( Azhvar of Thirupputhoor) ( Pillaiyar son-Yuvaraja Veerakerala Theavar) ( Main Minister Veerakerala Pandiyakkonaar ) ( in their presence) ( the king asked Idayattunambi) ( For the sake of long lifespan of Perumal, Perumal dedicated landed property to Sucheendram Nayanaar )

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f. ( This is the landed property and its limits in detail) ( This was done by the earlier ancestors of the Perumal and and now reinforced by the present perumal) ( Make this permanent by recording on stone and on brass leaf, said the king) ( That sacred document was created and enforced in presence of ) () ( the blessed and happy face of Murappanaat Maravanoor Pallavan Velaalan Nithyavinoda Mooventhar) ( seal of commander in chief Venpaikkutinaat Ilavembai Chandrasekhara Veerapandyamooventha velar) ( written by the Nayakkan of all the thinai over the puram or empire , Malakkoottatthu Vilatthoor kesavan Thevvavasikhaamani Mooventhavelaar) ( signed by Mukavettinayakam chembil naattu arayaneri thaayan ponnan Kurumbil Utaiyaan) ....... ( and the friend of the entire royalty /koottukkooru- Thiruvazhuthi Vala(bha)naattu kottoor who is famous for his great words , and the Vanavan Vazhukkons

Kutiyaan of kattam / the produce of ricefields to collect vari or tax ) .) Who were the Mooventhars during the Sucheendram inscription ? 1. Murappanaat Maravanoor Pallavan Velaalan Nithyavinoda Mooventhar (From the name

and adjectives used this is Azhvaanchery Thambraakkal of Kolavaraaha Panniyoor Kazhakam ) Pallavan or Vallabhan Perumaal is the Azhvaancheri who is always the Guru of all the races of kings and is Nithyavichareswara in function.

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2. commander in chief Venpaikkutinaat Ilavembai Chandrasekhara Veerapandyamooventha velar ( This is a Pandya name but he is important in Kerala administration and in the defence ) .He is in charge of the sea trade .

3. Nayakkan of all the thinai over the puram or empire , Malakkoottatthu Vilatthoor kesavan Thevvavasikhaamani Mooventhavelaar . This person is a Nayakan or Hero of all the 5 Thinai of the Puram/Empire and is dwelling in the Malakkoottam ( Hills ) within Vilatthoor (Vilam or Bilam is Caves) and has cave centers for secret warfare and controls land route .

Who were present ?

1 kottavarmman thribhuvana chakravarthi Sri veerapandya Thevar, This being his crowning ceremony ( The same as No:2 above)

2. Idayaattumamgalam Nambi Narayanan Chennan of Rajagothram , Aswalayana Soothram.He is of Kshathriya Gothra, and has learned Aswalayana Soothra . Idayaattu (Middle River ) is periyaar and the Mangalam ( a Brahmin settlement has a suffix Mangalam) of this Chennan must be Chennamangalam. Nambi Narayanan is thus the treasurer of entire Mooshaka/Vallabha empire of Kerala .

3. Azhvar of Thirupputhoor (A vaishnava saint belonging to ancestral line of Bards of Ilanko Adikal, and other Paananaar Perumaals of Tamil land )

4. Pillaiyar son- Veerakerala Theavar (Son of No :1 )

5. Minister Veerakerala Pandiyakkonaar ( Nephew and next principal authority to ascend Throne . No: 3 Vilathhoor Kesavan Theva sikhaamani )

6. Mukavettinayakam chembil naattu arayaneri thaayan ponnan Kurumbil Utaiyaan ( The main Captain of the Vannery Kochin swaroopa Mooshaka kings )

7. koottukkooru- Thiruvazhuthi Vala(bha)naattu kottoor.Thiruvazhuthi is a name we have to consider carefully. The name seen in Thovari caves and read by Sri A R.Raghava warrier is Vazhumi . Ko Vazhumi. This person is the close relative and honest and truthful to the Royal lineage and throne just as Bheeshma was to the throne of Hasthinapura. He is in charge of collecting all revenews and looking after the dharma and welfare of entire people , just as his own children.

8. Vanavan Vazhukkons Kutiyaan of kattam. Vazhumi has a name Vazhukkon. His prefix is Vaanavan or Devan/Theva in regional language. He is Thevaanaam piya or Devaanaam priya and looks after the payers of tax /Kutiyaan as his lawful children and keeps the people satisfied and loyal to the throne. The chief of the Kutiyaans of Vaanavan also is present in the ceremony as witness of the law.

It is important to note that the temple is in Kanyakumari District at southern end and people from central and North Kerala are taking part in it and playing a main role too for making a decision.

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( Inscriptions of Pallava and their Kerala Relations )

Inscriptions of Pallava are divided as the period of copperplates ( 3-6 century) and period of Stone inscriptions by historians . Dr Hultzsch and Rai Bahadur doubt that pallava rule ended with Nandivarman Pallavamallan, son of Hiranyavarman.Others think that it continued a little bit more. In one of the Sculptures of Vaikuntapperumal shrine of Kancheepuram, a person called Tharantikkonta posar points at a crown to be worn by son of Hiranyavarman (AD 670-690) and tells that it is not elephants head but the crown to be worn on your sons head. Historians think that the crown of Pallava kings was in the shape of elephants head , and such a crown is seen in a Bactrian kings headdress only (Demetrius) .This Bactrian king accepted it from Alexanders model, and since Nandivarman Pallavamallan is said to have worn such a crown they doubt their foreign ancestry . But they also note that the pallava kings had Vijaya and Vikrama added to their names. ( (3-6 ) (7-9 ) . , 2 (Dr. Hultzsch and Rai Bahadur Venkayya) . ( 670-690) , , , , . () . (,) .,

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. )

Bactrian King Demetrius

There are some questions which they have forgotten to ask.

1 If the king Hiranyavarman belonged to the same vansa of Pallava, he would not have mistaken the crown which his ancestors were wearing for so long, for a elephant head. Either the king must be a fool or the story is only a fiction.

19

2.If the model of crown is taken from Alexander, then why cant it be that Alexander was crowned King In India by giving him a Pallava crown ? From that model Demetrius would have taken his model. The Harappan, and Bahrut stupa head dresses point to this possibility.

3.Elephant is a special animal of south India and a chieftain is crowned as Ganapathi with an elephant head in India only. Is elephant such a familiar divine animal in Greece for Alexander to have fashioned his headdress like that before he came to India?

( -

1 , . .

2. .

3. . .

? )

The chronology of Hiranyavarman is Pallava chronology. Simhavishnu (Avanisimha) is son of Simhavarman and father of Mahendravarman 1. His empire extended upto Kanchi and Mahendravarman reports that he was dear to all Pallavas. He was a devotee of Vishnu. Mahendravarman was also a Vaishnava. Later on, due to needs of the times, Appar advised him to change his policy of Vaishnavite Ahimsa and to follow policy of Himsa (war) to check the intruders . During Mahendravarmans time several stone temples were constructed and renovated. His adjectives Vichithrachithan,sankeernajaathi,Mathavilaasa,Chethakkaari (Chenthakkaari) sathrumalla etc shows his character, likes and lineage.Nilwaleneyambu,pasarambu,Bujjaanakanthu,Pisugu,Venthula vittu pallava etc shows his Telugu relations.(Inscriptions at Trichinappalli,Pallavaram,Kaanjeepuram).The cave temple at Thrissinappally is known as Lalithaankurapallaveswaragriham.(House of Lalithankura Pallava King) The sprout from Devi Lalitha is Lalithankura and the tender leaf (pallava) of it is his synonym. Vallam cave temple near Chingel Pet is called Devakulam.It was made by Kandasena son of Vayyaanthaippiriya arasar .Kandasena (skandasena) and kandasishya is same person and Skandasishya (kandasena) son of Veerakoorchiya built the single pillared Mandapa at the Moolasthaana. Kanthan and Kurichiyan are names of ancient kings of Thalappalli lineage and of the Vanavasi,Girivasi (hill and forest tribes) of ancient kerala.The most ancient and purest Lanchanaa of Pallava is the Rishabha sign and this as

20

we all know is the ancient sign of Sindhu-Harappan Dravidian culture.The Pallavas also use signs like lamp,Flag, Chaamaram etc.

( . () . . . . . , . . , , , , () . , , , , (inscriptions at Trichinopoly, Pallavaram, Conjeeveram) . . . () . . , . () . ,, .)

1 Brahma 2 Angiras 3 Brihaspathi 4 Samyu 5 Bharadwaja 6 Drona 7 Aswathama 8 Pallava

Prehistoric (, )Mahabharatha time Harappan,Saindhava periods

9 Asoka 10 ()Kolobarthri 11 Chuthu pallava 12 Veera Kuruchiya 13 1 Kandavarman 1 14 Kumaravishnu 15 1 Budhavarman

Historic time 150 -215 CE 240 240 265

21

16 2 skandavarman 2 17 2 kumaravishnu 2 18 1 Vishnugopa 19 3 kandavarman 3 40 Veeravarman 41 4 kandavarman 4 42 1 Vishnugopa 43 1 simhavarman 1

290 315 340 365 390 403 Did not occupy throne 436 -477

. .

45. ( 5) 477 CE Siva skandavarman 5

44 2 ( .) 340 CE Vishnugopan 2

46 1.502 Nandivarman 1 47 2 527 CE simhavarman 2 had 2 children 2 48 550-580 simhavishnu 49 1 629-668 Narasimhavarman 50 668-670 Mahendravarman 1 51 1 670-690 Parameswara Varman 1 52 2 . 690-728 Narasimhavarman 2 53 2 720-728 Mahendravarman 2 54 2 728-731 Parameswaravarman 2

Bheemavarman Adityavarman Govindavarman Hiranyavarman 55 2 731-796 Nandivarman 2 56 796-847 Danthivarman. .. Wife Kadamba princess Akaalanimmathi .

22

,, , ( ) 57 3 (Kumaramarttanda) 847-863 Nandivarman 3.Had 2 children Nripathungavarman and Kampavarman 2 . Ganga Nergutti, Bana Vikramaditya Mavalivanaraya Chola-Maharaja Kumarankusa. Varaguna 58 Kampavarman 863-895 . 35 . , ,. Prithvipati 1, (Akalankattuvarayar ) . 59 863-904 ( .) Nripathungavarman. The Mutaraiyans under Sattam-Paliyili Gangas under Prithivipati Banas under Mahabali-Banavidyadhara ()Wife Kaatavan Mahadevi did Hiranyagarbha and Thulabhara. . 60 Aparajithavarman Rajamarttanda 890-908 .Wife Maathevi Adikal .

23

Pallavas belong ,thus, to Chuthu,Naaga,Vanavasi,AndhraBhruthya sathakarni and are very old inhabitants of India. To categorise them as Bactrian and Greek kings is showing ignorance of historians. The first king is named Veera Kuruchian and Kurichiyas were always the people and kings of hills of South India. The King became a king only after marrying a Naaga princess as was the custom of Indians . His mother also is a Naaga queen. The two Saasana of Yuvaraja Vishnugopa are from Paalakkaat ( Netumgaracha/Araya and Uruvappally saasana) .The aracha or king of Netunga /Netunganad and the Paalakkaat relation is important. Kurichiya and Kerala kings were having intimate relations till Pazhassi times.VishnuGopas Omgodu grant,Pikira grant,Mangalur grant and Vilavetti grant are by Simhavarman 1 ( for the sake of the Yuvaraja).

(, ,, () , . , . , . . . 2 ( , ) . . . , , , ( Omgodu B grant, Pikira grant, Mangalur grant and Vilavetti grant ) . ( ) .

In the village of Kandasishya , in moolasthaana the Brahmadeya for Perumaan Adikal is confirmed by

Vaathaapikkonta Narasimhappotta rayar and later in the 27th year of Rajakesarivarman re-confirmed

according to Thirukkazhumkuntram inscription. The Inscription on Adivaraha temple of Mahabalipura

reads Parameswaramahavarahavishnugriha . Parameswaravarman 1 his father Mahendravarma 2

and grandfather Narasimhavishnu is determined by scholars. Since there were Chalukya wars , during

Parameswaravarmans period constructions are less. Mahabalipuram Ganesa temple and Dharmaraja

Mandapa , Ramanuja Mandapa,Kuram Siva temple, Varaha cave, belongs to him. Inscription In Dharmaraja Mandapa calls it Athyantha Kaama pallaveswara Griham.

(. , , 27

24

. . , , ( 2, ) . . , , , , ( ) . .)

In many temples of Kerala there are inscriptions belonging to the early Pallava and Chalukya periods. Vattezhuth was formed through Brahmi (Saraswti), pallava and Granthakshari scripts

( . () , , , . )

MALABAR INSCRIPTIONS

Ref A topographical list of Inscriptions of Madras Presidency . V .Rangacharya .Asian Education Series .New Delhi 1985 ASI Thrissur Circle ACC 2125/14/12/04

South Indian Inscriptions Vol 5 Director Epigraphy Mysore on behalf of Director General Archeological Survey of India 1986 ASI No:417/34/ASI V

General CP No:6 . 1911-12 . , , ( with collector) 1.219 (1895) . (Now in collectors office) 27

No: 783 A R No: 219 of 1895 (pp 337-338) MGS

25

2. , 3. () . 4. . ( ) 15 5 6. . . 7. . 8. 9 . . 10 . . 11 . . 12

220 of 1895 No:784 Gundert Translated 13 of 1901 12 of 1901 Slab in Courtyard .Grand of land 10 of 1901 Damaged Record 2 of 1901 .Land grant Record about erection of stone in KA 801 (AD 1625)

26

. 13 14 15 . 16. 17 . . 18 19 20 21 22 . 734 .

H 518 AD 1124 Record of a tank constructed by a Hindu . KA 700 AD 1524 KA 954 AD 1778 KA 825 AD 1649 KA 827 AD 1651 KA 833 AD 1657 217 OF 1895

27

. () 23 . ... 24 2 (hamlets) , . . 25 5 26 27 28 29

218 OF 1895 Incomplete inscription 478 1302 Brass pagoda

28

, 9 of 1901 30 8 of 1901 31 2 14 of 1901 32 3 () 3 OF 1901 33 2 .4 of 1901 .Damaged records 34 . 4 . 5 of 1901 Mutilated 35 . . 6 OF 1901 36 , . . 15 OF 1901 37 7 OF 1901 . . 905 ( 1730) 38

KA 684 No: 769 Ep Indic a Vol XV pp 145 f

29

205 of 1895 AD 1464 (Mr Sewell) AD 1425 (Malabar Gazetter) 4000 , . 39 . 561 of 1908 40 . .11 of 1901 Damaged 41 212 of 1895 42 858 South wall of central shrine 213 of 1895 43 5 14 .734 of 1905.Slab under tree Deputy Tahsildars office. 43 A . . , , , . 43 B . 1011 1836 , 43 C .Broken slab of Granite . .

776 . 30 23 777

30

43 D . 922 1742 . 44 . . 214 OF 1895 45 669 215 OF 1895 46 . 216 OF 1895 47 206 OF 1895 108 48 208 of 1895 49 209 of 1895 Base of second pillar of platform 50 base of first pillar 210 of 1895. 51 211 of 1895 .Stone built into pavement of courtyard .Gift of lamp and land 52 .. . .207 of 1895 53 A.

778 779 .... () . 780 UNINTELLIGIBLE . 770 1048 30 772 773 774 775 771

31

1732 53 B . 54 54 A (). 55 . 934 1758 56 . 57 58 59 922 1746 . . 60 . 61-64 .

- 5,3, (), ,, , ,, , -

32

. .. . 5 120-123 of 1897 65 . 124 OF 1897 66 . CP Grant 67 68 69 70 71

338. No:785 AR No:221 of 1895 786 AR 222 Of 1895 788 AR 224 OF 1895. AR 223 of 1895 789 AR 225 of 1895

33

72 73 74 75

790 AR 226 1895. 791 AR 227, 1895 272-273 . () ()() () 9 ,, ,,, (8 ),, ()

34

.

Kathasarithsagaram,Halasyamahathmyam and Narayyan Kannoor saasanam

Kathasarithsagara is not a Historical document. It is a popular subaltern history of people. If we avoid the numerous associated stories and take the main storyline and the chronology we can get some historical details which are very important. This is such an enquiry. The story, the people involved in the story , events , the time of occurrence of the events etc are understood by learning a few other books. One is chronology of Pandyans given in Skandapurana, Halasyamahathmya and the other is Mooshaka chronology given by Athula in his Mooshakavansa kavya. The ancient Puranic Yadava,Haihaya and Chandravansa chronologies are also compared. (Ref: http://www.amazon.in/Education-Ancient-India-Universities-ebook/dp/B00A7NFZZ0 )

. . , .. , , , , . , , . . ( http://www.amazon.in/Education-Ancient-India-Universities-ebook/dp/B00A7NFZZ0 )

Both Halasyamahathmya and Kathasarithsagara mention the story of Malayadhwaja Pandya and his daughter Thataathaka ( In kathasarithsagara her name is Thribhuvanaprabha, not Thataathaka) and Sundareswara . The story told by Sundareswara is heard by Pushpadantha Ganapathy and his wife

35

Jayabhattarika ( maid of Parvathi) and for that , they were cursed to be born on earth. Pushpadantha was born as Vararuchi and Jayabhattarika as daughter of Guru Upavarsha .Vararuchi was the Pey Kaviveru who wrote Kathasarithsagara in Paisaacha language. ( This name is seen as that of Karnataka kings during the division of kerala by Perumal.) According to Kathasarithsagara Chanda Mahasena of Ujjain had as his main consort Amgaravathi of Kolavaraha country ( Kolathunad, Panniyur Gramam ) .He adopted 12 Kolavarahas ( brothers of his consort) as his main advisors and ministers .Amgaraka has synonyms of Chovva, Chokaram,Kuja , and represents Mars ( the son of Earth according to Indian Astronomy.)In Mahabharatham Vanaparvam ( 265-10) Jayadratha of Sindhudesa had a Minister and constant companion Amgaraka. Vanaparva gives synonyms like Simhikeya, (Rahu,son of Simhika),Pimgala ( One with a golden Red colour-Aruna), and Surya with a Aruna colour to Amgaraka .

, ( ) . , . .( ). .12 ( ,, ) . (265-10) () . ( ), , () ( 3 17).

Almost a similar episode happened thousands of years before the time of Chandamahasena in the Pandya royal family according to Halasyamahathmya. In it, Sundareswara Paadasekhara Pandyas son Varagunan is an important

36

character . Bhadran, a poor bard of Madura Menakshi temple wins over Hemanatha , a musician , by the blessing of Lord Siva. SundaresapADASEKHARAN SENDS Bhadra to Thiruvanchaikkalam. Following that Rajaraja Pandya , grandchild of Sundaresa and son of Varaguna is given 12 Kolavarahascholars by the famous Sathakrathu ,Sathasoma of Perumchelloor. These 12 Kolavarahas start construction of Cave temples and sculptures in Pandya kingdom, just as in the western coasts . Sathakrathu Sathasoma ( and hence Varaguna) lived 24 to 25 generations before Srikrishna. (Mooshakavansakavya chronology http://www.amazon.in/Education-Ancient-India-Universities-

ebook/dp/B00A7NFZZ0) Therefore the Anchaikkalam mentioned in Halasyamahathmya cannot be Thiruvanchikkulam which we know today. This must be the Anchaikkalam of Vannery Nad , which existed from the time of Ramaghata Mooshaka and his son Nandana.

. . ( ) . ., 12 . . , 24, 25 .(. http://www.amazon.in/Education-Ancient-India-Universities-ebook/dp/B00A7NFZZ0) . .

In Halasyamahathmya the 43rd King Keerthivibhooshana was ruling Pandian when Dwaraka deluge happened .At that time Mooshaka King Amithakrathu was

37

sathakrathu who did 100 Yaaga . In Tamil records he is Perum chottu Uthiyan Cheral Aathan . He gave free food to 18 Akshowhini army for 18 days during Mahabharatha war hence the name Perum Chottu. At that time (BC 3100 approximate) the great Perumal rules Kerala. According to modern researchers the rule of the Pharaos in Egypt started almost at the same time. (Proceedings of the Royal society) and the beginning of settlements was only in BC 4000.

43 . .( 100 ). ( ) ( ) . 18 18 . . ( 3100). , . (

38

) 4000

.

One of the descendents of Amithakrathu, in his 6th generation, is called Manu .Manus son Vatukavarman Rajarajeswaran , according to Kalivakya Dadurdhara , lived in BC 3102 and renovated Perumchelloor. At that time began the rule of the Cheriya ( second branch, or the smaller branch) Perumal called Cheraman Perumal . Peruman in Tamil is the Bigger and Cheruman is the smaller one . ( Elder and younger branches) When a person from the younger branch become emperor ( Perumaan) the person is Cheraman Perumal. It is a linguistic term. The elder branch is at Mahishmathi (Maharashtra ) for Ramaghata Mooshaka/Haihaya and smaller branch the rest of western coast including kerala,Karnataka. That is how Kerala Karnataka became a unit under Cheramans.

. , 3012 .

39

. , ( , ) . , .( ).

Son of Vatukavarman was Aheerana Raajaprathapan who did 3rd installation of Shivalinga south of Prithana river in Aheeraneswara temple. His grandson Maheeranabhara started large scale catching of elephants in Sahya mountains and spent Chathurmasya ( 4 months during rainy seasons) in large Cavetemples doing Kuteechaka Rasaayana Chikitsa for Vaajeekarana (rejuvenation). Ayurveda was advanced at this time. Cave temples on west coast were centers of learning and Babylonia was getting ivory, forest goods as medicines, spices, and teakwood from KeralaKarnataka forests. So the reason for Maheerana bharas large scale operations in Sahya was a response to large scale demands from foreign countries . His son was Aryaguptha Ananthaguna , and grandson Achalan Madanavistharan. Achala s name is given to Achalapathana (Modern Ajantha ) because he renovated this Cave temple where his ancestors spent chathurmasya , and installed erotic Rathisilpa in it.Probably because of this he got a title Madanavisthara.

, . , , . () ., . , . () . , .

Even during the period of Sathasoma Teachers,scholars,a nd experts in construction works, advisors in royal matters were being sent from Valabhi Perumchelloor Vidyapeeta to various places to improve the educational and economic status of those places. 3000 Kolavaraha Amgarakas as scholars of

40

Valabhi went as advisors and ministers to different places. During period of Achala a deluge happened in Pandyas country. Jaleswara was ruling Pandyan territory at that time. When Pandyas university town was destroyed in the floods , his son Arimardhana had a scholarly minister who was an orator and his name is mentioned as Manikyavachaka Vaayupuresa and he was Guru to Royal family. After Arimardhana ruled 11 weak kings in Pandya kingdom . Chronology of Skandapurana ends here. Therefore the rule of the Kantha/Pandya kings and the end of Halasyamahathmyam is at same period. , , , , .3000 , . . . . . 11 . . . , () .

Virochana was 8th king after Achala and he married Harini , a princess of Kaatavapallava Vansa. The Kaatavalloor Aadiperuvanam Utsava started at this time. This was in BC 1757. When Kapaatapuram of Pandya was lost in floods , Vannery Kaatavalloor was made a new center of scholars and surprisingly , this period is also the end of the Harappan Sindhu culture and beginning of the rule of Magadhis, the Vrathyas .In BC 1000 the 9th king from Virochana Garbhasreeman Vajrasara Senakhya is ruling. At that time Solomon is king of jews /Yahudas. The history of Jews starts with Solomon. After 1757 Adiperuvanam Kaadavalloor Utsava, in BC 55, (Aayaathu Sivalokam) the new Peruvanam Pooram Utsavam started. The temple renovation happened in BC 82.(Beginning of Saka Era)

41

, . .,

. 1757. () . , , , . , , . ..1757 55 .(1700 ). 1115431 . 3020 111 . 3102 3020 82 .

The 11th generationfrom Senakhya was Adrikethu and his wealth was scholarship in Politics and statesmanship and in Kamasasthra.He was famous for both poetry and his strict administration. (BC 791).His son Nipathavarman Parjanyan Sindhuvarunan was Paramayasaswi ( very famous) and gave refuge to the jews who ran away from owncountry , because of fear of Cyrus ( BC 6th century).

, . () .(791). , . .().

His son Theevraswans period is marked by the birth of Budha in Kapilavasthu .Sumathi (son of Theevraswa) ,Amithravan,Chandan followed succession list. Avanthi Pradyothachanda Mahasena is Chanda . This is Ajathasathru period . The next succession list is Akshobhya,samarasaha, Mahendravarman (Mahodayan) .This Mahodaya (Mahendravarman) constructed the famous Mahodayapuram

Pattanam in BC 120 .He is contemporary of Magadha Avanthivarman . In kathasarithsagara we find chronology from here .

42

, , . , . () . . ,

, 120 . . . ,, , .

Kathasarithsagara

Mooshakavansa

History

1 Mahendravarman

Mahodayan

120 Mahodayan

2. Jayasenan

Sivacharitha Isanan Kanchi Kundavarman

3. Mahasena () Chandamahasena Wife Amgaravathi Daughter of Amgaraka KolaroopaVaraaha .

Isanavarman

Isanavarman

4 ()palaka gopalaka vasavadatha ( Wife of Udayana )

palaka Ilanko Adikal ( )daughter w/o Keraleswaravallabha Keralakethu Goda

() palaka Ilanko Adikal daughter () Nriparama (Chenguttuva )

5 () Avanthivarman Ujjain ()

1 Chandravarman 1 2 Chandravarman 2 ( 216)

43

Wife Chandali Surathamanjari 25 Naravahanadatha s/o vasavadatha rules as Indra

Palaka ( ) 333 Validhara vikrama (Naravahandatha) Killed in 333 AD

() Adityavarma (Bhatanarayana) ()355-356 Kundavarma murari (355-356)

Udayanan belongs to Pandyavansa (Paanduvansa) of Pareekshith and his mother was Mrigavathi belonging to the branch of Sahasraneeka , and hence a Suryavansa lineage also . (Both lunarand solar lineage) He was emperor to both Valsa and Kerala and was called KeraleswaraVallabhan Paandhyan . His wife Vasavadatha ( word meaning the one who is given by Vaasava/Indra) gave birth to Naravahanadatha a Vidyadhara destined to rule entire India as Indra . Palaka was in Chedi as the emperor of Thulu,Koopaka,kerala and Mooshaka kingdoms. Gopalaka was the Yuvaraja Ilamko .

,() . ().

.

. ()

The daughter of Mahasena , whose name is not mentioned in Mooshakavansa kavya , is thus Vasavadatha. Palaka and this daughter are children of Chedi princess Nandini . The son of Chola princess Manikkilli is Keralakethu Goda alias

44

Chenkuttuvan. Palaka comes to Kerala only in AD 216 and at that time he is very old and he comes just because he wants to obey the Sabhas instructions. After his Veeramrithyu ,Sabha selects Naravahanadatha, son of Udayana and Vasavadatha as Emperor.

. . . . 216. . , .

A very important document is Malabar Mahotsav Souvenir 1993 page 268-269 by Sri MGS Narayanan. Giving 1451471 (4029) to Kalivakya Panthaavakesavoya he takes it as AD 929. But whether we read this sentence clockwise or anticlockwise the number given above is not obtained. Pa(1) va(4),ke(1)vo(4) and ya(1) are correct. Sa is 7. Ntha whether we take first letter NA (0) or last letter Tha ( 2) , we get either 1041741 or 1241741 .If the first we get AD 356 ( less 572/573 from 929) .If second AD 83 ( minus 846 from 929). But 1451471 is a wrong number , not calculated by MGS but received by him from the South Indian Epigraphy Annual Report of 1926 .The mistake is just transmitted .

... ( 1993 268-269) .

1451471 (4029) 929 . .,,,,( 1.4.1.4.1) . 7 , ()0 , () 2. 1041741 1241741. 929 572 ,573 356. 846 83.

45

355 83. 1451471 . .1926

. ()

The real reading is Pannavakesavoya and in Kharoshti it gives 1041541 . The number mentioned by MGS comes in Narayan Kannoor Saasnaa. This mentions a person called Manathunai Mudankottaatai , accepting Ayinivayal at Kaaviyalppuram, from Nambiyar Vikramaraama and giving it to temple of NarasingaVinnagara Thevar for lamp and other daily Poojas. The saasana also calls Vikarmarama as Ilamkoyil Validhara VikramaRaama. MGS has identified this person as Vikramarama of Isanavarmans chronology of Mooshakavansa and this is a remarkable discovery made by him.

Vikramarayaru Validhara when he became emperor he became Jayamaani Kulaseharapandya Bhootharaja Paandhyapperumaal ( since he belongs to Udayana lineage) .Who is Manathunai Mundan Kottaadai ? In kathasarithsagara the king who was aggressively against giving emperorship to Naravahanadatha was Gourimunda of south India , who had his main stronghold capital in Rishyamookaachala (near present day Sabarimala) .Gourimunda was defeated by Naravahanadatha and he married Gourimundans daughter , as was the custom in those days to make friendships possible between former enemies. Manathunai means the consort who is married . Manathunai Mundan Kottadai is the daughter of Gourimunda , married to Naravahana datha and she receives from her husband Vikramarama (Naravahanadatha) fields as Aayiniyunu ( the grains needed for food of the newly wedded family /as the sthreedhana given by male to female ) .Ayinikkooru means the relations through marriage . This name is seen in Aayinikkoottil Nambidi given to Thalappilli Royal Family.At present only Cheralayam branch of Thalappalli takes this initial as C A. (Cheralayam Ayinikkoottil) .Manam is Thiruumanam (Marriage) Manathunai is derived from that. Manakkulam branch of Thalappilli also retains this word in its name.

.

() 1041541

46

. ( ),(),() . .

, .

.

.

.

.( ) . ,

.

. . () () . ,,

47

,, . , . , .

. ,

. ( . ) . . , ,

.

.

.

Why is Gopalaka identified as Ilamko Adikal ?

Though Gopalaka was offered Videha (Nepal) he didnt accept it and travelled with Udayana and Vasavadatha as their honest companion. He lived with Rishicharya in Neelagiri hills for a long time. At that time , during the last days of his emperorship Naravahanadatha also joined his beloved uncle in Neelagiri hills. Naravahana had 25 consorts.The first was Madanamanjuka.Her stepbrother Ithyaka took away wife of Avanthivarman (Palakas son) from Ujjain .The wife of Avanthivarman was aChandali according to Kathasarithsagara. Naravahanadatha protected her from Ithyaka and gave her back to Avanthivarman and was about to Kill Ithyaka. Kasyapa , living near Neelagiri (In Kaachaamkurichi Govindamala of Nelliyampathi) , Guru of royal families asked him not to kill because he is brother-

48

in-law to him. Therefore Ithyaka was left free. Kathasarithsagara does not say what Ithyaka did later. But in Keralolpathi , we get a story that Ithyaka instead of being thankful to Naravahanadatha, had a grudge against him and when the Sabha demanded he killed his brother-in-law against Dharma while playing chess, unaware . Ithyaka and his family lost his right for royal crown and was called Nampidis after this and Sabha adopted Adityavarman as next heir of throne.

, . . (). . . . ( ) . . . , . . . .

49

Malabar mahotsav (pp 271) takes Dharedho gurumukhya as 1523929 and fixes time of making of idol at that period. If we take Tamil scripts 1243251 is the number That is 3396 Kali /AD 296. (While Dharedho Gurumukhya in Sanskrit is AD 1061) . AD 1061 is 132 years after MGS period 929. Even if it is so, when Vallabha power was totally destroyed by Chola power , a renovation of temple of old Naravahana temple is possible. In AD 294 the temple construction began and idols were made. After 4 years and 46 days, the work was completed and the fields were given for the daily maintainance of the temple , is my reading. The day to day administration was entrusted with Manigramam. The only place and temple with the name Manigramam is in Thalappalli Royal familys territory in entire Kerala. (The Anjjoottuvar mentioned along with Manigrama in many saasanas is the Anjjoor,Chittanjoor branches of the Thalappalli . )

( 271) 1523929 .5293252 ( 2523929) . (1243251) . 3396 296 . (1523929) 1061. (929)132 . . 1241741 1243251 4 46 .294 . .4 46 . . . .

50

216 78 . . . .

The one who made stone pavements of temple is Sri Kunthan Aalwar Aracar. He and Bhattanarayana were responsiblefor doing this Sreekaaryam. The name of the architect is also mentioned. After 333 AD (Purudhi samasrayam) when Bhootharayapperumal was killed by his own relative, and Adityavarman from another branch became emperor , the next king (Adityavarmas son) Kundavarman Murari Kannan Perumal occupied throne. (AD 335-336) He is famous for Mukundamaala. Srikunda arachar Alwaar being a Vishnu devotee did renovation of the temple. He and his elder brother Bhattanarayana (equal to Balabhadra, while younger one is equal to Krishna) were responsible for the rennovation. Kulasekhara Azhvaar Kundavarman Murari is contemporary of Venki Hasthivarman Saalankaayanan and Vishnugopan. Gundupalli inscription of Nandivarman 2 is at this time. . . . . 333 () . . 355-356

51

. . ( ) . . .

The chovar/ choker who bring grains and other food items to the 35000 warrior army of Kolathiri is called Kottiyeth and those who give salt for daily use are Uppoott (Uppukottam) . Sathavahana Sathakarni had their Kottam (wealth) in the food and salt .The story of Kathasarithsagara is during the Sathavahana Sathakarni period. Not after that. Kaanabhoothi (Gaanabhoothi) teaches paisacha katha as songs to Vararuchi and these were famous and popular in entire Dakshinapatha (South India) below the Vindhyas. Kaanathoor is at present known as Kannoor. (As in Narayan Kannoor ). Naravahanadatha is Vidhyadhara, Bhoothatthaandava,kaatava lineage and he spent his yuvaraja period in Kaanathoor as yuvaraja. It is during his time the first renovation and Brahmadeya is done by his wife , daughter of Gourimundan.The second renovation is during Kulasekhara Azhvar Kundavarman Murari.

35000 , , . 300- 250 . ..

52

(, ) (). . . ,, . . .

Story of Goureemundan

To know Goureemundan and his tribes one has to travel to the ancient prehistoric Munda tribes of Dravida country and East India. In A social history of Indian Architecture V.S.Pramer (Oxford Uty Press 2005) elaborately describes their ancestral rites and racial peculiarities etc.

, . , .. ( 2005) .

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In underground cave temples complex art forms, to mark them on the earths surface stone circles and dolmens , special ancestral rites are hallmarks of the Mundas. The ancestral world of Mundas just as that of other tribes of India is the world of the dead souls. Dolmen and menhirs are symbols of them. These worlds related to water bodies, world of Naga or serpents, to Pathala or underworld, and world of the souls and ancestors , the five elements and the past life is not merely worlds of the Dead. But also worlds of Creation. The place of creation and creativity is Earth, mother,father, sun, heavens ,sky, and merging with everything . In between lies the Bhuvarloka of rains, jeeva and life, and all the life forms and biological worlds are recreated . Such a festival of dead ancestors and the new worlds of creation as new generations of future is celebrated annually . Nomadic wandering tribes (cowherds) come back to their village once an year and assemble and pay homage (Bali) to all departed souls of the race and make merry for next creation. Ulsavas of temples originated in this way. It is not just a human beings ancestral rite , but the rite of a nentire community,society,people .In such geographic areas when a great emperor die in his/her memory a umbrella stone (Kudakkal/Chathra) is installed.Kuda/Chathra/Umbrella is sign of Sovereinty. For the other members stones without a umbrella is installed. Heroes of wars great women and men get Veerakkal,Sathikkal etc in memory venerated by generations. These areas called Koda or Koorgan ( the place where we offer annual rites to a Kuda is Kudaku,Koorgan) is divine for entire people, not for just a person or a family.

, , . . . ,,,,, , . ,

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. ,. , , , , . ( ),, ( ), . . () ,, . . . , ,, . (-- ). , ,. (, ) .

The tribes called Bharu (Paaru/Paari in Sangham period ) or Paarppanar became parathavar (Bharathavar) and are seers and observers .In Vedic sookthas Circle, Wheel, are shapes used by Dravidas as their sacred Koorgans (Koda) .The Thumuli of Malayaraya ( Kings of hills) of Thiruvithamkore described by Edgar Thurston has such a shape. Outer 2 circles, inside it an Octagon, and innermost a square is the Thumuli .Such shapes are seen in Harappan seals .In the seal of Harappa shown below the central square (earth) is lacking .Instead of octagon a second circle is shown. ,(, ) ( ) . . , . ( )

55

. 2 , 8 ( ), ,. . , () . .

1 (Thumuli )

56

. 2 54 ( .) Harappan seal Trench 54 (Harappa.com)

.

Since 4 circles are seen it is a necropolis of people as we see in Harikanyayur .

The central square of Thumuli has a single opening and it is covered with a big stone like the mouth of a cave. Inside a metal or stone image of the dead ancestor may or may not be present. Such necropolis are seen in the dwelling places of village tribes. The annual festivals of wandering people later on became the annual ulsava of the settled successors of the same tribes in which their wandering ( for commerce etc) relatives participated annually .They were get togethers of whole races of people . Thumulis are seen also in western Kokkasas area. Pramer considers this as proof for extensive travels of the Dravida tribes. In Puranaanoor the necropolis are called Kaad,Chutukaad etc. Those who follow the Kaad

57

samskrithi are Kaadava .In Thalapplli kaadava areas Cheraman Kaad, Paalakkad Maankaad, megaliths of Thalappilli, Wynad,Calicut etc are relics of this Adivasi culture. Historians are mistakenly calling them as relics made during and after Budha and his times.

. ( ) . ( ,) . () . , . . , . . , , . .

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. 3 concentric cycles in Sopana of Harikanyakayur

4 Figure showing how sthupa and temple architecture evolved from Thumuli

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5 .The stone room of Peruvanam temple with a single opening

These tribals keep an ancestors gigantic idol as doorkeeper in one gate , and in front of the door a Balipeeta to offer Bali (sacrifice) for the Bhootha (elements).This is repeated in all temples .

.

60

.

6 ,7 The plan and the Balikkal or sacrificial stone in Peruvanam temple

At first they started with a small mandapa , then as Chathri ( related to Umbrella or Chathra) and a memorial stone. Later on they evolved to small and great temples. Tribals like Theyyan,Velan,Paanan ,Pulayan etc sang the story of origin of their temples and kept the memory of its history alive in songs and dances and dramas and thus various folk arts were created. Munda,Tharu and Malayaraya belong to same race.They are also called Koleeya,Vraathya,Saakya races. They worship sun,moon, 5 elements and are ancestral worshipppors and hence Bhoothi is their name. Saakya and Kolathiri Koleeya Chera have same tree as totem.Their totem tree is Saala or Pana (palm tree). Therefore they are having synonym of Saalr, Panayar,Yaksha etc . (due to common totem tree). They are Naaga,Yaksha lineage people. Moreeyar (Mourya) is a branch of worshippers of trees called Thaaru .Mundas migrated from Dravida country to East and North and they after union with Mangaloid races became a mixed race in North East. Yet ,South Indian Dravidians accepted even them as Raajaputhra, though not as Kings. From the tribal races of India only one person gets place of Chakravarthi (Emperor) .Pramer considers the Naaga race as the most important and powerful race which got emperorship among the tribals of India due to their prowess and scholarship. Naga

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races worships trees,five elements,water bodies and is a very ancient tribal race. A branch among them became proficient in Silpasasthra (Kaaru) and Veda and this scholarly people became Brahmakshathra and Brahmana . Mundaric tribes of North East India and Mundas of South India are of the same races.This is evident from names of their branches.The names differ just in pronounciation only .

, . , , , . ,, . ,, . ( ). (), (). , , .. ,() ( ) . . . . . . ,,,

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. ( ) . 5 .

North East Panchajana

Southern Dravida Panchajana

1 Savara 1 () Sabara of Sabarimala

2. Cheros 2 The Cheras 3. Kariya 3. (-

) Kaari swaroopa of Kuthiramala (Thalappalli)

4. Bhooyiya 4. , Bhoothi/Bhootha 5. Bhaar 5.,,

Bhaaratha, Parathava,Paarppanar

During Chakshusha Manuanthara Floods , in front of Sathyavratha, the Emperor of Dravidadesa, the first Incarnation of Vishnu happened in River Krithamaala as a Saphari (Fish) .All sapharis (Sabari) including King Paandhya with a flagsign of fish are children of this first incarnation of Vishnu. Kaari is the kaaru or the race of artisans,architects and metal and stone smiths . Bhoothivansa of Kaanabhoothi, Pushpabhoothi etc are tribes that worship the panchabhootha They are present even during historic times (Harshavardhana ) .Lichavis , famous during Budhist times are Dravidian Naga tribes. Who migrated to North Eastern parts of the country and got mixed with other races. Anandakumaraswami points out that their Stupas existed several centuries before Budhist Stupas. () . . ( ). , .

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() ( ) . . .( ). .

In Sathapathabrahmana Vasthu with square, swasthika,chathurbhadra and Naagara type are sathwik and divine and fixed to earth. That with a square base, and having a circular shape, the vasthu is Rajasic,royal,Asura, and Dravidian. The circle on a square denotes the Lingayonimudra . Before Budha and Asoka the Yakshas were eructing a Sthupa and the shadows of it were merged in the ancestors. Muriya (Mourya) Bondo (Vanda from which Vanneri is derived) souriya (Surya) savara (Sabara) races are all Munda tribals. All of them have the abovementioned rites. The stone menhirs of Sabara are very tall and eructed in burial grounds. This tall menhir is called Gaur or Gouri by them. Gourimunda is a name of such a tribal chief .The belief that Bhootha/Souls do not touch earth while travelling , is the reason for worshipping them on tall trees and sthupas. Nairs (Naga) of Kerala, descendents of Kurichiyas during ancestral worship eruct a palmleaf and cleans the shadow (Nizhal) of the ancestor .Kurichiyas who protects the seeds of Veliiyan call the soul of the ancestor who made the most product of rice Neghal or a shadow. Veliyan Vel Aavikkomaan and his Valluvanaad ,Veliyan kOd etc are still seen in Vanneri as placenames .Nowadays , at the place of burial a coconut tree (belonging to monocotyledon as the palm ) is grown. Vyasa says in Mahabharatha Paadabhoomim Upasparsan (They dont touch the earth). That is even during Mahabharatha period both king and people belongto Munda tribes, the adivasis of India. In Rgveda 10.18.13, also there is proof for this. Samskara of the dead and their stone monuments eructions first evolved in South India among Dravidians dwelling in Caves and cave temples. Only later did it expand to surface of earth (Pramer page 147) Therefore , large stone rooms with a single door open, like a cave and with a single stone cap and supported by one or more stone pillars are very ancient. Later on the Mandapas of Kurumar/Kurumbar with 3 sides open and a single large stone forming backwall were constructed.According to Pramer these later took the form of Chathri in North India .

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,,, , . , , , .(). , . (), () () () . . ( ) . . . () , . () .( . . , . ) .( ) () ., . 10.18.13 . , . .( 147 ) ( ) . 3 () . .

65

8 Mandapa of Kurumbar

The ancient stoneroom in Thalappalli Peruvanam temple is such a construction. Peruvanam has a very large Sivalimga called Maatathilappan. Maataswaroopa is name of Maatabhoopathi Vaneri Kochi kingdom. It is interesting that Kerala has only 3 Maatathilappans One at Peruvanam, others at Mullasseri and Mathilakam .In peruvanam it is related to Pooru, youngest son of Yayathi of Somavansa born in Sharmishta, daughter of Vrishaparva, an asura king who ruled the entire Indian subcontinent. Pooru is Asura Rakshasa Yoni and is Lunar race . . ( ). . 3 .(3 ). .

The divine ancestral places of Kutaku (Kodagu) are also known as Kaimada . In Wynad Ganapathivattom Nalappat Kunnu (Nalapat hill) on a huge single rock on

66

the Kaippanchery roadside is a incomplete Ganapathi statue which is said to be the earlier model for the huge Chalukian Vathaapi (Badami ) Ganapathi. The cave temple of Naranath Bhranthan in Pattambi also has a placename starting with Kai. Kaikkolaar or people who do Kaivela are the Kaaru/artisans /metal and stonesmiths . In the ancestral places Siva in dance with Kaali is present. In Peruvanam we find all these including the name Maadam /Madam. For Maatathilappan Sivan.

() .( , , ) ,, . . .

Cheras are known as Villavars. In sangham literature Chilappthikaram mentions Villavan Kotha (Goda) .The dwelling places of Villavars are Villavar Vattam (Vattom is circle) and the Villarvattom has a fort or Kotta for defence. In temple festivals , the ancestral rite of eructing a three tyred bamboo or wooden pillar , evolved into a Thrithala chariot and a thrithala temple architecture with a Kumbha/Kalasa on top of it. Later a Sapthathala pillar, chariot and a temple was evolved and the Kumbha is called Aamalaki or Nellikkaa a special Ayuvedic fruit in Kerala . This method of Villavars was adopted by all , even the Mugal kings. On the face (Sreemukham) a small projecting sopaanalike Bhadra and ornamentatory idols on it are seen in chariots and temples . Relation of Villarvattom and Paaliyam people will be discussed later. Here the ancestry of Goureemundan and his connections to the tribals of India and to most modern royal families on one hand and ancient kings like Pooru on the other is the subject.This is pointed out so that the continuity of Indian kings from Indian tribal Adivasis is to be looked into seriously .

. ( ). ( ) .

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3 , () . , , () . . () .( .)

Goureemunda, the Vidyaadhara of Kathaasarithsagara is in Dakshinapatha (South I nd ia ) His m in is te r s name i s Ma thangadeva . He is a lso ca l led Ulpalahastha/Padmapaani ( one with a lotus in hand) (Belonging to race of MathangaMuni of Sabarimala) Mathangadeva was sent to Ujjain by Goureemunda to kill Nravahana treacherously.For this he was caught and had to spent years in the Cha ndaa la s t r ee t s o f U j j a in . Ma t han gade va ha d a bea u t if u l daughter,Surathamanjari, a Chandali girl. Once,Avanthideva,son of Palaka saw her capsisizing and pacifying a mad elephant and swinging on a swing tied over its tusks. Seeing her and her abilities Avanthideva fell in love with her.Mathangadeva, the father said to get his daughter in marriage Avanthideva has to give food to 1800 Brahmins in Mathangadevas house. To get her,Avanthideva did that . This story is different from story of Vararuchi in Aithihyamaala but has some resemblances too. Resemblance is that the girl is a Chandali. The father-in law gives a test to the bridegroom, not the bridegroom to the father-in-law and his daughter in this story. 1008 items were demanded by Vararuchi , but here 18000 p e o p l e h a v e t o b e f e d .

. ( ). . . ()

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.. () . 18000 . . , . .1008 , 18000 . ,.

From period of Sathasoma , the system of 12 Kolavaraha advisory council of ministers existed in India as we saw from Halaasyamaahathmya. The 12 Kolavaraha protects the husband of their sister, because of the Marumakkathaaya system of succession. It is her son who will be emperor in future. From the time of R a j a r a j a p a n d y a , s o n o f V a r a g u n a p a n d y a , t o t h e t i m e o f Palaka,Avanthivarma,naravahanadatha of Kathasarithsagara this is seen to be contiunuous. From this, Avanthivarma, son of Palaka of Chedi has married Mathamga/Chandala girl of Sabaravansa which is the same race as that of Goureemunda. (Mathangadeva being the minister of Goureemunda). Among the 12 b r o t he r s / s ib l in gs o ne is a wo ma n and 11 ma le s . T he wo man i s Kolavathi,Amgaravathi or the princess of Kolathunad. Amgaarakkalamma became Kaarakkalamma in Aithihyamaala. The kumara (Khmer) empires of Amgaaraka ,and their Amkhorvaats are seen in west (Amkora in Turkey) and east alike showing how far and wide these advisors had travelled with their sisters . Since it is Chovva, Chokaram, since Mangalan is synonym Mangalam is attached to place and Mangaladevi to the women of the race, Sukapuram (Chokaram) is thus related to Kolavaraha (Panniyur) intimately . In marriage relations of Saiva and Vaishnava Vishnu is uncle of Kumara (son of parvathi and Siva) while Siva is uncle of Kamadeva , son of Vishnu and Lakshmi (sister of Siva). Thus it is a mutual relation between saiva and Vaishnava sects keeping them in harmony .

12 . 12 ().

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. () .12 . 11 ( ) (,) ( ). , . () . () .

Kalingadatha of Takshasila adopted Budhist doctrines. He , in his wife Tharadevi had a Vidyadhari girl Surabhidatha with name of Kalimgasena. She was betrothed to Prasenajith, a powerful king of the times. But since he was very old Kalimgasena ran away to Ujjain to marry Udayanan whom she loved deeply. In her , by forcible union by a Vidyadhara named Madanavega , a son Ithyaka was born. He was taken away to Sethagiri (Kottakkal) and a girl (Rathidevis avathara) Madanamanjuka was replaced in his place. Kalingasena brought her up as her daughter . Naravahanadatha was born to Udayana , as avathar of Kamadeva, in Krishna. He married Madanamanjuka . Inthyaka lived in Inthyakanoor (currently Inthyanoor ) Venkatakkootta ( western end of Sethagiri) . From the western end of Vindhya sathpura (Sethapura) mountain ranges to Palakkad pass in Sahya mountains is called Sethagiri KottaThis extends from Maharashtra to Dravidadesa and was the old landroute of Dravidians and Tribals of India. Since Kottakkal or Venkatakkotta is a important part of this landroute it was called Sethadurggam (Malabar Maholsav Souvenir 1993 page 124). It is here , Ithyaka kept Surathamanjari of Ujjaini , a prisoner. Naravahanadathan living nearby , in Nilgiris , withhis uncle Gopalaka could liberate and protect her easily. Why the Guru in Kachamkurichi prevented Naravahanadatha from giving punishment to Ithyaka, and why the sabha including the Guru asked Ithyaka to kill Naravahanadatha is , simply because they wanted to end the Pndya rule and establish Chera rule. This was a wrong move in history of not only Kerala, but of India. The long cherished trust between central India and South India was lost and could not be regained in the next several hundred years in our history and the result was our commercial

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and communicative networks taken away by foreign traders and our economy and administration failed day by day. The killed and the killer were from the same race. ( Yaksha,Vidyadhara,Kaatava,Thaaru or Tharuvoor, Thalappally Kaari vansa of Yadava) Since Gopalaka and Naravahanadatha spent chathurmasya in Nilgiris Vasavadatha and Gopalaka are from Kerala. Udayana is from central India Kaalanjara mountain area with Ujjain as capital. Goureemunda has capital in Sabarimala ( the abode of Sabara,Kaanikkar and Kaapeya gothra) and Rishyamookachala and after marryinghis daughter Naravahana also spends time the r e . . Fr o m t he r e h e t r ave ls to Lan ka and s ee the Ra mase t hu (Kathasarithsagaram). The text says he ruled from Kailasa upto Kanyakumari which means he was emperor of entire India but he lived in Kerala most of the time . This is a very important point . The people from kailasa to Kanyakumari are said to be Devajana and he, the Indra of the Devas. Thus he is an Indian tribal king , and not a foreigner. Udayana was king of Valsakousambi and kalanjara mountain

.

. . . . . . ., . . , ( ) . () ( ) . . ( 1993 124) . .(

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. . . (,,, , ) . , ,, . , () . . , .

,

.

Udayana and Vasavadatha did prayopavesa from peak of Kalanjara Mountains . While Udayana is a lineage of Pandava king Pareekshith (In Subhadra the yadava girls son Abhimanyue and Uthara) Naravahana means the one who has a vehicle as Man , which is Bhadrakali on a Vethala. Vaisravana,Kubera,Yaksha races is also having this. The paradevatha of Kerala is Bhadrakaali. Paliyam ( ministers of Perumpadappu Kochi kings) are called Kubera by some poets. In somavansi, Pandavavansa, Sarabha pureeya records (central India) Mekhala,Kosala ,Kalanjara branches are included. In the chronology of these people also we come across an Udayanan. Central Indian records show that Kaalanjara branch marry Bhattaarikas of Kerala/Karnataka. Bharathbala Mahasiva theva and Jayabhattarika had a daughter and Udayana is her son in Central Indian chronology . Udayanan is called Keraleswaravallabha because he is grandson of Jayabhattarika. A girl is called Vaasavadatha or Indradatha only if her father has position of Paramabhattaraka and has performed 100 yajnas and got Indrapadavi by that. (Sathakrathu lineage) Kerala relation of Naravahanadatha of Kathasarithsagara is thus understood by the subaltern popular stories of the people .

, . -

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---- . , . ,,, . ( . ). , , () ,, . . . . . , () . .. .

Naravahanadatha and Kerala

Naravahanadatha who defeated Goureemunda of Dakshinapatha and married his daughter stayed in Rishyamookaachala and Govindakoota (Nelliyampathi) of Palakkad . He travelled along river Pampa, with his wives and reached Lanka and on the way saw Ramasethu . He had a wife from Mathamgapura in Sabarigiri. He enjoyed life with his 25 wives equal to Apsaras in beauty and artistic tastes and was an expert in playing the Lyre/Veena. He was equal to Indra. He ruled India extending from Kailasa in Himalaya upto Kanyakumari. In the end with his uncle Gopalaka he took to sanyasa, and stayed at Nilgiri hills just as his ancestors did. He got his 9 jewels (Navarathna) from the cave dwellings in Malayadri (Malaya hills) says Kathasarithsagara.

() .

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. .25 () . . . 7 .

Naravahanadatha confirms that the Chandali is actually his relative Avanthivarmans wife by taking a witness words.That witness is the Mahaamanthri of Ujjain (Avanthi) Bharatha Rohaka. An important clue is that the Chandala virgin does the festival of Udakadaana (giving sacred water) to he ancestors Kolavaraha Amgaraka , and it is at that festival anelephant gets into a mad frenzy and she calms it down by her prowess. Avanthivarman saw her during that festival. This indicates she is a girl from Kolathiri and Panniyur (Varaha) kazhaka. Her old janma is described.She was Kurangi ,daughter of Prasenajith of Suprathishtana. She loved a chandala. That chandala was in his previous janma son of agni(agniputhra) and she was daughter of Kapilasharman. The story that Meenakshi was born from Agni, Vararuchi is Sivabhoothamsa given by Agni (Agnidatha) etc are also related here. Historians are of different opinion about period of Vararuchi .Vararuchi of Kathasarithsagara is the chief minister of King Nanda. He is famous in Ujjain. He is contemporary of Vyaadi and his classmate is Paanini. He is one who is proficient in AindraVyakarana , a Grammer text prior to that of Panini. He is wellknown as Kathyayana since he belongs to that Gothra. All these points to the fact that he is centuries before Christ. Panini lived in 6th century BC. Vararuchi also lived at that time. The timespan of Naravahanadatha is not beyond AD 3rd century. From Mahodaya, 10th person to ascend throne is Naravahanadatha. He is old at the time of his ascension to throne. (In 450 years 19 emperors. On an average if we give 45 years for each .But the two Chandravarmans did not even rule for one year and had a very shortlived rule. Therefore 49 years for 8 emperors on an average. 12 multiplied by 4 makes 4 Mamamka span. After Kundavarman (Chola) Chenkuttuvan , who ascended throne though Sabha wanted the Kerala prince to rule (Ilanko Adikal refused it) the 8 Emperors (Perumals) that followed were Chola,Pandya and Chedi and secretly the Sabha wanted to end this tradition and probably that was what ended up in

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Ithyakas crime and fall of position of his branch of Thalappalli from the right of emperorship.

() . . .( - . . , ) . . . . . .. . . . .(450 19 . 45 . 12 . 49 8 .12 4 4 . () 8 ,,. , , .

Mathangadeva, father-in-law of Avanthivarma is a person sent by Gouremunda of Dakshinapatha to Ujjain to kill Naravahanadatha. At that time, his wife had promised Ithyaka that her daughter will be given in marriage to him. But that promise was not kept by Mathangadeva and his wife and that is why Ithyaka abducted her. By that time GoureemUnda was defeted by Naravahanadatha, and truce by marriage occurred and Naravahanadatha became king of Dakshinapatha too. Kathasarithsagara says, when Mathangadeva heard this, he left Ujjain to

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Dakshinapatha to serve the new emperor , his new Master. This shows that , the ministers and people had affinity and affiliation to the throne and the emperor , and not to any particular person/individual. (This was so during Mahabharatha period also, as we se from behavior of Bheeshma and Drona).

, . . . , , , . , , . ( )

Chief queen of Bharathbala of Mekhala Pandhava race was Lokaprakasadevi of Amararyakula .Her daughter s husband or son is named Udayana in Sarabhapureeya inscriptions (See part 1 of this book) Barathabala and Bharath Rohitha (Kathasarithsagara) has almost similar sounding names with Bharatha attached to it which is noteworthy. Kollam era of kerala and Bhoumakara era of Mekhalakosala of Central India begin during the era of a person called Magadha BhaskaraVarman (Central India) and Bhaskara Ravivarman (In Kerala). Kollan is a Malayalam word for the Sanskrit word Bhoumakaara is worth noting. Chandraguptha 2 ruled in AD 374-414. Naravahanadatha was killed 50 years before that.

. , . .

. .

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. 374-414. . 50 2 .

From AD 855-1113 Sivaguptha Balarjuna branch was ruling in Kalimga. (until destroyed by Chola power). Indrabala (Baladeva) , the almighty Udayana, Kerala,Vakataka emperor could be Chandraguptha 1 and Naravahanadatha could be Samudraguptha .This assumption becomes doubtful since Samudraguptha had not attacked South India and has not come here .Vakataka, Naaga, Mooshaka, Guptha (Guptha Vansa is the very ancient Vansa of Ghatothkacha ,son of Hidumbi and Bheema)Sarabhapureeya (Rahu,Asura) Valsa had a combined Republic which ruled entire subcontinent as a whole empire. Chera,Chola,a and Pandhya were the Pallava ( tender shoots) of this great race of Adivasins Valsiputhreeya Vaakaataka Naaga Mooshaka kings were Sammatheeyas who practiced the Gita sentence Sarvathra samadarsana ( Equality everywhere) This is the tradition of Vaishnava and of Mahabalai ( race of Vaishnava Prahlada). The pallava kings of Palakkat are of Kurumbar tribal group. They resisted the movement of Samudragupthas army to the south according to Allahabad Inscription of Harisena.Therefore Goureemenda of south India is a Munda,Kurumba combined force . Naravahanadatha, if he is Samudraguptha, got overlordship of South India , not by a bloody war, but by a marriage alliance with Goureemunda and accepting his Marumakkathaya custom of crowning the girls son as his next heir and providing alliance to the entire community. .

855-1113 . ( ). () ( ) .

,,,( ), (,) .

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. . . , .

-Sarabhapuri Inscriptions

1.. . . The chieftains of Amararyakula have the title Paramabhattaaraka. In kerala Azhvanchery Thambrakkal has this title.

2. . () . .Stone inscritions can be issued by any person in memory of ones Dharmayajna performed. But a Copper plate inscription is exclusively the right of Emperors.

3. . , . Palleographically the inscriptions are in Southern scripts though in some a Vakataka and Northern influence is present. The oldest are in Vakataka style.

4. ,. . .( ) ( ).Language is a mix of Sanskrit and prakrith with pronounciation of Prakrith Sanskrit. For example Bahvricha is pronounced as bavricha ;samvatsara as samvlsuru in a Telugu way etc.

5. .

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.None of the inscriptions are made by the ruling kings but are enforcements of the older deeds of their ancestors.

6. . . Therefore the timespan of inscription , though that of the ruling king, the timespan of the deed as it is , is very ancient .

7 Stone inscriptions use old Nagari script. The style of 6-9th century North India and Nepal is followed. Language is Sanskrit. For Ba , Va is written .Eg: Vaalaarjjuna for Baalaarjjuna. Majority of Somavansi inscriptions are names of Brahmins,Kings and people having high positions. About 36 names have been identified. All are local regional language praakrith names. Therefore, all the kings,Brahmins and architects, and other people of High posts are only local regional Adivasi tribes and none are from outside . The administrators and poets, builders etc are all local adivasis. But their official language was Sanskrit . Among names of Saamanatha kings Kumararaadhiraja king of western Lanka, Paramabhattaaraka western Lanka king, Mahakumaaraadhiraaja, Yuvaraajaa,Parameswara etc are seen. The inscription of Brahmeswara temple is in poetry. It is a Eulogy to the good deeds of Queen Kolavathy , Mother of the king, Bhattapurushothama. She constructed Brahmeswaram temple , and offered dancers called Daarikaas for it . . 6-9 . . . . ( ). . 36 . . . ,. ,,, .

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. , . () . .

8 The argument of historians that Sarabha lived in AD 4th century was rejected following the archeological studies at Mallad ( Mallar) .1000 years before AD 4th century , the town had existed archeologically. The same royal family was ruling from that period. The real name of the town was not Mallad but Mallaalapathanam or Malayalapathanam. Both the inscriptions of Kalachuri and Chedi kings and the Mooshakavansakavya of Athula tells us that Chedi had intimate relationship with Malayala (keral) and Karnataka Mooshaka kings .Sarabha had the form of a Vyaali (as in Saindhava Harappan seals) with combination of Vaishnava,Saiva and Naaga . Since Vyali or sarabha is present in India from Harappan times BC 3500 , the timespan of the symbol and of the royal clan is very ancient. () . 1000 . , .(), () . ,, . .

9.A person gets title of Bhattaraka only after Hiranyagarbha. Two ancestors of Sarabhapureeya had title of Bhattaraka. One of the inscriptions of Vyaghraraja say that his ancestors came from the ancient nation Kundurapathra.Historians have ascertained that this is Karnataka Haihayamooshaka territory. . . .

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10. Indrabalaraja titled as the chief minister, the main messenger and the greatest of the Saamanthas is son of Panduvansi Udayana , grandson of Mahasivathevaru 1. Therefore a strong Kulavritha has been ruling , according to historians. They understand the fallacy of determining the time simply with the comparison of the script characters (as Fleets did). Prabhavathi Guptha , wife of Rudrasena 2 , was considered to be the daughter of Adityasena son of Devaguptha ( of Deobarnarck inscription) In the Poona plate inscription of Prabhavathi Guptha , she declares that she is daughter of Chandraguptha. After discovery of it, historians changed her timespan to BC 400 from AD 800. When archeological study was completed the town was considered existing from BC 600 and that this town and the Malayala Rajavansa of it was as old as Budhist period and even before that was accep