KEPHALLÉNIA: Archaeology & History : The Ancient Greek Cities: Vol. 1

ACTA ARCHAEOLOGICA

ACTA ARCHAEOLOGICA SUPPLEMENTA

ACTA

ARCHAEOLOGICA

Editorial board

TORSTEN EDGREN, HELSINGFORS

C. J. GARDBERG, HELSINGFORS ¡ PAR GORAN GIEROW, LUND

BO GRASLUND, UPPSALA

BJØRN MYHRE, STAVANGER ¡ OLAF OLSEN, KØBENHAVN

KLAVS RANDSBORG, KØBENHAVN ¡ P. J. RIIS, KØBENHAVN

AXEL SEEBERG, OSLO ¡ BERTA STJERNQUIST, LUND

Editor

KLAVS RANDSBORG

VOL. 73:1 – 2002

KØBENHAVN

BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD

2002

ACTA ARCHAEOLOGICA

SUPPLEMENTA

Editor

KLAVS RANDSBORG

VOL. IV:1

KØBENHAVN


2002

Kephallenia. The southeastern coast at Mounta.

for a modern Odysseus, Makis Metaxas of Poros in ancient Pronnoi

ACTA ARCHAEOLOGICA Vol. 73:1 – 2002ACTA ARCHAEOLOGICA SUPPLEMENTA Vol. IV:1

KEPHALLENIAARCHAEOLOGY & HISTORY

The Ancient Greek Cities

FIELD-WORK CARRIED OUT UNDER THE AUSPECIES OF THE SIXTH EPHORATE FOR

ANTIQUITIES (PATRAS), DIRECTED BY LAZAROS KOLONAS, ASSISTED BY ANDREAS SOTIRIOU,

EXECUTED BY KLAVS RANDSBORG AND COLLABORATORS, THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL

DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN

presented & edited by

KLAVS RANDSBORG

Contributions by

Dorte Veien Christiansen, Pernille Foss, Thomas Roland, Klavs Randsborg & Thomas Vedelsbøl

Analyses & Support by

Elga Andersen, Bo Vincent Arlif, Bente Bisgaard, Hoda El-Sharnouby,Lise Hannestad, John Lund, Mads Ravn, Andreas Sotiriou, et al.

KØBENHAVN


2002

C 2002 by Blackwell Munksgaard, CopenhagenPrinted in Denmark 2002

PRINTED BY: P.J. SCHMIDT A/S, VOJENS

REPRO: P.J. SCHMIDT A/S, VOJENS

Acta Archaeologica vol. 73:1, 2002, pp. 1–312 Copyright C 2002

Printed in Denmark ¡ All rights reserved ACTA ARCHAEOLOGICAISSN 0065-001X

CONTENTS

FIRST VOLUME

PART 1. CATALOGUES

CATALOGUE GROUP I

KEPHALLENIA. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYS. SITESAND SMALL FINDSCatalogue A. Sission-Katelios-Skala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Catalogue B. Ancient Pronnoi/Palaiokastro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Catalogue C. Ainos-Tzanata-Ancient Poros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Catalogue D. Digaleto-Koulourata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Catalogue E. Sami valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Catalogue F. Ancient Same . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Catalogue G. Ag. Evfimea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Catalogue H. Erissos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

CATALOGUE GROUP II

KEPHALLENIA. THE LITHICSCatalogue A. The Lithic Small Finds in Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Catalogue B. Obsidian & Supplementary Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

CATALOGUE GROUP III

KEPHALLENIA AND ITHAKA. THE SURVEYED AND MAPPED ANCIENTGREEK STONE WALLS AND OTHER ARCHITECTURECatalogue A. Eastern Kephallenia (apart from the Cities of Pronnoi and Same,and the Town of Poros) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Catalogue B. Eastern Kephallenia. The City of Pronnoi/Palaiokastro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Catalogue C. Eastern Kephallenia. The Town of Poros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Catalogue D. Eastern Kephallenia. The City of Same . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Catalogue E. Western Kephallenia (apart from the Cities of Krane and Pale) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Catalogue F. Western Kephallenia. The City of Krane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108Catalogue G. Ithaka including its City (Aetos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

2 Acta Archaeologica

PART 2. PLATES

PLATES A. I-XIIIDRAWINGS (AND PHOTOS) OF SELECTED LITHICS; DRAWINGS OF SELECTEDPOTTERY, TILE, AND OTHER SMALL FINDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

PLATES B. I-CVPHOTOS OF THE ANCIENT GREEK WALLS OF KEPHALLENIA AND ITHAKA . . . . . 127

PLATES C. I-XVIIIDRAWINGS (ELEVATIONS) OF SELECTED ANCIENT GREEK WALLSON KEPHALLENIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

PLATES D. I–LXXMAPS AND PLANS OF CITIES & SITES WITH ANCIENT GREEK (AND OTHER)STONE WALLS ON KEPHALLENIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

PART 1. CATALOGUES

CATALOGUE GROUP I

KEPHALLENIA. THE ARCHAEOLOGICALSURVEYS. SITES AND SMALL FINDS

ABBREVIATIONS

Att.ΩAttic, BGΩblack-glaze, CΩClassical (V–IVBC), Con.ΩConical, Cor.ΩCorinthian, Deb.Ωdebitage, HΩHellenistic (Early HΩIII–IIA BC, LateHΩII–I BC), Lac.ΩLaconian, Myc.ΩMycenean,NAΩnon-Attic, PCWΩPrehistoric coarse ware,PCWRedΩred Prehistoric coarse ware (includes un-doubtfully Myc. ware), Pyr.ΩPyramidical, RecentΩabout Venetian period and onwards, Retou.Ωre-touched, RGΩred-glaze, Rom.ΩRoman Imperialperiod, Var.Ωvarious.

See Chapter VI in Volume 2 for the abbreviationson pottery, roof-tiles, etc. Also, see Catalogue GroupsII & III in this volume for the Lithics and for theancient Stone Walls and structures, as well as the per-taining chapters in Volume 2.

INΩIntroduction (Vol. 2), LCΩLithics catalogue(Catalogue Group IIa) (Vol. 1), SCΩSite catalogue(Catalogue Grup I) (Vol. 1). Measurement stick onphotos: units of 20 cms.

Terms used in characterizing the numbers ofartefact specimens, no (0), few (1–5), some (6–10), sev-eral (11–20), many (21–40), very many (40).

See Chapter IV in Volume 2 on survey method-

ology, etc. for an explanation of the various termsused in describing the character and intensity of in-vestigation of the individual units and sites, includingsurveys carried out (1) Intensively, (2) Rather inten-sively, (3) Rather extensively, or, (4) Extensively.

No main bibliographical references are given to thearchaeological sites (only to a few artefact-types). Forsite-addresses to the archaeological literature, see thesection on ‘‘Literary’’ or published Sites (site numberswith an ‘‘L’’ prefix). These numbers are only addedto the sites of the present catalogue where a positiveidentification of sites published and sites found duringthe survey has been carried out.

Below, the first figure in the head of each section isthe running number of the archaeological site or sur-vey-unit, sometimes followed by numbers indicatingsub-sites or ditto units.

The small finds were studied by P. Foss (lithics), L.Hannestad (in particular Greek fine-wares), J. Lund(Roman wares, after drawings), K. Randsborg (all thefinds, including roof-tiles, etc.), assisted by T. Roland,and A. Soteriou (general assitance). The compilationof the catalogue is by T. Roland & K. Randsborg.


Fig. SC. 1. The valley of Kato Katelios, southeasternmost Kephallenia. Note the stream on the floor of the valley(line of trees in the backgound).

CATALOGUE A

SISSION – KATELIOS – SKALA

After a series of gorges between which the Medievalmonastery of Sission – the gorges making up the bor-derland between Ancient Krane and Pronnoi – thecoastal part of south-eastern Kephallenia opens up.Still below Mount Ainos (1627 m), is a high fertileplain which, beyond a ridge, gives way to the well-watered deep valley of Katelios with a beach optimalfor landing (Fig. SC. 1–2). Further to the east are thesandy plain at Ak. Mounta (this beach is breeding-ground for giant turtles) and the fertile hills at Skala,which to the north changes into more barren andhigher country.

Site 1.Description. The survey-line was rather intensively examined.

Some sherds (incl. recent).Two flints: retou. flake, unworked flake.

Site 2:1–2.Description. The area north (2:1) and south (2:2) of the Med./recentbuilding (:A3) was rather intensively examined.2:1. Few sherds: (1) RG African Red Slip form 50 plate III AD.2:2. Few sherds: (1) BG foot of plate probably NA probably C, (2)

handle amph. Rom. Several tesserae (white, dark grey andpink).

Site 3 (Kato Katelios).Description. The area in and immediately around the Med./recent?

5Kephallenia

Fig. SC. 2. The valley of Kato Katelios. Ruin of Venetian villa in the grove to the left in the middle background, Roman villa near thecoast, both on the stream (cf. Fig. SC. 1). In the far background the peninsula of Ak. Mounta.

Building situated on a small hill about 500 m east of the brook wasrather intensively examined.

Few sherds: (1) BG NA C.Few pieces of greenish glass.Some tesserae (grey and white).Six flints: burin on flake, two blades, two retou. flakes, unworked

flake.

Site 4.Description. To delimit the activity-area around Site no. 3 an east-west going survey-line was laid out. This line was generally exten-sively examined. To the east two concentrations of tiles and brickswere found, one of them presumably connected with Site no. 2:1–2; in the western part a possible well.

Some sherds: (1) rim mortarium Rom.?, (2) Late Rom. C (Phoe-cean Red Slip) form 3 Late Antiquity, (3) rim Rom.?, (4) handle ofbig amph.

Piece of white marble (5).

Site 5 (see also Site no. 23).Description. A generally rather intensively examined survey-line innorthern direction, starting at site no. 3. Many finds especiallywithin the first 100 m close to the house-site.

Several sherds: (1) var. Rom. red-wares, (2) thin Rom. ware rimand side of cup I–II AD, (3) base amph.

Piece of white glass (4).Some tesserae (white, dark grey and pink) (5).Bronze nail (6).One flint: unworked flake.

Site 6.Description. The hillock was generally rather intensively examined.

Seven flints: one blade, notched flake, five unworked flakes.Hammerstone?

Site 7.Description. The small area east of the brook was rather intensivelyexamined (partly identical with Site no. 2:2).

Very many sherds (incl. recent): (1) RG possible H, (2) RGAfrican Red Slip form 89/104 (V–)VI AD, (3) var. red wares, (4)rim of cookingpot, (5) var. handles amph., (6) cork.

One tile: (7) Lac2a.Two Rom. bricks (8).Three pieces of greenish glass (9).


Fig. SC. 3. Ak. Mounta (breeding ground for giant turtles), Sites 13–16. In the backgound the valley of Kato Katelios (cf. Figs. SC.1–2).

Site 8.Description. The area around the Roman Villa (rescue-excavation byA. Soteriou) was rather intensively examined. In this area Romantesserae were seen in situ in early 1992 (they were covered but notcollected); later they proved to have been destroyed.

Many sherds: (1) PCWRed, (2) BG base with palmettes Att.(Late) C, (3) four BG NA (three C or H, one H?), (4) three BG(incl. rims and handle) NA (one Cor.?), (5) ten BG Att., (6) BG, (7)three RG H?, (8) RG rim and side of Italian Sigillata dish Conspec-tus form 20 IB BC–I AD, (9) RG plate Late African Red Slip Hayesform 109? 580/600–VIIA AD, (10) RG plate African Red SlipHayes form 45A 230–320 AD, (11) two RG Late Rom. C (Phoece-an Red Slip) form 3 V AD, (12) RG Late Rom. C (Phoecean RedSlip) form 3 V–VI AD (cf. Hayes 1972, 334 Fig. 4 no. 32), (13)var. RG (incl. rim of bowl) Rom., (14) lamp(s) Cor. Rom., (15) var.amph.

Few tiles: (16) Lac2bPπ, (17) Lac3a (with animal-paw), (18) Lac.end with furrow, (19) Cor2a (end?).

Few Rom. bricks (20).Three bronze coins: (21) I–II? AD, (22) IIB AD, (23) IV AD.Bronze nail (24).Bronze button (25).Two pieces of glass (greenish and blue with boss) (26).Some tesserae (grey, white and black) (27).

Site 9.Description. In an area that must be a raised beach from the pleisto-cene a rather intensive examination was carried out.

14 flints: notched blade, large flake (135 g), four retou. and/ornotched flakes, 7 unworked flakes, piece of unworked flint.

Five fossilized shells.

Site 10.Description. The survey-line along the eastern slope to the valley wasonly rather extensively examined. Just south of the survey-line sixdestroyed Roman sarcophagi, probably related to the below villa-site (Site no. 8), have been examined.

Few sherds: (1) base of amph.One tile.

Site 11.Description. The top of the hill was generally only rather extensivelyexamined; around the highest point, where almost all the findswere seen, more intensively.

Many sherds: (1) var. PCW.Several tiles: (2) Lac3a corner with ‘‘3a rounded’’ end, (3) RG

Lac, (4) three Lac4.One rounded brick (5).

7Kephallenia

Fig. SC. 4. Old road at Ak. Mounta, Site 13.

Site 12.Fig. SC. 5.Description. The area around the Roman villa in Nea Skala wasrather extensively examined. Cf. L5 & L77.

Few sherds: (1) coarse ware rim.Few tiles: (2) Lac2a, (3) Lac2b, (4) two Lac2bP (one with mould-

ing on reverse).10 flints: four blades, microblade, core for microblades, four un-

worked flakes.One obsidian: unworked flake.

Site 13:2–3 (1 not used) (Mounta).Fig. SC. 3–4.Description. The survey-line from the trigonometrical point to theRoman villa in Nea Skala was rather intensively examined (13:2).Cf. L77.

A very dense concentration of flint of, at least, 115¿40 m closeto the trigonometrical point was intensively examined (13:3).

By accident almost all finds from 13:2 and 13:3 have been mixedtogether. However, practically all the material belongs to A3 asvery little was found along the extended survey-line (13:2).

About 15 m south of the trigonometrical point, a stretch of NW-SE orientated Old Paved Road was found, for 20 m going in direction340 æ (of 400 æ), then bending and for about 65 m going in direction

380 æ. The road is paved with almost flat stones (about 30¿15 cm)and each side lined with a row of bigger stones (about 30–40¿30cm). The date of the road is uncertain, but it seems different from,and older than the 18th–19th cent. roads on the island. It is alsouncertain why a paved road was made at this point since the areais flat and dry.

Site 13:2–3. Few sherds: (1) coarse handle.One tile.519 flints: one hand-axe, three choppers, five scrapers (one on

blade, three on flakes, one on core rejuvenation-flake), four? drills(three on flakes), three burins (two on flakes, one on blade), slug,triangular, retou. point, leafshaped tool, 73 blades (five retou.),‘‘tortoise-flake’’ (Levallois-flake?), 23 flake cores, blade core, 12 re-tou. or notched flakes, eight core rejuvenation-flakes, two largeflakes, 368 unworked flakes, three worked pieces of undefined type,nine pieces of natural flint. Date: Late Neol., Early Bronze Age,and Middle Pal.

67 obsidians: three blade-cores, 21 blades (two retou.), ovate,burin?, two core rejuvenation-flakes, three crested flakes, two retou.flakes, 28 unworked flakes, six spalls and chips. Date: Late Neol.and Early Bronze Age.

Hammerstone?Two fossilized shells.


Fig. SC. 5. Roman villa at Nea Skala, southeastern Kephallenia, Site 12. Mosaic.

Site 13:3: Very many sherds: (1) var. PCW (incl. ringfoot and threerims), (2) var. finer Prehist. ware, (3) 14 PCWred (incl. one rim andone with traces of black colour), (4) BG most prob. skyphos so-called Att. type 480–380 BC, (5) handle Rhodian amph. H, (6) var.coarse ware (incl. four rims).

Site 14.Description. The small promontory was rather intensively examined.

Few sherds.Some tiles.10 flints: scraper on flake, three blades, retou. flake, four un-

worked flakes, small chip.

Site 15.Description. At a point close to Site no. 13:3 a concentration of My-cenean sherds were collected in dirt from a pipe-line ditch.

Many sherds: (1) var. PCW (incl. three rims), (2) var. PCWRed(on one sherd in stripes).

12 flints: chopper, large flake, ten unworked flakes. Date: MiddlePal.?

Site 16.Description. The peninsula-area south of Site no. 13:3 was ratherextensively examined.

Some sherds.One tile.25 flints: two burins (one on blade, one on flake), four blades

(one retou.), flake core, fragment of blade core, three retou. and/or notched flakes, 13 unworked flakes, one piece of natural flint.Date: Late Neol., Early Bronze Age and possibly Middle Pal.

Site 17 (Karata).Description. The hill was rather intensively examined. A Stretch of

Wall of unknown date was seen (measuring about 1.2¿1.2 m). Thefinds appeared especially in the northern and western part of thehill.

Very many sherds (incl. recent): (1) BG rim of krater Archaic, (2)BG rim and handle-base skyphos NA.

Few tiles: (3) Lac2a, (4) RG Lac.Nine flints: three blades (two notched), micro-blade, five un-

worked flakes.

Site 18.Description. The area around the chapel was rather intensivelyexamined.

Several sherds: (1) side Myc.?, (2) cork.Few tiles (incl. one recent).Two flints: notched blade, unworked flake.

9Kephallenia

Site 19.Fig. SC. 6.Description. The survey-line, starting at the Mycenean tholos-tombat Mavrata, was rather intensively examined. Some possibly Ancient

Walls were seen. Cf. L47.One sherd (recent).13 flints: scraper on blade, drill?, two burins (one on blade, one

on retou. flake), two points, three blades (one retou., one notched),core rejuvenation-flake, three retou. flakes.

Site 20 (Markoupolo).Description. The top of the hill was rather intensively examined,while the south-eastern slopes and the slopes north-east of the hillonly more extensively. On the hill was seen a highy ruined Building

that might be antique (although this is highly uncertain). In theNW-part, on a small plateau on the very edge of the steep slope,is another House-foundation. The blocks are almost square measuring50–80 cm. The construction seems of some age, but is not ancient.

Very many sherds: (1) Prehist. fine ware with bosses and groove,(2) var. PCW, (3) PCWRed, (4) body with nob and large handleArchaic?, (5) BG VI–V BC, (6) BG hardly Att., (7) two BG NA, (8)handle amph. C?, (9) rim, (10) ring-foot, (11) var. coarser wares(incl. rim and ringfoot).

Many tiles: (12) two Lac2a, (13) two Lac2b (one with mouldingon reverse), (14) three Lac3a (one with moulding on reverse), (15)Lac3b, (16) five RG Lac, (19) Lac4, (20) Lac. end with recess, (21)small Lac. cover?

Two flints: retou. flake, unworked flake.

Site 21.Description. In a small area at the bottom of the slope of Site 22 aflint-concentration was seen and rather intensively examined (onlya sample collected).

Three flints: three blades (one retou., one retou. and notched).

Site 22.Description. The slope was rather extensively examined. Some of therecent house-foundations may incorporate ancient elements.

9 flints: retou. blade (honey-flint), two small blades, core formicro-blades, four unworked flakes. Date: Early or Middle Neol.

Site 23 (see also Site no. 5).Description. The site-number covers the northern extension of survey-line of Site no. 5 that was rather intensively examined. At a point justnorth of the road to Skala three Quadrangular Blocks were seen.

One sherd.One marble-tile (upper end or tiny Cor3a).

Site 24.Description. The Venetian Villa was only rather extensively examined.The villa (in ruins) is made up of large but rather inconspicuous struc-tures (up to 20¿8 m) and/or outhouses, perhaps even a wind-mill. Afine very well preserved chapel including a bell-tower/entrance (withsculptures, a date of 1710, and the name ‘‘Zvane’’, probably thebuilder/owner’s) and an adjacent cemetery are 150 m north of thevilla. To this complex also belongs a nearby water-mill.

Fig. SC. 6. Mycenean tholos tomb at Mavrata, southeastern Ke-phallenia, Site 19.

Some sherds (recent).One tile (recent).

Site 25.Description. The hill-top was rather intensively examined.

Some sherds: (1) BG and RG, probably Hell.One tile?.52 flints: three burins on flakes, two triangular tools (function

unknown), five blades (three retou.), dentriculate blade, two flakecores, 5 retou. and/or notched flakes, 21 unworked flakes, tenpieces of natural flint. Date: Middle Pal.?

Site 26.Description. An area immediately west of the survey-line of Site no.23 was rather intensively examined.

Eight flints: burin on flake?, drill or scraper, blade, core rejuven-ation-flake, four unworked flakes.

One sandstone.


Fig. SC. 7. Ancient quarry at Nea Skala, southeastern Kephallenia, Site 29.

Site 27.Description. The survey-line in the valley was rather intensivelyexamined.

No finds.

Site 28.Description. A point on the survey-line of Site no. 27 was ratherintensively examined but at some points more extensively.

Few sherds (incl. one recent): (1) BG Att., (2) handle.One tile: (3) Lac1a?Three flints: three blades.Two limestones, one polished.

Site 29.Fig. SC. 7.Description. The site-number covers only the ancient Stone Quarry.

Site 30.Description. The two survey-lines were extensively examined insearch of a postulated wall. Only natural phenomena were seenand a small recent farmstead.

No finds.

Site 31.Description. The survey-line along the slope was rather intensivelyexamined.

No finds.

Site 32 (above the north-eastern Katelios valley).Description. An area where new terraces for cultivating were beingconstructed, was rather intensively examined.

Some sherds: (1) two BG C or earlier, (2) BG mottled plate, dotand stripes orna. Late C?, (3) BG H?, (4) handle amph. Rhodian?,(5) ring-foot, (6) two rims.

Several tiles: (7) BG Lac1a, (8) RG Lac1a, (9) Lac1a, (10) twoRG (one originally BG?) Lac1?, (11) Lac2a, (12) Lac2b, (13)Lac2bP, (14) two Lac3a (one corner with ‘‘3b’’ end), (15) RGLac3b, (16) BG Lac., (17) RG Lac., (18) RG Lac. end with recess,(19) Lac. end with furrow and weak moulding, (20) RG (originallyBG?) Lac1 cover, (21) Lac. cover.

One flint: retou. flake (drill?).

Site 33.Description. The plateau was rather intensively examined. In thesouth-western part very many flintblades and -flakes were found.

11Kephallenia

Fig. SC. 8. The high mountain plateau at Kampoulia (the Acropoleis of Poros and of Pronnoi/Palaiokastro in the way backgound respectivelyto the left and to the right). In the middle background the structure of Site 35.

One sherd: (1) amph. pre-Rom.?77 flints: six scrapers on flakes, three burins (one on flake, two on

blades), macroburin, Levallois-point(?), retou. triangular point, ovaltool with three points (drill?), three drills (two on flakes, one on flint-pebble), 14 blades (five retou.), microblade, flake core, core rejuven-ation-flake, 18 retou. and/or notched flakes, symmetrical rhomboidflake, 25 unworked flakes. Date: Middle Pal. (Mousterien?)

Site 34 (Arninia).Description. The rock close to the road and the fields just NW of itwere rather extensively examined. (In a recent guide-book this siteis said to be the location of the Aenos Zeus-sanctuary, which is notthe case, of course.) Cf. L10.

Few sherds: (1) var. gritty ware (incl. handle and ring-foot) recent?18 flints: five blades, retou. flake, 12 unworked flakes.

Site 35 (Kampoulia).Pl. B I. 1. Fig. SC. 8.Description. The plateau was generally only rather extensively exam-ined, the northern part, however, rather intensively. In this wasseen the ruin of a Building (Tower?) measuring about 7.5¿6 m builtof rather big blocks and probably antique. The flints appeared

about 50 m south of the building; the tiles are from the structure.Few tiles: (1) Lac3aP, (2) Lac3b, (3) Cor3.Three flints: burin on retou. blade, two unworked flakes.

Site 36.Description. A limited area was rather intensively examined.

Many sherds and tiles but only a single piece collected.One sherd: (1) cooking-pot Rom.?

Site 37.Description. A survey-line was laid out from the southern side ofRiemanns Tower (Site no. 38) and down the slope. The area wasintensively examined.

Few sherds: (1) BG base of Early H (or Late C) plate, (2) coarseware rim.

Several tiles: (3) Lac1b?, (4) Lac2a, (5) Lac2aP, (6) Lac2b withmoulding, (7) RG Lac3a, (8) four Lac3a, (9) Lac3aP (moulding),(10) Lac3a with moulding, (11) Lac3a with moulding on reverse,(12) Lac3b, (13) five RG Lac., (14) Lac. end with recess, (15) Lac.end (Lac3a?).

One fragment of a whetstone (16).


Site 38 (‘‘Riemann’s Tower’’, cf. Chapter II, Vol. 2).Pl. B II. 2.Description. On a small plateau on a slope facing south is a squareTower, measuring about 7¿6 m and with an entrance toward theeast. (For map and wall-description see separate.) The area insideand immediately outside the building was intensively examined.From within the tower only a few small sherds appeared, from thearea around the tower small pieces of tiles were also seen.

Few sherds.Few tiles: (1) Lac4.

Site 39.Description. The survey-line of Site no. 37 was continued 175 mnorth of Riemanns Tower (Site no. 38). Also this area was inten-sively examined.

Few sherds (one recent).Few tiles: (1) Lac1a, (2) Lac4.

Site 40.Description. The area between Riemanns Tower (Site no. 38) andPalaiokastro (cf. Sites nos. 68f.) was at several occasions extensivelyexamined, mainly to find traces of wall-lines etc.

No finds.

Site 41 (Lidari).Description. A smaller area was extensively examined.

One sherd: (1) BG NA.

Site 42 (Skala Tower).Pl. B I. 2. Pl. B II. 1.Description. On a minor elevation on the plateau or spur is a concen-tration of ancient blocks that makes up an irregular Building

(Tower?), which takes advantage of the natural ridge in its wall-lines. The construction measures about 9¿13 m. (For plan andwall-description see separate.) The area within the walls of buildingwas intensively examined.

Few sherds: (1) two amph. (rim and base perhaps IV–VI AD, cf.Peacock & Riley Fig. 84A (North African)), (2) rim.

Few tiles: (3) Lac3a, (4) Lac4.Rom. brick (4).Three flints (from the easternmost part of the plateau): three

unworked flakes.

Site 43.Description. The fields northwest of the tower of Site no. 42 wererather intensively examined.

Many sherds (incl. recent): (1) BG palmette Att. Late V BC(420)?, (2) BG handle kantaros NA (Corinthian?) Early H, (3) BGhandle Att., (4) BG base Att., (5) BG near-base Att., (6) BG body-sherd Att., (7) BG body-sherd (provenience?), (8) red coarsewarerim Rom.?

Some tiles: (9) BG? Lac1, (10) two Lac3aP, (11) Lac. end withrecess.

Pyr. loom-weight (12).One flint: blade.

Site 44.Description. The fields southwest of the tower of Site no. 42 wererather intensively examined.

Many sherds: (1) BG rim with handle.Few tiles: (2) BG Lac2b, (3) Lac3bP.

Site 45.Description. The survey-line up the slope was rather intensivelyexamined.

No finds.

Site 46.Description. A smaller area at the end of the survey-line of Site no.45, and close to the top of the mountain was intensively examinedwhen a concentration of sherds was found.

Many sherds: (1) ornamented pithos-rim, (2) five rims, (3) handle.Few tiles: (4) Lac3a, (5) Lac3bP.

Site 47.Description. The survey-line between the two heights was only ratherextensively examined.

No finds.

Site 48.Description. The hilltop and southern slope was rather extensivelyexamined.

No finds.

Site 49.Description. The slopes were rather extensively examined.

No finds.

Site 50.Description. The survey-line south of Site no. 42 was rather inten-sively examined.

Some sherds: (1) painted sub-Myc./proto-Geometric, (2) Medi-eval wares.

Three pieces of coloured Roman glass (green, light blue anduncoloured) (3).

Site 51.Description. The small hill on the slope was rather extensively exam-ined.

One sherd.

Site 52.Description. The abandoned village of Old Skala and the area im-mediately around was rather extensively examined (some openareas more intensively).

No finds.

Site 53 (Skala Temple).Fig. SC. 9.Description. The headland with the temple (Late VI BC) was ratherintensively examined. In the northern part, in a small bay, severalsherds of amphorae, cups etc. were seen embedded in the limestone

13Kephallenia

Fig. SC. 9. Skala, southeastern Kephallenia, at the Archaic temple (Site 53). Sherds of amphorae, cups, etc. embedded in limestone rock,perhaps the cargo of a wreck, perhaps deposits.

rocks (impossible to remove), perhaps the cargo of a wreck, perhapsdeposits. Cf. L46 & L77.

Some sherds: (1) BG Att. ‘‘IVB’’ BC, (2) side Rom.?Some tiles: (3) CorEnd3, (4) RG Lac (Clas.?), (5) Lac1 cover, (6)

four Cor. covers.45 flints: burin, three blades (one retou.), flake core, two worked

flint pebbles and one naturally split flint pebble, large flake, tworetou. flakes, 34 unworked flakes.

5 obsidian: small scraper, two blades, core rejuvenation-flake,slightly worked piece. Date: probably Late Neol./Early BronzeAge. Possibly Pal. activity.

Site 54.Description. The survey-line across the hills was rather intensivelyexamined.

One sherd.

Site 55.Description. The small area was rather intensively examined.

Few sherds: (1) BG handle C.Few tiles: (2) Lac2b.

Site 56.Description. The survey-line north-east of Site no. 55 was rather ex-tensively examined.

One tile: (1) Lac2bP.

Site 57 (Sission).Description. The area around the ruins of the Monastery was ratherintensively examined. Cf. L76.

Several sherds (mostly recent): (1) handle amph.

Site 58.Description. The survey-line east of Site no. 57 was rather extensivelyexamined.

Few sherds (one recent): (1) probably RG originally.

Site 59.Description. The area around the trigonometrical point (207 m) andthe very eroded eastern part of the plateau was rather intensivelyexamined.

Very many sherds: (1) PCWRed?, (2) BG handle, (3) BG ring-foot, (4) rim beehive? Rom.?.

Some tiles (incl. recent).


Site 60.Description. The area around the trigonometrical point (207 m) andthe eastern part of the plateau was rather intensively examined.

Very many sherds: (1) var. Prehist.?/PCWRed?, (2) RG relief-decor. Rom., (3) two RG, (4) two ring-feet (one C?), (5) two coarse-ware rims Rom., (6) red-ware lid, (7) two handles amph.

Few tiles: (8) Lac3a with low furrow, (9) Lac3b with furrows, (10)Lac4?, (11) Lac. end with recess, (12) Cor2b.

Three flints: blade, two unworked flakes.

Site 61.Description. The area within and around the (Rom.?/)Med. rec-tangular building of rubble-stones on the western slope of the areaof Site no. 60 was intensively examined.

Very many sherds: (1) PCWRed?, (2) BG Late IV or Early H,(3) three RG (incl bowl with moulding) H/Rom., (4) plate Late H/Rom., (5) handle pan Rom., (6) rim beehive? Rom.?

Some tiles: (7) Lac2b, (8) Lac.? end with recess and furrow, (9)CorEnd5 (or Cor3a without platform).

Two pyr. loom-weights (10).

Site 62.Description. A smaller concentration of finds below the building ofSite no. 61, was intensively examined.

Very many sherds: (1) BG angular body, (2) four RG probablyH, (3) RG rim (Early?) Rom., (4) RG powerful plate Late H/Rom.,(5) var. (red) gritty ware (incl. rim of bottle and handles probablyalso of amph.).

Few tiles: (6) Lac2a, (6) Lac3a.Piece of uncoloured glass (7).

Site 63.Description. The slope in the north-western part of Site no. 60, wherea concentration of sherds was seen, was intensively examined.

Many sherds: (1) PCWRed?, (2) RG ringfoot, (3) var. coarse-wares (incl. handle and bases).

Few tiles: (4) Lac2b, (5) Lac4, (6) Lac. end with recess.One flint: unworked flake.

Site 64.Description. The area between the two English bridges was ratherintensively examined.

Some sherds: (1) rim Rom.?One tile: (2) Lac4.

Site 65.Description. The site-number covers only the English Border-stone

close to the road.

Site 66 (Kastellaki).Description. This rocky Ainos-promontory was only rather inten-sively examined from the track-road to the trigonometrical pointin search of possible remains of buildings (watch-tower or thelike),but no such thing was found. In spite of the height of the areasome ‘‘recent’’ stone-walls and -terraces were seen.

No finds.

Site 67 (Pastra).Description. The area was rather extensively examined. Cf. L60.

Several sherds.Few tiles: (1) Lac2a, (2) body with low furrow antique?One flint: scraper on flake.

15Kephallenia

Fig. SC. 10. Pronnoi/Palaiokastro, southeastern Kephallenia, the prominent Acropolis with the Dakiri hill to the left.

CATALOGUE B

ANCIENT PRONNOI/PALAIOKASTRO

Imposing Palaiokastro, the acropolis of AncientPronnoi (at 570 m), is the dominant feature of thismicro-region (Fig. SC. 10). To the north it looks tothe green valley of Tzanata, to the west to MountAinos, and to the south to the valley at Katelios. Be-low the acropolis to the east is the hill of Dakiri (500m) and beyond this the hill-country of south-easternKephallenia. General references: L53, L63.

Site 68.Description. The survey-line running along the saddle between Pa-laiokastro and Dakiri was for the first part intensively examined,further northover (down the slope) only rather intensively. Thefinds mainly appeared in the saddle-area, further down the slopethere were only few.

Many sherds (incl. a few recent pieces): (1) BG stripes Archaic,

(2) BG stripes? handle of skyphos ‘‘H’’, (3) broad handle with bossMed.?, (4) handle surrounded by tiny pits (Archaic?).

Several tiles: (5) Lac1 end, (6) Lac2a, (7) two Lac2aP, (8) Lac4,(9) Lac. end with moulding, (10) CorEnd1.

Con. loom-weight (11).Piece of bronze (12).Fragment of a mill-stone (date?) (13).Stone with a drilled? hole (found near AI 25/-16:K, site no. 84)

(14).

Site 69 (Dakiri).Description. The quite rocky area within the walls of Dakiri wasrather intensively examined; for methodological reasons, a re-ex-amination took place in 1994 after almost all the vegetation hadbeen burned away. (For plan and wall-descriptions see separate.)

Few sherds.Some tiles (incl. recent?): (1) Lac1a?, (2) Lac3a corner with ‘‘3a

moulded’’ end, (3) Lac4?One flint: notched flake.


Fig. SC. 11. Pronnoi, sarcophagus, Site 73.

Site 70:1–20 (Palaiokastro, ancient Pronnoi).Description. The site-numbers cover the area within the acropolis-walls (C1, C6–C7 & C11–C12), the buildings (C2–C5, C8–C10 & C13–C14) and the slopes (C15–C20) immediately aroundthe walls that were all intensively examined, the slopes a littleless intensively. Only a sample of finds were collected. Site no.70 covers stray-finds from within the acropolis-wall. On thenorthern part of the hill (70:1) a rock-cut Step-alter is seen (FigPl. B XXVIII. 2). (For plan and wall-descriptions see separate.)Cf. L37, L69 & L8.

Site 70. Few sherds: (1) PCW, (2) Rim with ribbons in dark colouracross, perhaps a variant of the so-called Measles ware (Corinth)XII–XIII(A) AD (Patterson & Whitehouse 1992, 166f; cf. Morgan1942), (3) sherd with white slip and grafitti (in Latin letters,‘‘-TIN-’’).

Few tiles: (4) BG Lac1a, (5) RG Lac1a with weak moulding, (6)BG Lac1b.

Site 70:1. Few sherds: (1) PCWRed, (2) Prehist. rim with striatedmoulding Bronze Age?, (3) BG Att.?, (4) angular pithos rim.

Some tiles: (5) BG Lac1a, (6) RG Lac1a, (7) Lac2a, (8) Lac2aP,(9) Lac2b, (10) Lac3b moulding on reverse (cover?), (11) nine Lac4,(12) thin edge Cor4b (Myc.?), (13) cover-tile Lac1a.

One mussle.

Site 70:2. Few sherds: (1) handle Med.?Few tiles: (2) three Lac4.

Site 70:3. One sherd.Few tiles: (1) four Lac4.

Site 70:4. One tile: (1) Lac4.

Site 70:5. Few tiles: (1) Lac3a.

Site 70:6. Some sherds: (1) rim of painted plate with panels ofwavy-ribbons, radial ribbons plus angles and triangles in narrowline decoration (Late Med. or Later, cf. e.g. Patterson &Whitehouse 1992, 11Of.) Med. or Later.

Some tiles: (2) RG Lac1a, (3) Lac2a (very well-made 4 cm thick),(4) six Lac4.

Site 70:7. Many sherds: (1) PCW? (2) BG (intentionally partly)probably NA probably H, (3) two handles Med., (4) var. groovedMed.?

Some tiles: (5) Lac2a (end?), (6) Lac2b, (7) two Lac3a, (8) Lac3a(4 cm thick), (9) five Lac4.

Site 70:8. Few tiles: (1) four Lac4.

Site 70:9. No finds.

Site 70:10. Few sherds: (1) PCW.One tile: (1) Lac4 (recent).

Site 70:11. Several sherds: (1) PCW with grooved moulding, (2) flathandle pre-Med.?

Few tiles: (3) RG Lac, (4) Cor2a.

Site 70:12. Several sherds: (1) PCW, (2) BG bowl or plate NA LateC?, (3) BG NA Early H, (4) BG plate (bowl?) Att.? Late?


Site 70:13. Few tiles: (1) Lac4.

Site 70:14. One sherd.Few tiles: (1) Lac. end? combed.

Site 70:15. Some sherds: (1) BG bowl Early H (before 150 BC), (2)BG bowl Early H (may belong with item (1)).

Site 70:16. Some sherds: (1) PCWRed, (2) BG kantaros Att. V–IVA(non-H), (3) BG kotyle/skyphos, (4) BG Att., (5) two handles amph.(one perhaps Late Antiquity), (6) handle Med.?

17Kephallenia

Few tiles: (7) Lac4, (8) BG Lac1 Cover.One piece of slag.

Site 70:17. Very many sherds: (1) PCWRed base, (2) BG probablyAtt, (3) side with wavy grooves Rom., (4) two handles (one horizon-tal), (5) neck of vessle.

Few tiles: (6) Lac2a (curved side), (7) two Lac4 (one with mould-ing on reverse), (8) Cor3b (2b?).

Three flints: retou. blade, retou. flake, unworked flake.

Site 70:18. Several sherds: (1) PCWRed, (2) BG orange/brownstripes skyphos rim probably proto-corinthian ie. VII BC, (3) BGchess orna. open shape, (4) BG probably Att.

Site 70:19. Several sherds: (1) BG handle probably amph. Att.?Archaic or C, (2) BG possibly Att. C (rather than H), (3) two BGprobably NA C (rather than H), (4) BG foot plate, (5) RG?.

Many tiles: (6) four BG Lac1a, (7) three RG Lac1a, (8) nine BGLac1, (9) three RG Lac1, (10) RG Lac2a, (11) two Lac4, (12) onecoarse with grafitti (‘‘π’’), (13) BG Lac1a cover, (14) three BG Lac1cover.

Site 70:20. One sherd.Few tiles: (1) Lac4, (2) Cor2 or 3.Four flints: core on re-used flake, two flakes/possible blades, un-

worked flake.

Site 71.Description. At a point on the northern part of the north-westernConnection-Wall two sherds were collected. The area was generallyonly extensively examined.

Few sherds: (1) BG possibly Att. Late IV BC/Early H?, (2) BGbase of open shape.

Site 72.Description. The recent terrace-walls could only be extensively exam-ined.

No finds.

Site 73.Fig. SC. 11.Description. The slope around the so-called ‘‘theatre’’ was rather in-tensively examined. On a small plateau a (Rom.?) Sarcophague andlid was found.

Few tiles: (1) Lac1a.

Site 74.Description. The terraces on the slope were rather intensively exam-ined. The finds especially appeared in the northern part of thearea.

Many sherds (incl. recent).Few tiles: (1) Lac2b, (2) Lac2bP.

Site 75.Description. Close to the small road an area was intensively exam-ined.

Very many sherds: (1) PCWRed?, (2) BG Att. IV, (3) BG un-guentarium (Early) H, (4) BG pyxis probably Cor. H (before 150BC), (5) two BG drinking vessels, (6) BG ring-foot, (7) BG originally,(8) BG?, (9) three RG (traces, one in stripes?) Cor. C?, (10) var.wares (incl. handle) Rom.?, (11) lamp H., (12) rim.

Some tiles: (13) two? BG Lac1a (one corner with moulded end),(14) Lac1a, (16) BG Lac1?, (17) Lac2a, (18) Lac2aP, (19) Lac3b,(20) Lac4, (21) Cor3b, (22) Cor?.

Con. loom-weight (23).

Site 76.Description. The small road, where objects had been washed out,was rather intensively examined.

Several sherds: (1) BG rolled rim plate possibly Att. Late IV orIIIA BC, (2) BG Att., (3) gritty rim.

One tile?.Piece of (recent?) glass.

Site 77.Fig. SC. 12.Description. The terraces were intensively examined. Some ancientColumns and a rectangular Threshold-stone for a main building werefound, re-used in a recent terrace-wall. Also ancient terrace-wallsand blocks were seen.

Very many sherds: (1) BG cup possibly NA probably (Early) H,(2) BG kantharos handle Att. probably H, (3) BG (thin) Att., (4)BG, glaze all gone, (5) BG?, (6) two? RG Arrentine (I BC–)I AD,(7) RG, (8) three (two?) kotyles Cor. VII/VI BC, (9) pan handleEarly Rom. (10) var. amph. (rim and handles), (11) coarse warehandle.

Many tiles: (12) BG Lac1, (13) two RG Lac1a, (14) RG (onreverse) Lac2a, (15) four Lac2a, (16) four Lac2aP, (17) Lac2bP, (18)three Lac3a, (19) Lac3aP (end with moulding?), (20) three Lac3b,(21) two Lac. ends (one with moulding, one with recess), (22) Co-rEnd2 (or Cor1a), (23) Cor. cover.

Architectural stone-fragment (24).One flint: scraper on flake.

Site 78.Description. The terraces were only extensively examined.

Some sherds.One tile.One flint: unworked flake.

Site 79:1–3.Description. Two areas along the road where water had washed outmaterial, were intensively examined (79:1–2). The finds from hereprobably belong to a settlement on the top of the plateau. Othersimilar areas along the road were also examined (79:3).

Site 79:1. Some sherds: (1) dark painted (Med./recent?).Some tiles: (2) RG Lac1, (3) Lac3a.

Site 79:2. One sherd: (1) red-ware rim Early Rom.?Few tiles: (2) Lac1a, (3) RG Cor1a.



Fig. SC. 12. Pronnoi, architectural element (door-sill?), Site 77.

Site 80 (Necropolis).Fig. SC. 14–15.Description. The necropolis on the north-western slope of Palaiokas-tro was intensively examined. At several places with destroyed ter-race-walls different types of graves were noted (parts of pithoi, sac-rophagi etc.). Also a fragment of an architrave, and of a gravestonewere found (cf. Fig. SC. 15).

Reference: L53.Very many sherds: (1) var. PCW, (2) var. PCWRed, (3) BG

skyphos reserved band above foot Att. of so-called Cor. type (Agora81, type 3a) Late VI? BC, (4) BG handle calyx crater Att. Late VI–IV BC, (5) BG (inside, outside almost worn off) calyx crater V–IVaBC, (6) BG (inside, outside traces of red-figure decoration, maybelong to item 9) Att. Late V/Early IV BC, (7) BG (inside, outsidedec. worn almost off) crater? Att. ‘‘C’’, (8) BG Att. C, (9) BG (inside)Red Figure crater with lower part of standing man in himation Att.IVa/(A) BC, (10) four BG Att. rather Late C (‘‘IV BC’’), (11) BGhandle Late Red Figure calyx crater Att., (12) BG Att. Late C?,(13) BG plate/open bowl Att. Late C/Early H, (14) two BG Att.Late C/Early H, (15) BG (in and out) relief decoration with flutingand boss possibly NA Early fourth century B.C., (16) BG flutingoutside (also BG inside) Att. IV BC, (17) BG fluted C/Early H,(18) two BG cups? Att., (19) BG probably skyphos Att., (20) BG(inside, outside faint traces of probably figural decoration) Att., (21)BG (inside, outside worn completely off) crater or hydria Att., (22)

BG handle (very large) probably calyx crater Att., (23) BG (externaltraces now red) Att., (24) nineteen BG mostly Att. (mostly glazedonly on outside), (25) BG skyphos? NA, (26) BG? skyphos? NA, (27)two? BG NA, (28) coarse ware rim, (29) var. pithoi (angular rims,handles, pronounced bases).

Several tiles: (30) BG Lac1a, (31) RG Lac1, (32) RG Lac end,(33) Lac2aP, (34) RG Lac2b, (35) two Lac3a, (36) RG Lac3aP, (37)Lac3b, (38) Cor1a (or CorEnd2), (39) Cor1b corner with End1,(40) CorEnd3 (or Cor1a), (41) two Cor3 ends?

Site 81 (Necropolis).Description. In a part of Site no. 80 a Geometric sherd was foundand the area around even more intensively examined.

Many sherds: (1) var. PCW, (2) side with painted horisontalbands and vertical wavy-lines Geometric.

Few tiles: (3) Lac1a, (4) Lac1 (with moulding).

Site 82.Description. A plateau on the western slopes of Palaiokastro wasrather extensively examined.

One tile: (1) Lac4.

Site 83.Description. This site-number covers stray-finds from within theouter walls of Palaiokastro.

19Kephallenia

Fig. SC. 13. Pronnoi, sarcophaghi, to the North of the lower partof the city. In the background the gap at Polos town, with the high

town (including the Acropolis) on the hill to the right.

Few sherds: (1) BG plate NA H, (2) two BG rolled rim plate(decoration, palmette on concentric circles) IIIA BC (or perhapsIV), (3) BG (on inside) foot of plate NA H, (4) BG brown stripeslow relief, (5) red-ware handle.

From the archives of the Korgialeneio (or Folklore) Museum inArgostoli comes information on the following finds (recorded in the1960s) made in and around the hamlet of Korneli immediatelybelow and to the north of the acropolis of Palaiokastro: (6) threeinscribed funeral steles (at least one Hell.), (7) a handled jar contain-ing two spindlewhorls, one shell, one shaped piece of stone, onefragment of bronze disc, one pair of forceps (cremated bones notmentioned), (8) sherds etc. ‘‘from graves on the northern slope ofthe fortress’’ including one BG painted sherd, probably of EarlyArchaic date (7th cent.?), (9) eight ancient Greek coins incl. five ofthe 3rd (?) cent. BC, one possibly from Pale, (10) four Rom. coins,one of which Augustus (14 AD), (11) one Byzantine coin (ConstansII, 641–668 AD), (12) seven Venetian coins (1680).

One tile.

Fig. SC. 14. Pronnoi, the necropolis/cemetery Site 80, architec-tural element (architrave).

Fig. SC. 15. Pronnoi, the necropolis/cemetery Site 80, gravestonewith inscription.


Site 84.Description. The area within the walls of the likely ancient House

Foundation was intensively examined. Foundations of other buildingsnearby. (For plan and wall-description see separate.)

Few sherds: (1) fine-ware handle.Few tiles: (2) two Lac2aP (one corner with ‘‘2a’’ end).

Site 85.Description. The slope immediately south of Palaiokastro/Pronnoi’sAcropolis-Walls and toward the saddle with Dakiri was rather ex-tensively examined. The concentration of flint decreased towardthe rocks in south as well as down the slope (only a sample col-lected).

50 flints: triangular arrowhead with flat retou., burin on blade,two scrapers on flakes, sicle? on blade, triangular tool with flatretou., backed blade (possibly unfinished arrowhead), nine blades,three microblades, four blade cores, microflake-core, three core re-

juvenation-flakes, three retou. flakes, 20 unworked flakes. Date:Middle and Late Neol. and Early Bronze Age.

Site 86.Description. The plateau north-east of the modern chapel was ratherintensively examined.

No finds except recent items (not collected).

Site 87.Description. This small area around some recent buildings was ratherextensively examined.

Few sherds.

Site 88.Description. The valley area was here generally only extensivelyexamined.

Some sherds.Few tiles: (1) Lac2a (Med.?).

21Kephallenia

CATALOGUE C

AINOS – TZANATA – ANCIENT POROS

To the east of the Mount Ainos ridge (1627 m) is ahigh plain covered in abandoned ancient agriculturalterraces. Further to the east follows the fertile Tzana-ta valley which to the north-west is particularly wellwatered (perennial brooks and even a small lake) (Fig.SC. 19–20). On the coast, reachable through a nar-row gorge only, is the antique fortified town at Porosbelow a mountain (891 m) with the Medieval monas-tery of Atros. The high rich coastal area to the southof Poros gives way to more barren country in direc-tion of Skala.

Site 89.Description. The hill and part of the slopes around it were ratherintensively examined. A ruin of a recent farmstead.

No finds.

Site 90.Description. The hill-top was very overgrown and only rather exten-sively examined.

No finds.

Site 91 (abandoned monastery).Fig. SC. 16–18.Description. In the western part of the abandoned and ruined monas-tery were found a Column split in half and used for an antiqueTombstone with the inscription (in Greek): ‘‘KLEO/’’. West of theapse, which itself perhaps contains antique elements, a semi-circu-lar Slab bearing the inscription (in Greek): ‘‘PHILACHA..’’. In thesmall chapel east of the monastery another re-used (ancient?) Col-

umn was found.Some sherds (incl. recent).

Site 92.Description. A minor area with fields on the northern slope of Pa-laiokastro was rather intensively examined.

Several sherds: (1) PCWRed?, (2) handle amph.One flint: blade.

Site 93.Description. The slope was only rather extensively examined.

No finds.

Site 94.Description. The abandoned village, where earlier sherds (V BC) hadbeen found, was rather intensively examined, while an area to-

Fig. SC. 16. Pronnoi, Site 91 (monastery below the ancient city),ancient gravestone with inscription probably from the above

necropolis/cemetery Site 80.

wards the presumed tholos-tomb was only very extensively exam-ined (no finds around the grave). All the buildings and tiles in thevillage seemed to be of medieval date or (rather) Later. One stretchof Wall, perhaps antique.

Some sherds.Some tiles: (1) nine Lac4 (a couple rather Lac3-like sides).Two flints: retou. flake, unworked flake.


Fig. SC. 17. Pronnoi, Site 91 (monastery below the ancient city),inscription/ancient gravestone probably from the above necrop-

olis/cemetery Site 80.

Site 95.Description. The slope was generally rather intensively examined,but at some areas more intensively.

Few sherds.

Site 96.Description. The hill and part of the upper slope was rather inten-sively examined.

Several sherds (incl. recent?): (1) PCWRed.Few tiles: (2) two? Lac4.

Site 97.Description. Except for the lower part, the hill-top was only exten-sively examined.

Few sherds: (1) PCW.

Site 98.Description. The survey-line down the slope was rather extensivelyexamined.

No finds.

Site 99.Description. The hill-top south in the valley was quite extensivelyexamined.

No finds.

Site 100.Description. The south-western part of the river-area was rather in-tensively examined.

One sherd.

Fig. SC. 18. Pronnoi, Site 91 (monastery below the ancient city),reworked ancient column, from the above necropolis/cemetery Site

80, or the city itself.

Site 101.Description. The south-eastern part of the river-area was rather in-tensively examined.

Few sherds.

Site 102.Description. The middle and northern part of the river-lowland wasgenerally rather intensively examined on the eastern side.

Few sherds.

Site 103.Description. The plateau and hill-top were only rather extensivelyexamined.

Few tiles: (1) Lac3a?, (2) Lac4.

Site 104.Description. The field was rather intensively examined.

23Kephallenia

Fig. SC. 19. The valley behind Poros, Southeast Kephallenia with the gap to the North of the town and the high town itself (with theAcropolis) to the right thereof.

Few sherds: (1) BG, (2) two RG, (3) ringfoot and rim (perhaps ofsame vessel).

One piece of terracotta (drapery?) (4).Several tiles: (5) BG Lac1a, (6) Lac1a, (7) Lac2a with moulding,

(8) Lac2b (9) Lac2b rounded corner with ‘‘3a’’ end, (9) two Lac3a(one corner probably with ‘‘2b’’ low angle end), (10) Lac3aP cornerwith ‘‘3a moulded’’ end, (11) RG Lac., (12) Lac. end with recess.

Site 105. AI 27/-14:BDescription. The area around ‘‘St. Mary’s Chapel’’ was extensivelyexamined.

One sherd.One tile: (1) Lac4?.

Site 106.Description. Generally the quite steep slope was only rather exten-sively examined but some areas also more intensively.

Some sherds.Few tiles: (1) Lac4?

Site 107.Description. In the middle part of the slope of Site no. 1O6 quitemany sherds were seen. Intensively examined.

Very many sherds: (1) PCW?, (2) BG rolled rim plate, (3) BG

lekythos, (4) BG plate?, (5) BG handle, (6) three BG, (7) var. finewares (once BG?).

Many tiles: (8) BG Lac1a (curved broad-sides).

Site 108.Description. The areas along a small road were rather extensivelyexamined.

Several sherds: (1) PCWRed?.Some tiles: (2) Lac2b?, (3) Lac3a, (4) Cor2?

Site 109.Description. The small hills were rather intensively examined.

Several sherds: (1) BG pyxis? NA Early H, (2) BG, (3) var. orig-inally BG?, (4) fine ware flat base, (5) side with ornament.

One tile: (6) Lac3b.

Site 110.Description. The two smaller hills were only rather extensively exam-ined.

No finds.

Site 111.Fig. SC. 21.Description. The area around the Roman (?) Sarcophague was only


Fig. SC. 20. The valley near Poros with the gap in the rocks to the North of the town and the high town itself (with the Acropolis) to theright thereof.

rather extensively examined. The lid to the sarcrophagus was foundand some (ancient?) Walls.

Many sherds: (1) rim of cooking-pot Rom.?One flint: notched flake.

Site 112.Description. The small plain was extensively examined.

Ruins of recent houses, some perhaps with re-used ancientblocks.

No finds.

Site 113.Description. The big slope was rather intensively examined.

Few tiles: (1) Lac2bP, (2) Lac4.

Site 114.Description. The slope was rather intensively examined.

One tile: (1) Lac3a?.

Site 115.Description. The hill-top was generally rather intensively examined.

Several sherds.Few tiles: (1) BG Lac2bP.

Site 116.Description. On the hill-top of Site no. 115 a concentration of (an-cient?) tiles was found. Intensively examined.

Several sherds: (1) BG, (2) originally BG? (3) var. wares (incl.Rom.?).

Few tiles: (4) Lac2a?Roman brick (5).

Site 117.Description. The small hillock was rather intensively examined.

Round the top and down the eastern side some possible ancienttiles were found.

Few sherds.Few tiles: (1) Lac3a?Few slags.

Site 118.Description. The survey-line through the valley was rather intensivelyexamined.

Few sherds (incl. recent)One tile: (1) Lac2b.Four flints: blade, retou. flake (scraper?), two unworked flakes.

25Kephallenia

Fig. SC. 21. Site 111 of the valley at Poros, Roman(?) sarcophagus.

Site 119.Description. The slope from the hill-top was rather intensively exam-ined. Around the small chapel at the top a Hellenistic/RomanTombstone was found.

Several sherds (incl. recent).One flint: unworked flake.

Site 120.Fig. SC. 22.Description. The slope was rather intensively examined.

A very re-worked ancient Column was seen.Many sherds (incl. recent).Cover-tile?.Five flints: blade, micro-blade, three unworked flakes.

Site 121.Description. On a point of the survey-line of Site 120 a concentrationof sherds was found. Intensively examined.

Some sherds: (1) PCWRed?, (2) red-ware orna.Few tiles: (3) Lac4.

Fig. SC. 22. Site 120 of the valley at Poros, re-worked ancientcolumn.

Site 122.Description. An smaller area was intensively examined.

Few sherds.

Site 123.Description. The slope could only be rather extensively examined.

Some sherds.One flint: unworked flake.

Site 124.Description. The slope was generally only rather extensively exam-ined, but some places more intensively.

Few sherds (incl. recent).One flint: blade.

Site 125.Description. The eastern part of the slope of Site no. 124 was ratherextensively examined.

No finds.

Site 126.Description. The lower part of the slope was only extensively exam-ined. Some wall-structures might incorporate re-used ancient ma-terial.

Few tiles: (1) Lac2a? (3.5 cm thick with weak furrows), (2) Cor1a,(3) Cor4b.

Site 127.Description. The plateau was only rather extensively examined.

Few sherds.Three flints: blade, two unworked flakes.


Fig. SC. 23. Structure of the eighteenth century (or slightly later) to the Southeast of Poros (Site 136).


Few sherds.


No finds.

Site 130.Description. The terraces were rather intensively examined.

Few sherds.One flint: blade.

Site 131.Description. The western part of the mountains could only be veryextensively examined.

Five flints: notched flake, four unworked flakes.

Site 132.Description. On the survey-line of Site no. 131 a concentration ofsherds and tiles was found. Intensively examined.

Very many sherds: (1) PCW?.Some tiles: (2) Lac2a (3.5 cm thick), (3) Lac3a.One flint: retou. flake.

Site 133.Description. The top of the mountain was only extensively exam-ined.

Few sherds: (1) PCW?, (2) var. Late Antique? (3) base of smallamph.

Site 134.Description. A small area on the road was intensively examined.

One sherd.

Site 135.Description. The terraces on the slope were rather extensively exam-ined. Some possible ancient Blocks that might be square or poly-gonal were seen.

Some sherds: (1) BG plate.One tile.

Site 136.Fig. SC. 23.Description. This site-number covers only a heavy Tower-like Building

(probably of the Venetian period) about 11¿6–7 m with inward-leaning walls and heavy corner-blocks.

No finds.

27Kephallenia

Site 137.Description. A smaller area along the beach was rather intensivelyexamined trying to locate a possible harbour in the bay, but noindicators were found.

No finds.

Site 138 (Ainos).Description. The area south of the modern buildings at the peak wasrather extensively examined.

No finds.

Site 139 (Ainos).Description. A small area close to the road, where the Zeus-sanctuarymight have been, was extensively examined. Cf. L1.

One sherd.

Site 140.Description. The gorge between Sites no. 119 and 163 was exten-sively examined.

Few sherds (incl. recent?).

Site 141.Description. The steep slope was rather intensively examined.

No finds.

Site 142.Description. The plateau was rather intensively examined. In recenthouse-structures some possible ancient Quadrangular Blocks wereseen.

Several sherds: (1) PCWRed?.Few tiles: (2) Lac2b.Three flints: core rejuvenation-flake, two unworked flakes.

Site 143.Description. At the edge of plateau Site no. 142 a concentration of(ancient?) tiles was seen. Intensively examined.

Few tiles: (1) two Lac2a, (2) Lac3aP.

Site 144.Description. On the eastern part of the plateau Site no. 142 a largerconcentration of ancient tiles was found. Intensively examined.

One sherd.Few tiles: (1) Lac2a, (2) Lac2b?, (3) Lac4.

Site 145 (Tzanata).Description. In the north-eastern corner of the small walled area ofthe chapel in Tzanata (at the road to Sami) were seen two piecesof probably ancient Columns re-used in Medieval or post-Medievaltimes.

No finds.

Site 146.Description. The promontory was at its lower part quite overgrown,but the area rather intensively examined after all. Some newlyploughed fields higher up the slope were intensively examined.

No finds.

Site 147.Description. The area in the north of the valley-area was quite inten-sively examined.

No finds.

Site 148.Description. A tract south of the river was rather intensively exam-ined.

Few tiles: (1) Lac4? end.Five flints: flake core, core rejuvenation-flake, three unworked

flakes.

Site 149.Description. The survey-line along the slope was only extensivelyexamined.

Several sherds: (1) BG Att. C.

Site 150.Description. The saddle and slope south of Poros acropolis wererather intensively examined.

Very many sherds: (1) PCW, (2) BG C.One piece of baked clay (probably not terracotta; stand for pot-

tery during firing?) (3).Few tiles.Three flints: flake core, two unworked flakes.

Site 151.Description. A concentration about 10¿10 m of pottery and coarseflint was intensively examined.

Some sherds: (1) PCW?, (2) PCWRed.14 flints: core for micro-blades, core rejuvenation-flake, retou.

flake, 11 unworked flakes.

Site 152.Description. A smaller area on the slope was rather intensively exam-ined.

Many sherds: (1) PCW?, (2) BG Att. C., (3) BG Att.? probablyC, (4) two handles amph. (one Greek?), (5) rim and handle, (6)ringfoot and flat base.

Several tiles: (7) BG Lac1a, (8) BG Lac1, (9) Lac2a, (10) twoLac2aP, (11) Lac2b, (12) Lac3a with moulding on reverse.

One piece of terracotta? (13).Five flints: two blades, three unworked flakes.

Site 153.Description. Only open areas on the survey-line along the slope wereexamined (rather intensively).

Few sherds.

Site 154:1–2.Description. Only open areas on the upper part of the slope close toa recent chapel (154:1) as well as on the lower part (154:2) wereexamined (rather intensively).

Site 154:1. Few sherds: (1) BG skyphos or bowl Att. C, (2) lamp H.Six flints: Three blades (one retou. and notched), three unworked

flakes.


Fig. SC. 24. View of Site 159, Archaic fortress/fortified compound of Kastri/Andreolata (small dark hill in the background), Northwest ofPoros.

Site 154:2. Few sherds: (1) two thin handles (round respec. hori-zontal).

Few tiles: (2) Cor1a?, (3) Cor1 or 2.

Site 155.Description. The small cave behind the spring at Site no. 152 wasexamined.

No finds.

Site 156.Description. A smaller concentration of flint about 200 m up Porosacropolis was rather extensively examined.

20 flints: three blades, flake core, 16 unworked flakes.

Site 157.Description. The deserted and overgrown village was extensivelyexamined.

Many sherds (mainly recent) but only a few collected.One tile: (1) Lac2a (recent?).

Site 158.Description. The broad survey-line between the ancient fortress atthe chapel of Ag. Nikolaos (cf. Site no. 193) and that of Kastri/Andreolata (cf. Site no. 159:1–2) across lands filled with long aban-

doned and eroded (ancient or Medieval?) field-systems was ratherintensively examined.

Few sherds (incl. recent): (1) PCW?.

Site 159:1–2 (Kastri/Andreolata).Fig. SC. 24. Pl. B III. 1–2.Description. The small Circular Fortress about 28 m in diametre andwith an entrance in southeast, is built of rough blocks. (For mapand wall-description see separate.) The fortress was rather inten-sively examined both within (159:1) and immediately around(159:2) the walls. Cf. L30.

Site 159:1. Several tiles: (1) two RG Lac1b, (2) two Lac1b, (3) fourRG Lac1, (4) Lac1, (5) Lac2a, (6) Lac2b, (7) RG Lac3a, (8) RGLac3aP, (9) Lac3a corner with small moulding at end (cover?).

Site 159:2. Few tiles: (1) RG Lac1?, (2) RG Lac2a.

Site 160.Description. The ruined Medieval or post-Medieval village was onlyrather extensively examined.

Very many sherds: (1) two very broad handles.Many tiles: (2) three? Lac4.

29Kephallenia

Site 161.Description. The deserted and overgrown village was extensivelyexamined. Only a sample of finds (mainly recent) was collected.

Several sherds (incl. recent): (1) var. PCW?.One tile.

Site 162.Description. The deserted and overgrown village was extensivelyexamined.

No finds collected (only more recent sherds and tiles seen).

Site 163.Description. The plateau and slope were rather intensively examined.

Few sherds (recent?).


No finds.

Site 165.Description. The valley-area was rather intensively examined.

No finds.

Site 166.Description. The slope towards Poros acropolis was (except for thevery overgrown upper part) rather intensively examined.

No finds.

Site 167.Description. The survey-line towards the mountain was rather inten-sively examined.

One flint: unworked flake.

Site 168.Description. The hill-top was rather extensively examined. Somefields around the foot more intensively, however. Almost all thefinds are from the foot of the hill. On the south-western part of thehill a possible tholos-grave.

Many sherds (incl. recent): (1) red Rom. base I(–II) AD, (2)handle amph., (3) rim, (4) side with fine grooves.

Several tiles: (4) two Lac2a (one with angled long-side), (5) Lac2a(coarse), (6) two Lac3b, (7) RG Lac3bP, (8) three Lac3bP, (9)Lac3bPπ, (10) Lac4, (11) Cor4b?.

Loom-weight (tile re-use) (12).One piece of greenish glass (13).One flint: scraper on flake.

Site 169.Description. On the south-western slope of Site no. 168 a concen-tration of flints was found. Intensively examined.

Few tiles: (1) Lac4.61 flints: 11 blades (one retou., one notched), flake core, core for

blades and flakes, three retou. flakes, 45 unworked flakes, piece ofnatural flint. Date: Late Neol.

Site 170.Description. The hill of the excavated tholos (1992-; cf. Kolonas1992; 1994) and the fields east of this was rather intensively exam-ined. Cf. L67 & L82.

No finds.

Site 171:1–3 (Tzanata).Description. The area close to the river was rather intensively exam-ined. The area was divided into three sections: 171:1 close to theroad, with finds from either a small shrine or, more likely, a (Late)Classical column-stand for a basin (cf. Robinson & Graham 1938(Olynthus VIII), 317f.; Jones et al. 1962, 85f.), 171:2 north of 171:1,and 171:3 east of 171:2 and closest to the river.

Site 171:1. Few sherds: (1) PCWRed?, (2) coarse ware base.Many tiles: (3) Lac2b, (4) five Lac3a (one end?), (5) Lac3a

rounded, (6) Lac3b, (7) Lac3b rounded, (8) Lac. end with recessand moulding.

Fragments of a terracotta-column (Doric), cf. ref. above (9).Three flints: blade, retou. and notched flake, unworked flake.

Site 171:2. Few sherds: (1) BG Att. C.Few tiles: (2) Lac3a.

Site 171:3. Some sherds: (1) PCW handle, (2) PCWRed? rim.Many tiles: (3) BG Lac1a, (4) RG Lac1a, (5) two? Lac1a, (6)

Lac1a corner with ‘‘1bP moulded’’ end, (7) two? BG Lac1a/for-mally 3a, (8) three BG Lac1b, (9) RG Lac1b?, (10) BG Lac1, (11)Lac2a corner with ‘‘3a’’ end, (12) Lac2a? rounded corner with ‘‘3brounded’’ end, (13) two Lac2b, (14) Lac2bP, (15) BG 3a cornerwith ‘‘3aP moulded’’ end, (16) RG Lac3a, (17) Lac3a, (18) Lac3aPmoulded and rounded, (19) RG Lac3b rounded corner with ‘‘3arounded’’ end, (20) three (one BG?) Lac3b, (21) Lac3bP, (22) BGLac., (23) two RG Lac., (24) BG Lac1a cover.

Site 172 (cf. Site no. 168).Description. A small hill-top with a recent building in ruins wasrather extensively examined.

No finds.

Site 173.Description. The two hill-tops were generally only rather extensivelyexamined, except for a few open fields, that were more intensivelyexamined. Few finds, except in the saddle between the two hills,where most of the flints and the fossilized oyster-shells were found.This area was intensively examined.

Few sherds: (1) PCW?, (2) PCWRed.17 flints: arrowhead with flat irregular retou., a retou. micro-

blade (drill?), retou. blade, blade, two? core rejuvenation-flakes, re-tou. flake, nine unworked flakes. Date: Late Neol.

Some fossilized oyster-shells.

Site 174.Description. The hill-top was only extensively examined.

Two flints: two unworked flakes.


Site 175.Description. The hill-top was only extensively examined.

One tile: (1) Cor4.

Site 176:1–5.Description. On the southernmost part of the plateau of Site no. 178four smaller concentrations of flints were found (176:2–5) and theareas intensively examined.

Site 176:1. Few sherds (incl. recent).One tile.One loom-weight (tile re-use) (1).16 flints: incomplete piece with flat retou. (arrowhead or slug),

two blades, core rejuvenation-flake, two retou, flakes, 10 unworkedflakes. Date: Late Neol.

Site 176:2. One sherd.203 flints: point with flat retou., two points from drills? with flat

retou., five notched and retou. blades, 21 blades, two micro-blades,three flake cores, two blade cores, two core rejuvenation-flakes,three retou. flakes, 126 unworked flakes, 36 pieces of natural flint.Date: Late Neol.

Site 176:3. 35 flints: scraper on flake, pointed end of a drill?, sevenblades, two flake cores, core rejuvenation-flake, retou. flake, 22 un-worked flakes. Date: Late Neol.

Site 176:4. One sherd: (1) PCW handle or knob.15 flints: scraper on flake, three blades (one retou.), notched core

rejuvenation-flake, ten unworked flakes. Date: Late Neol.

Site 176:5. One sherd: (1) PCW handle.54 flints: triangular retou. point (drill?), nine blades, five core

rejuvenation-flakes, 39 unworked flakes. Date: Late Neol.

Site 176:1–5: 5 flints: oval scraper, three blades, core rejuvenation-flake. Date: Late Neol.

Site 177.Description. From dumps of earth, i.a. from digging the foundationsetc. of Poros townhall, few sherds were collected. The area aroundthe townhall was rather extensively examined.

Few sherds: (1) lamp I–II AD, (2) ring-foot (3) rim oenochoe.

Site 178.Description. The plateau on the mountain was rather intensivelyexamined.

One sherd (recent?).One tile: (1) Lac3aP.

Site 179.Description. On a part of the plateau Site no. 178 a concentrationof flints was found and intensively examined. (Some of the flintshave later accidentally been mixed with finds from Site no. 176:1–5.)

One sherd.

26 flints: two scrapers on flakes, 11 blades (three retou.), retou.flake, 12 unworked flakes. Date: Late Neol.

Site 180.Description. A small plateau above Poros townhall was rather inten-sively examined.

Some sherds: (1) RG Eastern Sigillata A? (I BC–I AD).One tile?.

Site 181 (‘‘Proto-Helladic house’’).Description. The area at the so-called proto-Helladic house (exca-vated 1993) on the southern hill-slope was intensively examined.

Many sherds: (1) var. PCW.One tile: (2) Lac2aP.26 flints: two blades, two flake cores, two retou. and/or notched

flakes, 17 unworked flakes, three pieces of natural flint. Date: LateNeol./Early Bronze Age.

Site 182 (Poros Acropolis).Description. This site-number covers only stray-finds from inside thecity-walls of Poros (for plan and wall description see separate).

One sherd: (1) probably RG (originally) 150–100 BC.One tile.

Site 183 (Poros Acropolis/Pachni).Description. The southern part of the Acropolis-hill (Pachni), espe-cially around the Southern Wall, was intensively examined.

Very many sherds: (1) PCW, (2) PCWRed?, (3) BG NA Cor.? C,(4) BG rim bowl? hardly? Att., (5) BG Att., (6) BG (originally).

(7) handles amph., (8) ring-foot.Many tiles: (9) five Lac2a, (10) Lac2aP, (11) Lac3a, (12) two La-

c3aP, (13) Lac3b, (14) BG Lac, (15) two RG Lac, (16) BG Cor3b(end?), (17) Lac. end with low recess, (18) BG CorEnd3.

Seven flints: flake core?, four unworked flakes, 2 pieces of naturalflint.

Site 184 (Poros Acropolis).Description. The northern part of the acropolis was extensivelyexamined.

Some sherds: (1) PCWRed?.Few tiles.

Site 185 (Poros Acropolis).Description. The northern slopes were rather extensively examined.

No finds.

Site 186 (Poros Acropolis).Description. The area on the lower plateau at the Acropolis-hill wasrather extensively examined.

One sherd: (1) BG Att. C.

Site 187 (Poros Acropolis).Description. The surveys on the eastern slopes were mainly carriedout to find wall-constructions, i.a. to try to establish the course ofa northern connection-wall; the search did not succeed in that re-spect. The area was rather intensively examined. Some ancientWalls and Terraces were found (for wall description see separate).

31Kephallenia

Fig. SC. 25. The high mountain ridge of Ainos (at 1600 metres), southern Kephallenia, clad in pine forest and with snow still in May.

Very many sherds: (1) BG foot skyphos? NA C?, (2) RG, (3) ring-foot, (4) two rims, (5) handle and rim of greenish clay Med.?

Many tiles: (6) RG Lac1a, (7) Lac1b, (8) Lac2a, (9) Lac3a, (10)(11) three Lac3b, (12) Lac3bP corner with ‘‘3a’’ end, (13) Lac4, (14)Lac. end with recess, (15) BG CorEnd3 (or Cor3b?).

Two flints: retou. flake, unworked flake.

Site 188 (Poros Acropolis).Description. The area immediately around the so-called Gate (a hugepiece of rock into which steps and other features were cut) wasrather intensively examined.

One tile.

Site 189.Description. A natural section at Poros’ harbour was intensively exam-ined. Finds of sherds and tiles in situ 1.5 m below ground level.

Few sherds (incl. an antique? handle and recent).Several tiles (mostly recent): (1) Lac2bP.Rom. brick (2).

Sites 190–191.Description. Two areas on the headland east of Poros were ratherextensively examined.

Site 190. 14 flints: scraper on flake, two blades, core rejuvenation-flake, retou. flake, nine unworked flakes.

Site 191. Five flints: scraper on flake, retou. flake, three unworkedflakes.

Sites 190–191. One sherd.One tile: (1) Lac4?One flint: blade.

Site 192:1–2 (Atros).Description. The Monastery (192:1) and the slope below (192:2) wererather extensively examined. The central two-storey structure ofthe complex with external stair-case (upper floor for living, lowerone probably for storage) has a pre-1600 AD character, but thedate is unknown (the monastery is mentioned in written sources ofthe 13th century). Cf. L13.


Site 192:2. Some sherds (recent).Some tiles (recent).

Site 192:3.Description. The area along the coastal track was extensively exam-ined.

No finds.


CATALOGUE D

DIGALETO – KOULOURATA

At the northern end of the high plain to the east ofthe ridge of Mount Ainos (1627 m) the country opensup towards the valley at Sami. To the east high moun-tains (Kastri is of 1078 m), in continuation of Atros(891 m), dominate the landscape all the way to An-cient Same and isolate the coast which, incidentally, isquite barren. The area sees several ancient fortresses,including well-known Digaleto (at almost 500 m) onthe track between Ancient Pronnoi and Same and agroup of fortresses at Koulourata further to the north,the latter at least on the territory of Same.

Site 193 (Ag. Nikolaos/Tsagarisiano).Pl. B IV. 1 to Pl. B V. 1.Description. The area within and immediately around the Circular

Fortress built of rough blocks was rather intensively examined. (Forplan and wall-descriptions see separate.) Cf. L57.

Some sherds: (1) BG C (or Early H), (2) rim light clay (Archaiccoarse ware?), (3) handle rather broad.

Few tiles: (4) Lac3a.

Site 194.Description. The slopes south of chapel Ag. Nikolaos were generallyonly rather extensively examined, some parts however more inten-sively. Some possible ancient Terrace-walls were seen.

No finds.

Site 195.Description. The area around the chapel was only extensively exam-ined.

No finds.

Site 196.Description. The small hill northwest of Atros monastery was ratherextensively examined mainly to seek for possible building-remains.

No finds.

Site 197 (Palaiospita).Description. Attempting to locate a locality marked by Partsch(Partsch 1890, general map) as an ancient ruin, the area was exam-ined, but generally only rather extensively. Some old lime-kilns, acave, or, perhaps rather, a few large natural rocks on top of eachother might have caused the place-name (PalaiospitaΩ‘‘OldHouse’’). In the area also some old (Medieval/post-Medieval?) ter-raced tracks were seen leading to the top of the nearby mountain-range.

Few sherds: (1) broad handle Med.?Few tiles: (2) Lac3bP, (3) Lac4.

Site 198 (Kokkini Rachi).Description. The plateau and the upper slopes of Kokkini Rachi wererather extensively examined in search of a possible fortress or otherstructures. Recent ruins of a farmstead (given up before the earth-quake of 1953?).

No finds.

Site 199 (Digaleto/Kastro tu Sordatu).Pl. B V. 2 to Pl. VII. 2.Description. The main wall system of the Fortress, measuring about45¿30 metres, is built of huge and somewhat smaller, only roughlydressed blocks (probably Mycenean construction). Within thesewalls is a fine Hellenistic Tholos Structure. (For map and wall-descrip-tions see separate.) The areas within and immediately around thefortress were intensively examined. Many antique blocks were seenin the area. Cf. L29.

Very many sherds: (1) two rims (one amph.-like) PCWRed?, (2)Red paint/slip light fine ware Myc.?, (3) BG bodysherd with redstripes NA Cor.? Archaic, (4) BG zones? Att. C, (5) two BG probablyNA probably (–)IIIA BC, (6) BG handle oinochoe (?) C, (7) BG Att.C, (8) two BG C, (9) BG fine rim most probably Att. Early H (ratherthan C), (10) BG base? most probably Att. probably C, (11) BG prob-ably Att. C?, (12) BG lamp 350π–BC, (13) BG rim bad glaze H?, (14)BG Att. rather Late, (15) BG slender handle Att., (16) BG base per-haps Att., (17) BG handle probably Att., (18) two BG probably Att.,(19) BG (now red) kotyle possibly Cor., (20) BG Cor., (21) four BGprobably Cor., (22) BG slender handle NA, (23) BG NA, (24) someBG (incl. three round horizontal handles and ring-foot?), (25) RG rimLate H, (26) var. sherds that may have been glazed, (27) RG/whiteGbrown stripe, (28) side grooved Med.?

Some tiles: (29) Lac1b, (30) Lac2b, (31) Lac3a (recent?), (32)Lac3b, (33) Lac3b rounded.

Piece of terracotta statuette (34).

Site 200.Description. The hills east of Site no. 199 were extensively examined.

Few sherds.Some tiles: (1) Lac2bP (or 4P), (2) Lac3a (or 4), (3) three Lac4.

Site 201.Description. The natural section below the hill was intensively exam-ined.

Several sherds: (1) BG probably Att. (2) four sherds that mayhave been glazed (one Cor., three Att.?, incl. pointed base), (3)handle amph. H, (4) fine ware profiled rim and a ring-foot.

Few tiles: (5) Lac3a, (6) Lac3b, (7) Lac. end with recess.

Site 202.Description. The north-western slope was rather intensively examined.At a point a significant concentration of sherds and tiles was seen.

33Kephallenia

Fig. SC. 26. Recent agricultural terraces at Site 206 (seventeenth to nineteenth centuries?) on the Kastri/Kokkini mountain ridges (at 1100metres).

Some sherds: (1) rim jar?.Few tiles: (2) Cor2b (Myc.?), (3) Cor4a (Lac3b? rounded with

moulding).One con. loom-weight (4).

Site 203.Description. The survey-line towards the hill-top was only extensivelyexamined.

Few sherds.

Site 204.Description. The valley and the slopes could (for dense vegetation)generally only be examined extensively, at some open spots moreintensively, however.

One tile: (1) Lac2b (recent).

Site 205 (Rachi).Description. The hill was only extensively examined.

No finds.

Site 206 (Kastri & Kokkini).Fig. SC. 26.Description. Kastri mountain (1078 m) as well as the peaks just northand 1.5 km south (Kokkini) of this were extensively examined,

mainly to find possible buildings-remains of a fortress, watch-toweror thelike (cf. the name ‘‘Kastri’’). No such thing was found, how-ever, even though the visibility was generally good. The peaksmight be a little too far away from the two valleys to have anystrategic importance. On almost all the small slopes between thepeaks and on the different plateaus very many agriculture-terraces,sheperds houses, a single threshing ground/circle etc. were seen,indicating that the area has been cultivated rather intensively atone time (17th–19th cent.?).

No finds (a few recent tiles around the trigonometrical pointwere not collected).

Site 207 (Korindos).Pl. B VIII. 1–2.Description. The Circular Fortress measuring about 20–25 m in diame-tre has thick walls (about 2–2.5 m) and is built of rather smallstones (at the base, however, perhaps of big blocks) In south, andperhaps in west too, are possible entrances. (For map and wall-description see separate.) The area within and immediately aroundthe fortress was intensively examined.

Many sherds: (1) ring-foot H, (2) var. bases.Many tiles: (3) two BG Lac1a, (4) RG (also ribbon in glaze on

the edge) Lac1a, (5) two RG Lac1a/formally 3bP, (6) Lac1a/for-mally 3bP, (7) RG Lac1b, (8) RG Lac1b corner ‘‘1b’’, (9) BG Lac1b


Fig. SC. 27. The fortresses/fortified compounds of Sites 213 (left, Archaic), 211 (middle, Mycenean?) and 220 (right, Prehistoric?) at theentrance to the valley of Same (behind the fortresses), eastern Kephallenia. The small arrows refer to Sites 212 and 210 (lithics).

part of the edge like type 3a, (10) three RG Lac2a, (11) RG Lac2b,(12) BG Lac3b, (13) 15 BG Lac., (14) 17 RG Lac., (15) BG Lac.end with low furrow.

Site 208.Description. The survey-line north-east of Site no. 207 was ratherextensively examined. In the area some fields and many ‘‘recent’’shepherd constructions and a threshing ground/circle. This indi-cates that the area, as un-fertile as it may look today, once has beenagricultural land.

No finds.

Site 209 (Rachi/Koulourata).Description. Generally the hill could only be excamined extensivelybut at some open spots it was possible to carry out a more intensiveexamination. On the northern hill-top the oval fortress (ΩSite no.211) and on the southern the almost rectangular stone-construc-tion/fortress (ΩSite no. 213) were studied. On the eastern slopessome finds (prehistoric/ancient (?) sherds and tiles). In 1993 a re-examination was carried out, and a proper area-division estab-lished, cf. Sites no. 210–213.

Many sherds: (1) base amph. possibly Archaic, (2) base, handleand moulded side (with reparation-holes) Archaic?

Few tiles: (3) Lac3a, (4) Lac. end with moulding.

Site 210.Fig. SC. 27.Description. The saddle and slope between the gravel-road and theoval fortress was generally only extensively examined. Only asample of finds collected.

Some sherds: (1) PCW.16 flints: burin on a broken tool with flat retou., blade, three

retou. flakes, 11 unworked flakes. Date: Neol.?

Site 211.Fig. SC. 27. Pl. IX. 1–2.Description. The Oval Fortress occupying the main part of the hilltopis built of very rough blocks and measures about 70¿35 m. Thearea within and immediately around the fortress was rather inten-sively examined. The area was very overgrown and finds almostonly appeared where the vegetation was removed. Cf. L9.

Few sherds: (1) var. PCW (incl. handle).Some tiles: (2) Lac2a, (3) Lac2b, (4) Lac2bP, (5) four Lac3a, (6)

Lac3aP.

Site 212.Fig. SC. 27.Description. The area between the oval and the square fortress wasrather extensively examined.

35Kephallenia

Fig. SC. 28. Prehistoric (?) fortress/fortified compound of Korindos, Site 220.

Few sherds: (1) PCW, (2) PCWRed, (3) low ring-foot, (4) grittyware, (5) flat base.

12 flints: blade, micro-blade core, two retou. flakes, seven un-worked flakes, piece of natural flint.

Site 213.Fig. SC. 27. Pl. B X. 1.Description. The Square Fortress, measuring about 23¿18 m and withan oblique entrance or gate in south-west, is built of rough cutblocks. (For map and wall-description see separate.) Most parts ofthe walls and the areas both within and immediately around thestructure were generally intensively examined. Cf. L9.

Several sherds: (1) base amph. about 500 BC, (2) drinking cup(Siana- or Lip-cup) rim Late Archaic, c. 575–525 BC, (3) bucket-shaped vessel, rim with red-painted ribbon on inner side Late Ar-chaic, (4) seven hard-fired fine-wares, (5) ten coarse-ware sherds(incl. rim, three handles and two sherds with pinkish red-paintedinner side), (6) side of vessel, pale light clay.

Very many tiles: (7) seven BG Lac1a (three irregular), (8) twoRG Lac1a? (one irregular), (9) RG Lac1a corner with ‘‘2b’’ end,(10) four? Lac1a, (11) RG Lac1a/formally 3a, (12) Lac1a/formally3a (pronounced angular moulding), (13) BG 1aP/formally 3aP, (14)six? BG Lac1b, (15) RG Lac1b, (16) RG Lac1b, (17) two RGLac1b/formally 3a, (18) six? BG Lac1, (19) six RG Lac1, (20) Lac1?

(Lac2a rounded?), (21) Lac1 with parallel lines on reverse, (22) BGLac3a, (23) Lac3a, (24) BG Lac3aP, (25) RG Lac3b, (26) Lac3b,(27) ten BG Lac. (one with low furrow), (28) 21 RG Lac, (29) BGLac. end, (30) RG? Lac. end, (31) RG Lac. end with pronouncedangular moulding, (32) RG Lac. end with low furrow, (33) RG Lac.end with low furrows.

Two flints: two unworked flakes.

Site 214.Description. Some newly ploughed terraces on the eastern side ofRachi were rather intensively examined.

Some sherds: (1) var. PCW, (2) PCWRed.One tile: (3) Lac4.

Site 215.Description. The natural depression in the western slopes towardsthe valley was rather extensively examined.

No finds.

Site 216.Description. The small newly ploughed field was rather intensivelyexamined.

Few unsignificant or recent sherds and tiles. Nothing collected.


Site 217.Description. The survey-line along the slope was rather intensivelyexamined. In the area a possibly ancient Terrace-wall was found.

Some sherds: (1) pointed base amph. Early H?.One tile: (2) Lac4.

Site 218.Description. On the survey-line of Site no. 217 a concentration ofsherds below the cliff (at shelter of a fallen rock) was found. Inten-sively examined.

Few sherds: (1) BG NA, (2) RG? pale H?(/Chalcolithic?), (3)large handle.

Site 219.Description. On the survey-line of Site no. 217 a concentration offlint was found. Intensively examined.

17 flints: three blades, micro-flake core, 13 unworked flakes.

Site 220 (Kastri/Koulourata).Fig. SC. 27–28.

Description. At the flat top of the hill a Circular Fortress is placed,

measuring about 38–40 m in diametre and with an entrance innorth-east. (For map and wall-descriptions see separate.) The hillwas quite overgrown which only made it possible to examine partsof it more intensively. The main part of the finds are from the areaaround the top.

Some sherds: (1) var. PCW.Few tiles: (2) Lac3 (irregular edge with moulding).Four flints: retou. blade, three unworked flakes.

Site 221.Description. The south-eastern part of Site no. 220 could only beexamined rather extensively.

One sherd.Some tiles.Three flints: blade, core?, unworked flake.

Site 222.Description. The south-western part of Site no. 220 could only beexamined rather extensively.

No finds.

37Kephallenia

CATALOGUE E

SAMI VALLEY

The fertile valley or rather plain of Sami is towardsthe west framed by the lower continuations of theMount Ainos ridge, towards the east by the coastalseries of mountains between Poros and ancient Same.Across the Bay of Sami, the view is to the nearbyisland of Ithaka. (Incidentally, large areas of the plainare fenced and more or less inaccessible for archae-ological survey.)

Site 223:1–2 (Chaliotata).Description. The area within the Wall-constructions measuring about15¿8 m and built of quadrangular blocks and smaller stones wasintensively examined, the fields immediately around a little less in-tensively. (For plan and wall-description see separate.) Finds wereprimarily from the area within the walls.

Site 223:1. Some sherds: (1) two RG H?(/recent?).Few tiles: (2) Lac2a, (3) Lac3a.

Site 223:2. Some sherds: (1) BG probably Att., (2) RG H.

Site 223:1–2. Several sherds (incl. recent).Few tiles: (1) Lac2a, (2) Lac2b with moulding, (3) Lac. end with

slight moulding and recess, (4) Lac. end with small furrow.Rom. brick? (5).Two flints: two unworked flakes.

Site 224.Description. The field-area was only rather extensively examined.

No finds.

Site 225.Fig. SC. 29.Description. The field-area was rather extensively examined. In themiddle part was seen a very large concentration of flint, from whichonly a sample was collected.

One sherd.Spindle-whorl (1).139 flints: four scrapers on flakes, three drills on flakes, notched

blade (drill/scraper), two flakes with irregular flat retou. (racloir?),two burins on flakes, 28 blades (13 notched and/or retou.), triangu-lar point, flake core, two blade cores, fragment from blade core,retou. pointed flake, 24 notched and/or retou. flakes, six largeflakes (two from primary flaking, one from blade prod.), three largeworked flakes of undefined function, 54 unworked flakes, six piecesof natural flint. Date: probably several periods (Middle Pal., Neol.).

Site 226.Description. The field-area was rather extensively examined.

Some sherds: (1) RG H (or recent), (2) side of beehive?.Some tiles: (3) Lac3b rounded and moulding on reverse, (4) Lac.

end with slight recess.Seven flints: blade, retou. flake, four unworked flakes, piece of

natural flint.

Site 227.Fig. SC. 30.Description. The area in front of the caves used for habitation in atleast Prehistoric times was extensively examined.

About 50 m north-west of the caves a possible ancient Well, builtof roughly dressed quadrangular blocks, was seen.

Few sherds.Five flints: five unworked flakes.

Site 228.Description. The open field-area down the slope below the chapeland the flat and open area beyond were rather intensively exam-ined.

A concentration of Medieval tiles around a heap of earth andstones (blocks?) about 100 down the slope from the road must indi-cate a House ruin. From the flat area no finds, but from the slopevery many, of which only a sample was collected. Two concen-trations of flint were seen, one in the middle/northern part of theslope, and one just below – but flint was also found scattered onthe slope.

Many sherds: (1) probably PCW, (2) RG Late H?, (3) twohandles, (4) two handles Med.?, (5) var. sides Med.

Few tiles (only a sample collected): (6) two Lac4.14 flints: two blades (one retou.), flake core, two retou. and/or

notched flakes, nine unworked flakes.One hammerstone.

Site 229 (Kokilia).Pl. B X. 2.Description. The area within the Wall-constructions measuring about24¿21 m and built of quadrangular blocks and smaller stones wasintensively examined. (For map and wall-description see separate.)

Few sherds: (1) rim amph.One tile?: (2) Lac3a.

Site 230–231.Description. The fields west, east and south-east of Site no. 229 wereintensively examined.

Site 230. Some sherds: (1) handle amph., (2) coarse ware rim.

Site 231. One tile: (1) Lac3b corner with ‘‘Lac2b low angle’’ end.


Fig. SC. 29. Large flint mining site in the southern part of the valley at Same (Site 225).

Site 232.Description. The newly ploughed fields north and north-east of Siteno. 229 were intensively examined.

Many sherds: (1) rim and side with moulding and fine groovesCandarli-ware (Hayes L19) (I–)II AD, (2) var. fine-wares (worn butperhaps originally glazed) (incl. two rims) probably Rom. (3) twohandles amph.

Some tiles: (4) Lac2b, (5) Lac3a with oblique end (‘‘Lac2b’’), (6)Lac3a with furrow on reverse, (7) Lac3aP corner with three parallelrecesses, (8) Lac3b (irregular edge with moulding), (8) Cor4?

Six flints: six unworked flakes.

Site 233.Description. This site-number only includes strayfinds from the areacovered by Sites nos. 229 and 232.

Some sherds: (1) side with moulding lower part decorated withshort vertical strokes II AD, (2) rim amph.

Some tiles: (3) Lac2a, (4) Lac2b, (5) Lac3a, (6) Lac3aP.One con. loom-weight (7).

Site 234.Description. The survey-line north-east of Site no. 229 was ratherintensively examined.

Some sherds: (1) base amph.

Few tiles: (2) Lac2aP, (3) Cor4b, (4) CorEnd1?.Four flints: drill on flake, oval scraper, blade, unworked flake.

Site 235.Description. The survey-line north-west of Site no. 229 was ratherintensively examined.

Few sherds.Few tiles: (1) Cor3a.Three flints: three unworked flakes.

Site 236.Description. A concentration of flint on the survey-line Site no. 235was intensively examined.

48 flints: burin on flake, 14 blades (five retou. and/or notched),two flake cores, blade core, retou. flake, 27 unworked flakes, twopieces of natural flint. Date: probably Neol.

Site 237.Description. The survey-line south and south-east of Site no. 229 wasrather intensively examined.

Some sherds (incl. recent): (1) PCWRed.Some tiles: (2) Lac2b, (3) Lac3aPπ, (4) two Lac3bP.10 flints: blade, eight unworked flakes, piece of natural flint.

39Kephallenia

Fig. SC. 30. Abri/cave Site 227 (valley of Same).

Site 238.Description. A concentration of flint on the survey-line Site no. 237was intensively examined.

22 flints: three burins (two on flakes, one on blade), thumbnail-scraper, two scrapers (one on flake, one on core?), blade, three retou.and/or notched flakes, 12 unworked flakes. Date: probably Neol.

Site 239.Description. The survey-line following the river was rather exten-sively examined.

One sherd: (1) rim of beehive?Some tiles: (2) Lac2a, (3) Lac2b, (4) Lac3bP.

Site 240 (Roumpaki).Description. In the riverbed a Wall (Late MH/LH), that had earlierbeen excavated, was seen. Cf. L72.

No finds.

Site 241.Description. The small plateau in the valley was rather intensivelyexamined.

33 flints: scraper on blade, burin on flake, notched and truncatedblade, six blades, micro-blade, two core rejuvenation flakes, fourretou. and/or notched flakes, large flake, 16 unworked flakes.

Site 242.Description. Some field-areas around a brook were rather intensivelyexamined. On the field some ancient Blocks were seen, especiallyimmediately south of and in the brook, as well as on the west-slopeof the small hill north of the brook. No construction could befound, however. Many fragments of tiles (ancient or Medieval?)were seen in the area, the finds were very battred and only a fewpieces were collected.

One sherd: (1) pointed and fluted base amph. or handle Rom.Few tiles.Two Rom. bricks (2).

Site 243.Description. The newly ploughed fields just opposite the road of siteno. 242 were rather intensively examined.

Few sherds: (1) handle amph.Few tiles: (2) Lac2a, (3) Lac2b and 3a.

Site 244.Description. Generally this field-area was only rather extensivelyexamined, some newly ploughed fields more intensively.

One sherd.One tile: (1) Lac4.


Site 245.Description. The area along the main-road was rather extensivelyexamined.

Some sherds: (1) two PCWRed (one knob).One tile: (2) Lac3aP moulded (Med.?).

Site 246 (Ag. Theodori).Description. The open field-areas were rather intensively examined.At two points, one in south and one in north, concentrations offinds were seen. The northern concentration (dump of materialfrom elsewhere?) was intensively examined.

Many sherds: (1) BG stripe orna. Early H, (2) BG base Early H?,(3) BG H, (4) BG good, (5) BG plate (Med.?), (6) RG, (7) ring-footEarly H?, (8) painted (‘‘Lagynos decoration’’) probably H (ratherthan Archaic), (9) Megarian beaker Att. 200π–BC, (10) base redRom. I BC–I AD, (11) var. horiz. grooved or narrow rifled Rom.IV–(VI) AD, (12) fine ware handle, (13) three coarse ware (two rimsand one handle), (14) broad rifled body amp. Late Antique?, (15)rim amph., (16) broad handle Med.

Two fragments of same piece of terracotta (17).Piece of terracotta (18).Very many tiles: (19) BG Lac1? (Med?), (20) two RG Lac1, (21)

two Lac2a, (22) RG Lac2bP, (23) two Lac2b (one rounded), (24)Lac2bP, (25) Lac2bP with moulded revers, (26) five Lac3a (tworounded), (27) four Lac3a with moulded revers (two rounded), (28)three Lac3aP (one with low furrows), (29) seven Lac3b (three withlow furrows), (30) two Lac3bP, (31) Lac4, (32) three RG Lac, (33)Lac. end ‘‘2b’’ with low furrows, (34) Lac. end with recess, (35)Cor1b, (36) Cor2b, (37) Cor2b&3bCFCR, (38) Cor4(b), (39)Cor4bCR, (40) two? Cor.

Rom. brick? (41)One flint: retou. flake.

Site 247.Description. The fields immediately west of Site no. 246 were ratherintensively examined.

One sherd: (1) grooved Rom.Some tiles: (2) RG Lac1a, (3) Lac1a, (4) Lac1b or 3a, (5) Lac3a,

(6) Lac. end? with recess, (7) Cor2b.

Site 248.Description. The higher part of the slope was only rather extensivelyexamined. At a point a possibly ancient Terrace-wall was seen.

Few sherds: (1) broad handle.Some tiles: (2) Lac3bP, (3) Lac4 (or 3a).One flint: unworked flake.

Site 249.Description. The terraces were rather extensively examined. Ancientquandrangular antique Blocks and possibly ancient Terrace-walls

were seen at the lower part of the slope.Few sherds: (1) PCWRed? handle, (2) gritty handle.Some tiles: (3) Lac2a, (4) Lac3a, (5) Lac3b, (6) four Lac4, (7)

Cor4bCR.Rom. brick (4).One shell.

Site 250 (Vikla).Description. The plateau on the slope was rather intensively exam-ined. Many Wall-lines, including polygonal Blocks, and probableHouse-structures were seen (smaller excavations have earlier been car-ried out at the location).

Many sherds (incl. recent): (1) PCWRed?.Some tiles: (2) Lac3a or 5, (3) Lac3b or 5, (4) three Lac4, (5)

Cor1b, (6) Cor2b.Two? Rom. bricks (7).

Site 251.Description. The terraces were rather intensively examined at thelower parts, higher up more extensively. In the area ancient (ter-race-?) Walls and Blocks were seen.

Some sherds (incl. recent): (1) BG probably NA C.Few tiles: (2) Lac2a.One flint: unworked flake.

Site 252.Description. The area was rather extensively examined.

Especially on the lower part of the slope ancient (terrace-?) Walls

and covers from graves were seen (TW 147–148).Many sherds: (1) rim Rom., (2) grooved side V–VII AD, (3) var.

ware Rom.?Few tiles: (2) Lac2bP.One flint: unworked flake.Two slags.

Site 253.Description. The terraces were only rather extensively examined.

Especially on the lower part of the slope ancient (terrace-?) Walls,i.a. a possible house-construction, was seen (TW 145–146).

Some sherds: (1) BG Att. probably C, (2) rilled ware, (3) profiledrim, (4) large and small handel, (5) small base amph.

Few tiles: (6) two Cor4b.Fragmented piece of Ionian stone-column (found very close to

TW 146) (7).

Site 254 (Lidadinaton).Description. The newly ploughed and open fields along the road wererather intensively examined. Some recent sherds and tiles, nothingcollected.

Site 255.Description. In an area about 20¿30 m very many Roman sherdsand tiles were found (only a sample collected). The fine-wareseemed to be concentrated in the south-eastern part of the area.

The finds seem to indicate not just a single house, but rather abuilding-complex (lesser villa?). From the site (with several (recent)cisterns) there is a very good view down into the Sami-valley.

Very many sherds (general impression: ‘‘Rom. red’’, homogen-ous material): (1) RG bowl? H, (2) RG striated rim Italian SigillataConspectus form 26.2 IA AD, (3) two RG rims, (4) five RG, (5)handle lamp Early Rom., (6) handle pan Rom., (7) rim dish LateRom. C (Phoecean Red Slip) form 3H VI AD, (8) angular rim LateAntiquity, (9) var. fine wares (incl. side with wavy moulding and

41Kephallenia

Fig. SC. 31. Re-used antique capital in the church of Ag. Theodori, West of Same (Site 257).

short vertical strokes Late Rom.), (10) several coarse ware rims ofvar. shapes and vessels incl. cooking-pots, (11) var. coarse warehandles round (one possibly with fluting), lenticular and flatmoulded, (12) var. coarse wares incl. decorated and gritty ones,and good rims, i.a. possible Hadrianic (cf. Sackett, Knossos fromEarly Greek City to Roman Colony. Excavations at the unex-plained Mansion II, 1992, 176f. nos. 22–23) and, perhaps, EasternSigillata A plate I BC–I AD, (13) two amph. (handle and base) andsides of amph. rifled (II–III or Late Antiquity).

Several tiles: (14) two Lac2b (one corner with ‘‘3a’’ end), (15)three Lac2bP, (16) four Lac3a, (17) Lac3aP, (18) ‘‘Lac2a’’ end (lowangle), (19) ‘‘Lac2b’’ end (low angle), (20) Cor4b.

Two Rom. bricks (21).Piece of ivory? (22).

Site 256 (Karavomilos).Description. The open, but very stony field was rather intensivelyexamined.

Few sherds: (1) var. PCW some rather thin (incl. big handle).Few tiles: (2) Lac2b?, (3) Lac3a.

Site 257 (Ag. Theodori).Fig. SC. 31.Description. The church and the area immediately around it wererather intensively examined. (Cf. L85–86.)

Above the eastern entrance is an ancient Capital of the Ionian order

(III BC), re-used as a relief. Above the northern entrance is a hugestone bearing an inscription that might be antique(?) according tothe type of lettering.

Few sherds: (1) three PCW round handles, (2) var. rifled LateAntique?, (3) gritty handle.

Few tiles: (4) Lac3a, (5) Lac3bP. (6) Lac4?.

Site 258.Description. The newly made or extended road from the church ofSite no. 257 to the main road was rather intensively examined.The finds are almost exclusively from the upper part of the road.

Some sherds (incl. recent): (1) var. PCW (incl. handle), (2)PCWRed.

Few tiles: (3) Lac3a.One flint: core rejuvenation-flake.

Site 259.Description. The open field-area was rather intensively examined.

Almost no finds, not even recent sherds or tiles.One flint: retou. flake.


Almost no finds, not even recent sherds or tiles. Nothing collected.


Site 261.Description. The slope from the road towards the old church (Siteno. 257) was rather intensively examined. In the north-eastern parta concentration of flint.

Few sherds: (1) var. PCW (incl. two handles).Few tiles (Med.).11 flints: flake core, two retou. flakes, seven unworked flakes,

piece of natural flint.

Site 262.Description. The inside of the cave was rather extensively examined.

Few sherds: (1) two PCW.

Site 263.Description. North-east of the cave of Site no. 262, on a small path,was found a concentration of flint, measuring about 10¿10 m.Only rather extensively examined.

Seven flints: two blades, retou. flake, four unworked flakes.

43Kephallenia

Fig. SC. 32. View of the Bay of Sami with the ancient high city behind on the slopes, the Acropolis to the left, the Kyatis hill to the right(with a small valley between).

CATALOGUE F

ANCIENT SAME

Ancient Same is below the northernmost mountain(929 m) of the series stretching from Poros in north-western direction (Fig. SC. 32). To the northeast ofthe city is the peninsula of Dichalia framing the bayand harbour of Anti-Samos. The view towards thesea is magnificent, including the ancient city of Aetoson nearby Ithaka. At the western side of the bay isthe famous Mellisane cave with its cobalt blue under-ground lake. Cf. L55 & L74.

Site 264 (Kyatis/Ag. Phanentes).Description. The Kyatis-hill where i.a. a Tower and several stretchesof wall and an (ancient?) cistern are seen, was rather intensivelyexamined. (For plan and wall-descriptions see separate (Walls 14–19)).

Several sherds: (1) BG striped Archaic no lustre colour on the

inside, seems to be a close shape NA, (2) BG base of skyphos NAV BC?, (3) BG foot probably Att. C, (4) BG good glaze NA C, (5)two BG probably NA C, (6) BG side NA C, (7) BG grooved rimof plate H, (8) BG Att.? (lost), (9) BG probably NA, (10) fine-warering-foot, (11) handle amph., (12) side with grooves.

Several tiles: (13) BG Lac1?, (14) RG Lac1, (15) RG Lac2bP,(16) RG Lac3a, (17) RG Lac3aP, (18) Lac3bP with recess, (19)Lac4, (20) RG Lac., (21) Cor1bCF, (22) RG (on reverse) Cor2bCRwith slight ‘‘nose’’, (23) Cor2CR.

Rom. brick (24).One stone basin (fragment) (25).Four flints: scraper on re-used core, retou. blade, core rejuven-

ation-flake?, unworked flake.Three oyster-shells.

Site 265 (At the polygonal wall at Kyatis (Wall 19), on the city-side).Description. The generally very overgrown areas of site-numbers


Fig. SC. 33. Roman bath (third century AD) now in the modern city of Same below and to the West of the enceinte Wall 20.

265, 273, 282, 284, 285:1–2, 286, 287, 288, 292, and 293 were allexamined mainly to find the Main- and Connection-Walls of an-cient Sami, and the examination was therefore not intensively car-ried out regarding the search for artefacts. (For plan and wall-description see separate.) The wall-numbers (Walls 1–9, 13 & 19)refer to the wall-descriptions (see separate).

One sherd: (1) BG West-Slope ware H.Few tiles: (2) two Lac3a, (3) RG Lac.?Architecture-block of backed clay (4).Two flints: blade, piece of natural flint.

Site 266.Fig. SC. 36.

Description. The slope below the Medieval church was rather in-tensively examined. Cf. L74.One sherd.

One tile (many Med. tiles were not collected).Rom. brick (1).

Site 267.Description. The newly ploughed field east of Kyatis was rather in-tensively examined. Many seemingly Medieval objects were notcollected.

Few sherds.Few tiles: (1) Lac3bP, (2) Cor3b.

One grinding stone of sandstone (3).One flint: retou. flake.

Site 268.Fig. SC. 37.Description. The Fountain (probably ancient) and the fields south-westof it were rather intensively examined. The spring itself was rock-cut in several levels and just in front of it was a rectangular through.4 m north-west of this two blocks were seen placed on top of eachother with a cut for a door or thelike (contemporary with the rock-cut constructions?). North of the spring was placed another through(ancient?) and below the spring a cistern (about 3¿3 m) now con-taining concrete, but with an ancient origin. On the fields was seena Rock-cut Grave (about 2.6¿1.3 m and 0.9 m high) and oppositethis a piece of a fluted column (diameter: 32 cm) re-used as a blockin the gable of a small recent building.

No finds.

Site 269 (Karavomilon).Description. The smaller, rather open area with terraces north of theabandoned village of Karavomilon was rather extensively exam-ined. Some recent sherds and tiles, especially close to the villagebut only a single sherd collected.

One sherd: (1) handle Med.?

45Kephallenia

Fig. SC. 34. Late antique(?) possibly grave structure in the southern part of the modern city of Sami.


Almost no finds, not even recent sherds or tiles. Nothing collected.

Site 271:1–3.Description. (For plan and description of the different constructions(Buildings, Building-terraces, and Terrace-walls north and south of thestream (using TW-nos.)) see separate.) The examined areas of site-numbers 271:1–3, 272:1–3, 274, 281:1–2, and 283:1–28 were gen-erally open olive-groves with good visibility, some areas were moreovergrown, however. The areas were rather extensively examined,some even very intensively. Generally the areas were very rich insmall finds and only samples were collected.

Site 271:1 (terraces south of Site no. 281:1). Many sherds: (1) BG kan-taros vert. grooved probably Att. 320–310 BC (Sparkes & Talcott1970 (Agora XII;1–2) no. 704) (IIIA? cf. Edwards 1975 (CorinthVII;III)), (2) BG (fine) rim (or perhaps base) very large diametre Att.C (for H parallel, cf. Thompson 1934, 375, D 26), (3) BG skyphoscoloured rings around base IV (Late V–c.325 BC), (4) BG saltbowl?350π–BC on, (5) BG 350π–BC, (6) BG spout (feeding-bottle?) NAH, (7) BG base of plate decorated with palmettes on very long stemsand with free concentric circles at the base c. 430/425–400 BC (c.330 BC is suggested for a similar composition from Elis, cf. Schilbach1995, Taf. 15;4 & 17;28 stamp 84, but with more open or ‘‘fan-like’’,

thus later, palmettes), (8) BG probably Att., (9) BG, (10) RG Late C350π–BC, (11) RG II BC, (12) grooved Rom.?, (13) twisted handle,(14) gritty ware rim, (15) var. bases amph.

Sherd or ‘‘tile’’: (16) decorated pithos-lid?/antefix? slight reliefspirals, palmette, edging a herring-bone.

Some tiles: (17) Lac2b, (18) RG Lac3a, (19) Lac3aP, (20) RGLac3b, (21) Lac3bP rounded moulding, (22) BG Lac., (23) threeRG Lac., (24) RG ‘‘Lac3b’’ end with weak recess, (25) Cor1b, (26)Cor. cover.

Two(?) pyr. loom-weights (27).Two con. loom-weights (28).Loom-weight of tile re-use (29).One pearl (spindle-whorl?) of bone (30).

Site 271:2 (inside TW 14). Few sherds: (1) BG open shape perhapsstemless cup profiled foot pale clay NA, shape c. 450 BC in Attica,here probably somewhat later, (2) BG vert. grooved V or rather IVBC, (3) BG probably horizontally grooved V or rather IV BC, (4)BG Late?

One tile.

Site 271:3 (north of TW 14). One tile: (1) Cor. cover.

Site 272:1–3.Description. See Site 271.


Fig. SC. 35. Rock-cut tomb to the North of the modern city of Same.

Site 272:1 (northern section of pipe-line (seems to have cut throughTW 15 and/or Southern Main-Wall (Wall 20c)). Several sherds: (1)var. PCW handle, (2) PCWRed?, (3) BG/RG Att. skyphos tracedline between body and foot on the outside, underside of base isred, foot inside black lining V BC, (4) BG IV BC, (5) BG III BC,(6) BG Att.?, (7) foot I BC or earlier, (8) rim I–II AD or ratherearlier, (9) flat thin handle Rom.?, (10) base.

Site 272:2 (culture-layer in 272:1). Few sherds: (1) PCW?, (2) RG(orange) (Eastern Sigillata A?) 150–I BC, (3) redpaint? handlegrooved III/II BC, (4) coarse ware rim.

One tile.

Site 272:3 (southern section of pipe-line). Some sherds: (1) BG rim ofpitcher (not other closed shape) with two BG ribbons on the insideand BG on the outside NA Archaic or C (or III?), (2) BG base ofskyphos NA (grey) Late C, (3) BG 350 BC, (4) RG (orange) Late H.

Site 273. I 15/1:C (fields north of gate in Southern Main-Wall(Walls 7–8))Description. See 265.

Few sherds: (1) BG III BC, (2) BG handle grooved, (3) BG handlejug NA, (4) RG (or BG), (5) rim beehive?

Few tiles (from inside city-wall 7b): (6) RG? Lac3a (end?), (7)Cor3b.

Site 274. I 15/1:D (olive-groove south of the western end of South-ern Main-Wall)Description. See 271. In this area at several blocks of different typeswere seen but only a few wall-lines registrated (TW 141–144). Verymany finds, but only a sample collected.

One sherd: (1) base H?One tile: (2) RG Lac.

Site 275:1–4 & 8 (5–7 not used) (Same Acropolis).Description. The area within the Acropolis-Wall was divided into foursub-areas, that all were rather intensively examined. Only a sampleof the finds was collected. (For plan and wall-descriptions see separ-ate.)

Site 275:1 (north-west part). Some sherds: (1) BG NA probably C,(2) two coarse ware rims, (3) body with wide horizontal edge Rom.?

Some tiles: (3) seven Lac4.

Site 275:2 (north-east part). In this area a cistern was see on thenorthern part of the Acropolis plateau.

Several sherds: (1) RG (orange) Eastern Sigillata A 150–I BC,(2) handle.

Few tiles: (3) Cor2 or 3 (end?), (4) Cor4aCR, (5) CorEnd4.One piece of slag (6).

47Kephallenia

Fig. SC. 36. The Medieval church of Ag. Nikolaos on the slope of the Kyatis hill, Same (Site 266). Frescos.

Site 275:3 (south-west part). Some sherds: (1) BG small bowl (saltcellar?) C, (2) BG rather large base perhaps Att., (3) RG base NA,(4) RG (erroneously fired BG?) lamp Va BC (cf. Howland type21A, Agora IV, 44–46).

One tile: (5) CorEnd1.

Site 275:4 (south-east part). Some sherds: (1) BG good glaze rim(rather than foot) of large vessel/krater? red ribbon at edge, Att.C, (2) BG vert. grooves NA probably III BC, (3) BG NA probablyH, (4) RG lamp II–I BC, (5) gritty red-ware rim of plate, (6) smallhandle amph., (7) knob-shaped handle.

Few tiles: (8) Lac3b rounded, (9) Lac. end with moulding.Rom. brick (10).

Site 275:8 (stray-finds from 275:1–4). Many sherds: (1) PCW, (2) BGNA Archaic or C, (3) BG C, (4) BG NA probably pre-H, (5) BG NA?probably pre-H, (6) BG NA H (or IV BC?), (7) BG base partly flawed,firing to red probably from very open bowl NA H, (8) BG Cor. H,(9) BG sherd NA probably H, (10) BG (originally) base NA, (11) BGprobably NA, (12) RG (orange) plate with secondary incision, LateH/Rom.?, (13) side grooved Late Antique, (14) rim Dressel I amph.(II–)I BC, (15) var. amph. (incl. Kean-Sub-Kean handle II BC–I AD,two pointed bases, rim), (16) side with wavy grooves, (17) two rifledsherds, (18) handle grey-greenish Med., (19) ring-foot, (20) coarseware rim, (21) coarse ware round handle.

Several tiles: (22) Lac2a, (23) Lac4, (24) BG (RG?) Lac, (25) threeCor3b, (26) two Cor4b, (27) Sima-tile Archaic-?

One Rom. brick (28).Loom-weight, tile re-use? (29).Iron nail (30).Two pieces of slag (31).18 flints: triangular point with flat retou., scraper on flake, seven

blades (two retou.), retou. flake, eight unworked flakes. ProbablyLate Neol.

Site 276:5–7 (1–4 not used).Description. The slopes immediately outside the acropolis-wall wererather intensively examined.

Site 276:5 (south-western slopes). Few sherds: (1) BG (interior) bot-tom of open shape NA C, (2) non-BG vertical round handle, (3)knob-shaped handle, (4) rim/handle amph. probably Med.

Few tiles: (5) slipped Lac3b, (6) Lac3b and 2a low angle (end?).Architectonical element of burned clay with double-braidings or-

nament (7).

Site 276:6 (eastern slopes). At the foor of the slope an(ancient?) wellwas recorded.

Many sherds: (1) BG Att. Late Archaic or C, (2) BG side oflarge vessel striped, NA probably Archaic, (3) BG Att. C, (4)


Fig. SC. 37. Re-used antique column in the lower part of a recent structure on the Kyatis hill (the wooded hill-top is seen in the background),Same (Site 268). To the right a rock-cut antique sarcophagus.

BG C, (5) BG NA H?, (6) BG H?, (7) BG NA, (8) BG rim (twofit) decorations in ribbons, (9) RG or redpaint (orange) ring-footIIIA BC, (10) RG (orange) Eastern Sigillata A? 150–I BC, (11)RG after 150 BC, (12) fish-plate H, (13) side with brown paintin dots and ribbons.

Some tiles (only a sample collected): (14) Lac2bP, (15) Lac2bcorner with ‘‘3b’’ end, (16) Lac3a (corner with ‘‘Lac3b’’ end), (17)two? Lac4 (one pithos?).

One piece of greenish glass (18).

Site 276:7 (north-eastern slopes). Many sherds: (1) grooved sideLate Rom. 1 amph. V–VII AD, (2) handle and pointed base amph.,(3) three rim and broad handles (one with red paint) Med.?, (4)decorated side recent?, (5) side broad riflet.

Several tiles: (6) two Lac2b, (7) Lac2b corner with ‘‘Lac2b lowangle’’ end, (8) Lac3a with recess and weak ornament on reverse(or cover or Cor. end), (9) Lac3a corner with ‘‘2b low angle’’ end),(10) Lac3a, (11) two Lac3b, (12) Lac3b or 4 (with furrows), (13)Lac3bP, (14) two Lac4, (15) Lac. end with recess, (16) Lac. endwith moulding, (17) Cor2bCR, (18) Cor4b, (19) cover?

Site 277.Description. The fields at the eastern foot of the acropolis-hill wererather intensively examined.

Several sherds: (1) BG Att. probably Late C, (2) rim and handleamph.

One tile: (3) Cor4(a?).Pyr. whetstone (4).Loom-weight or rather spindlewhorl (of tile re-use?) (5).

Site 278.Description. The fields at the south-eastern foot of the acropolis-hillwere rather intensively examined.

Some sherds (incl. recent).Few tiles: (1) two? Lac4 (one Lac2aP?).Piece of uncoloured, transparent glass (2).One flint: blade.

Site 279 (cf. Site no. 283).Description. No proper survey was carried out in the area, since itwas mainly examined to locate the ancient Terrace-walls.

Site 280.Description. The newly ploughed terraces had recently been de-stroyed by machine and were intensively examined. In the terracesmany ancient Blocks of different types, but apparently none were insitu. The black-glaze sherds were especially found in the middle ofthe area, and the red-glaze roof-tiles especially at a point in the

49Kephallenia

Fig. SC. 38. Cist-grave of around 300 BC in the valley between the Acropolis and the Kyatis hill of Same (Site 282).

north-easter part of the area which might indicate an antique build-ing at this place.

Very many sherds: (1) var. PCW, (2) BG C, (3) BG (Late) C, (4)BG vert. grooved 350π–BC, (5) BG rouletted IV (380–325 BC),(6) six BG, (7) two RG?, (8) RG? (orange), (9) redware (orange)Late H?, (10) African redslip Form 50? c. IIIB–IVA, (11) redwarebase Rom., (12) red ware Rom. II AD, (13) ring-foot H III BC,(14) rim dish Rom., (15) rim bowl Rom.?, (16) horiz. grooved Rom.(III–IV AD), (17) side with striated moulding Rom.?, (18) rim LateRom. C (Phoecean Red Slip) form 3F dish VIA AD, (19) rimAfrican Redslip form 99B Early VI AD, (20) var. grooved and rifledware Rom., (21) var. Rom., (22) ring-foot, (23) two amph. (rim andhandle), (24) moulded base pithos.

Very many tiles: (25) five BG Lac1a, (26) two? RG Lac1a, (27)two RG Lac1b/formally 3a, (28) BG Lac1, (29) RG Lac1, (30) BG?Lac2a, (31) RG Lac2a, (32) Lac2a, (33) Lac2a with moulding, (34)BG Lac2aP, (35) Lac2aP, (36) Lac2b, (37) Lac2b or 3b (end?) withregular motive in furrows, (38) BG Lac3a with moulding, (39) fourLac3a (one rounded and two with low furrows), (40) RG Lac3aP,(41) RG Lac3aP with moulding (end?), (42) Lac3b, (43) Lac3b withregular motive in furrows, (44) Lac4, (45) three BG Lac., (46) sevenRG Lac., (47) two Cor1b, (48) RG Lac. end? with recess, (49) RGLac. end? with furrow, (50) BG Lac1a cover, (51) BG Lac1 cover,(52) Lac. cover?, (53) Cor. cover.


Site 281:1–2.Description. See 271.

Site 281:1 (terraces south-east of churchyard). In this area a smallnatural Cave, with some cut structures and blocks, is seen.

Some sherds: (1) BG ring-foot NA Late C/Early H, (2) BG baseAtt., (3) BG small foot NA c. 300 B.C. (Edwards 1975), (4) RGprobably Rom. Terra Sigillata, (5) redware Rom., (6) two amph.(handle and base).

Some tiles: (7) three Lac3a (one with moulding), (8) Cor3b, (9)Cor., (10) two? Cor. cover.

Two flints: two retou. flakes.

Site 281:2 (between TW 89a–b). Few sherds: (1) RG H (rather thanRom.), (2) RG H (or ‘‘Rom.’’) III–II BC.

Site 282 (path towards gate near to the river (Wall 1)).Fig. SC. 38–39.Description. See 265. In this area are several Late C or, rather, EarlyHell. (probably c. 300 B.C.) Stone-cist Graves (from about 150 m westof the gate) (FIG. DIAS 19:16 PÅ CD-ROM). On the slope to-wards the river various Stone-bases, sometimes with frames for op-rights (FIG. DIAS 19:11, PÅ CD-ROM).

BG pierced foot (?) of larger vessel (Hell.?).


Fig. SC. 39. Base of grave stone (?) in the valley between the Acrop-olis and the Kyatis hill of Same (Site 282).

Site 283:1–28 (Olive-groves North of river).Description. See 271.

Site 283:1 (around TW 4). One tile: (1) Cor2b.

Site 283:2 (around TW 10). Few sherds: (1) BG C?, (2) BG H.

Site 283:3 (around TW 98). One sherd.One tile: (1) Cor2bCR with CorEnd5.

Site 283:4 (around TW 101a). One sherd: (1) rim Late Rom. C(Phoecean Red Slip) form 3 dish V–VI AD.

One tile: (2) Lac. end with recess and moulding.

Site 283:5 (around TW 104). Few sherds: (1) PCW, (2) powerfulrim with twisted moulding Rom.

Few tiles: (3) Cor2b, (4) CorEnd6‘‘CFCR’’.

Site 283:6 (around TW 109). Few sherds: (1) rim Graeco-Italicamph Peacock & Williams class 2 II(–I) BC, (2) rim amph. V BC?,(3) two amph. (rims and handle).

Few tiles: (2) Lac3a, (3) RG Lac3b, (4) RG Lac., (5) two? Cor2b,(6) large fine CorEnd5 (or methope?) light slip.

Site 283:7 (between TW 113 and 121). Few sherds: (1) PCW withmoulding, (2) BG H (or Archaic), (3) BG III–II BC, (4) two BG(one handle).

Pyr. loom-weight (not typical) (6).

Site 283:8 (around TW 115). One sherd: (1) BG fine small of openshape Att.? C (IVA?).


Site 283:9 (around TW 132). Some tiles: (1) four RG Lac3a (onecorner with ‘‘3a rounded with moulding’’ end), (2) Lac3a? (end?),(3) Lac3aP, (4) two RG Lac., (5) Cor2bCR, (6) Cor3b.

Pyr. loom-weight (7).Loom-weight of tile re-use (8).Mould? of tile (re-used).

Site 283:10 (around TW 126). Few sherds: (1) BG rim of bowl withincurved rim Early H, (2) rim amph.

Few tiles: (3) Cor2b corner with CorEnd5, (4) Cor3b.

Site 283:11 (north of newly built house (1993)). Few sherds: (1) BGC 450π–BC, (2) BG rim of plate H or IVB BC, (3) BG, (4) profiledrim I–II AD?, (5) pointed base amph.

Few tiles: (6) BG Lac1, (7) RG Lac., (8) Cor2b (1b?).

Site 283:12 (around TW 131). Few sherds: (1) BG bowl/base ofplate probably Cor. Early H (IVB?), (2) RG (transformed BG C?)H.

One tile: (3) Cor. cover.

Site 283:13 (around TW 127–128). Some sherds: (1) BG unusualsherd (lid?) with BG on ‘‘upper’’ side ‘‘Early H’’, (2) two? BG, (3)base amph. Cnidian H (c. 240–BC), (4) ring-foot, (5) two rims.

Few tiles: (6) BG Lac., (7) Cor2b (1b?).

Site 283:14 (around TW 114). One sherd: (1) BG body-sherd prob-ably Att. probably H but might be C.

One tile: (2) Cor2b.

Site 283:15 (around TW 123). Few sherds: (1) BG zones Archaic(or H?), (2) BG (zones?), (3) BG.

One tile: (4) Cor3b.

Site 283:16 (around TW 113). Few sherds: (1) BG Att. 450 BC onprobably C, (2) BG (uneven, zonal) small foot NA, (3) BG lampprobably NA C (IV BC?), (4) RG (or reddish glaze) NA.

Site 283:17 (around TW 134–35). Few sherds: (1) BG stripes onthe interior on the exterior traces of BG NA, (2) side with boss.

Site 283:18 (around TW 116). One sherd: (1) RG Eastern SigillataA 150–I BC.

Site 283:19 (around TW 112). Few sherds: (1) BG base of plateprobably IV, (2) BG III BC, (3) RG III 300–250 BC.

Site 283:20 (around TW 122). Few sherds: (1) Three BG, (2) RG(orange) Late H.

One tile: (3) Lac4?

Site 283:21 (around TW 121). Few sherds: (1) rim amph. VIc BC,cf. Lang 1992, 70 & Fig. 14,2 (with black glaze).

Site 283:22 (between TW 106 and 126). Few sherds: (1) BG, (2)two pointed bases amph.

51Kephallenia

Site 283:23 (around TW 124). Few sherds: (1) BG foot probably Hmight be earlier, (2) two rims Graeco-Italian amp. II BC.

One tile: (3) Cor1bCF.

Site 283:24 (east of/behind TW 127–128). Few sherds: (1) ring-foot Rom.?, (2) round handle V BC?

Sheet of lead (3).

Site 283:25 (within the angle of TW 117, ‘‘House of the Slave’’).Many sherds: (1) BG striped, close shape either pointed base orvery small foot, probably Att. VId/Va or C, (2) BG or blackpaintArchaic?, (3) two BG Archaic?, (4) BG C, (5) BG with RG (pinkish)base of skyphos Cor. 425–375 BC (less likely 375–350 BC) (Ed-wards 1975 (Corinth VII;III), 68), (6) BG (and RG) U-orna. C, (7)BG C?, (8) BG circle band and dot orna. (Late) C, (9) BG 350π–BC, (10) BG zones H, (11) BG (also orange?) H, (12) BG H, (13)five BG, (14) RG, (15) ring-foot, (16) rim Graeco-Italian amph. IIBC, (17) rim amph. Rom. Imp.?, (18) rim amph.

Some tiles: (19) Lac2b, (20) Lac3aP, (21) Lac3 irregular, (22)Cor1b, (23) Cor4b, (24) Cor. cover.

One terracotta (Theatre Mask) probably with face of slave, loweredge probably complete i.e. architectural fragment and not frompithos (25). Cf. Åkerström 1966, Taf. 12,2.

Two architectonic elements (one perhaps CorEnd6) (26)Pyr. loom-weight (27).

Site 283:26 (about 10 m around TW 117). Many sherds: (1) handlewith horiz. stripes glaze thin, reddish, probably Geometric amph.or pitcher, (2) two BG Att., (3) BG (rather dull glaze) Att., (4) BG(rather dull glaze) base and ring-foot probably Att., (5) BG NA, (6)BG (rather dull glaze) base or rim, (7) BG base of Skyfos, (8) base250π– to II BC?, (9) var. Rom. Imp.?, (10) three ring-feet, twoRom.?, (11) rim Graeco-Italian amph. II BC, (12) fluted basepithos, (13) base of large vessel, Archaic (or later?).

Some tiles: (14) RG Lac1b?, (15) Lac3a, (16) two? Lac4, (17) twoRG Lac, (18) Cor3b, (19) Cor4b, (20) Lac1 cover.

Pyr. loom-weight (21).

Site 283:27 (section above the stone-lined spring excavated in 1994by Soteriou). Only a sample of finds collected.

Some sherds: (1) BG with painted decoration in red (salmoncolour) large vessel closed shape, (2) BG probably bowl probablyAtt., (3) BG (in places spotted) base and ring-foot decorated withpalmettes Att. 150–100 BC, (4) BG (dark RG?) NA fish-plate (IVBC on), (5) BG plate NA, (6) RG (orange) Rom.?

Few tiles: (7) RG Lac2a, (8) Cor2b, (9) Cor3b.

Site 283:28 (on TW 12). One stone-tile: (1) Cor3a.

Site 284 (western slope of Kyatis (incl. Wall 6)).Description. See 265.

One tile (from near the top): (1) RG Lac.

Site 285:1–2.Description. See 265.

Site 285:1. (the east-west orientated part of the Connection-Wall(Wall 9a–f)). Few sherds: (1) BG C, (2) BG? ring-foot III BC, (3)BG? ring-foot 250π– to II BC.

Pyr. loom-weight (4).

Site 285:2. (around the ‘‘corner’’ at the Connection-Wall 9a). Somesherds: (1) BG handle of skyphos IV (or later?), (2) BG stripes H,(3) BG H, (4) BG (one more BG?).

Site 286 (around the Northern Main-Wall (Wall 13)).Description. See 265.

No finds.

Site 287 (around Walls 2–4 in the river-valley).Description. See 265.

Few sherds: (1) BG plate very worn fragment, palmettes Late C350π–BC, (2) BG foot of skyphos 350π–BC, (3) BG foot ofskyphos Early H IIIπ–BC, (4) base Early H IIIπ–BC.

Site 288 (path outside gate near to the river).Description. See 265. In this area several Late C or, rather, EarlyHell. Stone-cist Graves (probably c. 300 BC) were seen (until about300 m east of the gate).

No finds.

Site 289.Description. In the ‘‘harbour’’-area just north of the west-end of theNorthern Main-Wall some gravel-heaps were rather intensivelyexamined. These heaps may be dumps of material from another site.

Few sherds: (1) BG Att.? C, (2) BG, (3) RG I–BC, (4) ring-footH or Late C.

Site 290.Description. The lower slopes north of the western end of the North-ern Main-Wall were rather extensively examined. Many blockswere seen, but not in situ. Most of these probably come from theMain-Wall but some probably from other structures.

On the northern slope a possible Stone-quarry.

No finds.

Site 291.Description. A sample of tiles was collected from the excavated Late-

Roman House.

Several tiles: (1) three Lac2b, (2) Lac2bP, (3) two Lac3a, (4)Lac3a rounded with moulding on reverse, (5) three Lac3b (onecorner with parallel furrows on reverse), (6) Lac3b and 3a, (7)Lac3bPπ, (8) Cor4b (re-use in wall).

Two Rom. bricks (9).

Site 292 (northern slope of Kyatis (Wall 5)).Description. See 265.

No finds.

Site 293 (slopes south-east of the ‘‘harbour-area’’ (Site no. 289)).Description. See Site 265.

No finds.


Site 294 (Same harbour).Description. The area between the ancient stone-built Pier and therecent gravel-road was rather extensively examined. Several an-tique blocks were seen re-used in recent constructions, but only onewall was registrated (TW 139) together with a possible sewer builtof bricks and stone-slabs. In this area also a piece of a smoothColumn was noted. Also on the very waterfront several workedblocks were seen, i.a. one with a possible Relief (natural or water-shaped?) and one square Capital from a pilaster (recent?).

Site 295 (Alpovouni).Description. Around the remains of Structures on the so-called‘‘Temple-hill’’ north-east of the Acropolis a rather intensively ex-amination was carried out. (For plan and wall-descriptions see sep-arate.) Cf. L74.

Some sherds: (1) BG rim of bowl with incurved rim Early H, (2)BG? (without trace of glaze, might have had) large vessel, (3) RGLHell., (4) fine ware rim, (5) large ring-foot, (6) rim amph.

Few tiles: (6) RG Lac1?, (7) RG Lac2b, (8) Lac3bPπ.

Site 296.Description. On a point of the survey-line of Site 297 a concentrationof sherds and tiles was found. Intensively examined.

Several sherds (incl. recent).Few tiles: (1) Lac2b, (2) Lac4, (3) Lac. end with powerful mould-

ing.

Site 297.Description. The survey-line between the Acropolis and the‘‘Temple-hill’’ was rather intensively examined.

Several sherds (incl. recent): (1) grooved side Late Antique, (2)rather broad handle, (3) rim.

Few tiles: (4) Lac2b.

Site 298.Description. The fields east of the Acropolis were intensively exam-ined. Two dark pits with diametres of c. 4.8 and 3.5 m (probablyKilns) were seen in the surface at a distance of about 11.5 m. In thefield around these pits there was an enormous amount of sherds,some of them fail-burned (only a limited sample collected).

Very many sherds: (1) very many Medieval sherds especially ofjugs, rims of oenochoes, many misfired and some with red andbrown paint in uneven ribbons and dots, so-called broad line dec-oration (typical of IX–XI AD, cf. Patterson & Whitehouse 1992,1O6f., although the complex might be later), broad handles (somedecorated or painted) and rims, flat bases etc., (2) BG?, (3) RG H,(4) African Red Slip? Rom., (5) side with incised irregular stripes,(6) gritty base (tiny Archaic amph.?), (7) side with decorated mould-ing Med.?

Many tiles: (8) Lac3aP, (9) Lac3b with furrow, (10) Lac3b withweak furrows, (11) Lac3b rounded with moulding on reverse, (12)

Lac3bP rounded, (13) two Lac4, (14) Lac4 or 3b rounded, (15)Lac.? end with moulding, (16) Cor1b.

Loom-weight or spindle-whorl of tile re-use? (17).

Site 299 (Dichalia).Description. The small headland and the field-area immediately westand south of it was rather intensively examined. On the rocky head-land no finds. On the south-eastern slope of the headland some (an-cient?) Blocks were seen together with a Medieval capital of a column.In this area and further down the slope towards the small bay manysherds and tiles were seen, but only a few pieces collected since mostthe material looked Medieval, post-Med. or recent.

Few sherds: (1) fluted base amph. or handle Rom.Few tiles: (2) Lac2a, (3) Lac2bP.

Site 300.Description. A concentration of sherds (about 8¿20 m) on a smallplateau was intensively examined. Very many finds (almost every-thing collected). The material was very fragmented but seemed incharacter Roman. In the area around almost no material appeared.On the big plateau east of this (only partly and extensively exam-ined) more material seemed to be at hand, however.

Very many smaller worn sherds (generally Rom. red character): (1)two rims of dishes, one Late Rom. C (Phoecean Red Slip) form 3FVIA AD, one form 3 unspecified, (2) var. types of rims (incl. var. grittyware), (3) some round or oval handles (one with moulding), (4) tworingfeet (earlier than Late Antiquity?), (5) handle amph.

Few tiles: (6) Lac2aP, (7) Lac2bP, (8) Lac3a rounded with mould-ing on reverse.

Four flints: blade, flake core, two unworked flakes.

Site 301 (Dichalia).Description. The peninsula with its hills was only rather extensivelyexamined. (Cf. L74.)

At some points on the hill just north of Dichalia was seen adouble Wall-line (function and age impossible to determine). On theother hills some (probably recent) stone-constructions were seen.

One sherd: (1) rim.One flint: scraper on flake.

Site 302.Description. On the survey-line of Site no. 301 an egg-shaped Con-

struction (measuring about 8¿11 m) was seen and intensively exam-ined.

Few sherds.

Site 303.Description. In the middle part of the peninsula a Double-walled Con-

struction with a inner diametre of about 5 m was seen. Extensivelyexamined.

No finds.

53Kephallenia

Fig. SC. 40. The Bay and Valley of Ag. Evfemia, northern Kephallenia, from the North. Site 306 (Hellinika) is on the far beach of the bayto the left.

CATALOGUE G

AG. EVFIMIA

In the north-western part of the Bay of Sami is themouth of the valley of Pylaros, highly fertile in itseastern part, cutting through the island almost to thefabled Myrtos beach on the western coast of Kephal-lenia (Fig. SC. 40). To the north of the valley are themountains (highest point 901 m) at the base of thepeninsula of Erissos, to the south are the interior pas-toral highlands of the island (highest point 1132 m),which to the south connect at first with the pass (at c.600 m) between the valley of Sami and the plain ofOmala, then with the high ridge of wooded MountAinos (1627 m). (Cf. L74.)

Site 304 (Tarvadata).Description. The open fields belonging to the abandoned village ofTarvadata were rather extensively examined. Except for recentsherds and tiles (not collected), no finds.

Site 305.Description. The open plateau with a ruined wind-mill (pre-modern)was rather intensively examined. From the site is a perfect viewtowards Ag. Evfemia, Sami and Ithaka, but no traces of a fortressor watch-tower was found. Immediately south-west of the mill is arather ruined Building-foundation (pre-modern). From the easternpart of the plateau some sherds were collected, everything elseseemed quite recent. Although flint appears naturally in ratherlarge quantity only a single debitage was found.


Some sherds (incl. Late/recent): (1) lighter ware sherds from An-tiquity?

One tile: (1) Lac2a rounded.One flint: unworked flake.

Site 306 (Hellinika/Ag. Evfimia).Fig. SC. 40. Pl. B XI. 1–2.Description. On the slope towards a small bay is a c. 9¿7 m largehouse with a possible entrance in north-west. (In style this houseresembles House I in Drakoupoulata (Site no. 321).) (For map andwall-description see separate.) The area within and 10–15 maround the building was intensively examined. All finds appearedoutside the building.

Three flints: two unworked flakes, piece of natural flint.

Site 307.Description. The terraces above and below Site no. 306 were ratherintensively examined.

Few tiles: (1) Lac2a.Four flints: four unworked flakes.

Site 308:1–3.Description. The area around the Long-wall (about 100–130 m), builtof rather rough quadrangular blocks, was divided into smaller unitsthat were rather intensively examined. For plan and wall-descrip-tion see separate. Cf. L19.

Site 308:1. Many sherds: (1) grooved ware Rom., (2) var. red wares.‘‘Lump’’ of baked clay (3).Two pieces of glass (4).Iron instrument/tool (5).One flint: unworked flake.


Site 308:3. Several sherds (incl. recent): (1) Graeco-Italian amph.III–II BC (2) cooking ware Rom.


The finds ceased when more than 100 m from House II (Siteno. 319).

One sherd.

Site 310.Description. To trace a possible southern continuation of the longwall (Site no. 308:1–3) a survey-line south of it was laid out andexamined rather intensively.

Some sherds: (1) two broad handles (one with boss) Med.?One tile.

Site 311–314.Description. The survey-lines south of the small chapel were ratherextensively examined.

Few sherds.Few tiles (incl. recent).

Site 315.Description. A concentration (measuring about 100¿165 m) ofsherds and tiles was found and intensively examined.

Very many sherds: (1) RG Late H (after 150) BC, (2) Bowl IIIBC or Later, (3) rim Late H, (4) rim Late H (–Early Rom.), (5) var.with Rom. appearance, (6) base with foot.

Few tiles: (7) Lac2aP, (8) Lac3a.

Site 316.Description. At a place on the survey-line of Site no. 318 a House-

structure was seen that might hold ancient elements. Rather inten-sively examined. In the house is a stone with tentatively circularcarving of unknown use (well?).

Examples of plaster (1).

Site 317.Description. At a place on the survey-line of Site no. 318 a House-

structure (House III) was seen that might hold ancient elements. In-tensively examined.

Few sherds (recent).


Few sherds.One tile.One flint: unworked flake.

Site 319.Pl. B XIV. 1.Description. On a slope facing north towards the valley is the so-called ‘‘House II’’, about 30¿11 m and with room-divisions, builtof big blocks. (For map and wall-description see separate.) Thearea within and immmediately around the house was intensivelyexamined. Several antique blocks were seen in the area. The findsespecially appeared west and south-west of the house.

Very many sherds (incl. recent): (1) handle, broad and pointedbase amph., (2) ring-foot, (3) rim of beehive.

Several tiles: (4) two Lac2b (one corner and one with low angle),(5) RG Lac2bP, (6) two Lac3a, (7) Lac3b irregular with moulding,(8) two Lac4, (9) Lac. end with furrow, (10) Cor1bCF, (11) twoCor4b, (12) slipped? CorEnd5? with moulding, (13) CorEnd6?

Loom-weight? of tile re-use (14).Four Rom. bricks (15).

Site 320.Description. The area around two holes that might be Chamber-tombs

(or dried out wells) was intensively examined.Many sherds: (1) PCW?, (2) two BG probably Att. C to 270 BC,

(3) red ware grooved, (4) rim.Few tiles: (5) Lac2b, (6) Lac end (‘‘2bP’’), (7) Cor4b.Two flints: retou. flake, unworked flake.

Site 321.Fig. SC. 41. Pl. B XIV. 2.Description. The so-called ‘‘House I’’, about 16¿5 m and with room-divisions, was built of rather big blocks. (Only the south-eastern

55Kephallenia

corner mapped. For wall-description see separate.) The area withinand immediately around the house was intensively examined. Closeto the house six rectangular holes in two parallel lines were seencarved in the bedrock (function unknown).

Few sherds: (1) rim amph. Dressel IΩPeacock & Riley Class 6Late Republican–I AD.

Few tiles: (2) Lac2a, (3) Lac3b corner.

Site 322:1–2 (Palatia).Pl. B XII. 1 to B XIII. 2.Description. The Rectangular Building (‘‘Tower’’) measuring about13¿9 m had room-division and a possible entrance in west. (Forplan and wall-descriptions see separate.) The area within and im-mediately around the building was rather (spotwise even very) in-tensively examined, the areas further away more extensively. Cf.L19 & L70.

Site 322:1. Some tiles: (1) RG Lac2bP, (2) RG Lac3a with mould-ing, (3) two Lac3aP, (4) CorEnd2 (or Cor3a without platform).

One Rom. brick (5).

Site 322:2. Very many sherds: (1) BG Early H, (2) two BG, (3) RGLate H, (4) Rom. lamp (cf. Broneer 1930, 90ff.) (cf. Pl. A XI. 1),(5) fish-plate? IV (or IIIa) BC, (6) rim amph. (Late H–)Early Rom.

Few tiles: (7) RG Lac2a, (8) Cor4b.

Site 322:1–2. Some sherds: (1) rim ‘‘H?’’, (2) two ring-feet H?, (3)broad base amph.

Few tiles: (4) Lac2a, (5) Lac3a.24 flints: two micro blades (one notched and retou.), micro blade

core, five retou. flakes, 13 unworked flakes, three pieces of naturalflint.

Site 323.Description. The valley-area south of Site no. 322 was only ratherextensively examined.

Some sherds: (1) handle amph. Rom.One tile.

Fig. SC. 41. Holes in bedrock near House 1 at Drakoupoulata,valley of Ag. Evfemia, function unknown (Site 321).

Site 324.Description. The survey-line along the slope was rather intensivelyexamined.

Few sherds.

Site 325.Description. Some newly ploughed fields were rather extensivelyexamined. Only a sample of finds collected.

Few sherds: (1) pale body H?, (2) red body Rom.?, (3) two ratherflat handles Med., (4) rim.


Site 325:1.Description. The pre-modern village rather extensively surveyed in-cluding a structure with low entrance wrongly claimed by Partschto be ancient (Partsch 1890, 68). L27.

No finds.


Fig. SC. 42. The Venetian fortress and harbour of Assos off the Erissos peninsula, North Kephallenia.

CATALOGUE H

ERISSOS

The north-south going peninsula of Erissos, thenorthernmost part of Kephallenia, is generally quitebarren and resembles the opposite island of Ithaka.In the south Erissos borders on the valley of Pylarosat a naked mountain-ridge (901 m). On the westerncoast is the headland of Assos with a huge Venetianfortress (Fig. SC. 42). In the middle (and northern)part of Erissos are some fertile areas and on the coasta series of small isolated harbours. In the north-east,at a superb natural harbour, is Fiskardo with its ba-silica from Late Antiquity.

Site 326.Description. The south-western part of the rather overgrown androcky hill was rather extensively examined. The hill (and the areain general) seems to have been converted into agricultural land

only in recent/pre-modern times from the character of the soil andthe lack of eroded or multi-period terraces.

No finds.

Site 327.Description. A section and a newly ploughed field were rather inten-sively examined.

Some medieval sherds and tiles. Nothing collected.

Site 328.Description. Two areas at the isthmus west of Assos were rather ex-tensively examined.

Few sherds (recent).Some tiles (recent).

Site 329–331 (Assos).Fig. SC. 42.Description. The ridge north of the village of Assos (Site no. 329),

57Kephallenia

some fields south of the village (Site no. 330) and the village itself(Site no. 331) were rather extensively examined.

No finds.

Site 332.Description. The southwestern part of the rather overgrown hill wasrather intensively examined. Several wall-lines were seen, probablyMedieval or more recent terraces, etc.

No finds.

Site 333.Description. A section along the bay, that forms a perfect naturalharbour, and the terrace just behind it were rather intensivelyexamined. In the northern part is a building almost in the water.The house is probably from the 19th century.

No finds.

Site 334 (Assos).Description. The peninsula with the Venetian Fort was extensivelyexamined, albeit some spots more intensively.

The enceinte of the huge fortress (construction begun 1593) en-closes the entire peninsula. The below natural harbour is excellent,but seemingly fresh-water is in short demand on the site. Inside theeastern or main gate is a monumental staircase, a church and anumber of houses for the soldiers. Cf. L12.

Very many sherds and tiles (Medieval and recent) but nothingcollected.

Four flints (collected scattered around the south-eastern part ofthe fort): retou. flake, three unworked flakes.

Site 335.Description. The hills were only rather extensively examined.

Few sherds: (1) BG Att.

Site 336 (Pyrgos/Plagia).Pl. B XV. 1 to Pl. B XVIII. 2.Description. The Fortress at Pyrgos is situated on a hill quite high inthe landscape with a good view to Ithaka and Lefkas. The fortressis today rather ruined, but its original extension can be estimatedto a square of about 42¿40 m. (For plan and wall-descriptions seeseparate.) The area both within and immediately around the for-tress was rather intensively examined. Scattered in the area a lotof polygonal blocks were seen, many of them re-used in more re-cent walls. Cf. L71.

Some sherds: (1) five PCW, (2) PCWRed?, one with paintedshoulder-decoration, (3) BG.

Few tiles (incl. one recent).

Site 337 (Kalon).Description. The hill with a deserted village was rather extensivelyexamined.

Several sherds: (1) RG?.One tile: (2) Lac2a with parallel incisions.One flint: blade.

Site 338.Description. The hill, with a deserted village, and the valley belowwas rather extensively examined. All finds are from the foot of theeastern hill. One of the several wells in the valley possibly had Re-

used Ancient Blocks.

Some sherds.One tile: (1) Lac2a (recent?).

Site 339.Description. In the section from a recent extension of the road adestroyed (Roman?) Tile-grave was seen, and a sample of tiles col-lected.

Few tiles: (1) Lac3b and 3bP.

Site 340.Description. Some open and newly ploughed fields close to the for-tress were rather extensively examined. Many insignificant and re-cent sherds were seen, only two antique ones were collected.

Few sherds: (1) BG hardly Att., (2) BG? hardly Att.

Site 341.Description. The natural harbour is situated in a small bay and wasonly very extensively examined. Close to the waterfront the ruinsof Three Houses (probably 19th cent.) were seen. Up the slopes areseveral terraces for cultivating. The path leading to the place israther well-built, which seems to indicate, that the harbour hadsome importance during the last century.

No finds of either artefacts or ancient building-remains.

Site 342.Description. A newly ploughed field with a newly dug hole was ratherintensively examined.

No finds.

Site 343.Description. The smaller, partly newly ploughed field-area below thelow hill was intensively examined. Only a sample of finds collected.

Very many sherds: (1) BG Early H? ‘‘III BC’’, (2) BG small baseNA, (3) BG/RG?, (4) RG (orange) Late H, (5) Late Rom. C (Phoe-cean Red Slip) form 3 rim V(–VI) AD, (6) ring-foot H III BC, (7)rim dish probably Late Rom., (8) powerful rim (IV–)V AD, (9) rimcooking-vessel, (10) round handle, (11) ring-foot, (12) var. waresprobably all or mostly all Late Rom./Late Antique: several simpleand profiled rims (mostly coarse but also some finer wares), round,oval and profiled handles, grooved and rifled sides, flat base.

Some tiles: (13) Lac2aP, (14) three Lac2b, (15) Lac3a, (16) Lac3arounded with moulding on reverse, (17) Lac3aP, (18) Lac3aP withpointed furrow, (19) two Lac3b.

Con. loom-weight? (20).One flint: retou. flake.

Site 344.Description. A smaller area in a grove was rather intensively exam-ined.

Some sherds (incl. recent): (1) rim dish (resembles Late Rom. C(Phoecean Red Slip) but is not typical) Late Antiquity.


Fig. SC. 43. Fiskardo, North Kephallenia, wall (with re-used antique blocks) near abri/cave, Site 346.

44 flints: drill?, three blades, two core rejuvenation-flakes, 37unworked flakes, piece of natural flint. Date: Neol.?

Site 345.Description. A few fields was rather extensively examined.

Few sherds: (1) rim Med.?, (2) two bases Med.?

Site 346.Fig. SC. 43.

Description. The area around a natural cave was rather intensivelyexamined. Very close to the cave several Worked Blocks were seen,some of these seem to be in situ and are probably ancient.

Some sherds: (1) two BG NA Cor.?One piece of stucco.

Site 347.Description. In the north-western part of Site no. 348 a smaller con-centration (about 20¿30 m) of Roman material was registrated.Also this concentration was placed on a gentle slope with a splendidview towards north (cf. Site no. 349). All finds of interest/signifi-cance collected).

Several sherds (Late Antique?): (1) seven rims (incl. gritty ware),(2) ring-foot, (3) two flat bases, (4) four handles, (5) handle amph.(6) side with vertical angular moulding.

Few tiles: (7) Lac2b low angle (end?), (8) body with low regularpattern.

Two flints: flake core, unworked flake.

Site 348.Description. The field-area placed on gentle slopes with many cis-terns and wells was generally rather intensively examined.

Except for a great amount of recent sherds and tiles, no finds.

Site 349.Description. About 50–70 m north-west of the gravel-road insouth, a very dense concentration of Roman sherds and tileswas seen, measuring about 50¿50 m. From the site there issplendid view towards Ithaka, the mainland etc. Only a sampleof finds collected.

Very many sherds (generally ‘‘Rom. red’’, Late Rom./Late An-tiquity, no Early Rom. wares): (1) BG base NA probably H, (2) BGrelief-ware (Megarian) ‘‘II’’ BC, (3) RG (originally BG?) NA H?, (4)RG (originally BG?) ring-foot, (5) RG (bad BG?) base and ring-footH (rather than Eastern Sigillata A plate form 4A Augustean), (6)two RG Rom., (7) handle of Kean or sub-Kean amph. IBC–IAD,(8) three amph. (neck (red) and two bases), (9) better coarse-warerim IV–V? AD, (10) finer wares (incl. two ring-feet and good rims)some originally with slip?, (11) many coarse and gritty wares rims

59Kephallenia

Fig. SC. 44. ‘‘Throne of Queen Fiskardo’’ (antique shrine and/or Medieval chapel), Site 351.

(often profiled) and handles (round and flat), (12) var. rifled andgrooved sides, including amph. II–III AD or later, also other orna.,(13) rim beehive, (14) three flat bases.

Several tiles: (15) two Lac2a, (16) three Lac2b (one P?), (17)Lac3a, (18) Lac3b, (19) Lac3bP.

Rom. brick (20).Fragments of Rom. transparent very light green (drinking) glass-

es (etc.?) decorated with a row of small claw-like bosses (21).

Site 350.Description. Some sections along the road toward the small bay wereextensively examined. Flint (Pal.?) was found almost everywhere,increasing heavily towards the bay, but nothing collected (cf. Siteno. 352).

Site 351 (‘‘Queen Fiskardo’s Throne’’).Fig. SC. 44. Pl. B XIX. 1.Description. The area around the rock-cut Shrine (Church?) with aninner room of about 2.7¿2.1 m, was extensively examined. (Fordescription see separate.) About 100 m west of the site Re-used An-

tique Blocks were seen. Cf. L64.Many sherds: (1) rim and broad handle Med.?Few tiles: (2) Lac4?

Site 352 (Fiskardo).Fig. SC. 45. Pl. B XIX. 2 to Pl. B XX. 2.Description. Most of the peninsula was rather extensively examinedto delimit the flint concentrations. It turned out to be difficult todefine the western limits of the activity-area, however. In themiddle of the peninsula is a Late Roman or, rather, Late AntiquityBasilica (cathedral) (V–VI cent.?). (For description and map see sep-arate.) Cf. L64.

Few sherds: (1) rim dish Late Rom. C (Phoecean Red Slip) form3 (Early) V AD, (2) var. grooved Rom.

Many tiles: (3) Lac2a, (4) two Lac2b, (5) two Lac3a, (6) threeLac3b (one corner), (7) two Lac3bP, (8) four thin Lac3bP (onerounded).

36 flints (only a small sample collected): two burins on blades,six blades (three retou.), two retou. and pointed blades, two? coresfor flakes, six retou. flakes, 17 unworked flakes, piece of naturalflint. Date: probably Middle and/or Late Pal.

Fig. SC. 46 (folded map). Map of the surveyed sites and units onnorthern, central, eastern and southern Kephallenia.


Fig. SC. 45. The northern tip of the Erissos peninsula, the island of Ithaka to the right. The area is a seal-breeding ground and holds MiddlePalaeolithic sites, a basilica from Late Antiquity, recent structures, etc. (Site 352).

Site 353 (Fiskardo).Description. In the dumps from the excavation of a Roman Cementry

(i.a., highly decorated relief sarcophagi with parallels in Nicopolis)on the very slope towards the sea a sample of finds were collected.On the terrace of the nearby hotel is a sarcophagus, coarse andunfinished. Cf. L64.

Some sherds: (1) RG Rom., (2) RG (non-orange) Rom. red slip,(3) rim Rom., (4) var. fine grooved Rom.

Some tiles: (5) Lac2a, (6) Lac2bP, (7) Lac3a, (8) Lac3a and 3b,(9) two Lac3bP.

Rom. brick (or tile Lac3a) (10).

Site 354.Description. From the point of Site no. 353 a rather extensively sur-vey was carried out in western direction following some old pathsand partly covering the area of Site no. 351.

One sherd: (1) rim Late Rom. C (Phoecean Red Slip) dish V–VI AD.

Site 355 (Fiskardo).Description. On a small gravel-road leading from the recent harbour-area, a single sherd was collected.

One sherd: (1) RG (orange?) H.

Site 356.Description. A section along the main-road was rather extensivelyexamined.

Very many finds (Roman material), but only two sherds col-lected: (1) RG (Pompeian red) Early Rom., (2) handle lamp EarlyRom.

Site 357.Description. A smaller area along the road about 100 m towardssouth-west was rather extensively examined.

Several sherds: (1) three RG rims Late Rom. form 3 dish V–VIAD (both V and VI), (2) two RG plates, (3) two ripped ware, (4)rim cooking-vessel Rom.

Few tiles: (5) Lac3b rounded, (6) four Lac3b with moulding onreverse (three rounded).

CATALOGUE GROUP II

KEPHALLENIA. THE LITHICS

CATALOGUE A

THE LITHIC SMALL FINDS IN DETAIL

Cf. Fig. LC. 1 for distributions of selected artefacts atthe various sites.

Site 1.Number: 2 pcs.Weight: 11 g.Height above sea level: 120–140 m.Contents: 1 flake, 1 retouched flake.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 3.Number: 6 pcs.Weight: 39 g.Height above sea level: 0–20 m.Contents: 1 flake, 2 retouched flakes, 2 incomplete blades, 1 di-hedral burin on flake.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 5.Number: 1 pc.Weight: 20 g.Height above sea level: 20–40 m.Contents: 1 flake.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 6.Number: 8 pcs.Weight: 142 gHeight above sea level: 0–20 m.Contents: 5 flakes, 1 notched flake, 1 incomplete blade, 1 possiblehammer stone (94 g).Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 9.Number: 14 pcs.π5 fossilized shells.Weight: 320 gHeight above sea level: 80–100 mContents: 7 flakes, 4 retouched and/or notched flakes, 1 large, coarseflake (135 g), 1 incomplete notched blade, 1 pc. of natural flint.Date: Possibly Middle Palaeolithic. The date is based on a generalestimate of the technique and the presence of the nearby MiddlePalaeolithic Site no. 25Comment: None.

Site 12.Number: 10 pcs.Weight: 23 g.Height above sea level: 20–40 m.Contents: 4 flakes, 1 fragmented and 2 incomplete blades, 1 frag-ment of micro blade, 1 incomplete blade, 1 core for micro blades.Date: Possibly Late Neolithic.Comment: This site is ambiguous as it was never quite establishedwhere the lithic was collected. It comes from either the long stretchof survey towards Skala township, or from Site 13: 2–3 itself.

Site 12.Number: 1 pc. of obsidian.Weight: 2 g.Height above sea level: 20–40 m.Contents: 1 flake.Date: Possibly Late Neolithic.Comment: See comment above. The author joined the survey her-self and has a recollection of having found the obsidian somewherealong the survey line but this is indeed very uncertain.

Site 13:2–3. Non-obsidians.Number: 519 pcs.Weight: 5145 g.Height above sea level: 40 m.


Fig. LC. 1. Diagram showing the incidence/percentages of flakes, blades, retouched pieces, burins, cores and various obsidians at each ofthe archaeological sites and units mentioned in Catalogue A.

% of total number flint Site 9 Site 13:2–3 Site 14 Site 15 Site 16 Site 25 Site 33 Site 53 Site 85 Site 169 Site 173

Flakes 54% 72% 50% 92% 56% 50% 33% 80% 42% 73% 53%Retouched/notched flakes 31% 2% 20% 8% 12% 12% 23% 4% 6% 5% 6%Blades 13% 30% 8% 5% 10% 4% 24% 15% 6%Retouched/notched blades 8% 1% 8% 10% 9% 2% 2% 2% 12%Scrapers 1% 5% 8% 4%Burins 1% 8% 7% 5% 2% 2%Piercers/borers 1% 2% 5%Cores 5% 8% 5% 1% 2% 10% 3%Core renuvenation flakes 2% 1% 4% 18%Arrows, points, sickles 3% 4% 2% 6%Pieces with flat retouchOther 8% 2% 5% 1% 4% 2%Obsidian (of total number lithics) 12% 10%

Total number (ªnatural flint) 13 576 (509*) 10 12 25 42 77 50 (45*) 50 60 17

% of total number flint Site 176:1–5 Site 179 Site 181 Site 225 Site 236 Site 238 Site 241 Site 275:8 Site 344 Site 352

Flakes 62% 46% 70% 45% 59% 52% 52% 44% 86% 47%Retouched/notched flakes 2% 13% 16% 2% 14% 12% 6% 2% 15%Blades 13% 31% 9% 10% 20% 5% 9% 22% 7% 6%Retouched/notched blades 3% 15% 11% 11% 12% 17% 18%Scrapers 1% 8% 5% 10% 3% 6%Burins 2% 2% 14% 3% 6%Piercers/borers 1% 3%Cores 2% 9% 2% 4% 5% 3% 3%Core renuvenation flakes 3% 2% 2% 3% 5%Arrows, points, sickles 2%Pieces with flat retouch 1% 2% 6%Other 11% 2% 3% 6%Obsidian (of total number lithics)

Total number (ªnatural flint) 328 26 23 134 46 21 33 18 43 34

*The number of lithics not including obsidian.

Contents: 140 primary and secondary flakes, 231 tertiary flakes, 2large flakes, 5 notched flakes, 10 complete and 63 incompleteblades, 6 retouched flakes (3 complete, 4 incomplete), 1 incompleteserrated blade, 1 scraper on blade and 4 scrapers on flakes, 1 re-touched point or scraper, 1 dihedral burin on flake, 2 burins onbreak or natural surface on a flake and a blade respectively, 1piercer (?) on blade, 1 small triangular piercer on flake and 2piercers/drills on flakes, 8 rejuvenation flakes, 1 crested flake, 1large fragment from blade core, 24 cores with trapezoid or poly-gonal cross-section, 3 core rejuvenation flakes, 1 retouched slug onblade, 2 pebble tools, 1 ‘‘chopper-like’’ piece, 1 hand axe, 4 re-touched pieces of non-descript type, 9 pcs. of natural flint.Date: Middle Palaeolithic, Late and Final Neolithic and EarlyBronze Age.Comment: This site contains flint collected from the entire areaand it has for that reason a broad date. Apart from diagnostic types

it was not attempted to distinguish between the flints from eitherperiod due to insufficient time.It should be mentioned though, that most of the flint from theNeolithic and Bronze Age is made from the same raw material –a fine-grained and dull flint of good quality and patinating in awhite and light yellowish colour. But for a few exceptions it is thegeneral impression that the same raw material was preferred andused.Furthermore most of the pieces have been polished and the facetsslightly smoothed by the wind and the sandy soil.

Site 13:2–3. Obsidians.Number: 67 pcs. obsidian.Weight: 62 g.Height above sea level: 40 m.Contents: 31 flakes (3 with cortex), 6 small chips, 2 retouched

63Kephallenia

flakes, 1 oval piece with flat-flaking, 3 blade cores, 2 retouchedblades, 16 blades, 1 burin, 5 rejuvenation flakes.Date: Early Bronze Age.Comment: The majority of the obsidian was collected in the bar-ren, sandy area around the geodetic point. However, in 1995 a fewpieces were found southwest and north-northwest of this area.

Site 14.Number: 10 pcs.Weight: 71 g.Height above sea level: 20 m.Contents: 4 flakes, 1 chip, 1 retouched flake, 1 scraper on flake, 1incomplete and 2 complete blades.Date: Uncertain date.Comment: None.

Site 15.Number: 12 pcs.Weight: 437 g.Height above sea level: 40 m.Contents: 10 flakes, 1 large flake, 1 chopper-like piece.Date: Possibly the Middle Palaeolithic.Comment: The lithics were collected by two survey members nextto a man-made ditch or drain and had obviously come up with thefilling, as earth was still adhering to them. The find spot is close toSite 13: 2–3 and in 1995 an attempt was made to locate the exactspot but without result.

Site 16.Number: 25 pcs.Weight: 314 g.Height above sea level: 0–20 m.Contents: 14 flakes, 3 retouched and/or notched flakes, 1 completeretouched blade, 1 incomplete notched blade, 2 incomplete blades,1 burin on break on blade, 1 dihedral burin on flake, 1 possibleflake core, 1 fragment of blade core.Date: Uncertain. Possibly both the Middle Palaeolithic and theNeolithic is represented.Comment: Collected in an area of c. 500¿300 m at the southerntip of Mounta.

Site 17.Number: 9 pcs.Weight: 60 gHeight above sea level: 120–140 m.Contents: 5 flakes, 2 incomplete notched blades, 1 incomplete bla-de, 1 incomplete micro blade.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 18.Number: 2 pcs.Weight: 11 gHeight above sea level: 140–160 m.Contents: 1 flake, 1 incomplete notched blade.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 19.Number: 13 pcs.Weight: 150 g.Height above sea level: 160–180 m.Contents: 3 retouched flakes, 1 possible rejuvenation flake, 2 in-complete blades (1 is retouched), 1 notched blade, 1 small scraperon blade, 1 tip from a possible piercer, 1 burin on incompleteblade, 1 burin on retouched flake, 1 complete and 1 incompleteleaf shaped point.Date: Not datable.Comment: Though all the pieces but one are retouched or notchedthis unit is problematic as the lithic material was collected on along stretch of app. 6 km on a survey. It is not possible to date anyof the pieces. On a survey in 1996 is was attempted to locate someof the concentrations but the area being burnt down at the time ofthe survey in 1992, was now overgrown and intensely cultivatedand hardly any flint was noted.


Site 21.Number: 3 pcs.Weight: 10 g.Height above sea level: 140–160 m.Contents: 1 complete and 2 incomplete blades.Date: Possibly Neolithic.Comment: None.

Site 22.Number: 9 pcs.Weight: 42 g.Height above sea level: 120–140 m.Contents: 4 flakes, 1 incomplete retouched blade, 1 blade, 1 com-plete and 1 incomplete micro blade, 1 core for micro blades.Date: Neolithic.Comment: The retouched blade is made of honey flint, a raw ma-terial not local to the island.

Site 25.Number: 52 pcs.Weight: 995 gHeight above sea level: 60 m.Contents: 21 flakes, 5 retouched flakes, 1 rhomboid retouchedflake, 2 burins on natural surface and 1 dihedral burin (all onflakes), 1 distal end of a serrated blade, 1 triangular point on re-touched blade, 1 broad retouched blade, 3 blades, 2 scrapers onflake, 1 piercer or scraper on flake, 1 triangular retouched tool onflake, 2 flake cores, 10 pcs. of natural flint.Date: Middle Palaeolithic?Comment: The sample from 1992 contains 10 pcs. of natural flint


collected on several occasions by the survey teams. The low hill waspartly very overgrown at the various visits and the low frequency oftools reflects the complication caused by vegetation.

Site 26.Number: 9 pcs.Weight: 91 g.Height above sea level: 20 m.Contents: 3 flakes, 1 possible burin on flake, 1 piercer or scraper,1 incomplete blade, 1 flake core, 1 rejuvenation flake, 1 sand stone.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 28.Number: 3 pcs.Weight: 17 g.Height above sea level: 0–20 m.Contents: 3 incomplete blades.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 32.Number: 1 pc.Weight: 12 g.Height above sea level: 200–240 m.Contents: 1 retouched flake (possible piercer/ drill).Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 33.Number: 77 pcs.Weight: 1290 g.Height above sea level: 80 m.Contents: 25 flakes, 17 retouched and/or notched flakes, 15 com-plete or incomplete blades (2 notched and 2 retouched), 1 roundscraper, 5 scrapers on flakes, 1 macro burin on natural surface onlarge flake, 3 burins (1 on retouched flake, 2 on retouched blades),1 rhomboid tool (drill or piercer?), 1 piercer on flint pebble, 2 drillson flakes, 1 flake core, 1 rejuvenation flake, 1 triangular retouchedpoint, 1 point, 1 broad, rhomboid and retouched flake, 1 flake withpossible secondary working.Date: Middle Palaeolithic.Comment: The site was not revisited in 1996 but a terrace about200 m due north was surveyed and a good deal of worked andunworked flint was noted. See Catalogue B, Appendix 3 below. fora comment on the survey.

Site 34.Number: 18 pcs.Weight: 251 g.Height above sea level: 520 m.Contents: 12 flakes, 1 retouched flake, 3 complete and 2 incompleteblades.Date: Uncertain date.Comment: None.

Site 35.Number: 3 pcs.Weight: 47 g.Height above sea level: 580–600 m.Contents: 2 flakes, 1 possible burin on incomplete retouched blade.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 42.Number: 3 pcs.Weight: 16 g.Height above sea level: 180 m.Contents: 3 flakes.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 43.Number: 1 pc.Weight: 1 gHeight above sea level: 180–220 mContents: 1 blade.Date: Not datable.Comment: None

Site 53. Non-obsidian lithics.Number: 45 pcs.Weight: 755 g.Height above sea level: 0–20 m.Contents: 35 flakes, 1 large flake, 1 worked flint pebble and 1 largenaturally split flint pebble, 2 retouched flakes, 1 burin on flake, 3incomplete blades, 1 fragmented core for flakes and blades.Date: The lithic material from this site is dichotomic as some partis from the later part of the Neolithic and/or the early part of theBronze Age (the core for flakes and blades, the obsidian) and an-other part possibly belong in the Palaeolithic (the worked flintpebble, some of the coarse flakes).Comment: Possibly this site is identical with the one spotted byCubuk, or at least close to it. It does not quite fit his descriptionsthough, and in 1996 it was attempted to locate the site from theinformation and map given by Cubuk (1976 a). Though workedflint was found on a terrace that may fit the description none of itseems to be of such an old age as stated (see Catalogue B, Appendix3 below for comment).

Site 53. Obsidians.Number: 5 pcs. obsidian.Weight: 11 g.Height above sea level: 0–20 m.Contents: 1 flake, 1 retouched flake, 1 rejuvenation flake, 1 incom-plete blade, 1 slightly worked lump.Date: Probably Late Neolithic and/or Early Bronze Age.Comment: All the pieces were found in the vicinity of the Archaictemple where a parking space has been made, and so the possibilityof the obsidian having been conveyed to the site exists.

65Kephallenia

Site 60.Number: 3 pcs.Weight: 16 g.Height above sea level: 100–200 m.Contents: 2 flakes, 1 incomplete blade.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.


Site 67.Number: 1 pc.Weight: 50 g.Height above sea level: 300 m.Contents: 1 scraper on flake.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 69.Number: 1 pc.Weight: 23 g.Height above sea level: 480–500 m.Contents: 1 notched flake.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 70:17.Number: 3 pcs.Weight: 14 gHeight above sea level: 500–570 m.Contents: 1 flake, 1 notched flake, 1 incomplete retouched blade.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 70:20.Number: 4 pcs.Weight: 56 g.Height above sea level: 500–570 m.Contents: 1 flake, 2 flakes or incomplete blades, 1 flake re-used asflake core.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 77.Number: 1 pc.Weight: 11 g.Height above sea level: 360–400 m.Contents: 1 scraper on flake.Date: Possibly Neolithic.Comment: None.


Site 85.Number: 50 pcs.Weight: 450 g.Height above sea level: 420–440 m.Contents: 21 flakes, 3 retouched and/or notched flakes, 11 incom-plete blades, 1 complete retouched blade, 1 backed blade (unfin-ished point?), 1 sickle on blade, 2 scrapers on flakes, 1 burin onflake, 2 flake cores, 1 blade core, 2 flake- and blade cores, 2 reju-venation flakes, 1 triangular point with bifacial flat-flaking, 1 tri-angular tool with flat-flaking of unknown function.Date: The Neolithic and Early Bronze Age.Comment: The flint is secondarily burned.

Site 92.Number: 1 pc.Weight: 15 g.Height above sea level: 150 m.Contents: 1 incomplete, very regular blade.Date: Probably Neolithic.Comment: None.


Site 111.Number: 1 pc.Weight: 8 g.Height above sea level: 140 m.Contents: 1 notched flake.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 118.Number: 4 pcs.Weight: 43 g.Height above sea level: 60–240 mContents: 2 flakes, 1 retouched flake, 1 complete blade.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 119.Number: 1 pc.Weight: 5 g.


Height above sea level: 100–200 m.Contents: 1 flake.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 120.Number: 5 pcs.Weight: 23 g.Height above sea level: 100–200 m.Contents: 3 flakes, 1 incomplete micro blade, 1 incomplete blade.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 123.Number: 1 pc.Weight: 12 gHeight above sea level: 100–260 m.Contents: 1 flake.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 124.Number: 1 pc.Weight: 5 gHeight above sea level: 140–260 m.Contents: 1 incomplete blade.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 127.Number: 3 pcs.Weight: 6 gHeight above sea level: 200–300 m.Contents: 2 flakes, 1 incomplete blade.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 130.Number: 1 pc.Weight: 2 g.Height above sea level: 280 m.Contents: 1 blade.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 131.Number: 5 pcs.Weight: 75 gHeight above sea level: 340 m.Contents: 4 flakes, 1 notched flake.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 142.Number: 3 pcs.Weight: 24 g.

Height above sea level: 140–160 m.Contents: 2 flakes, 1 possible rejuvenation flake.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 148.Number: 5 pcs.Weight: 131 g.Height above sea level: 40–80 m.Contents: 3 flakes, 1 flake core, 1 rejuvenation flake.Date: Possibly Neolithic.Comment: None.

Site 150.Number: 3 pcs.Weight: 18 g.Height above sea level: 260 m.Contents: 2 flakes, 1 flake core.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 151.Number: 14 pcs.Weight: 103 g.Height above sea level: 260 m.Contents: 11 flakes, 1 retouched flake, 1 possible rejuvenation flake,1 core for micro blades.Date: Possibly Neolithic.Comment: None.

Site 152.Number: 5 pcs.Weight: 30 g.Height above sea level: 140 m.Contents: 3 flakes, 2 complete blades.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 154:1Number: 6 pcs.Weight: 22 g.Height above sea level: 160–200 m.Contents: 3 flakes, 1 complete retouched and notched blade, 2incomplete blades.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 156.Number: 20 pcs.Weight: 146 g.Height above sea level: 100 m.Contents: 16 flakes, 1 polygonal flake core, 2 complete blades and1 incomplete blade.Date: Possibly Neolithic.Comment: None.

67Kephallenia

Site 167.Number: 1 pc.Weight: 4 g.Height above sea level: 60–100 mContents: 1 flake.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 168.Number: 1 pc.Weight: 18 g.Height above sea level: 100 mContents: 1 scraper on flake.Date: Possibly Neolithic.Comment: The flint is heavily patinated and almost chalky.

Site 169.Number: 61 pcs.Weight: 214 g.Height above sea level: 60–80 m.Contents: 45 flakes, 2 retouched flakes, 1 core, 1 core for microblades, 8 incomplete blades (1 is retouched), 1 complete and 1incomplete blade, 1 point, 1 pc. of natural flint.Date: Late Neolithic.Comment: The flint is rather patinated.

Site 171:1.Number: 3 pcs.Weight: 15 g.Height above sea level: 20–40 m.Contents: 1 flake, 1 retouched and notched flake, 1 incompleteblade.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 173.Number: 17 pcs.Weight: 126 g.Height above sea level: 60–100 m.Contents: 9 flakes, 1 retouched flake, 2 rejuvenation flakes and1 possible, 1 incomplete retouched blade, 1 incomplete blade, 1retouched micro blade, 1 lanceolate point with flat-flaking, somefossilized oyster shells (weight 201 g).Date: Late Neolithic.Comment: None.

Site 174.Number: 2 pcs.Weight: 11 g.Height above sea level: 20–60 m.Contents: 2 flakes.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 176:1.Number: 16 pcs.

Weight: 26 g.Height above sea level: 100–140 m.Contents: 10 flakes, 2 retouched flakes, 1 unfinished arrow, 1 frag-mented blade, 1 micro blade, 1 rejuvenation flake.Date: Late Neolithic.Comment: This site number and the following four numbers orig-inally represent one site but with four concentrations of flint and onegeneral sample that tend to blend. Since the researcher was not pres-ent at the initial survey in 1992 it has not been merged and it is notpossible to say which is the concentration and which is the generalsample. The site was visited again in 1994 and it was noted that flintwas evenly distributed on the rocky surface (176:1–5).

Site 176:2.Number: 203 pcs.Weight: 403 g.Height above sea level: 100–140 m.Contents: 126 flakes, 3 retouched flakes, 3 flake cores, 2 cores formicro blades, 2 rejuvenation flakes, 17 incomplete blades, 4 incom-plete notched and/or retouched blades, 7 micro blades (1 withretouch), 1 tool with bifacial flat flaking, 2 incomplete points (fromdrills or piercers) with flat-flaking, 36 pcs. of non-descript debitageand natural flint.Date: Late Neolithic.Comment: See comment for no. 176:1.

Site 176:3.Number: 35 pcs.Weight: 139 g.Height above sea level: 100–140 m.Contents: 22 flakes, 1 retouched flake, 1 scraper on flake, 1 pointfrom piercer, 1 complete and 1 incomplete flake core, 1 rejuven-ation flake, 1 complete and 4 incomplete blades, 2 micro blades.Date: Late Neolithic.Comment: See comment for no. 176:1.

Site 176:4.Number: 15 pcs.Weight: 95 g.Height above sea level: 100–140 m.Contents: 10 flakes, 1 rejuvenation flake with two notches, 1scraper on flake, 3 incomplete blades (1 is retouched).Date: Late Neolithic.Comment: See comment for no. 176:1.

Site 176:5.Number: 54 pcs.Weight: 141 g.Height above sea level: 100–140 m.Contents: 39 flakes, 1 triangular retouched point (drill?), 9 incom-plete blades, 5 rejuvenation flakes.Date: Late Neolithic.Comment: See comment for no. 176:1.

Site 176:1–5.Number: 5 pcs.


Weight: 53 g.Height above sea level: 100–140 m.Contents: 3 incomplete blades, 1 oval scraper, 1 rejuvenation flake.Date: Late Neolithic.Comment: This sample was collected during the 1994 visit andcannot be ascribed to a particular concentration (see comment forno. 176: 1).

Site 179.Number: 26 pcs.Weight: 144 g.Height above sea level: 140–180 m.Contents: 12 flakes, 1 retouched flake, 2 complete blades, 9 incom-plete blades (1 is retouched), 2 scrapers on flakes.Date: Late Neolithic.Comment: None.

Site 181.Number: 26 pcs.Weight: 209 g.Height above sea level: 80–100 m.Contents: 17 flakes, 2 retouched and/or notched flakes, 2 incom-plete blades, 2 flake cores, 3 pcs. of natural flint.Date: There are only few retouched pieces in the sample and nodiagnostic traits, but through the general resemblance to the LateNeolithic material from Sites 169, 173, and 176: 1–5 and its associ-ation with the Proto-Helladic house (see below) it should be placedin the latest part of the Late Neolithic.Comment: The lithic material was collected from the surfacearound the excavation of a Proto-Helladic house in 1993. The flintis heavily patinated.

Site 183.Number: 7 pcs.Weight: 48 gHeight above sea level: 200–270 mContents: 4 flakes, 1 possible flake core, 2 pcs. of natural flint.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.


Site 190–191.Number: 1 pc.Weight: 3 g.Height above sea level: 20 m.Contents: 1 blade.Date: Not datable.Comment: The blade cannot be ascribed to either Site no.

Site 190.Number: 14 pcs.Weight: 90 g.Height above sea level: 20 m.Contents: 9 flakes, 1 retouched flake, 2 incomplete blades, 1 reju-venation flake, 1 scraper on flake.Date: Probably Neolithic.Comment: None.

Site 191.Number: 5 pcs.Weight: 164 g.Height above sea level: 20 m.Contents: 3 flakes, 1 retouched flake, 1 scraper on flake.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 210.Number: 16 pcs.Weight: Ca. 75 gHeight above sea level: 280–300 m.Contents: 11 flakes, 3 retouched flakes, 1 complete blade, 1multiple burin on large fragmented piece with flat-flaking.Date: Neolithic or Bronze Age.Comment: The sample from 1994 (3 pcs.) was, for some reason,not weighed causing the inaccurate indication of weight. Thesample from 1993 weighs 66 g.

Site 212.Number: 12 pcs.Weight: 8 g.Height above sea level: 300–320 m.Contents: 7 flakes, 2 retouched flakes, 1 complete blade, 1 core formicro blades, 1 pc. of natural flint.Date: Not datable.Comment: None


Site 219.Number: 17 pcs.Weight: 118 g.Height above sea level: 400 m.Contents: 13 flakes, 1 complete and 2 incomplete blades, 1 poly-gonal core for micro flakes.Date: Possibly Neolithic.Comment: The flint is heavily patinated.

Site 220.Number: 4 pcs.

69Kephallenia

Weight: 21 g.Height above sea level: 280–400 m.Contents: 3 flakes, 1 incomplete retouched blade.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 221.Number: 3 pcs.Weight: 20 g.Height above sea level: 280–400 m.Contents: 1 flake, 1 incomplete blade, 1 possible core.Date: Not datable.Comment: None

Site 223:1–2.Number: 2 pcs.Weight: 41 gHeight above sea level: 80 m.Contents: 2 flakes.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 225.Number: 141 pcs.Weight: 4102 g.Height above sea level: 100–120 m.Contents: 56 flakes – of these two very large flakes with cortex arefrom the primary working of a nodule, 2 large circular flakes, 25retouched and/or notched flakes, 1 thin fragment from blade core,2 burins on natural surface on flakes, 1 burin on large retouchedflake, 1 curved point, 1 tool on blade with alternating retouch, 3scrapers on flakes, 1 drill on flake, 2 possible piercers/ drills onflakes, 21 complete and 9 incomplete blades, 2 flakes with flat-flaking, 1 triangular point, 1 flake core, 1 rejuvenation flake, 1flint nodule and 1 large flake with secondary working of undefinedfunction, 6 pcs. of natural flint.Date: Varying periods. Probably both the Middle Palaeolithic andthe Neolithic and possibly the Bronze Age are represented.Comment: Three of the flakes collected in 1994 are from theprimary working of a very large flint nodule. One of them wasnotched and re-used. During the 1996 visit a large, thick flake(15 cm in length) had been re-used as a discoid core, but theywere all discarded on the site. In other words all stages offlintworking are present but only few finished tools, and it seemsthat the site has rendered raw material through varying periodsof the Prehistory.

Site 226.Number: 7 pcs.Weight: 173 g.Height above sea level: 80 m.Contents: 4 flakes, 1 retouched flake, 1 complete blade, 1 pc. ofnatural flint.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 227.Number: 5 pcs.Weight: 59 g.Height above sea level: 100 m.Contents: 5 flakes.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 228.Number: 15 pcs.Weight: 313 g.Height above sea level: 60–120 m.Contents: 9 flakes, 1 retouched flake, 1 retouched and notchedflake, 2 complete blades (1 is retouched), 1 flake core, 1 hammerstone.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 232.Number: 6 pcs.Weight: 88 g.Height above sea level: 40–60 mContents: 6 flakes.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 234.Number: 4 pcs.Weight: 104 g.Height above sea level: 40–60 m.Contents: 1 flake, 1 incomplete drill on flake, 1 oval scraper, 1incomplete blade.Date: Not datable – possibly Middle Palaeolithic.Comment: The date is based on other finds in the area more thanhard evidence.

Site 235.Number: 3 pcs.Weight: 7 g.Height above sea level: 40–60 mContents: 3 flakes.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 236.Number: 48 pcs.Weight: 203 g.Height above sea level: 40–60 m.Contents: 27 flakes, 1 retouched flake, 1 burin on natural surfaceon flake, 11 incomplete blades (4 are retouched and/or notched),3 complete micro blades, 1 amorphous flake core, 1 blade core, 1rejuvenation flake, 2 pcs. of natural flint.Date: Probably Late or Final Neolithic.Comment: None.


Site 237.Number: 10 pcs.Weight: 92 g.Height above sea level: 40–60 m.Contents: 8 flakes, 1 incomplete blade, 1 pc. of natural flint.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 238.Number: 22 pcs.Weight: 92 g.Height above sea level: 40–60 m.Contents: 11 flakesπ1 small chip, 2 retouched flakes, 1 notchedflake, 2 burins on break on flakes, 1 burin on retouched blade, 1incomplete blade, 1 small scraper on blade, 1 scraper on flake, 1core possibly re-used as scraper.Date: Final Neolithic or Bronze Age.Comment: None.

Site 241.Number: 33 pcs.Weight: 315 gHeight above sea level: 60–80 m.Contents: 16 flakes, 1 large flake, 1 notched and 3 retouched flakes,1 possible flake core, 1 rejuvenation flake, 4 complete and 2 incom-plete blades, 1 tool on truncated and notched blade, 1 scraper onblade, 1 dihedral burin, 1 micro blade.Date: Possibly Neolithic, though other periods may be represented.Comment: None.

Site 246.Number: 1 pc.Weight: 2 g.Height above sea level: 20–40 m.Contents: 1 retouched flake.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 248.Number: 1 pc.Weight: Not weighed.Height above sea level: 150–250 m.Contents: 1 flake.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 251.Number: 1 pc.Weight: Not weighed.Height above sea level: 60–80 m.Contents: 1 flake.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 252.Number: 1 pc.

Weight: 3 g.Contents: 1 flake.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 258.Number: 1 pc.Weight: 17 g.Height above sea level: 60–80 m.Contents: 1 rejuvenation flake.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 259.Number: 1 pc.Weight: 2 gHeight above sea level: 60–80 m.Contents: 1 retouched flake.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 261.Number: 11 pcs.Weight: 97 g.Height above sea level: 20–40 m.Contents: 7 flakes, 2 retouched flakes, 1 flake core, 1 pc. of naturalflint.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 263.Number: 7 pcs.Weight: 34 g.Height above sea level: 20–40 m.Contents: 4 flakes, 1 retouched flake, 2 blades.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 264.Number: 4 pcs.Weight: 95 g.Height above sea level: 200–220 m.Contents: 1 flake, 1 flake core re-used as scraper, 1 possible reju-venation flake, 1 complete retouched blade.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 265.Number: 2 pcs.Weight: 6 g.Height above sea level: 200 m.Contents: 1 incomplete blade, 1 pc. of natural flint.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

71Kephallenia

Site 267.Number: 1 pc.Weight: 21 g.Height above sea level: 260 m.Contents: 1 retouched flake.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 275:8.Number: 18 pcs.Weight: 201 g.Height above sea level: 220–240 m.Contents: 8 flakes, 2 retouched flakes, 1 triangular tool with bifacialflat-flaking, 3 complete and 4 incomplete blades (3 are retouched).Date: The piece with bifacial flat-flaking probably belongs in theLate or Final Neolithic.Comment: None.

Site 278.Number: 1 pc.Weight: 2 g.Height above sea level: 200–220 m.Contents: 1 incomplete blade.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 281:1.Number: 2 pcs.Weight: 10 g.Height above sea level: 40–60 m.Contents: 2 retouched flakes.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 300.Number: 4 pcs.Weight: 39 g.Height above sea level: 300 m.Contents: 2 flakes, 1 complete blade, 1 flake core.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 301.Number: 1 pc.Weight: 13 g.Height above sea level: 120–140 m.Contents: 1 scraper on flake.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.


Site 306.Number: 3 pcs.Weight: 52 g.Height above sea level: 40–120 m.Contents: 2 flakes, 1 pc. of natural flint.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.


Site 308:1.Number: 1 pc.Weight: 13 g.Height above sea level: 80–100 m.Contents: 1 flake.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.



Site 322:1–2.Number: 24 pcs.Weight: 284 g.Height above sea level: 80–100 m.Contents: 13 flakes, 5 retouched flakes, 1 possible core for microblades, 2 micro blades (1 is retouched, 1 is notched), 3 pcs. ofnatural flint (1 possibly worked).Date: Not datable.Comment: The lithic material was collected in the immediate vicin-ity of the Antique building (Site 322: 1–2). The flint is of a charac-teristic orange-reddish and brownish colour splitting in perpendicu-lar facets, and was found both embedded in the limestone rock andas nodules on the ground.

Site 334.Number: 4 pcs.


Weight: 17 g.Height above sea level: 80–100 m.Contents: 3 flakes, 1 retouched flake.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 337.Number: 1 pc.Weight: 2 g.Height above sea level: 260–280 m.Contents: 1 incomplete blade.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 343.Number: 1 pc.Weight: 5 g.Height above sea level: 80–100 m.Contents: 1 retouched flake.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 344.Number: 44 pcs.Weight: 140 g.Height above sea level: 140 m.Contents: 37 flakes, 1 retouched flake, 2 rejuvenation flakes, 1 com-plete and 2 incomplete blades, 1 pc. of natural flint.Date: Probably Neolithic.Comment: The date of this sample is based on the general techni-cal resemblance to the industries in the Poros Valley as it containsno diagnostic types.

Site 347.Number: 2 pcs.Weight: 47 g.Height above sea level: 160 m.Contents: 1 flake, 1 flake core.Date: Not datable.Comment: None.

Site 352.Number: 36 pcs.Weight: 621 g.Height above sea level: 0–40 m.Contents: 16 flakes, 1 large circular flake, 5 retouched flakes, 1retouched circular flake, 1 blade core, 1 possible blade core, 3 in-complete blades, 3 complete retouched blades, 2 retouched pointson blades, 2 burins on retouched blades, 1 pc. of natural flint.Date: Probably Middle Palaeolithic.Comment: The site rendered very little worked flint consideringthe very broad date given by Kavadias (1984).

73Kephallenia

CATALOGUE B

OBSIDIAN & SUPPLEMENTARY SURVEY

In the following appendices a description of the obsid-ian from Site 13:2–3 and Site 53 is given, includingmeasurements and a description of texture, retouchand technique (Appendices 1–2). In Appendix 3 theresults of the survey along the east coast is presented.The survey took place in June 1996 when it wasattempted to locate the Lower Palaeolithic site re-ported by Cubuk (1976a).

APPENDIX 1. OBSIDIAN FROM SITE 13:2–3Fig. LC. 2.(1) 1 blade core. L.: 2.0 cm. W.: 1.0 cm. Th.: 0.8 cm. Pl. A I. 3.The obsidian is dark grey with a blackish tinge and opaque with alustreless surface. Small prismatic core with four scars from thinparallel blades pressed from the proximal platform and one bladepressed from the distal end. The latter is irregular and non-paralleland has destroyed the platform. The proximal plat-form is facettedand has a slight trimming along the edge. The cross-section is poly-gonal. The core is spent.

(2) 1 blade core. L.: 2.9 cm. W.: 1.5 cm. Th.: 0.7 cm. Pl. A I. 1.The obsidian is black and opaque with a lustreless surface. Weatherhas worn it down and smoothed the facets to some extent. In recentfractures it appears fresh and shiny. Incomplete as it has been splitlengthwise in prehistoric time. The core is prismatic and slightlyconical with six scars from parallel blades. The platform is facettedand has a trimming along the edge. A recent fracture on the leftside. The core is not completely spent, and could have produced afew more blades had it not been split. Pressure technique.

(3) 1 blade core. L.: 2.2 cm. W.: 0.7 cm. Th.: 0.6 cm. Pl. A I. 2.The obsidian is dark grey striated in black. It is opaque and witha lustreless surface due to weathering, which also has smoothed thefacets to some extent. The distal end of a prismatic core with fivescars from parallel blades. The core is broken in ancient time andwas originally somewhat longer. Judging from the thickness though,the core is spent.

(4) 1 retouched flake. L.: 2.2 cm. W.: 1.4 cm. Th.: 0.4 cm.The obsidian is dark grey and opaque with a lustreless surfaceexcept for the retouched edge, where it appears darker and shiny.Incomplete as the bulb is missing. A thin, almost rectangular smallflake with flat dorsal side with two flake scars and distinct rippleson ventral surface. Along one edge and half the distal end anabrupt normal, scaly retouch.

(5) 1 retouched flake. L.: 1.1 cm. W.: 1.8 cm. Th.: 0.4 cm. Pl. AI. 11.The obsidian is dark grey and opaque with a lustreless surfaceexcept for the retouched edge, where it appears darker and shiny.

Thin, small triangular flake with bulbar scar. Small rhomboid plat-form. Along one edge a fine sub-parallel reverse retouch.

(6) 1 oval piece. L.: 2.2 cm. W.: 1.7 cm. Th.: 0.6 cm. Pl. A I. 10.The obsidian is dark grey and translucent at the edges, but other-wise opaque. The surface has a dark grey or blackish lustre andappears fresh and shiny though some parts are lustreless due toweathering. Complete oval piece with bifacial irregular flat retouchcovering both surfaces completely. The cross-section is lense-shaped.

(7) 1 possible burin. L.: 2.8 cm. W.: 1.8 cm. Th.: 0.8 cm. Pl. AI. 8.The obsidian is dark grey with a blackish tinge and with a lustrelesssurface due to weathering. Although the material is not translucentit is clearly striated in grey and black. Possible burin on broad,rectangular flake from primary working. On the dorsal side a thincortex. The spall has been removed from the left edge with a blowon the proximal end. As there is no true working edge the piecemight have been split by natural causes.

(8) 1 retouched blade. L.: 3.6 cm. W.: 1.2 cm. Th.: 0.4 cm. Pl.A I. 7.The obsidian is dark grey with a blackish tinge. Opaque andweatherworn with a lustreless surface, except for recent fractureswhere it appears dark and shiny. Almost complete blade with paral-lel margins and facetted dorsal side. The platform is rhomboid andthe cross-section trapezoid. Along both edges a regular scaly re-touch. On the right edge a more recent parallel retouch that ap-pears fresh and shiny.

Fig. LC. 2. Site 12:2–3. Obsidian blade dimensions (in cms).

WIDTH THICKNESS PLATFORM LENGTH

0.7 0.2 0.31.2 0.4 0.61.0 0.3 less than 0.50.8 0.3 –1.1 0.3 less than 0.91.2 0.3 less than 0.70.8 0.2 –1.0 0.3 –1.2 0.3 0.60.7 0.2 –1.0 0.4 0.31.5 0.4 0.71.2 0.3 0.90.5 0.1 0.30.6 0.2 –0.9 0.2 –

Mean width: 1.03 cm; Mean thickness: 0.34 cm.


Fig. LC. 3. The plateau just north of Site 33 that rendered flint in worked and natural condition, and possibly identical with the find spotwith a pebble industry recorded by Cubuk in 1976.

(9) 1 retouched blade. L.: 3.3 cm. W.: 1.7 cm. Th.: 0.7 cm.The obsidian is black and opaque with a lustreless surface due toweathering. Almost complete blade with curving edges and straightdorsal arrises. The cross-section is triangular. The platform meas-ures 0.4 cm in length and is triangular. The distal end is broken inancient time. Along the left edge an inverse parallel retouch.

(10–25) 16 unretouched blades.(26) 1 crested flake. Pl. A I. 9.(27–30) 4 flakes from blade production.(31–61) 31 small flakes from secondary and tertiary working.(62–67) 6 small chips and spalls.

APPENDIX 2. OBSIDIAN FROM SITE 53(1) 1 blade. L.: 1.8 cm. W.: 1.1 cm. Th.: 0.35.The obsidian is dark grey and opaque with a lustreless surfaceexcept for the retouched edges where it appears fresh and shiny.Incomplete. The proximal part of a blade with bulbar scar. It hasparallel sides, two straight dorsal arrises and trapezoid cross-sec-tion. The platform is measuring 0.3 cm in length and has beencarefully prepared. Along the margins an irregular and discontinu-ous retouch and some modern fractures.

(2) A core rejuvenation flake. L.: 2.9 cm. W.: 1.5 cm. Th.: 0.9cm. Pl. A IV. 10.

The obsidian is dark grey and opaque with a lustreless surface.Along the edges several small fractures which appear fresh andshiny. Complete core rejuvenation flake with triangular cross sec-tion. The flake is S-shaped, very thick and with facetted dorsal sideand a pronounced bulb with a small scar. The platform is long andtriangular. Along one edge an irregular scaly and normal retouch.

(3) A worked lump. L.: 2.4 cm. W.: 1.8 cm. Th.: 0.9 cm. Pl. AIV. 9.The obsidian is dark grey and opaque. The surface retains cortexand is lustre-less except for the retouched edges, which appearshiny. Small, thick rectangular lump with oval cross section. Cortexon both faces. The lump is worked on both faces with irregularinvasive retouch creating a notch on one edge. Though the retouchhas reduced the original size, the lump still seems too small foreffective production.

(4–5) Two flakes.

APPENDIX 3. SURVEY OF THE COASTALAREA BETWEEN SITE 33 AND SITE 53Fig. LC. 3.

As mentioned, it was reported in 1976 by G.A. Cubuk that hehad found Lower and Middle Palaeolithic artefacts at two terraces

75Kephallenia

1.5 km north of Skala and seemingly very close to Site 33. In June1996 it was attempted to locate the find spot. According to thedesignations in Cubuk’s article the terraces rises rather abruptlyfrom the road and at two levels, about 100 and 450 m from thesea, the artefacts were found at altitudes of 20 m and 75–85 m. Itis at a stretch where the road is running at same level as the coastand parallel to it. The topography fits these conditions for aboutone km starting approximately 700 m north of Skala. In 1996 thearea along the coast from Skala and to the Archaic temple (c. 2.5km north of the outskirts of Skala) was examined and the terracesuntil about 500 m from the coast. The find spot could not bepointed out with certainty though flint was present at some terracesboth in worked and natural condition. The natural flint was in theshape of nodules and especially as large pebbles, some naturallysplit. Still, only one terrace rendered an amount that could justify

the predicate ‘‘site’’. It is located just north of Site 33 on a plateauprojecting to the south from Vluchos (Fig. LC. 3). Furthermore itfits in with the descriptions and distances given in the article. Ona broad flat natural terrace 60–70 m above sea level several flakesand blades together with flint pebbles were recorded. None of thepieces though, seemed to be of such an early date as Lower Palaeo-lithic. It may be identical to the site recorded in 1976 and thoughthe geological conditions not quite seem to fit the descriptions, thelocation and the altitude are at least close to the find spot from1976. It is still possible that the original terraces do not exist anymore as the area has changed since 1976: the road being broad-ened and new houses have been constructed. The conclusion mustbe that the find spot cannot be identified with certainty, but that itprobably should be found in the area of one kilometre along thecoast mentioned above.

CATALOGUE GROUP III

KEPHALLENIAANDITHAKA.THESURVEYEDAND MAPPED ANCIENT GREEK STONEWALLS AND OTHER ARCHITECTURE

INTRODUCTION

BΩBuilding. BTΩBuilding-terrace. TWΩTerrace-wall (structure). PΩPolygonal. QΩQuadrangular.ReΩRectangular. TΩTrapezoid. FlΩFlat. CΩCurved. FΩFine. DFΩDemi-fine. RΩRough. DRΩDemi-rough.

Where nothing else is mentioned the measures arein metres. The term Quadrangular is used when theangles and/or sides of a block cannot be determined

as either quadratic, rectangular, or trapezoid. (Nomortar is used in the fitting, of course.)

For numbering etc., see the Catalogue of (Archae-ological) Sites and Units, and the Small Finds. Therecording of the walls was carried out by T. RolandJensen and D. Veien Christiansen (with assistants) incollaboration with A. Sotiriou. The compilation ofthe catalogue is by T. Roland & K. Randsborg.


CATALOGUE A

EASTERN KEPHALLENIA (APART FROM THE CITIES OFPRONNOI AND SAME, AND THE TOWN OF POROS)

Site 35. KAMPOULIAPl. B I. 1. Pl. D I.This small building (at 607 m) is very ruined and only the southernwall is clearly observable.Type of masonry: Unworked (?) stones with a degree of polygonicalappearance.Shape of surface: Slightly C.Dressing: DF/DR.Fitting: DR/R.Average block-size: 0.6¿0.4¿0.5.Courses/height: 2/0.6.

Site 38. ‘‘RIEMANNS TOWER’’Pl. B II. 2. Pl. D I. Fig. IX. 31.The tower, at c. 400 m, commands the southern approaches toPalaiokastro (Site 69–70). The entrance of the small square struc-ture (c. 7 by 6 m) is the eastern side of the tower (width: 1.25 m).As not many loose blocks were seen, the original height was per-haps only c. 2.5–3 m.Type of masonry: P with few L-stones.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: F.Fitting: F.Average block-size: 1.1¿0.7¿0.5 (around the entrance biggerblocks 1.1¿1.1¿0.7).Courses/height preserved: 3/1.7.

Site 42. TOWER NORTH OF OLD SKALAPl. B I. 2; Pl. B II. 1. Pl. D II.This structure, at 250 m, commands a fine view of the sea.

Wall 1.

Natural ridge of rocks, c. 1–1.5 broad. The ridge can be followedthrough the valley and up the hill North of the tower.

Wall 2.

At the highest point of the plateau, the natural ridge (Wall 1) wasreinforced by a stone-built wall.Type of Masonry: Quadrangular (probably R). On one of theblocks just south of Wall 2 (not in situ) is seen a cut to fit a swallow-tail clamp (Pl. B II. 1).Shape of surface: Slightly C. Some of the blocks seems to haveoblique furrows on the front.Dressing: Probably DF, but difficulty to see due to erosion.Fitting: Difficult to see, but on some of the blocks not in situ thesides are very nicely dressed. The fitting may therefore have beenF.

Block-size: About 1.2¿–¿0.8. Smaller block: 1¿0.7¿0.5; the dif-ferences in size are not great.Courses/height: 1/-.

Wall 3.

Line of blocks like Wall 2 except that the blocks are a little smallerand not as well-dressed. It is very uncertain if these blocks makeup an original line or are a later re-use.

Wall 4.

Double-wall consisting of two rows of rounded natural stones (per-haps slightly worked) measuring up to 0.3¿0.5 m. Only twocourses are visible, between the two rows a filling of smaller stones.It is doubtful whether the wall-line is a part of a construction con-nected with the tower or it is just a very well-built recent terrace-wall.

Wall 5.

A row of less well-dressed quadrangular blocks measuring about0.7¿?¿0.4 (it was not possible to measure the height). It could notbe decided if the blocks were in situ or had been reused in a laterterrace-wall. Still, it is likely that this is an original wall-line sincethe blocks differ in size and shape from those of the tower (i.e.,they can not be re-use from the structure).

Between Walls 2 and 3 are many blocks (one with a cut for aswallow-tail clamp) not in situ were seen, especially in the southernpart of the area. These blocks might represent the ruined part of anorthern respectively a southern wall-line indicating a four-sidedconstruction, but the construction had then certainly been highlyuneven. Another possibility is, that only the wall-line along theridge is antique (together with Wall 5) while the rest are later fea-tures.

Site 159. KASTRI/ANDREOLATAPl. B III. 1–2. Pl. D XI & D XXV.This fortress is placed on a hill (509 m) at the southern end of thehigh plain (covered with old and abandoned agricultural terraces)on the northeastern side of the Mount Ainos ridge. In front of thefortress to the north is a gorge going NE-SW. From this fortress thesimilar fortress at Site 193 (Ag. Nicolaus) is visible; the same isPalaiokastro (Site 70) to the southeast (570 m). Small ring-fort c.28 m in diametre with a 1.1 m wide entrance in SE).Wall type: Natural blocks. The wall is double, with a interior wallbuilt of smaller blocks than the exterior one. Between the two wallsa filling of smaller stones (about 0.3¿0.3–0.4).Shape of surface: The exterior front might be slightly cut to makea curved surface.Dressing: R.Fitting: R.

79Kephallenia

Average block-size: Exterior: 0.8¿0.6¿1.1; 1.7¿0.7¿1.7; 0.7¿0.7¿0.7. Interior: about 0.3–0.5¿0.2–0.4¿0.5–0.6.Courses/height: 5–6/1.7. Estimated from the heap of fallen downblocks, the original height seems to have been about 3–4 m.

Site 193. AG. NICOLAUS/TSAGARISIANOPl. B IV. 1 to Pl. B V. 1. Pl. D XIX & D XXVI.This fortress is placed at the northern end of the high plain (coveredwith old and abandoned agricultural terraces) on the northeasternside of the Mount Ainos ridge. Small ring-fort c. 20–22 m in diame-tre with a 1.75 m wide entrance in NE. From this fortress thesimilar fortress at the above Site 159 (Kastri/Androlata) is visible;the view is otherwise towards the north (although the sight of Site199 (Digaleto) is covered by a rock (603 m) near Ag. Nicolaos) and,especially, the west (the valley leading towards the pass to the plainof Omala and one of the tracks to Mount Ainos).Type of masonry: Natural blocks. The wall is double, between thetwo walls a filling of smaller rubble-stones.Shape of surface: The exterior front might be slightly cut to makea curved surface.Dressing: R.Fitting: R.Average block-size: 0.6¿0.3¿0.5.Courses/height: 3/about 1.

Site 199. DIGALETO (‘‘KASTRO TU SORDATU’’)Pl. B V. 2; Pl. B VI. 1–2; Pl. B VII. 1–2. Pl. C IV. Pl. D XX toXXII. Fig. IX. 2.The site and its structures are at almost 500 m and commands a finewiew over the valley at Same as well as the northern part of theplain to the northeast of the Mount Ainos ridge. The main wallsystem (NW-SE 45 m, NE-SW c. 30 m) of large coarse blocks isalmost as complete as indicated in Partsch’s sketch (Partsch 1890,74), only the north-eastern stretch is missing. In the south-westthree minor probably antique walls, not in Partch, are at rightangles to the main wall. Also a stretch of wall parallel to the latteris seen. The many blocks on the western slope probably originatefrom the main wall system. Of Partsch’s outer wall very little is tobe seen. In the middle of the fortress are a rock-cut cistern and aHellenistic tholos structure.

South-east main-wall. Elevation IV.Type of masonry: P (Cyclopean).Shape of surface: Slightly C (casual).Dressing: R.Fitting: DR-R.Block-size: Bigger (0.8¿0.7¿-) and huge (2.0¿1.9¿1.4) blocks.Courses/height: 3–4/about 3.

North-eastern main-wall.

The north-eastern wall is almost identical with the south-east wall,but the size of the blocks is smaller (from about 0.5¿0.7¿– toabout 1.3¿0.8¿-), and the blocks seem more quadrangular. Onlytwo courses visible (1.7 m).

Tholos temple.

Type of masonry: T, pseudo-isodomic; lower protuding course ofblocks.Shape of surface: C. On a single block a possible indication of

peritaeneia (about 1 cm broad). The lack of peritaeneia on otherblocks might have been caused by erosion. Dressing: DR.Fitting: F.Block-size: Bigger (0.9¿0.4¿-) and big (1.2¿0.6¿0.9) blocks.

Road(?).The rocks on the outer side of the north-eastern wall form a plateauthat slopes down towards the eastern corner and might be an oldaccess road (not on plan).Direction: 290 æ (of 360 æ).

Site 207. KORINDOSPl. B VIII,1–2. Pl. D XXVI. Fig. IX. 5.Small ring-fort c. 24 m in (maximum) outer and c. 16–17 m in innerdiametre placed at a plateau on a mountain-slope looking southand west towards the plain of Omala and the general region ofArgostoli and ancient Krane; the fortress (at 742 m and above thepass carrying the road between Sami and Argostoli) has a fine look-out and guarding position. The walls are on the whole rather ru-ined and an exact plan not possible to draw. An entrance may havebeen in the south-southwest. The western part of the fortress isconfusing, but an outer about 1 m wide wall appears to have beenbuilt in front of the main one; also to the east (and to the north)remains of a double wall-line are seen. Perhaps the two lines arecontemporary, but a functional explanation cannot be given.Type of masonry: Rubble-wall of almost unworked not too largeblocks. The wall is double and generally the interior surface seemsconstructed of smaller blocks than the exterior one.Dressing: R.Fitting: R.Average block-size: Smaller one, 0.3¿0.2¿0.3. Larger one, 0.6¿0.3¿0.5.Preserved courses/height: 5/1.2.

Site 211. RACHI/KOULOURATA (OVAL FORT)Pl. B IX,1–2. Pl. D XXIII.This fort is on the top of the low hill to the north of the fortress ofSite 213 (Square fort). The fortress is highly ruined; the shape isoval (south-west to north-east c. 70 m, south-east to north-west c.35 m). The interior line of the double-wall is hardly visible, butseems to be of the same type as the somewhat more clear exteriorone. The wall is built of roughly cut natural stones (about0.5¿0.3¿0.5) or big/huge only roughly cut pieces of rock (in thenorthern and north-eastern part of the fort, where such rocks ap-pear more or less naturally). The fitting of the stones is very rough.Where the wall is built of pieces of natural rock it is preserved in3 courses (about 2 m) but generally only a single course is visible,if visible at all. Between the two wall-lines has been a filling ofsmaller stones, which now makes the heap of stones that is thegeneral indicator of the wall-line. The original width of the double-wall has been about 2.5–3 m.

In the north-western part of the fort two simple bendings of thewall-line form an entrance. The southern part of the entrance isnatural rock. This stretch of wall may have been prolonged in east-ward direction.

Inside the fort several heaps of stones are seen, which mightindicate house-structures, even though some may only be dumps


from later clearing of the area for agricultural reasons. The type ofwall, as well as the simple type of entrance, lends the fort a ‘‘prehis-toric’’ impression (cf. the finds of prehistoric pottery and flints inthe area).

Site 213. RACHI/KOULOURATA (SQUARE FORT)Pl. B X. 1. Pl. D XXXIII to XXXV. Fig. IX. 8.This fort (about 23¿18 m) is situated on the edge of a small plateau.It is rather ruined especially in the southern and eastern part,where the slopes are steapest. Down these slopes are many fallenblocks. The fortress (at 328 m) has a fine view towards the south,although the fortress at Site 199 (Digaleto) is not visible.

The fort has a double-wall, whos exterior wall-line consists of poly-gonal roughly dressed and roughly fitted blocks (about 0.7¿0.5¿0.7–1.0). Three courses are visible (1.1 m). The interior wall-line isonly visible at some points and only in the the level of the surface;thus, the latter wall could not be described. Between the two wall-lines is a filling of smaller stones. The width of the double-wall isabout 2.8 (in north and south) and about 3.8 (west and east).

In the south-west corner a well-built entrance is seen, about 4.8m long. The shape is slightly conical (width at exterior wall 1.2 m,in the middle 1.15 m and at the interior wall 1.0–1.05 m). Theblocks are as in the exterior wall-line, only a little more quadrangu-lar and less roughly cut. The situation in the north-western cornerof the fort is very unclear, and an explanation for the wide (about5.1 m) triangular corner can not be given. Inside the walls no struc-tures were found.

Site 220. KASTRI/KOULOURATA (RING-FORT)Pl. D XXIII & DXXVII. Fig. SC. 27–28.Ring-fort (at 405 m) c. 38–42 m in diametre, wall c. 4 m broad, onlyin a few places is it possible to define the exact inner and outerwall-lines. The size of the stones is only about 20–30 cm, in thefront a little bigger. Generally the fort does not seem well built.The entrace (0.9 wide) is in the north-east. In the west two heapsof stones, each possibly forming a radial wall-line from the centreof the fort, were seen; their function and relation to the rest of theconstruction is uncertain. In the middle of the fort is a group ofnatural rocks, which does not seem worked in any way.

Site 223. CHALIOTATANo Photos. Pl. D XXVIII.Structure (farmstead).

Wall A.

Two visible courses of roughly dressed blocks measurering about1.2¿0.4¿0.4 m, not exactly fitting together.

Wall B.

Like A, but only one course visible.Wall C.

Like A, but the size of the blocks is a little smaller, about0.7¿0.3¿0.4 m, not excatly fitting together.

Wall D.

Modern terrace wall, but might be based on an ancient foundation.Wall E.

Four roughly cut blocks measuring about 0.4¿–¿0.2 m (only vis-ible in the level of the surface).

Wall F.

A row of small blocks measuring about 0.4¿–¿0.4 m (only visiblein the level of the surface). In the area immediately around thewalls many blocks were seen, reused in modern terrace walls etc.

Site 229. KOKILIAPl. B X. 2. Pl. D XXVIII.Structure (farmstead).

Wall A.

This wall is only visible in the level of the surface. Only one courseis visible. The wall consists of rather well dressed quadrangularblocks, measureing 1.0¿0.8 (average), maximum visible height is0.3 m with a joint of 5 cm.

Wall B.

Only visible in the level of the surface (in one course). Rather welldressed quadrangular blocks, measuring 0.8¿0.7 (average); maxi-mum visible height is 0.1 m with a joint of 5 cm.

Wall C.

Only a single rather well dressed block, measuring 0.5¿0.7 m.Wall D.

Only hardly visible in the surface. Roughly dressed blocks, measur-ing about 0.5¿0.6 with a joint of 5–8 cm.

Wall E.

Only two roughly dressed blocks visible in the surface measuringabout 0.4¿0.6 m with a joint of 5–8 cm.

Wall F.

Hardly visible, but seems to be roughly dressed blocks.Wall G.

Blocks as item E.Wall H.

Picking with a metal point in the area between Walls G and Funveiled larger stones 10–15 cm deep in the ground.

Wall I.

Blocks as E, some up to 0.7 m in length.The situation around Walls D-H is rather confusing and only

possible to solve by excavation. In the whole area is a lot of blocks,some possibly in wall-lines which cannot be defined without clear-ing the surface for vegetational cover.

Site 302. EGG-SHAPED STRUCTURE/DICHALIANo Photo. No Map.At the sattle in the middle of the peninsula is a small egg-shapedstone construction, measuring about 8¿11–12 m (longest in east-west). The walls are wery ruined, but at some places a clear inneras well as an outer wall line is seen. The wall is about 1 m thickand built of two rows of stones of about 30¿40 cm. Between therows is a filling of smaller stones; in the eastern end is a possibleentrance. The construction might be of recent date.

Site 303. CIRCULAR STRUCTURE/DICHALIANo Photo. No Map.A little north of I 17/3:A2 is another stone construction. This consistof a double wall-construction, where the outer is lower than theinner one. The outer wall is made of larger stones (about 30¿40cm) with a filling of smaller stones, while the inner wall had a fillingof soil. The outer wall is about 0.7 m broad and the inner one

81Kephallenia

about 1 m. The inner diametre of the construction is around 5 m.The date is probably modern.

Site 306. HELLINIKA/AG. EVFIMIAPl. B XI. 1–2. Pl. D LXV. Fig. IX. 36.This house structure above the beach and a tiny natural harbour isundated. It should be noticed, that the rock in the area splits nat-urally in blocks in shape very close to those used for the building.The building seems very similar to Drakopoulata-house I.Type of masonry: T (rough Re?), almost in (curved) courses. Thewall seems single.Shape of surface: Fl. (irregular)/slightly C.Dressing: DR/R.Fitting: DR.Average block-size: 1.1¿0.4¿about 0.7.Courses/height: 5/1.6.

Sites 308, 317, 319 & 321. DRAKOPOULATA.Pl. D LXVI.This complex of sites, at c. 75 m, on a northern slope, comprisesa long wall (about 100–130 m) with a bend of about 40ø (of 360ø),several other poorly preserved wall-lines, building structures, at leasttwo antique, and other features. There are also very many modernterraces, some of which with antique elements.

Site 308. The Drakopoulata Wall.Fig. IX. 37.Type of masonry: T (rough Re?), pseudo-isodomic, a few L-stones.The lowest course (on a protuding base of smaller blocks?) seemsto have been built of large, rather quadrangular blocks on whichcourses of more longish ones (cf. below). The wall might be double(2.5 wide) with an interior wall built of rough stones (0.3–0.5 indiametre). Due to the rather ruined state of the wall this is difficultto determine. The rock in this area splits naturally in blocks closeto those used for the wall.Shape of surface: Fl (irregular), but also some C blocks.Dressing: DR.Fitting: DF/DR.Average block-size: 1.2¿0.6¿-; 1.2¿0.4¿-. The base: 0.7¿0.4¿-.Courses/height: 4 (incl. base)/1.4.

Site 317. House IIINo Photo.This house is not mapped, but situated east of House I (below).Length almost 9 m in NE-SW, width 6–8 m. The south-easternpart of the wall seems ancient, the south-western wall is carved intothe rock; the rest of the structure is recent (mortar).

Site 319. House IIPl. B XIV. 1. Pl. D LXVI.The length of the house in NW-SE is more than 30 m (the north-western end not preserved), the width about 11 m; probably threerooms.Type of masonry: T (rough Re?), keeps almost in (slightly curved)courses. The wall seems to be a single-wall, identical interior andexterior surfaces. The rock in this area splits naturally in blocks

very close to those used for the building. The building-technique isvery similar to that of the Long Wall.Shape of surface: Slightly C/C.Dressing: DR.Fitting: DR.Average block-size: 0.9¿0.4¿0.6.Courses/height: 4/1.3.

Site 321. House IPl. B XIV. 2. Pl. D LXVI.The length of the house in NE-SW is 16 m, the width about 5 m;three rooms. (Only the south-eastern corner was mapped).Type of masonry: T (rough Re?), very irregular but keeps almostin courses. Larger blocks seem placed on one or two courses ofsmaller blocks (cf. below). The rock in this area splits naturally inblocks very close to those used for the building. The building-tech-nique seems very similar to that of the Long Wall.Shape of surface: Fl (irregular).Dressing: DR.Fitting: DR.Average block-size: 1.4¿0.6¿about 0.6 and 0.6¿0.4¿-.Courses/height: 5/-.

Site 322. PALATIA, AG. EVFIMIAPl. B XII. 1–2; Pl. B XIII.1–2. Pl. C XVIII. Pl. D LXVII. Fig. IX.38.This house structure is on the lower part of the northern wall of thevalley at c. 75 m. The main structure, with two rooms, measuresnearly 13 m in E-W and is 9 m wide; the walls are preserved to amaximum height of about 3 m (probably at least one more courseof blocks existed). The northern wall is built into the rock toweringover the structure. An antique rock-cut well is situated less than acouple of metres from the western wall, where an entrance mighthave been. Another entrance may have been placed in the easternwall. The positioning of the structure and of its well speak againstthe building being a strong-hold; rather it is the main structure ofa farmstead. To the east of this are several small stretches of wall,probably belonging to other buildings.Type of masonry: Quadrangular blocks with many oblique anglesand cuts to fit other blocks; towards the west are both many smallerand the biggest blocks. Towards the east the blocks are more evenand of medium size; a few blocks have oblique angles, but thisfeature is not so common as in west. The lowest course in the westis slightly protruded (10–15 cm). In some places the blocks are incourses without interference from the course above or below. To-wards the east is an opening in the wall, perhaps from a transverseblock belonging to a floor-division.Shape of surface: In general slightly curved, a few blocks have aflat surface, perhaps caused by erosion. All degrees between flatand curved are seen. Perhaps the surface is dependent on the natu-ral stone as the rock in this area splits naturally in blocks in appear-ance close to those used for the building. There is no system in theway the blocks with different surface are placed in the wall. Onboth sides of the corners, in south-east and south-west, are fullvertical edges (5–7 cm), probably for the plumb used in con-structing the building.


Dressing: DF.Fitting: F.Block-size: Smaller (0.25¿0.4¿–), larger (1.2¿0.5¿-) and hugeblocks (2.1¿1.0¿-).Courses/height: 9 courses preserved in west and 7 in east.

Down the slope from the building are two lines of well-preservedancient terraces built of larger blocks.

Site 336. PYRGI/PLAGIAPl. B XV,1–2, Pl. B XVI,1–2; Pl. B XVII,1–2; Pl. B XVIII. 1–2.Pl. D LXVIII–D LXIX. Fig. IX. 12.This fortress site, at 360 m, commands a fine view of the fertilecentral part of the Erissos peninsula, the mountains to the south,as well as northern Ithaki (bay of Polis). The site consists of anantique square hill-top fortress on which a church and other post-Medieval buildings, all now in ruins (Partsch 1890, 64f.). The fullypreserved southern curtain-wall is 42 m long. The northern part ofthe antique walls is destroyed in recent times, but later walls prob-ably follow ancient lines; if so, the fortress was about 40 m in north-south. Many ancient blocks are re-used in the surrounding post-Medieval walls, terraces and buildings. In the middle of the plateauof the fortress is a square rock-cut ancient cistern, 6¿6 m. On thesame plateau remnants of ancient cut floors, wall-lines (as the sidesof the cistern more or less parallel with the directions of the curtain-walls), etc. No certain gate has been found.

Different types of walls can be distinguished, although Walls Aand E of the curtain resemble each other, as do Walls B, C and D.The differences between the two groups may stem from rebuildingof parts of the fortress; minor variations are probably due to ero-sion. In spite of this, the walls at Pyrgi make up one whole.

Wall A (with south-west corner).Wall A gives the impression that it has been built rather hastily. Atthe corner, the wall and the (cut) bedrock makes a protrusion. Asimilar feature is seen on the south-wall 3 m from.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Fl. and C, appearently without any system exceptfor a vague tendency for the upper courses to be rather flat (cf.Wall F, eastern part). Neither seems the type of surface linked withany specific block-size. At a few places are small wedged-in triangu-lar or quadrangular blocks. In genaral the block-corners arerounded.Dressing: R-DF, the upper courses seem finer dressed than thelower ones.Fitting: R-DF (only a few DF).Block-size: Smaller (0.6¿0.4¿-) and bigger (1.0¿0.7¿-) blocks.Preserved length: West 5, south 7–8 (the transition to wall-piece Bis not distinct).Courses/height: 5/2.4 (lowest course perhaps bedrock).

About 6 m from the western end of the southern wall is in thelowest course of the wall a block into which is cut a hole (diameter:10 cm, depth: 10 cm); flanking this is the bedrock (not cut), makinga protrusion. About 1 m in front of this block is another block (insitu?), also with a cut hole (diameter: 35 cm, depth: 7 cm).

Wall B.

Type of masonry: P. The corners of the blocks are sharp, a fewsmaller wedged-in stones. Attempts have partly been made to con-

struct the wall in courses. The lowest ‘‘course’’ seems to be thebedrock. In Wall B, about 11 m from the corner of Wall A, is ablock into which is cut a canal/drain (cf. Adam 1982, 44–45). WallB seems more well-built and ‘‘quadrangular’’ and with more sharpedges than both Wall A and the below Wall C. A small piece ofwall between Walls B and C is not antique.Shape of surface: Fl, a few blocks show a slightly curved front.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DF.Block-size: 1.0¿1.0¿-.Preserved length: 6.Courses/height: 5–6/2.8.

Wall C.

Type of masonry: P, several of the stones have ‘‘rounded’’ cornerswhich yields the wall it a softer impression than Wall B.Shape of surface: Fl/slightly C.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DF.Block-size: Bigger block: 0.9¿0.6¿-.Preserved length: 6.5.Courses/height: 5/2.5.

Wall D.

This wall is founded on a cut base of bed-rock.Type of masonry: As Wall B. At the eastern end, the upper courses(above c. 1.5 m) are markedly more flat than those of the lowerpart. Thus, a corner-block is flat on the upper part and curved/rough on the lower part.Preserved length: South 13.5, east 5.5.Courses/height: 4/2.7 (part of the wall has been plastred).

Wall E.

This wall is founded on a base of bedrock.Type of masonry: P. Shape of surface: Fl. and C. As in Wall A, atendency toward the upper courses being more Fl, but except forthis, there is no system in the use of Fl or C blocks respectively.Dressing: DR-DF (also here the upper courses seem slightly betterdressed).Fitting: DF-DR (generally better at the upper courses: due to ero-sion?).Block-size: 0.8¿0.6¿-.Preserved length: 10.Courses/height: 3/2.2

Wall F (Terrace-wall?, antique?).Type of masonry: P (i.e., roughly cut natural stones, giving theimpression of scamped work).Shape of surface: Slight C.Dressing: DR-R.Fitting: R.Block-size: Very variated, smaller as well as bigger.Preserved length: 4.Courses/height: 4/1.7.

Wall G (Terrace-wall?, antique?).Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Fl (a few slightly C).Dressing: DR-DF.Fitting: DF.Block-size: 0.5¿0.5¿-.

83Kephallenia

Preserved length: 5.5.Courses/height: 2/1.2.The eastern corner of the western stretch is very distinct (with cor-ner-stones); the one in the west (not mapped) is rather unclear asis the eastern part of the western stretch.

Site 346. CAVE/FISKARDOFig. SC 43.5–10 m to the north-west of the small caves in the southern partof the mouth of the gorge to the west of Fiskardo are some bigstones worked on both sides, thus probably ancient; the stones seemto be in situ, forming a short wall. The biggest blocks are rectangu-lar, 1.4¿1 m; the smaller ones 1¿1 m.

Site 351. ‘‘QUEEN FISKARDO’S THRONE’’/FISKARDOPl. B XIX. 1. Fig. SC 44.This small rock-cut shrine (not mapped) is in the northern slope of thegorge to the west of Fiskardo, the main ancient track to the settle-

ment. The shrine is about 500 m from the harbour and some 20 mabove the floor of the gorge. A few rock-cut steps lead to the opening(2.4 m wide) of the shrine, orientated north-south and equipped withrock-cut benches (c. 2.7 m) along the long-sides. At the northern end(2.1 m wide), about 1.5 m above the floor is a 0.9 m wide niche withholes in the shelf for an image or thelike. In the long-walls are narrow‘‘steps’’ which might have been cut to fit blocks, thus roofing theshrine. The structure may well be from Antiquity. The age, however,is unknown, and a Medieval date cannot be ruled out; a late datewould make the structure a Christian chapel, an early date (Romanperiod) might suggest a Mithreum.

Site 352. BASILICA/CATHEDRALPl. B XIX. 2. Pl. B XX.1–2. Pl. D LXX.On the low peninsula north of the main harbour basin of Fiskardo.The walls of the church (with twin towers) have not been analyzed,but are made up of blocks/natural stones and some wall-tiles inmortar. Date: Late Antiquity.


CATALOGUE B

EASTERN KEPHALLENIA.THE CITY OF PRONNOI/PALAIOKASTRO

Sites 69–70 et al. PALAIOKASTRO/ANCIENT PRONNOIPl. C I-II. Pl. D III-D X. Fig. IX. 69–71.

The Acropolis of Ancient Pronnoi (571 m) is highly conspicuosand visible from almost everywhere in the polis. The eastern exten-sion (Dakiri) is at about 500 m.

Wall A.

Pl. B XXI. 1. Fig. IX. 20.Type of masonry: P (with a tendency towards pseudo-isodomic/‘‘accomplished’’ courses). It seems that the smaller blocks are morequadrangular than the bigger ones; tendencies towards straightangles.Shape of surface: C.Dressing: DF-DR (rusticated).Fitting: F-DF.Average block-size: Smaller (0.7¿0.3¿) as well as bigger (1.2¿0.8¿0.8) blocks.Courses/height visible: 3/1.4.

Wall B.

No Photo.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Casual/unworked.Dressing: R.Fitting: DF-DR.Average block-size: 1.1¿0.7¿-.Courses/height visible: 2/0.9.

Wall C.

No Photo.Like Wall B, but contains smaller (0.7¿0.4¿0.6), finer dressedblocks as well.

Wall D.

No Photo.Type of masonry: P (with a tendency towards quadrangular blocks).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: – (DR?).Average block-size: 1.2¿0.9¿1.0.Courses/height visible: 2–3/1.7.

Wall E.

No Photo.Medieval wall consisting of smaller, roughly cut ‘‘quadrangular’’blocks and natural stones (perhaps also cut up antique blocks), withmortar.

Wall F.

No Photo.Very ruined, perhaps as Wall C.

Wall G.

No Photo.

Like Wall A, but with a few larger blocks (about 1.6¿1.1¿0.7),generally demi-rough dressing. 2–3 courses preserved (1.2). Somemeters behind Walls G, H, I and K on the plateau is a long heapof smaller stones that must be remains of a wall (antique or Medi-eval?).

Wall H.

Pl. B XXI. 2.Type of masonry: P (but also a few almost quadrangular blocks).Shape of surface: C (the few quadrangular blocks rather F).Dressing: DR (quadrangular blocks: DF).Fitting: DR-DF (quadrangular blocks: DF-F).Average block-size: Smaller (0.4¿0.6¿0.4) as well as larger (1.1¿1.3¿0.7) blocks.Courses/height visible: 2/1.3.Between Walls G and H is a possible entrance or gate, the construc-tion unclear.

Wall I.

No Photo.Like Wall A, but with a few larger blocks (1.6¿0.6¿-). Only onecourse visible.

Wall K.

No Photo.Like Wall G, but perhaps with two streches of interior wall-lines.

Wall L.

No Photo.Very ruined. Probably like Wall G. At one point is a cut in therock to fit a block; perhaps the remains of a connection-wall(further down the slope are some more cuts in the rock to fit blocks,as well as, seemingly, a few blocks in situ (not mapped).Further to the north on the slope other ramains of a (double?) wallwas seen (only partly mapped). This stretch of wall had later beenbulldozed and therefor not described.

Wall M (connection-wall), exterior:Fig. IX. 29.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: F or slightly C (towards west rather C).Dressing: DF.Fitting: Fl.Average block-size: Big (0.8¿0.5¿0.6) and huge (1.6¿1.3¿0.9,but up to 2.7¿1.7¿0.8) blocks.Courses/height preserved: 4/2.2.

Wall M (connection-wall), interior:Type of masonry: – (in the western part a tendency towards P).Shape of surface: Casual.Dressing: R (the western part: DF-DR).Fitting: R.Average block-size: 0.6¿0.3¿0.4.

85Kephallenia

Courses/height preserved: 2/0.7.Between the exterior and the interior wall-line of Wall M is a

filling of smaller stones.Wall N. (Medieval?).

Pl. B XXII. 1.Type of masonry: Built of reused antique blocks and natural blocks.Shape of surface: -.Dressing: DR-R.Fitting: R.Average block-size: Smaller (0.2¿0.2¿0.4) and bigger (0.7¿0.4¿0.4) blocks.Courses/height preserved: 3/1.1.

Wall O.

No Photo.Very ruined, probably a polygonal wall like Wall A or G, onlypartly preserved, in 1–2 courses. On the slope below the wall, manyfallen-down polygonal blocks.

Wall P (Medieval).No Photo.Type of masonry: Double-wall consisting of natural blocks. Theexterior and interior surfaces seem to be of the same character.Between the two wall-lines a filling of smaller stones.Shape of surface: F-slightly C.Dressing: DR.Fitting: DR.Average block-size: 0.5¿0.4¿0.6.Courses/height preserved: 2/1.2.

Wall Q.

No Photo.Type of masonry: P. Double-wall, but very ruined. Seems to beantique. (Perhaps originally like wall A, as this also smaller stoneswith a rather ‘‘quadrangular’’ character.)Shape of surface: -.Dressing: R.Fitting: (F?).Average block-size: Smaller and bigger stones.Courses/height preserved: Only preserved at ground-level.

Wall R.

No Photo.Like wall M, probably also double. Two courses preserved (1.1m.).Between Walls R and AA are some places where the rock is cut tofit blocks.

Wall S. (Dakiri, the saddle below the hill).Pl. B XXII. 2. Pl. B XXIII. 1. Pl. C I. Fig. IX. 44.Type of masonry: T. Pseudoisodomic, examples of sfina and alsoblocks with cuts for fitting. At the westernmost part of the wall,cuts in the rock to fit blocks. On the slope many fallen-down blocks.Shape of surface: Slightly C. On some of the stones indications ofperitenia, but not very marked (the peritaeneia is not flat, but onlyless curved than the rest of the surface, to which there is no markedtransition).Dressing: DF.Fitting: Fl.Average block-size: Some big (1.1¿1.1¿-) but mainly bigger(1.8¿1.1¿-) blocks.Courses/height preserved: 2/-.

Wall T. (Dakiri).Pl. B XXIII. 2. Fig. IX. 30.Type of masonry: P but some blocks more quadrangular. The wallis double and the exterior and interior wall of the same character.Between the walls a filling of smaller stones.Shape of surface: Fl – slight C.Dressing: In west: DR. In east: F-DF.Fitting: In west: DR. In east: F-DF.Average block-size: Polygonal blocks: 0.9¿0.7¿-. Quadrangularblocks: 1.0¿0.6¿-.Courses/height preserved: 1–2/-.

Wall T1 (Dakiri).Pl. B XXIV. 1Generally Wall T1 appears to be of good quality and the questionis, if the rest of the polygonal walls at Dakiri (Walls T, U and V)have not been similar to this, now just more eroded.Type of masonry: P with smaller wedged in blocks (as the easternpart of Wall T, but fewer ‘‘quadrangular’’ blocks). Double (also likeWall T).Shape of surface: Slightly C.Dressing: F.Fitting: F.Average block-size: Bigger blocks as in wall T, length 1.4–1.7).Courses/height preserved: 2/-.

Entrance in Wall T.Pl. B XXIV,2.The polygonal blocks are here raised on their edge; in the exteriorwall the stones of the corners are bigger as usual. The entrancemeasures 2.8¿0.8–0.9 (width).

Wall U (Dakiri).No Photo.More eroded, (more rounded and) appearently smaller stones thanin Wall T, length about 1 m. In the middle part of the strech ofwall (about 75 m south of the northern end of Wall U) remains ofthe double-wall can be seen (not mapped).

Possible entrance in Wall U.The width of the possible entrance is 0.8 m. In north the entranceconsists of blocks raised on their edge, perhaps not in situ, in souththe same, perhaps joined blocks. The stones in the possible en-trance are relatively big (length 1.8).

Wall V (Dakiri).No Photo.The blocks again a little bigger, with flat surface, and fine dressingand fitting. From Wall T to Wall V the wall is very ruined andonly preserved in a single course.

Wall X.

Pl. B XXV,1.Medieval wall which, in different places, can be seen in front of aswell as behind the antique wall. It consists of natural stones,measuring about 0.2–0.3¿0.2–0.3, roughly cut in quadrangularshape.

Wall Y.

No Photo.Medieval wall built of reused antique polygonal blocks betweenwhich smaller stones; mortar. The wall is double and behind it theexterior wall-line of the antique wall is perhaps seen.


Wall Z.

No Photo.Like Wall E, but perhaps with preserved remains of Wall A.

Wall AA.

Pl. B XXV. 2; Pl. B XXVI. 1. Pl. C II.Type of masonry: P. Much like Wall R, but the stones generallyhave a more quadrangular appearance, and an attempt is noted atcreating pseudo-isodomic courses (‘‘falling courses’’).Shape of surface: C.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DF.Average block-size: Big (0.8¿0.7¿-) and bigger blocks.Courses/height preserved: 5/-.

Wall AB. (Dakiri).No Photo.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: -.Dressing: DR, seems to be only roughly cut natural stones.Fitting: -.Average block-size: About 0.5¿0.4, but also bigger blocks.Courses/height preserved: 1/-.

Wall AC (South of Dakiri, not mapped).Pl. B XXVI. 2.Type of masonry: Only roughly cut natural stones. The wall isdouble, the exterior and interior fronts of the same type. Betweenthe walls a filling of smaller stones.Shape of surface: Casual.Dressing: R.Fitting: R.

Visible length: Max. 30 m.Average block-size: Smaller and bigger (0.9¿0.6¿0.6) stones.Courses/height preserved: 2–3/about 1.0.Direction: 55 æ (of 360 æ).

Wall AD (terrace wall close to Site 77).Pl. B XXVII. 1–2.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Slightly curved.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F.Visible length: More than 8 m.Average block-size: 0.6¿0.5¿-.Courses/height preserved: 3/about 1.2.

House.

Pl. B XXVIII. 1.Type of masonry: Irregular Re. At some points the wall is double.Shape of surface:. Fl(?).Dressing: R.Fitting: R.Average block-size: 0.7¿–¿0.5 but up to 1.6¿–¿0.5.Courses/height preserved: 1/-.

Altar.

Pl. B XXVIII. 2.In the northern part of the acropolis and close to a big natural rockis an eroded quadrangular step-altar (at least 22 m in NW-SE, 32m in NE-SW and 12 m in height). The structure is cut out of therock, with two or three steps towards NE, NW, and SW, and analmost straight front towards SE. This might indicate that the bignatural rock just south of the altar was the ‘‘cultic focus’’.

87Kephallenia

CATALOGUE C

EASTERN KEPHALLENIA. THE TOWN OF POROS

Sites 183 et al. POROS FORTIFIED TOWNPl. C III. Pl. D XII.

The highest point (‘‘Acropolis’’), in the South, is at 273 m, butmost of the complex is between 120 and 200 m, still quite conspicu-ous, especially when seen from the sea.

Wall A (Western acropolis-wall).Pl. B XXIX.1–2. Pl. B XXX.1–2. Pl. C III. Pl. D XII-XVIII. Fig.IX. 14.Type of masonry: P; partly (?) double (c. 3.2 m), the interior sidenot possible to describe. At some places the blocks increase in sizeand at other stretches the blocks get more longish.Shape of surface: Fl-slightly C.Dressing: DF (eroded?).Fitting: F (originally but now often disturbed by erosion).Block-size: Smaller (0.4¿0.5¿-); bigger (1.2¿0.8¿0.6); and long-ish (1.4¿0.5¿-) blocks.Courses/height: 3–4/2.

Northern Entrance in Wall ACf. Pl. B XXIX. 1.The northern entrance is 3.2 m wide; best preserved is the easternpart, in west only 1–2 courses are visible.

Southern Entrance in Wall ANo Photo.The plan of the southern entrance, with a width of max. 2.5 m, isnot clear. The walls at the Southern entrance are of the same typeas at the northern entrance, the blocks only a little bigger (about1.0¿1.4¿-). Also on the inner side of the entrance big blocks aswell as stretches with smaller ones are seen.

Wall B (Southern acropolis-wall).Pl. B XXXI. 1–2. Pl. D XIII. Fig. IX. 27.Type of masonry: P generally longish, but besides these also ratherquadrangular blocks, especially in the western area.Shape of surface: Fl-slight C.Dressing: DF-F.Fitting: F.Block-size: Smaller (0.5¿0.25¿-); large (1.15¿0,7¿-); and huge(2.9¿0.7¿-) longish blocks. The quadrangular blocks seem smallerthan the other blocks (1.3¿0.4¿-).

Wall C (Southern ‘‘Connection-wall’’).Pl. B XXXII. 1. Pl. D XIII. Fig. IX. 18.Type of masonry: P (quadrancular); Double-wall.Shape of surface: Fl-slightly C (perhaps due to erosion).Dressing: DF(?), difficult to study because of erosion.Fitting: F.

Block-size: Rather big (1.1¿0.5¿-) and big blocks (1.5¿1.2¿-).Substantial difference in block-size.Preserved length: -.Courses/height: 4/2.3.

Wall D.

Pl. B XXXII. 2. Pl. D XIII.The wall might have made up a part of a northern connection-wall, but is rather a powerful terrace-wall.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Slightly C/C (not homogeneous).Dressing: DR-R.Fitting: DR.Block-size: Smaller (0.3¿0.3¿-) and bigger (0.9¿0.9¿-) blocks.Preserved length: 5.Courses/height: 3/1.5.

Wall on Afrati (fortification?).Pl. B XXXIII. 1.This wall, which might make up a part of a northern connection-wall, was not mapped, but located about 10–15 m south of thesmall group of buildings on the plateau.Type of masonry: P (blocks of longish and pentagonic character).Perhaps two wall-lines.Shape of surface: Fl.-slight C.Dressing: DR.Fitting: DR.Average block-size: 1.0¿0.4¿0.6.Courses/height: 2–3/1.1.

Terrace walls on Afrati.Pl. B XXXIII. 2. Pl. B XXXIV. 1. Pl. D XVII-D XVIII.On Afrati several terrace walls were seen at right angles to eachother, thus probably parts of a planned town. The terrace wallswere not systematically described.

‘‘Entrance’’

Pl. B XXXIV. 2.A huge natural rock was found in extremely dense vegetation. Onthe eastern side of the rock is a large recess, the size and shape of agate for pedestrians, (0.9–)1.4 wide, a couple of metres high; a fewregular steps lead to the floor of the ‘‘entrance’’ from the south. It isuncertain whether the rock is (more or less) in situ or has fallen fromthe settlement area above since it is not directly connected with anyother structure. However, it lies exactly in the line of the east-westconnection wall, here destroyed by a recent fire-road but still visibleas large blocks not in situ. It is very likely that various cuts in the bigrock are for blocks. A terrace-wall may lead towards this ‘‘entrance’’.


CATALOGUE D

EASTERN KEPHALLENIA. THE CITY OF SAME

CONTENTS

Sites 264–69; 271–98. Pl. C V–C XVII. Pl. D XXIX–LXIV.

A. The Acropolis Curtain (Walls A-AP).

B. Main and Connection-walls (Walls 1–22c).

C. House-foundations, etc. (Terrace-walls TW 1–148).

A. THE ACROPOLIS CURTAIN (WALLS A-AP).Pl. D XXXV, D XXXVIII-XXXIX, D XXXXII, D LXIII-LXIV.The highest point of the acropolis of Same is 277 m (Pl. B XXXV,1and 3); the hill of Kyatis, 750 m to the south-west and also part ofthe city, is at 220 m (Pl. B XXXV,1–4); the latter point is linkedwith the acropolis by an about 900 m long V-shaped course of wall(the Connection-wall). The extra-mural temple (Alpovouni) 350 mto the north-east of the acropolis is at 236 m. The acropolis is c.310 m in N-S, and 170 m in E-W (for comparison, the Acropolisof Athens is 295 by 135 m). The length of the walls of the acropolisof Same is about 800 m. The distance from the acropolis, alongthe Northern Main-wall, to the harbour is about 500 m; the dis-tance from Kyatis, along the Southern Main-wall, to the beach isalso about 500 m. Thus, in all about 2,700 m of city-walling (plusthe destroyed defenses along the beach and harbour of anotherabout 500 m) were constructed at Same.

Inside the ancient acropolis-wall is what seems to be a Medievalwall or filling of smaller un-worked stones with mortar. This featurecan be followed almost all the way around the acropolis.

Wall A.

Pl. B XXXVI,1–2. Pl. C VI. Fig. IX. 33.Type of masonry: P with tendencies towards T (pseudo-isodomic).It is erected on a base protuding about 25 cm. The impression ofthe wall is a row of huge edgewise set ‘‘rectangular-polygonal’’blocks above which two courses of big ‘‘rectangular-trapezoid’’blocks are laid lengthwise. On some of the blocks smaller groovesare seen (about 11¿4¿11cm). This feature, probably used in trans-porting the stones, is noted on several of the blocks belonging tothis type of wall. Following the courses, smaller blocks are wedgedin between the blocks (sphina). Behind the wall is a filling of un-worked smaller stones and mortar (Wall A1).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F.Average block-size: Base 0.9¿0.5¿-. Huge ‘‘rectangular’’ blocks1.3¿1.6¿–. Big ‘‘rectangular’’ blocks: 0.9¿0,6¿-.Courses/height preserved: 4 (π base)/-.

Wall B.

A row of smaller unworked stones (about 0.3¿–¿0.5) with rough(?) fitting and only visible in the surface. Perhaps only a filling, likeWall A1.

Wall C (Eastern entrance or gate).Pl. B XXXVII. 1–2. Pl. C V.

Type of masonry: T, some blocks almost Re (pseudo-isodomic). Al-though this part of the wall is not P, it must be considered as thesame type as wall A.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: F.Fitting: F.Average block-size: 1.3¿1.3¿-; in the gateway the blocks seem tobe smaller (1.2¿0.6¿-).Courses/height preserved: -.

Wall D.

Like wall B.Wall E.

Medieval wall, largely built of re-used antique blocks of differentcharacter.

Wall F (Bastion or entrance?).Pl. B XXXVIII. 1–2, Pl. B XXXIX. 1 (left part of photo).Type of masonry: T (but only in the eastern side of the ‘‘bastion’’is a single antique course in situ). On the slope below are manyfallen down antique blocks from wall F, some also of the type of awall A. The wall in many ways resembles the northern main wall(enceinte Wall 13). Above the antique wall is a medieval wall (cf.Wall E).Shape of surface: Fl. (?) with peritaeneia (about 5.5 cm) and withor without vertically fluted apergon.Dressing: -.Fitting: F.Average block-size: Smaller (0.5¿0.8¿-) and bigger (1.0¿0.8¿-)blocks.Courses/height preserved: 1/-.

Wall G.

Pl. B XXXIX. 1–2 (for 1, the right part of photo).As wall A. Up to 3 courses visible (lower one edgewise set, theupper two lengthwise laid). In the middle part the base is protudingabout 25 cm (block-size: 0.7¿0.4¿-). Visible in a height of 2.1.Above is a Medieval wall of re-used blocks (with peritaeneia withor without fluted apergon, i.e., like Walls E-F). On the slope manyblocks of a wall of type A.Behind the wall a wall/later filling (?) of smaller stones and mortar(Wall G1).

Wall H.

Medieval wall of smaller stones and mortar (no re-used antiqueblocks).

Wall I.

Pl. B XXXX. 1.Like Wall A. Two courses visible, the edgewise set one is hereclearly trapezoid as are the lengthwise laid, whose blocks are onlysmaller. The courses do not quite follow the same line. On theslope many blocks from a wall of type A.

Wall K.

As wall A. Four courses visible (2.5) plus a base (not or only a little

89Kephallenia

protuded). The edgewise set stones is about the same size as in WallA (1.2¿1.1¿-) while the lengthwise laid seem smaller (0.9¿0.4¿-).One of the antique blocks has got an inwards slanting side (pur-pose?). Wall K seems a little less pompous than wall A. Below thiswall two flat, almost cylindrical blocks (grinding stones?) are seen.

Wall L.

Pl. B XXXX. 2.In the western part 1–2 courses of the antique Wall-type A (withwedged blocks). Block-size: 2.6¿1.2¿-. Most of the stretch ofwall is Medieval, built of smaller stones and mortar (no re-usedblocks). On the slope some blocks from wall of type A.

Wall M.

Medieval wall with many re-used antique blocks from a wall oftype A, smaller stones and mortar. Between Walls M and N manyblocks from a wall of type A, some probably in situ.

Wall N.

Probably like wall A (blocks only visible in the surface).Wall O (Western entrance).

Pl. B XXXXI. 1–2.Blocks as in Wall C (Eastern entrance) but the whole constructionis much more ruined. The blocks are huge (1.5¿1.4¿0.6). Amongthe fallen blocks are some with cuts for doors and thelike. On theslope below the entrance are many fallen blocks resembling theblocks in the northern main-wall (Wall 13), perhaps a little smaller.On many of the ancient blocks Medieval mortar is seen.

Wall P.

Filling of smaller stones, the original wall cannot be seen. BetweenWalls O and P the wall-line can only be followed via remains of afilling as in Wall P. In this line perhaps some ancient blocks areseen in situ (rectangular/trapezoid (?) with peritaeneia or with a(slightly) curved, demi-fine dressed surface).

Wall Q.

Type of masonry: T/Re. Resembles the less fine part of the connec-tion-wall, for instance close to the river (Wall 4). Above, a (later)wall of smaller only roughly cut blocks (0.5¿0.4¿-). The wall-stretch is very ruined and only part of the lowest course seems insitu.Shape of surface: -.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F.Average block-size: 1.3¿0.9¿-.Courses/height preserved: Only at some places the lowest visiblecourse seems to be in situ/0.9.

Wall R.

Type of masonry: P. Perhaps later repairs with small stones andmortar.Shape of surface: Slightly C.Dressing: DR.Fitting: DR.Average block-size: 0,55¿0,57¿-.Courses/height preserved: 5/1.3.

Wall S.

Pl. B XXXXII. 1–2. Pl. C VIII.Type of masonry: P, in the middle part of the wall-strech some ofthe blocks have a quadrangular appearance. These might be re-used and cut-up rectangular blocks from an earlier wall, cf. the

quadrangular blocks on the slope below). At some points the wallis perhaps double (just filling?), with a interior built of smaller andbigger roughly cut stones (contemporary with the exterior wall?).The interior wall seems to continue north and south of Wall S (notall of it mapped).Shape of surface: Slight C. Wall S reminds quite a lot of the con-nection-wall 9a just below. On the slope below the wall are rec-tangular blocks, some with slightly curved surface.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F.Average block-size: 0.8¿0.5¿–.Courses/height: 5/2.7 (?).

Building.

On the slope, a little below Wall S, remains of a heavy buildingare seen (Pl. B XXXXIV,2). The base is of quadrangular blocks.

Wall T.

Medieval wall of re-used antique blocks (rectangular with slightlycurved surface and polygonal), smaller stones and mortar.

Wall U.

Type of masonry: Re (pseudo-isodomic, the courses not accom-plished).Shape of surface: Slightly C.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F (?).Average block-size: 1.1¿1.0¿-.Courses/height preserved: Probably only the lowest course is insitu.On the slope as well as between Walls U and V and between WallsV and X are several also rectangular blocks with slightly curvedsurface.

Wall V.

Medieval wall of smaller stones and re-used antique blocks (rec-tangular with slightly curved surface). A single one perhaps in situ(?).

Wall X.

Like Wall U.Block-size: 1.5¿0.5¿-.Above the ancient wall is is a Medieval double-wall build of smallernicely cut smaller stones, tiles and mortar. Between the exteriorand the interior wall is a filling of smaller stones.

Wall Y.

Pl. B XXXXIII. 1. Pl. C VII.Like Wall U.Block-size: 2.2¿1.1¿0.7. One block shows a cut to fit the blocksof the connection-wall, which is in the same type of masonry.Courses/Height preserved: 4/3.0.

Wall Z.

Very rough natural blocks with very rough fitting.Wall AA.

Two rectangular blocks from wall of type U (not in situ). On theslope below Walls AA and AB, many fallen down blocks from awall also of Type U.

Wall AB.

Like Wall Z, the stones only a little smaller and a little better fitted.Wall AC.

Block, only visible in the surface (type?).


Wall AD.

As Wall U. Two courses visible (1.7). Between Walls AD and AEmany fallen down blocks from a wall of Type U.

Wall AE.

As Wall U. One course visible (0.6).Wall AF.

Like Wall U (?), the blocks perhaps a little smaller. On the slopebelow many blocks from a wall of ‘‘type Wall U’’.

Wall AG.

Pl. B XXXXIII. 2; Pl. B XXXXIV. 1.Most of Wall AG is Medieval with re-used antique blocks, smallerstones, tiles and mortar. In south two blocks that might be in situ:one with peritaeneia and vertically fluted apergon and one from awall of Type U. In the middle and at the end of the wall moreblocks in situ.Type of masonry: T.Shape of surface: C (although often ruined, which now gives a flatimpression). Peritaeneia (5–10 cm), sometimes with small grooves,and almost vertically fluted apergon.Dressing: -.Fitting: -.Average block-size: 1.5¿0.9¿-.Courses/height preserved: 1/-.

Wall AH.

Like Wall A. Block-size: 1.7¿1.0¿-. One course visible (1.0).Wall AI.

Like Wall A, but not in situ.Wall AK.

Like Wall A. One course visible (0.5).Wall AL.

As Wall A. Hardly visible. Between Walls AL and AM many fallendown blocks from a wall of ‘‘type Wall A’’.

Wall AM.

Like Wall A. Hardly visible.Wall AN (Terrace-wall or defensive wall?).

Type of masonry: -.Shape of surface: C.Dressing: DR.Fitting: DF.Average block-size: 0.7¿0.4¿0.4.Courses/height preserved: 3/1.3.

Wall AO.

Like wall A. One course visible (0.7).Wall AP.

Single quadrangular block (in situ?).

B. MAIN- AND CONNECTION-WALLS (WALLS 1–22c).Pl. D XXXII, D XXXIV-XXXXI.The vegetation on slopes of Kyatis (Walls 1–6 etc.) was very heavyindeed, in fact preventing photography of several stretches of wall.

CONTENTS

1. The River-gate

2. Wall between the river-gate and the river

3. Blocks in the river

4. Wall from the river and to the foot of overhanging rock

5. Wall from the River-gate towards Kyatis

6. Part of the Southern main-wall, between two overhanging rocks

7. Wall between overhanging rock and the southern main-wall

8. Gate in the Southern main-wall

9. East-west orientated Connection-wall

10. Upper stretch of the northern part of the Connection-wall

11. Lower part of northern part of Connection-wall

12. Gate in the northern part of Connection-wall

13. Northern main-wall.

14. Connection-wall north of tower (Kyatis)

15. Kyatis (tower)

16. ‘‘Missing’’ wall south of tower

17. Wall at Kyatis

18. Wall at Kyatis

19. Polygonal wall at Kyatis

20. Southern main-wall, south of gate

21. Wall west of gate in the northern part of the Connection-wall

22. Alpovouni (‘‘Tempel’’-area)

1. River-gate.

Type of masonry: Re (the measures of each block only differs 3–4cm), pseudo-isodomic. The northern wall in the entrance is double.Shape of surface: C.Dressing: DF (interior: R).Fitting: F.Block-size: From 1.0¿0.68¿0.73 to 2.8¿0.87¿0.75.Courses/height: 2/-.

2. Wall between the River-gate and the river.

Blocks as in Wall 1 (River-gate). Till about 15 m from the River-gate the wall is double, thereafter only single. At a point in thenorth the wall performes a straight angle; of the east-west part onlyabout 4–5 m are seen, preserved in 3 courses. In this area theblocks are huge, but still of the same type as in Wall 1. From thenorthern part of Wall 2 towards the overhanging rocks further tothe north the presumed line of wall is impossible to find, but manyfallen down blocks are seen in the river and might be the lastremains of this stretch.

3. Blocks in the river.

In the general line of wall and at two points to the west of this (i.e.,in the city) short stretches of wall/blocks in situ are seen, very worn,however, due to the water. It is a question if there was ever a wallin the river.

4. Wall from the river to the overhanging rock.

The wall is much like Wall 1, except that it consists of blocks a littlesmaller and more quadratic, especially near the river. Generally itgives the impression of a little more rough work. In the North, justbefore the overhanging rock, the wall bends, perhaps in an angletowards the east (according to some blocks, unfortunately not insitu, and a very worn (terrace-?) wall).Type of masonry: Re (a difference in sides of only 3–4 cm), pseudo-isodomic.Shape of surface: C.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F.

91Kephallenia

5. Wall from the River-gate towards Kyatis.

Blocks as in Wall 1, but towards the top larger and more nicelydressed, much as in Wall 10. Up to five courses visible. The wall-line/-bending immediately to the east of the gate (Wall 1) cannotbe found. At several places terrace-walls are seen going in a straightangle from Wall 5 (towards west). The blocks of the terraces areroughly cut; up to three courses are visible. Probably these terracesform part of a supporting construction connected with the wall, thelatter being only single. Such phenomenon has also be recorded atother wall-stretches (Walls 6, 10, 13 and 19).

6. Southern Main-wall between the two overhanging rocks.

(Pl. B XXXXV. 1).Wall 6a-c is similar to Wall 5, the stones, however, a little smaller(average-block 1.8¿0.8¿0.7 m); terrace-walls are also seen (cf. 6d-f). Where Walls 6b and 6c meet the corner this is very nicely formedand cut (partly in the rock) (Pl. B XXXXV. 2).

Wall-line 6a is very badly preserved; only in a small area a rowof quadrangular blocks in situ can be followed. The linking-pointwith the rocks in the east is, however, assured, since these has beencut to fit blocks. On a stretch just below the rocks, where the wallhas almost disappeared, there are vague indications, that thisstretch may have had polygonal blocks.

Of Wall 6c a major part is also missing, but again, the end nearthe rock is certain; in this case due to a few blocks in situ.

Wall 6d (Terrace-wall).(Pl. B XXXXV. 3–4).This terrace-wall seems to be linked with the main defensive wallin the small bend (i.e., it is contemporary with the main wall).Type of masonry: P (but quadrangular-like).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF-DR.Fitting: DR.Block-size: 0.9¿0.5¿0.5.Courses/height: 5/2.1.

Wall 6e (Terrace-wall).This wall is visible over about 8 m; however, due to dense veg-etation it was only possible to map two points near the main-wall.The wall seems to join the main-wall without being linked directlyto the latter.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DF-DR.Block-size: 0.8¿0.5¿-.Courses/height: 3/1.8.

Wall 6f is highly ruined, but seems to be of the same type asWall 6e. Apparently towards the south it bends toward the east andis perhaps a building-terrace. Due to the very dense vegetation, itis not possible to map this wall.

7. Wall between the overhanging rock and the Southern Gate:Wall 7a.

Type of masonry: P; at some points it seems to be double. Thewall also displays a tendency towards falling course-lines. Shape ofsurface: C.Dressing: DR.Fitting: DF.

Block-size: Smaller and bigger (1.1¿0.6¿-) blocks.Courses/height: 4/2.3.

Wall 7b.

This wall seems to be of the same type as the gate-tower (Wall 8),the blocks only smaller. In the northern part of the steep rockbetween Walls 7a and 7b a cut to fit a block is seen. Two roof-tileswere found in wall 7b.Type of masonry: Re (T?).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DF.Block-size: 0.8¿0.6¿-.Courses/height: 2/0.9.

8. Gate in the Southern Main-wall.

Pl. B XXXXV. 6; Pl. B XXXXV. 7. Pl. C XV a-e. Fig. IX. 59.The southern wall of the preserved eastern gate-tower (the pre-sumed western tower is destoyed except for a single wall-line) is inline with the main wall, which a few metres to the east makes anangle i direction of Wall 7b, but whose eastern end at the gate isuncertain. The main wall (7b) might be secondary to the tower,since the exterior surface of the southern wall of this is very well-dressed and partly hidden by the main wall. Wall 7b is, however,of the same basic type as the gate. And all constructions may be-long to one and the same phase of a double-wall. On top of thepreserved gate-tower two blocks with cut recesses (for a roof orblocks?) are seen. The type of gate is the so-called ‘‘courtyard-gate’’(Winter 1971, 220; Reinders 1988, 91 (here dated to the fourthcentury BC) (cf. Fig. IX. 77)). The many fallen blocks in the areamay hit other observations. Going least 2.5 m into the eastern gate-tower is a (drainage-?) canal (about 20¿20 cm).Type of masonry: Re (a difference of 2–3 cm of the sides of theblocks), but also a few trapezoid. Pseudo-isodomic.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: F.Fitting: F.Block-size: 1.7¿1.1¿-.Courses/height: 3/-.

9. East-west orientated Connection-wall.

This part of the Connection-wall is today in a very poor condition.Generally it is only possible to folllow the wall spotwise, and thepoints of transition from the one wall-type to the other are notpreserved.

Wall 9a.

Pl. B XXXXV. 8. Pl. B XXXXVI. 1. Pl. B XXXXVII 1–2. Pl. CXa-b. Fig. IX. 21.The quality of this wall changes a little from stretch to stretch,especially as regards the surface which in some places is ratherrough; also, single blocks can get more trapezoid-like and have arather flat surface. At a certain point in the middle Wall 9a formsa corner only some metres long in almost northern direction. Inthe corner two huge rectangular blocks have been (re-?)used in thepolygonal wall (Pl. C X a-b). A similar rectangular block is seen inthe nice piece of wall immediately east of the corner (Pl. C IX).Just below the corner the polygonal wall continues esatwards. Theinterpretation of the corner is difficult, in particular since the slopeseems too steep for a gate. Just east of the corner, and a little to


the west as well, the wall-line also makes a few bends (caused bydefense considerations or the topography).Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Slightly C. A single block in the lowest course inthe corner (cf. above) bears vertically fluted cuttings.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F-DF.Block-size: Small blocks: 0.55¿0.53¿–; Larger blocks: 1,15¿0.8¿-.Courses/height: -/about 2 (in the east only partly visible as thescattered blocks are almost covered in soil).

About 6–7 m south-east of the abovementioned corner, and par-allel to its north-west/south-east orientated part, was seen a badlypreserved stretch of wall, c. 4 m long (not mapped) (Pl. BXXXXVI. 2).

Wall 9b.

This stretch of the connection-wall is very ruined but gives theimpression of a double-wall. The wall-type is not describable.

Wall 9c-1.

The wall consists of big irregular quadrangular blocks with onlyroughly cut and casual shaping of surface. The fitting is demi-fine.

Wall 9c-2.

The wall consists of quadrangular polygonal blocks, perhaps in ‘‘ac-complished courses’’. The surface is slightly curved and roughlydressed, and the fitting is demi-fine. Walls 9c1–2 are generallymuch alike. (Fig. IX. 11.)

Wall 9d.

Very badly preserved, but seems to have been built of smaller poly-gonal blocks (about 0.5 m); is apparently a double-wall.

Wall 9e.

Pl. B XXXXVIII. 1–2.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: C.Dressing: DR-R (caused by the material?).Fitting: DF.Courses/height: -/1.5.

Wall 9f.

Pl. B XXXXIX. 1.Walls 9e and 9f are not very different in type (the differences mightbe caused alone by the material); both of them ressemble the lessneatly built part of Wall 9a west of ‘‘the corner’’. To the west ofWall 9f it is not possible to find any more traces of the connection-wall. At this point the overhanging rock also gets very steep andhas provided a natural defence. Therefore, the continuation of theConnection-wall cannot be seen until the valley floor (cf. Wall 4).Type of masonry: P, on some of the blocks two of the sides makean almost straight angle; seems to be a double-wall. The wall givesthe impression of a carelessly/fast done construction.Shape of surface: C.Dressing: DR.Fitting: DF.Block-size: Smaller and bigger blocks.Courses/height: -/1.5.

10. Upper stretch of the northern part of the Connection-wall.

Pl. B XXXXIX. 2; Pl. B L. 1–2. Pl. C XI. Fig. IX. 55.

On the back of a few of the blocks cuts are seen to fit wedges; oneblock has nine such cuts. At several places on the inside of the wallterrace-walls were recorded going towards the wall in a more orless straight angles.Type of masonry: Re, pseudo-isodomic (each course is, however,carried through without any interferance from lower or uppercourses). The courses seem to be about the same height, eitherabout 72–74 cm or 87–90 cm; single-wall.Shape of surface: C.Dressing: DF-F (the interior surface, i.e., the back of the block, isvery rough, almost not worked).Fitting: F.Block-size: 3.1¿0.9¿0.8.Courses/height: 8/6–7.

11. Lower stretch of the northern part of the Connection-wall.

Pl. B LI. 1.This part of the wall is very ruined and is impossible to describe indetails. It consists of only slightly worked polygonal/chopped-upand reused? originally rectangular? blocks, at some places in adouble-wall construction. In a few some places the blocks seemedmore worked and of true polygonal appearence. The fitting seemsto be demi-fine, but not necessarily everywhere. Bases for theblocks are in some places cut into the bedrock.

12. Gate in the northern part of the Connection-wall.

Pl. B LI. 2; Pl. B LII. 1.Some of the blocks in this very ruined entrance (about 2 m wide)are rather rough and irregular. The blocks (re-used?) might be ofthe same type as in Wall 10.Type of masonry: Quadrangular (T/R?).Shape of surface: C.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F (?).Block-size: 1.68¿1¿0.8.Courses/height: 1/1.

South of the gate is a row of huge blocks similar to the blocks inwall 10, only perhaps a little longer. These blocks seem ‘‘almost insitu’’.

13. Northern Main-wall.

Pl. B LII. 2; Pl. B LIII. 1. Pl. C XII (western part). Fig. IX. 49.Type of masonry: T, pseudo-isodomic. At the lower, western partit is perhaps double, since, behind the wall, is a filling of smaller,roughly cut stones.Shape of surface: Fl. All the blocks have got peritaeneia (4–5.5 cm),sometimes with small transversal grooves. At a stretch the apergonhas got vertically fluted cutting.Dressing: DR (caused by the raw-material).Fitting: F.Block-size: 1.8¿1¿0.8. At the western, lower part the blocks aretruly huge, up to 3.5¿1.5¿0.8.Courses/height: In west: 4–5/about 4.

14. Connection-wall north of Tower (Kyatis).

Pl. B LIII. 2 (to the right of the tower Wall 15); Pl. B LIV. 1–2. Pl.C XIII.In front of the wall, along the last 5 m before it meets the tower isa 2 m wide and about 0.5 m high plateau built of blocks. Thefunction of this as well as the connection with the enceinte wall and

93Kephallenia

the tower are unknown. The wall has later served as foundation fora post-medieval construction.Type of masonry: T, pseudo-isodomic, erected on a base of smallerblocks.Shape of surface: C, displays peritaeneia on at least three of thesides.Dressing: DR.Fitting: DF.Block-size: 1.5¿1.1¿0.7.Courses/height: 2 (π base)/2.1 (base incl.).

15. Kyatis (the Tower).

Pl. B LIII. 2 (to the left of Wall 14); Pl. B LV. 1–2; Pl. B LVI. 1.Pl. C XIII. Fig. IX. 63 and 68.The western side of the tower is rather badly preserved; the lackof peritaeneia on many of the blocks seems to have be caused bylater (post-medieval) re-use of the wall. In the northern wall of thequadratic tower, 1.9 m above ground-level, is an opening 1.6 mwide. It is likely that this is an original antique feature, the entranceto the tower. In the northern wall, where the Connection-wall (Wall14) meets the tower, the apergon has appearently been cut awayto make the two walls fit each other better. Also in the southernwall of the tower a similar feature appears at two points, but with-out any wall connecting today. This might indicate, that the ‘‘miss-ing’’ part of the wall to the south of the tower has been linked withthe tower at these points.Type of masonry: P (few blocks vey slightly trapezoid), pseudo-isodomic. The wall is double (1.6 m).Shape of surface: F/Slightly C, apergon with peritaeneia of 5–8cm (sometimes with small vertical grooves).Dressing: DR. The apergon in some places shows small blows togive the surface a more rough character. In some cases the blowsform diagonal to vertical lines. Generally the blocks on the easternside of the tower had a more rough dressing than the three othersides.Fitting: F.Block-size: 0.8¿0.5¿0.5.Courses/height: 8/c. 4.

16. ‘‘Missing’’ wall south of Tower (Kyatis).

Between the tower and Wall 17 it is not possible to follow anyoriginal wall-lines. Partsch has here drawn a line where only re-used antique blocks can be seen (today), none of these are in situ(Partsch 1890, Taf. xx). An alternative hypothesis is that the antiquewall was linked with the tower somewhere at the middle of itssouthern wall with the two possible connection-points (cf. Wall 15).A last remnant of this wall might be a piece of bed-rock with a cutto fit a block just east of the modern church, although this gives asomewhat strange angle with Wall 17. Another possibility is thatthe connections are related to Wall 18, since, if prolonged north-wards, this wall would meet the tower at just this point. Remainsof the antique wall on this stretch are seen in a lot of re-used blocksin the post-Medieval wall. These blocks are described under Wall5. Incidentally, the enceinte wall, for reasons of the entrance, couldnot be linked to the middle of the northern wall of the tower, butonly hinged to its corner, a less happy solution from a defensivepoint of view. At any rate, this also shows that the Kyatis toweroriginally was a free-standing structure.

17. Wall at Kyatis.

Wall 17a.

Fig. IX. 60.The north-eastern end (i.e. the transistion to Wall 16) is uncertain.Type of masonry: Re pseudo-isodomic. The lowest course is pro-tuding up to 20 cm and in a small angle.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DF.Block-size: 0.6–1.1¿0.6¿0.7.Courses/height: 4/1.8.

Wall 17b.

Pl. B LVI. 2.Nothing of this stretch of wall is visible, but many fallen downblocks forming an almost straight line, indicates the old wall.Type of masonry: Re; it seems to have been the ‘‘gable-side’’ of theblocks that formed the surface of the wall.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF-F.Fitting: DF-F (?).Block-size: 1.1¿0.6¿– (all the blocks seems to be almost of thesame size).

18. Wall at Kyatis.

Pl. B LVII. 1–2.Wall-type as Wall 10. Average size of bigger block: 2.7¿1.0¿0.8.The eastern-most block of the wall-line has a flat surface in contrastto the rest, that are curved. The reason for this might be that itwas meant to fit Wall 17b. On a point below the plateau of Kyatisthe enceinte seems to have been made up of a double single wall,with both exterior surfaces pointing in south-eastern direction. Thefunction of this feature is uncertain. It might be a kind of bastionor perhaps even an entrance (the path from the lower city leads tothis point).

19. Polygonal wall at Kyatis.

Pl. B LVIII. 1–2; Pl. B LIX. 1–2. Pl. C XIV.The transition from Wall 18 (rectangular) to Wall 19 (polygonal) isbadly preserved; likewise, the north-western part of Wall 18 to-wards the overhanging rock is highly ruined and the line uncertain.Type of masonry: P, the foundation is cut into the bed-rock.Shape of surface: Slightly C.Dressing: F-DF (interior very rough).Fitting: F.Block-size: Bigger (1.0¿0.8¿-) and huge (2.0¿1.5¿-) blocks.Courses/height: -/4.

Wall 19a (Terrace-wall).

In the north-western end of the enceinte wall a terrace-wall goesin an almost straight angle to the enceinte.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: C.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DF.Block-size: 0.4¿0.5¿Courses/height: 4/1.2.

Wall 19b (Terrace-wall).

Just south-east of Wall 19a are the remains of another terrace-wall:Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Fl.


Dressing: DR.Fitting: Block-size: 0.6¿–¿0.4.Courses/height: 1/0.4.

Wall 19c.

South-east of the terraces are a few steps cut in the bedrock.20. Southern Main-wall to the west of the Gate.

Pl. B LX. 1.Wall 20a.

Blocks (generally rather big) as in Wall 5, the surface is, however,almost flat or only slightly curved.

Just before Wall 20b a huge rock is seen which on the top iscut as base for blocks. Also the front of the rock is verticallycut to serve as part of the wall-front. The wall is generallyrather ruined.

Wall 20b.

Just below the cut rock (cf. Wall 20a) a very worn stretch of poly-gonal wall is seen. The wall cannot be described in details, but itseems to consist of blocks with a flat exterior surface, demi-roughdressing and fine or demi-fine fitting. Average block-size:0.9¿0.7¿0.8 m. Two courses are preserved (1.3 m).

Wall 20c.

The last part of the Southern Main-wall that is visible is built ofonly roughly dressed and roughly fitted natural blocks as well asre-used polygonal blocks. At some points remains of a polygonalwall might be seen in the lowest course. These remains seems tobe of a wall like Wall 20b; it is thus possible, that Wall 20c is justa later (antique?) rebuilding of Wall 20b.

21. Wall west of the Gate in the northern part of the Connection-wall.

The wall is very ruined and only visible in the surface. It probablyconsists of polygonal blocks, but it is not possible to make a moredetailed description. The wall is particularly important in being theonly longer stretch of wall in westward direction that is connectedwith the gate (Wall 12).

22. Alpovuni (‘‘Temple’’).

Pl. D LXII.The fine wall-complex north-east of the acropolis is probablythe remains of a temple (perhaps for Apollon, cf. Partsch 1890,xx). To a large extend the northern and southern wall-lines ofthe building (‘‘temple’’) can only be followed via cuts in thebedrock made to fit blocks. In this way it is also possible torecognize an inner room-division (the cella?). It is remarkablethat the interior floor of the building has not been leveled,especially in the western part the rock is unworked. A few meterswest of the south-western corner of the building a part of aruined wall (not mapped) is seen (antique?).

Wall 22a (‘‘Temenos-wall’’).

Pl. B LX. 2.Wall 22a, forming a tower-like corner, might be a part of a te-menos.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F.Block-size: 0.5¿0.7¿0.6.A few meters east of Wall 22a is a possible base for an altar (Pl. BLXI. 1).

Wall 22b (‘‘Temple’’).

Fig. IX. 62.Type of masonry: Almost Re, erected on a base of smaller blocks.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: F.Fitting: F.Courses/height: 2 (base incl.)/-.

Wall 22c.

The northern end of Wall 22c is uncertain.Type of masonry: Re (?).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F (?).Block-size: The blocks were bigger than those of Wall 22b.Courses/height: 1/-.

A few meters west of Wall 22c is a larger plateau cut into therock.

C. HOUSE-FOUNDATIONS, ETC. (TERRACE-WALLS/TW1–148).Pl. D XXXI-XXXIII, D XXXXIV-LVII & D LIX-LXI.The so-called Terrace-walls, a generic term which includes plat-forms for structures, walls of structures, various terraces, etc., arein the following referred to as TW 1–148. For the location see themaps. (All directions of the courses are here of 400 æ.)

TW 1 (B).

Type of masonry: T (π Re?).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F.Block-size: 0.9¿0.5¿0.7.Preserved length: 6.Courses/height: 1/-.

TW 2.

Type of masonry: – (Re or T?).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: -.Block-size: -.Preserved length: 1.7.Courses/height: 1/-.

TW 3 (B).

Type of masonry: Re (?).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F.Block-size: 1.3¿0.6¿0.6.Preserved length: 6.Courses/height: 2/-.

TW 4 (B). Cf. Site 283:1.Type of masonry: Re (?).Shape of surface: Fl (both sides).Dressing: DF.Fitting: F.Block-size: 1.6¿0.5¿0.5.

95Kephallenia

Preserved length: South-wall: 3.2.Courses/height: 2/-.The south-wall might continue in eastern direction.

TW 5 (BT).

Type of masonry: T (generally, a few P?), pseudoisodemic.Shape of surface: Fl (a few C, due to raw-materiel?).Dressing: DF-DR.Fitting: F.Block-size: Smaller and bigger blocks.Preserved length: South-wall: 10.Courses/height: 4/3.5.

TW 6 (in modern terrace).

Type of masonry: T.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: FBlock-size: 0.7¿–¿0.6.Preserved length: 2.1 (three blocks).Courses/height: 1/-.

TW 7 (TW).

Type of masonry: Roughly cut natural blocks.Shape of surface: Slightly C.Dressing: R.Fitting: R.Block-size: 0.8¿0.6¿0.6.Preserved length: East: 3.1, north: 1.8.Courses/height: 2(?)/1.3.

TW 8 (B?).

Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F.Block-size: 0.5¿0.3¿-.Preserved length: 2.Courses/height: 3(?)/0.8.

TW 9.

Type of masonry: Roughly cut natural blocks.Shape of surface: Slightly C.Dressing: R-DR.Fitting: R.Block-size: 0.6¿0.4¿-.Preserved length: 8.Courses/height: 3–4/1.4.

TW 10 (base for B?). Cf. Site 283:2.Type of masonry: T (?).Shape of surface: Casual.Dressing: R.Fitting: F (?).Block-size: 1.1¿0.3¿-.Preserved length: 2 (two blocks).Courses/height: 1/-.

TW 11 (BT).

In the eastern corner the wall is cut into the rock.Type of masonry: T, pseudo-isodomic.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.

Fitting: DF.Block-size: 0.8¿0.6¿-.Preserved length: 14.Courses/height:4/1.7.

TW 12 (TW?).

Type of masonry: Re or T.Shape of surface: Almost Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: R.Block-size: 0.9¿0.6¿–.Preserved length: 2.5 – 3.Courses/height: 2/1.2.

TW 13 (Antique?).Type of masonry: Cut natural stones (perhaps P).Shape of surface: Almost Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: R.Block-size: 0.4¿0.4¿-.Preserved length: 2 (four stones).Courses/height: 1/-.

TW 14 (B π BT). Cf. Sites 271:2 (in the wall) & 271:3 (Northof the wall).Pl. B LXI. 2; Pl. B LXII. 1. Pl. C XVI.At three points transverse walls, forming a straight angle from Wall14, are seen. All these are cut from the bedrock. In line with thenorthernmost of these is also a corner, cut in the rock.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: DR.Block-size: 1.0¿0.6¿-.Preserved length: 11.Courses/height: 3/2.1.

TW 15 (B π BT).

Pl. B LXII. 2; Pl. B LXIII. 1–2.At three points transverse walls, forming a straight angle to Wall15 are seen. These are built of blocks and are visible in a length of4.8 (southern), 1.5 (middle) and 3.8 (northern).Type of masonry: P (some areas T).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DF.Block-size: 1.3¿1.0¿-.Preserved length: 13.Courses/height: 3/2.2.

TW 16.

Wall cut in the rock.Length: 2,5.

TW 17.

Wall-corner cut in the rock. The northern part visible in a lengthof 1.2.

TW 18 (BT).

In the northern part of the wall is cut a straight angle into the rock.In the southern part a possible transverse wall/block (length: 1.2,course: 135E); in this block a possible cut to fit another block.Type of masonry: Roughly cut natural stones. Gives the impressionof a not too well-done (or hastely made) wall.


Shape of surface: Almost Fl.Dressing: R.Fitting: R.Block-size: Smaller and bigger stones.Preserved length: 15.Courses/height: 2–3/-.

TW 19.

Wall cut in the rock.Length: 5.5 (the northern end uncertain).

TW 20.

Wall cut in the rock (?).Length: 1,7.

TW 21.

In North a corner forming a straight angle. Wall cut in the rock.Length: 1.7.

TW 22.

In South and north the wall forms angles (courses: 95 æ and 140 æ).The northern of these even forming another angle (course: 40 æ).Wall cut in the rock.Length: 3.7.

TW 23.

Wall cut in the rock.Length: 4.5.

Immediately behind TW 23 is a cistern, now with concrete, butperhaps of antique origin.

TW 24a (BT?).

TW 24a forms a corner with 24b.Type of masonry: Almost T.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: R-DR.Fitting: R.Block-size: 0.8¿0.7¿-.Preserved length: 4.Courses/height: 3/2.4.

TW 24b (BT?).

Wall cut in rock, above it two cut stones (rather than blocks) arepreserved.Length: 2.8.

Wall 25 (B?).

In the eastern end the wall forms an angle towards north. TW 25is probably a continuation of TW 24b.Type of masonry: Probably Re (perhaps T), pseudo-isodomic.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF (perhaps on both sides even south is uncertain).Fitting: F.Block-size: 1.0¿0.6¿0.6.Preserved length: 3.8.Courses/height: 2/-.

TW 26.

Type of masonry: Re (?) (in north cut in the rock).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DR.Block-size: 0.9¿–¿0.2.Preserved length: 4.Courses/height: 1/-.

TW 27.

Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Slightly C-Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: R.Block-size: 0.9¿0.6¿-.Preserved length: 4.Courses/height: 2/1.2.

TW 28 (BT, or the Main-wall (cf. Fig. IN. 3, PartschΩs map)).Some meters south of this wall (in front of Wall 29) a single P-block, probably in situ, lies in the line.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DF.Block-size: 1.2¿0.7¿-.Preserved length: 24 (partly destroyed in north).Courses/height: 2–3/1.5.

TW 29.

In the northern end the wall forms an angle towards north-west.Wall cut in the rock.Length: 4.5.

TW 30.

In South the wall forms an angle towards west. Wall cut in therock.Length: 4.5.

TW 31.

In South the wall forms an angle towards west.Type of masonry: P (in south cut in the rock).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DR.Block-size: 0.9¿0.5¿-.Preserved length: East: 5.Courses/height: 2/1.

TW 32.

The two walls forming a corner are mainly cut in the rock. Theeastern part of the south-wall is, however, built of blocks. The west-ern wall-line is cut on the top of an about 2 m high rock whoseside (towards west) is also cut to form a wall.Type of masonry: T.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: DR.Block-size: 0.4¿0.9¿0.4.Preserved length: South: 2, west: 3.2.Courses/height: South: 0.8, west: 0.6.

TW 33 (Block-base or floor?).A small plateau cut in the rock (in the same niveau as the upperpart of TW 32, western wall).

TW 34.

In South perhaps a corner cut in the rock.Type of masonry: T (?).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: R.Fitting: R.

97Kephallenia

Block-size: 0.9¿0.3¿–.Preserved length: 3.6.Courses/height: 1/-.

TW 35 (B?/BT) (cf. TWs 36, 38 & 46).Pl. B LXIV. 1. Pl. C XVII.In south the wall forms an angle towards east.Type of masonry: P, perhaps founded on a protruding base.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F.Block-size: 1.0¿1.0(?)¿-.Preserved length: 12.5.Courses/height: 4/2,2.

TW 36 (B?/BT), a continuation of the corner of Wall 35.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: – (F?).Block-size: 0.9¿–¿0.6.Preserved length: 11.Courses/height: 1/0.4.

TW 37 (TW), antique?The wall is perhaps just a later continuation of Wall 35.Type of masonry: P (?).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: R.Fitting: R.Block-size: 0.4¿0.4¿0.4.Preserved length: 8.5.Courses/height: 2–3/0.8.

TW 38.

Very ruined, but probably a wall like Wall 35, and forming anorthern angle with this, even though the corner itself is notpreserved.Length: 10.

TW 39.

Type of masonry: Re (?) (eastern part cut in rock).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: Block-size: 1.3¿–¿0.5.Preserved length: 4.9.Courses/height: 1/0.4.

TW 40.

Two parallel wall-lines cut in the rock.Length: 2.1.

TW 41 (B?/BT).

Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F.Block-size: 0.7¿0.7¿-.Preserved length: 7.2.Courses/height: 1/0.8.

TW 42 (B?/BT), cf. TWs 44, 53 & 54.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Fl.

Dressing: DF.Fitting: F.Block-size: 0.8¿0.6¿-.Preserved length: 9.5.Courses/height: 1/0.8.

TW 43 (B?/BT).

Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Slightly C (?).Dressing: DR.Fitting: DR.Block-size: 0.9¿0.6¿-.Preserved length: 4.8.Courses/height: 1/0.6.

TW 44 (BT).

In front/west of the northern part an up to 2.5 m broad plateaucut in the rock.Type of masonry: P, founded on a base of smaller blocks.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F.Block-size: 1.4¿1.0¿-.Preserved length: 7.7.Courses/height: 2/1.2.

TW 45 (Antique?).About 3 m west of the wall is a smaller plateau cut in the rock.Wall 45 is perhaps just a later continuation of wall 44.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Fl-slightly C.Dressing: DR.Fitting: R.Block-size: Smaller and bigger (0.8¿0.6¿-) blocks.Preserved length: 7.7.Courses/height: 1–2/1.0.

TW 46 (B?/BT).

Probably a continuation of TW 38.Type of masonry: Re (?).Shape of surface: F; has a front on the northern, as well as thesouthern side.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DF (?).Block-size: 1.3¿0.5¿-.Preserved length: 3.6.Courses/height: 1/0.8.

TW 47.

Type of masonry: Re (?).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: Block-size: 0.8¿0.3¿-.Preserved length: 3.8.Courses/height: 1/0,24.

TW 48 (B?/BT).

Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DF.Block-size: 0.9¿0.5¿-.


Preserved length: 11.Courses/height: 2/0.9.

TW 49.

In South perhaps a corner and a wall towards west, parallel to thepresent path (antique?).Type of masonry: P (in south cut in the rock).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: -.Block-size: 0.9¿0.6¿-.Preserved length: 5,2.Courses/height: 1–2/1.6 (rock).

TW 50 (staircase).

Pl. B LXIV. 2.The staircase measures 2.6¿3.1 and consists of 7–8 steps cut intothe rock; forms in south a corner together with TW 49, in northWall 51 continuates the line of the staircase.

TW 51.

The ‘‘blocks’’ of this wall seem to be cut in the rock.Length: 3,15.Height: 0,2.

TW 52.

Type of masonry: P (in south cut in rock).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DR (?).Block-size: 1.3¿0.7¿-.Preserved length: 12.Courses/height: 2/1.3 (the upper course consists of smaller stones,antique?).

TW 53 (B?/BT).

Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F.Block-size: 1¿–¿0.5.Preserved length: 2.1.Courses/height: 1/0.4.

TW 54 (B?/BT).

In South the wall perhaps formes an angle towards east (i.e., intothe present terrace).Type of masonry: P (partly cut in rock).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DR.Block-size: 0.9¿0.8¿-.Preserved length: 12.5.Courses/height: 3/1.6.

TW 55.

In the rock cuts to fit blocks.Type of masonry: P (the western part of the southern wall is cut inrock).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: – (DR?).Block-size: 0.8¿–¿-.

Preserved length: South: 4, west: 4.8.Courses/height: 1/1.2.

TW 56.

Wall cut in the rock, forms in south an angle towards west.Length: 1.2.Height: 1.

TW 57.

Wall cut in the rock, to the north of which is a possible plateau cutin the rock.Length: 2,1.Heigth: 0,65.West of TW 57 an antique (?) well.

TW 58a.

In north the rock-cut wall forms an angle towards west. 8 m pre-served. In west this wall has a cut to fit a block. The blocks of TW58a are perhaps not antique.Type of masonry: P (‘‘long-like’’) (the northern part cut in the rock.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DR.Block-size: 0.7¿0.3¿-.Preserved length: 8.Courses/height: 3/0.8.

TW 58b.

Type of masonry: Re (?).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: -.Block-size: 1.2¿–¿0.4.Preserved length: 3.4.Courses/height: 1/-

TW 59.

Wall cut in the rock (the northern part, much ruined, consists,perhaps, of blocks). About 1.6 m from the southern end is a possibletransverse wall in western direction (also cut in the rock).Length: 6.5.Height: 0.4.

TW 60 (Wall/block-base).

This finely dressed wall is cut in the rock and shows (fine?) fittingfor blocks in several levels. In front/north of the wall is a plateaucut in the rock.Length: 4.3.Height: 1.3.Breadth: 0.4–0.5.

TW 61 (Steps).

Three steps (each about 1.2 broad, 0.5 deep and 0.3–0.4 high) arecut in the rock.

TW 62.

Wall cut in the rock.Length: 2.1.Height: 1.0.

TW 63.

The wall is doubtful.Type of masonry: Re or T (?).Shape of surface: Fl-slightly C.Dressing: DR.

99Kephallenia

Fitting: R.Block-size: 0.5¿–¿-.Preserved length: 1,7.Courses/height: 1/0.3.

TW 64.

Wall and fittings for blocks cut in the rockLength: 2.3.Height: 0.7.

South of TW 64 is a possible staircase cut in the rock.TW 65.

TW 65 is very ruined but may form a angle with TW 64. Type ofmasonry: Re (?) and cut in rock.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: -.Block-size: 0.9¿0.6¿-.Preserved length: 6.5.Courses/height: 1/1.4.

TW 66.

Wall cut in the rock; in north is a possible transverse-wall (onesingle block).Length: 4.2.About 1 m from the southern end of TW 66 is a transverse-walltowards the west:Length: 2.8.

TW 67.

Type of masonry: T or Re (?), but mainly cut in the rock (northernand southern parts). In north and south the rock-cut walls bendsin straight angles towards the west. ‘‘Inside’’ the southern angle isa plateau cut in the rock.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: DR (?).Block-size: 1.2¿0.5¿-.Preserved length: East: 14.Courses/height: 1/1.9 (rock-cut part).

TW 68.

Wall cut in rock (front towards east and west). In north a cut to fita block.Length: 2.Height: 0.8.

TW 69.

Wall cut in the rock.Length: 1.0.

TW 70 (B/BT).

Type of masonry: T (?).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: DF (?).Block-size: -.Preserved length: 4.9.Courses/height: 2/1.2.

TW 71.

Single block only visible in the surface (perhaps wall parallel to TW70).Length: 1.

TW 72 (B (?)/BT).

Type of masonry: P but very quadrangular-like.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DF.Block-size: 0.6¿0.6¿-.Preserved length: 7.5.Courses/height: 3/1.2.

TW 73.

Loose block or block cut in rock (?).Length: 1.4.Height: 0.6.

TW 74 (B (?)/BT).

Pl. B LXV. 1.In front of the wall a stone-slab from a grave (not in situ).Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: DF.Block-size: 0.8¿0.7¿-.Preserved length: 7.5.Courses/height: 2/1.2.

TW 75.

Wall cut in the rock, forms in north an angle towards west. In themiddle of the eastern wall as well as in the southern part are cutsto fit blocks; inside the walls a plateau also cut un the rock.Length: East: 4.2, north: 2.5.Height: 1.7.

TW 76 (B?/BT).

(In south a possible transverse-wall cut in the rock towards the east(3.2 m).)Type of masonry: P, the southern part cut in the rock (with cutsclearly to fit P-blocks).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DF.Block-size: 1.4¿0.6¿-.Preserved length: 9.1.Courses/height: 2–3/1.7.

TW 77.

Block, with two fronts (?), cut in the rock.Length: 0.9.

TW 78.

Cut in rock to fit blocks.Length: about 0.7.

TW 79.

‘‘Blocks’’ cut in the rock (foundation for wall); two ‘‘blocks’’ on linewith 4 m in between.

TW 80.

Corner cut in the rock to fit blocks.TW 81.

Foundation for wall cut in the rock. In north the wall forms anangle towards west. The end in south is uncertain.Length: 9.5.

TW 82 (Antique (?) well).

The well is cut into the bedrock.


Diameter 0.6.TW 83.

Wall with corner cut in the rock. The north-south part is coveredwith plaster and not visible. South of TW 83 is a lid (?) for a grave-cist.Length: 0.9.

TW 84 (Grave).

Only two slabs set edgewise are visible (Classical/Early Hellenisticperiod).Length: About 2.

TW 84a.

Four steps cut in the rock situated between TWs 31 and 33.TW 85 (antique?).

This wall consists of smaller and bigger roughly cut natural stones.TW 86 (TW?).

Pl. B LXV. 2.Type of masonry: Q (Re/T?).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: DR.Block-size: 1.5¿0.6¿-.Preserved length: 18.Courses/height: 3/1.

TW 87 (TW?).The wall is very overgrown.Type of masonry: Q (Re/T?).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: -.Block-size: 1.3¿0.7¿-.Preserved length: 9.Courses/height: 1/0.7.

TW 88 (TW?).Type of masonry: T.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DF.Block-size: 0.8¿0.5¿-.Preserved length: 6.Courses/height: 1/0.5.

TW 89a (B).

Pl. B LXVI. 1 (TW 89a to the left).Cf. Site 281:2. TW 89a forms a corner with TW 89b.Between the two walls, in context, has been found two red-glazed(Hellenistic) sherds, cf. Site 281:2.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F.Block-size: 0.7¿0.5¿-.Preserved length: 1,5.Courses/height: 3/1,2.

TW 89b.

(Forms a corner with TW 89a).Pl. B LXVI. 1 (TW 89b to the right).TW 89b seems to be younger than wall 89a.

Type of masonry: P (roughly cut blocks).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: DR.Block-size: 0.3¿0.3¿-.Preserved length: 0.8.Courses/height: 3/1.1.

TW 90 (TW?).Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: DR.Block-size: 0.6¿0.4¿-.Preserved length: About 20.Courses/height: 1/0.7.

TW 91 (BT?).

Pl. B LXVI. 2.Type of masonry: P or T. In the lowest visible course a consistentuse of smaller wedged in blocks between the bigger blocks is seen.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F-DF (?).Block-size: 0.9¿0.7¿-.Preserved length: 10.Courses/height: 2/1.5.

TW 92.

Wall cut in the rock. Immediately north-west of Wall 92 is a plateau(about 1 m2), cut in the rock.Length: 1.7.Height: 0,6

TW 93.

Wall cut in the rock.Length: About 7 (the southern end not visible).Height: 1.6.

TW 94 (Stairs).

Pl. B LXVII. 1.The stairs are cut in the rock and consists of 3 steps (width 1.0–1.1, cf. TW 95).

TW 95 (cf. TW 94).The wall and a plateau is situated on and cut into a rock about 1.5m above ‘‘ground level’’. In the southern part the ‘‘rock’’ is perhapssupplemented by blocks. In south-west the plateau seems to beleveled with 10 cm thick slabs. Broken pieces of the same type ofslab is seen between TWs 94 and 95, and has perhaps connectedand leveled the two areas.Length: 2.5.Height: 1.3.Depth: 1.3.

TW 96 (Cave).

This cave basically seems to be natural, but at several places, espe-cially around the opening, the rock is cut to fit blocks, and at someplaces at the southern side blocks are still seen in situ. The openingis conical, about 2.5 m wide at ground-level. The cave itself isabout 5 m deep.

TW 97 (TW?).Pl. B LXVII. 2.

101Kephallenia

Type of masonry: (Slightly) T, founded on a base of about 30 cmhigh stones.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: F.Fitting: F.Block-size: 0.7¿0.9¿-.Preserved length: 6.Courses/height: 2/1.2.

TW 98, cf. Site 283:3.To the North TW 98 disappears under a modern terrace-wall.Type of masonry: Q (Re/T?).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F.Block-size: 0.8¿0.3¿0.6.Preserved length: 3.Courses/height: 1/0.3.

TW 99 (Antique?).The wall is very ruined.Type of masonry: Q & P.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: -.Block-size: 0.6¿0.5¿0.8.Preserved length: 8.Courses/height: 2/1.3.

TW 100.

Type of masonry: Q (Re/T?), on a base of smaller stones.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DF.Block-size: 1.0¿0.6¿-.Preserved length: 2.Courses/height: 2/0.7.

TW 101a, cf. Site 283:4.Type of masonry: T (a few blocks with five sides).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DF.Block-size: 0.9¿0.6¿-.Preserved length: 9.Courses/height: 3/1.3.

TW 101b.

TW 101b might be a rebuilding of the stretch of wall between TWs101a and 101c.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: DR.Block-size: About 1¿0.8¿-.Preserved length: Courses/height: 2/1.

TW 101c, cf. TW 101d.Description as Wall 101a, except that the work generally is a littlemore rough and that polygonal blocks are also used. In north thewall seems to be founded on a base about 0.6 m heigh. The last 5m in north is double.

Block-size: In south: 0.6¿0.5¿-.Courses/height: 4/1.4 (incl. base).

TW 101d, cf. TW 102.Like TW 101c, with which it forms a corner.Block-size: 0.8¿0.6¿-.Courses/height: 4/1.7.

TW 102 (B?/TW).

About 3 m from the eastern end a transverse-wall about 5 m longin southern direction. TWs 102 and 101d are perhaps parts of thesame stretch, TW 102 just on a higher level. TWs 101a and 102both seem to be followed by the present terraces, which probablyindicate that they have ancient origins.Type of masonry: T.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: Df.Fitting: DF.Block-size: 0.9¿0.5¿0.5.Preserved length: 16.Courses/height: 4/1.4.

TW 103.

Wall cut in the rock. In north a block perhaps as part of a trans-verse-wall.Length: 2.1.Height: 0,6.

TW 104, cf. Site 283:5.Type of masonry: P, perhaps on a base of flat and more quadrangu-lar stones.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: DR.Block-size: 0.5¿0.4¿-.Preserved length: North 2.3, west 4.7.Courses/height: 3/1.0.

TW 105.

Plateau (1.8¿0.8) cut in the rock.TW 106, cf. TW 126. Cf. Site 283:22.

Wall cut in the rock.Length: 1.9.Height: 1.1.

TW 107.

Corner cut in the rock (to fit blocks?). 0.4 m deep and 0.7 m high.TW 108.

Various cuts in the rock to fit blocks (in several levels); foundationfor wall.

TW 109, cf. Site 283:6.Pl. B LVIII. 1.In north the wall forms an angle towards west (6.4 m) and 4.4 mfrom the southern end a transverse wall was seen, also in westerndirection (5.6 m).Type of masonry: T.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: F.Fitting: F.Block-size: -.Preserved length: 8.2.Courses/height: 2/-.


TW 110.

Pl. B LXVIII. 2.The last 7 m towards the south a parallel line (double wall?).Type of masonry: T.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DR.Block-size: 0.8¿0.6¿-.Preserved length: 15.Courses/height: 3/1.3.

TW 111.

A line of two quadrangular blocks only partly visible in the surface.Length: 1.5.

TW 112 (B?).

Type of masonry: Q (Re/T?).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DF.Block-size: 1.1¿0.2¿0.6.Preserved length: 2.3.Courses/height: 1/0.2.

TW 113 (see also TW 121). Cf. Sites 283:16 & 283:7.Only visible in the surface.Type of masonry: Q (Re/T?).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: -.Fitting: -.Block-size: 0.5¿–¿0.2.Preserved length: 2.1.Courses/height: 1/-.

TW 114, cf. Site 283:14.The wall is very ruined.Type of masonry: Q (Re/T?).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: -.Block-size: 1.0¿–¿0.4.Preserved length: 4.5.Courses/height: 1/0.4.

TW 115, cf. Site 283:8.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: DF.Block-size: 0.5¿0.4¿-.Preserved length: 6.3.Courses/height: 3/1.

TW 116, cf. Site 283:18.Only a single block that seems to be in situ is visible, perhaps moreblocks in eastern directiion. Could be part of TW 117.Type of masonry: Q (Re/T?).Shape of surface: -.Dressing: DF.Fitting: -.Block-size: -.Preserved length: -.

Courses/height: 1/-.TW 117 (cf. TW 116). Cf. Sites 283:25 & 283:26.

Type of masonry: Q (Re/T?).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DF.Block-size: 1.4¿0.6¿0.4.Preserved length: North 2.3, east 2.6.Courses/height: 1/0.6.

TW 118.

In North a transverse wall in western direction (3.6 m).Type of masonry: T.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F.Block-size: 0.6¿0.7¿-.Preserved length: 4.5.Courses/height: 1/0.9.

TW 119.

Two blocks in situ (only visible in the surface).TW 120.

Three blocks in situ (only visible in the surface).Type of masonry: Q (Re/T?).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: -.Block-size: -.Preserved length: 3.Courses/height: 1/-.

TW 121 (cf. TW 113). Cf. Sites 283:21 & 283:7.Pl. B LXIX. 1.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: DR.Block-size: Bigger block: 0.8¿0.5¿-.Preserved length: 5.5.Courses/height: 4/1.

TW 122, cf. Site 283:20.Pl. B LXIX. 2.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: DF.Block-size: 0.9¿0.4¿-.Preserved length: 5.Courses/height: 3/1.2.

TW 123, cf. Site 283:15.Pl. B LXX. 1.The lowest course seems to be a protuding foundation (some of theblocks have been moved a little but still seem in situ). In the south-ern end perhaps an transverse wall (only a single block).Type of masonry: T.Shape of surface: Fl, several of the blocks with an almost horisontalfluting.Dressing: DR.

103Kephallenia

Fitting: DF.Block-size: 0.8¿0.6¿-.Preserved length: 4.6.Courses/height: 3/1.5.

TW 124, cf. Site 283:23.Type of masonry: Q (some parts more P).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: DR.Block-size: 0.7¿0.4¿-.Preserved length: 15.5.Courses/height: 3/1.1 (?).

TW 125.

Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: R.Block-size: 0.5¿0.3¿–.Preserved length: 7.2.Courses/height: 2/0.6.

TW 126 (cf. TW 106). Cf. Site 283:10 & 283:22.Wall-corner cut in the rock. Inside the corner a plateau cut in therock, and above the walls in north a similar plateau.Height: 1.3.

TW 127, cf. TW 128. Cf. Site 283:13.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DR-DF.Fitting: DR.Block-size: 0.8¿0.7¿-.Preserved length: 18.Courses/height: 2/1.4.

TW 128, cf. TW 127. Cf. Site 283:13.Wall cut in the rock. At about the middle a transverse wall towardssouth-west.

TW 129.

Wall-corner cut in the rock.Length: North 1.5, south 2.0.Height: 1.2.

TW 130.

The middle part is not preserved.Type of masonry: Re.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: F.Fitting: DF.Block-size: 0.7¿0.6¿-.Preserved length: 9.Courses/height: 2/0.8.

TW 131, cf. Site 283:12.Wall-corner cut in the rock.Length: About 2.

TW 132, cf. Site 283:9.Pl. B LXX. 2.In the middle of the wall a possible corner/transverse wall towardseast.Type of masonry: P.

Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: DF.Block-size: 0.8¿0.6¿-.Preserved length: 4.9.Courses/height: 3/1.4.

TW 133.

Only the surface visible.Type of masonry: Q.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: -.Block-size: 0.9¿–¿-.Preserved length: 4.5.Courses/height: 1/0.5.

TW 134, cf. Site 281:17 (TW 134Ωthe northeasternmost part ofthe site).Not mapped, in very dense vegetation; only visible in the surface;the middle-part not preserved.Type of masonry: T with smaller wedged in blocks.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DF.Block-size: 0.8¿0.7¿-.Preserved length: About 10.Courses/height: 1/1.1.

TW 135.

Not mapped, in very dense vegetation. Situated a few metres north-east of TW 134.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DR.Fitting: -.Block-size: 0.6¿0.5¿0.5.Preserved length: 4.Courses/height: 1/0.5.

TW 136 (BT).

Pl. B LXXI. 1–2.In the eastern end the wall makes a corner toward north.Type of masonry: P. The upper course is flat and horisontal on top(base for structure).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DF.Average block-size: 0.8¿0.6¿–.Preserved length: About 8.5.Courses/height: 3/1.7.

TW 137.

Wall cut in the rock.TW 138.

Wall cut in the rock.TW 139 (B), cf. Site 294.

Immediately north-east of TW 139 there seems to be a wall ofsimilar appearence.Type of masonry: Re (?).Shape of surface: Fl.


Dressing: DF.Fitting: DF (?).Average block-size: 1.1¿0.4¿0.4.Preserved length: 3.7.Courses/height: 1/0.4.

TW 140.

Pl. B LXXII. 1.In north-east is seen a cross-wall that might link the wall with anorthern prolongation of TW 89a, thus making up a quadrangularconstruction.Type of masonry: P (few square angles).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F/DF.Average block-size: 0.8¿0.6¿-; 0.5¿0.4¿-.Preserved length: -.Courses/height: 6/2.

TW 141, cf. Site 274.Toward west one (two?) cross-walls. Wall cut in the rock.Length: about 4.Height: 1.3.

TW 142, cf. Site 274.Type of masonry: T.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F.Average block-size: 1.2¿0.8¿-.Preserved length: 4.Courses/height: 1 (plus a rock-cut base?)/about 1.1.

TW 143, cf. Site 274.Type of masonry: T (P?).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DF.Average block-size: 0.8¿0.7¿-; toward south the blocks are a littlebigger: 1.2¿1.3¿0.5.Preserved length: 6.Courses/height: 2/1.3

TW 144, cf. Site 274.Corner and plateau cut in the rock. West of the southern wall somepossible steps cut in the rock. TW 144 might have made up abuilding together with TW 143.Length: south-wall 3.3; east-wall, about 5.Height: 1.5.

TW 145, cf. Site 253.Pl. B LXXII. 2.The wall seems to continue northwards with more quadrangularblocks, but the latter stretch is very ruined.Type of masonry: P (of T-like appearence).Shape of surface: Fl.

Dressing: DF.Fitting: DF.Average block-size: 0.5¿0.4¿-.Preserved length: 5–6.Courses/height: 2/0.7.

TW 146 (B?), cf. Site 253.Pl. B LXXIII. 1.About 6 m east of the wall is a single block that might belong to aparallel wall-line.Type of masonry: Almost Re.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F/DF.Average block-size: 1.2¿0.8¿-.Preserved length: 1 (plus base)/1.0.Courses/height: 8–10.

TW 147, cf. Site 252.Toward south a possible cross-wall (built of conglomerate-blocks?).Type of masonry: P (longish).Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DF/DR.Average block-size: 0.9¿0.5¿0.6.Preserved length: 10.Courses/height: 2/0.8.

TW 148, cf. Site 253.The wall seems to continue in the modern terrace-wall to the north.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: DF (?).Average block-size: 0.6¿0.4¿-.Preserved length: 2–3.Courses/height: 1/0.4.

Spring (Site 268).Pl. B LXXIII. 2.The spring/fountain is rock-cut and in several levels, immediatelyin front of it is a rectangular through. 4 m north-west of thethrough are two blocks (placed on top of each other) with a cut fora door or thelike (contemporary with the rock-cut construction?).North of the fountain is another through (ancient?) and below thefountain a cistern (about 3¿3 m) now with concrete, but probablyancient in origin.

Harbour pier.

Pl. B LXXIV. 1–2. Pl. D LVIII.North of the present harbour of Sami is an ancient stone pier onand jutting from the beach of the northern part of Same. The pieris built of smaller rectangular blocks and huge slabs; it is partlysubmerged but otherwise well-preserved. Due to circumstances thepier could only be mapped, but not described in usual detail.

105Kephallenia

CATALOGUE E

WESTERN KEPHALLENIA(APART FROM THE CITIES OF KRANE AND OF PALE)

In contrast with Eastern Kephallenia, the ancientGreek stone walls and other architecture of WesternKephallenia have not been investigated to the highestdegree of detail, though nevertheless visited and seri-ously studied when time and opportunity allowed –in other words, in much the same fashion as the men-tioned selected comparative Mainland Greek sites.The sites are listed below (for the city of Krane, seeCatalogue E).

KARDATATAThe Kardatata site is a hill-top sanctuary, surrounded by an ovalstone-walled enclosure (‘‘Temenos’’). It is likely a boundary shrinebetween the cities of Pale and Krane, perhaps even Same. No alteris seen, tough. (The rich small finds, including imported fine wares(Geometric period onwards, and Archaic figurines, mainly comefrom a small plateau, the below ‘‘Extension’’, in the Southeast.)

Enclosure/‘‘Temenos Wall’’.

Type of masonry: Only slightly cut blocks. Double wall (ca. 0.85),with an inner filling of stones (single wall in part?).Shape of surface: -.Dressing: DR/R.Fitting: DF.Average block-size: 0.40¿0.43¿0.55 (but up to 0.84¿0.45¿0.55),plus smaller wedging stones.Courses/height: 4/1.18

A Gate 1.15 m wide and 3.50 deep is seen in the Northeast ofthe Enclosure (ca. 63E towards the East). Southeast of the gate isthe foundation of a small rectangular ‘‘bastion’’ or guard-house (?)of c. 7.5¿3.5.

On a stretch of wall in the Southwest, the enclosure takes on amore imposing form (but is here highly ruined).Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: -.Dressing: DR (?).Fitting: DF (?)Average block-size: 0.72¿0.50¿0.83.Courses/height: 1–2/-.

An ‘‘Extension’’ of the enclosure is seen in the Southeast, wherethe wall is generally only made of smaller unworked stones. Manyof the rich small finds (cf. above) come from this area. It is possiblythat the ‘‘Extension’’ is merely a recent field enclosure, or is turnedinto such.

A ‘‘Terrace Wall’’ inside the above ‘‘Extension’’ resembles theTemenos-wall, but is made of smaller stones, like the enclosure wallat ‘‘Extension’’.

Structure (Temple?).

Ca. 40–50 m South of the top of the hill are the remains of a largestructure, c. 22¿7 m. The wall are double (c. 0,7 m) made of tworows of stones, c. 20–25 cm in diametre, with an infill of smallstones. The orientation of the structure is ca. 27 æ towards the East,or almost northeast-southwest. A possible inner division is seen 7m from the northern end.

HELLENIKOPl. B CIII.1–2 & B CIV.1.‘‘Helleniko’’ is to the North of Ag. Varvara in Livadi, on northernPaliki, where a highly ruined small square tower structure has beenlocated (in 1996). A similar locality, ‘‘Ag. Varvara’’, is either identi-cal with Helliniko, or representing a nearby unidentified site, alsowith a ruined small square tower (cf. Arch. Deltion 6, 1920–21,172ff. with a photo of the walls of ‘‘Ag. Varvara’’, which do notseem to be identical with those of Helliniko, at least not in theircontemporary state of preservation).

Tower.

The square tower is situated on rather flat rich agricultural landand probably belonged to a farmstead (rather than beeing awatchtower). It measures a little more than 5 m in approximatelyNorth-South, and probably about the same in East-West. The wallsare 1 m thick and double, with the smallest blocks on the interiorside, and an infill of stones. In the inner northeastern corner is asmall platform, perhaps a step. The entrance was probably in thedestroyed eastern part.Type of masonry: P, more Re at the corners.Shape of surface: (Slightly) C.Dressing: DR.Fitting: DR.(Further characterization is not possible.)Note: No significant small finds were noted.


CATALOGUE F

WESTERN KEPHALLENIA. THE CITY OF KRANE

The stone architecture and walls of Western Kephal-lenia have not been investigated to the highest degreeof detail, but visited and studied, however seriously,when time and opportunity allowed – in other words,in much the same fashion as the selected comparativeMainland Greek sites. A possible exception is the cityof Krane (cf. Fig. IN. 4 & Fig. IX. 79). Though notcleared of vegetation and mapped with total station,the masonry (as well as the city-scapes) of Krane werenevertheless studied in a satisfactory fashion, almostto the same detail as, e.g., Same.

1. THE WALLS OF THE ‘‘LOWER ACROPOLIS’’ (70m),

AND OF THE ACROPOLIS (110m) OF ANCIENT KRANE.Wall A (‘‘Jutting’’ wall South of the ‘‘Lower Acropolis’’)

Pl. B LXXVII. 1–2; Pl. B LXXVIII. 1.Type of masonry: P, a fair number of acute angles, but few rec-tangular ones. Double wall (2.30), with a fill of larger and smallerrocks (rubble). Wall A seems to have had its front side, i.e., thebetter built and most poweful one, towards the West (i.e., the bayand the coastal area which ought to have been enclosed). Theblocks of the eastern or ‘‘back’’ side are of the same type as thosein the West, but smaller (0.55¿0.60¿0.72).Shape of surface: (slightly) C.Dressing: DF/DR.Fitting: DF.Average block-size: 1.14¿0.80¿0.68 og 1.56¿1.17¿-.

Wall B (Western ‘‘Lower Acropolis’’ wall)

Pl. B LXXVIII. 2.Type of masonry: P, falling lines, few L-stones, a few acute angles,few small wedged-in blocks. A few larger, somewhat roundedblocks. Double wall (?) (1,85). The backside is poorly preserved, butin character perhaps like the front side, only a little poorer andwith smaller blocks. However, it is also possible that the entirebackside is the work of the Middle Ages, and constructed in re-used blocks (if so, the Antique wall might not have been double, infact, at places it seems to be single).Shape of surface: Lightly C/C.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F.Average block-size: 0.91¿0.56¿ca. 0.80.Courses/height: 6/ca. 3.2.

‘‘Jutting’’ Wall North of the ‘‘Lower Acropolis’’ (in several parts)

The southern part of this ‘‘jutting’’ wall is like Wall B, and single(all double wall stretches in the northern ‘‘jutting’’ wall seem to be

Medieval). 40–50 m from Wall B, the character of the wall ischanging (transition point to Wall C not evident).

Wall C.

Pl. B LXXIX. 1. Fig. IX. 9.Type of masonry: P, but many blocks are approaching trapezoid‘‘quadrangular’’, with many L-stones. Seemingly also a single wall.Shape of surface: Fl/slightly C (lower courses more C).Dressing: DF.Fitting: DF.Average block-size: highly differing, ca. 0.16¿0.31¿-; 0.78¿0.42¿0.98; 1.45¿0.62¿-.

Wall D

(immediately South of the westward bend of the northern ‘‘jutting’’ wall)

Pl. B LXXIX. 2.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Slightly C.Dressing: DF.Fitting: FAverage block-size: 0.59¿0.35¿0.40.Courses/height: Only two courses visible under the Medieval re-building.Note: This wall, only seen in a short stretch, is perhaps a repair (inAntiquity), or the blocking (also in Antiquity) of a gate (cf. one ofthe gates at the Acropolis).

Wall E

(immediately West of the westward bend of the northern ‘‘jutting’’ wall)

Pl. B LXXX. 1.In a short stretch (Wall E), just after the westward bend, the charac-ter of the masonry is again like the above western wall of the‘‘Lower Acropolis’’ (Wall B). To the west of this is a stretch ofprobably rebuilt wall of rather large blocks (rebuilding in An-tiquity?).

Walls F (& F-continuation, further West on the westward bend of

the northern ‘‘jutting’’ wall, then South)

Pl. B LXXX. 2 (staircase wall); Pl. B LXXXI. 1–2.To the west of the likely rebuilding (cf. Wall E) in large blocks isagain a ‘‘quadragular’’ type of polygonal wall (like Wall C), in arather bad state. At the end, as well as after the final bend of thenorthern ‘‘jutting’’ wall towards the south, above the bay, possiblydouble.

Ancient trackway

Immediately to the North of Wall F is a probable ancient trackwaysupported by a heavy terrace-wall, leading from the bay to thelower Acropolis (cf. Fig. IN. 4).

Wall G (Northern ‘‘Lower Acropolis wall’’)

Pl. B LXXXII.1–2.The wall is rather overgrown and in stretches highly ruined, espe-cially towards the East, where the situation is very confusing. WallG generally ressembles Wall B and is seemingly double (?), at leastEast of the bastion and at the stretch (6 m.) close to the Acropolis

107Kephallenia

(perhaps the result of a second phase); the interior side is a ratherrough polygonal wall. Compared to Wall B, the front of Wall G isa little more rough and built of larger blocks (1.50¿1.50¿-); thesurface is more flat, and at some stretches the fitting is considerablyless fine. However, at the bastion, not unlike the bastion at SameAcropolis (Wall F), the masonry is of a very high quality.

Wall H (Southern and Western Acropolis walls)

– The Southern Acropolis Wall

Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: Slightly C.Dressing: R.Fitting: DR.Average block-size: 1.10¿0.55¿0.90.

– The Western Acropolis Wall

Pl. B LXXXIII. 1.The front of the Western Acropolis wall resembles the interior sideof the northern ‘‘Lower Acropolis’’ wall (Wall G) and is linked tothis (the Acropolis wall is possibly stratigraphically earlier than WallG). Double wall (ca. 4.70). The interior side is seemingly of thesame type as the front, only built of smaller blocks. The questioneven arises whether these walls are from Antiquity.

Wall I (Northern Acropolis Wall, at the Western Gate)

Pl. B LXXXIII. 2.The wall reminds of the Western ‘‘Lower Acropolis’’ polygonalwall, Wall B, including marked falling lines, but perhaps somewhatmore ‘‘quadrangular’’ blocks.

Wall K (Middle Gate, the sides)

Pl. B LXXXIV. 1–2.Type of masonry: T/P, some L-stones.Towards the interior of the gate, the blocks are becoming moreand more polygonal, to end in a clear polygonal wall. The lattermuch reminds of the polygonal wall at the Western Gate (Wall I),but is slightly less fine.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F/DF (?).Average block-size: 1.35¿0.92¿-

Wall L (Middle Gate, the blocking)

Pl. B LXXXV. 1.Type of masonry: P, acute angles and falling lines, the lower coursesmore rectangular.Shape of surface: Let B.Dressing: DF.Fitting: F.Average block-size: 0.65¿0.36¿-.

Wall M (Akropolis-wall between the Middle and the Eastern Gate)

Reminds of, or is like the T/P wall (Wall K) at the Middle Gate,much destroyed.

Wall N (Eastern Gate)

Reminds of the the T/P wall (Wall K) at the Middle Gate, but thepresent gate is almost covered in earth.

Wall O (Southern Acropolis Wall, at the Eastern Bastion)

Pl. B LXXXV. 2.P-wall, remaining of the ‘‘quadrangular P-wall’’ (Walls C & F) inthe ‘‘Jutting’’ Wall North of the ‘‘Lower Acropolis’’, but perhaps alittle coarser.

2. THE SOUTHEASTERN ENCEINTE OF ‘‘NEW KRANE’’(ca. 80–100m).

Wall P

Pl. B LXXXVI. 1–2; Pl. B LXXXVII. 1–2.Type of masonry: Coarse P (almost rubble), some longish blocks.Perhaps double (ca. 1.70), but difficult to determine; at any rate, afilling of larger blocks behind the front.Shape of surface: Uneven Fl.Dressing: DR/DF.Fitting: DR.Average block-size: 0.72¿0.56¿0.90 & 1.2¿0.62¿0.76.Note: The Southeastern Enceinte is likely constructed of the other-wise missing blocks from the cutting of the streets in the never builtcity of ‘‘New Krane’’ (cf. below, Wall X).

3. THE NORTHEASTERN ENCEINTE OF ‘‘NEA KRANE’’/‘‘NEW KRANE’’ (212 m above sea-level at the northern end, 157m at the Dipylon Gate, and ca. 180 m at the southern end). TheDipylon Gate divides the Enceinte in a Western and an Easternpart, respectively (cf. Pl. B LXXXVIII. 1–2).

Wall Q (Bastion at the northwestern corner of the Dipylon GateΩFirst Western Bastion)

Type of masonry: Polygonal-trapezoid, i.e., P, but of a Q/T charac-ter. Double wall (ca. 2.50) with infill of small broken stones. Theblocks of the interior side are a little smaller and more curved thanthose of the prestigeous front.Pl. B LXXXX. 2.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: F.Fitting: F.Average block-size: From smaller ‘‘infill’’ blocks (0.49¿1.12¿0.42) to large main ones (1.83¿1.42¿0.30).

Wall R (the Western Part of the Northeastern Enceinte)

Pl. B LXXXXI. 1–2; Pl. B LXXXXII. 1.In the East largely like the above bastion (Wall Q), but a little lessimposing in general ‘‘finish’’. Double wall (3.50, cf. below). Aroundthe Third and Fourth Western Bastion the blocks are a little smaller(1.07¿0.79¿0.43), more polygonal, but, remarkably, with L-stones, as well as periteineia.The interior side (cf. Wall T below, with Wall S) is generally builtof much smaller blocks (0.85¿0.87¿0.45, and less) of a truly poly-gonal character (i.e., ‘‘roundish’’, not T/Q).

The Dipylon Gate of the Northeastern Enceinte

Pl. B LXXXIX.1–2; Pl. B LXXXX. 1. Fig. X. 7.The huge Dipylon Gate is mapped and described separately (Chap-ter X, Planned Cities, Krane). In terms of masonry, it is integratedinto Walls R (with Q) & S and refers to these, only several of theblocks are truly giant in size, especially in the very large slightly V-shaped gate ante-room. The latter blocks (of, e.g., 3.46¿1.63¿1.00) are among the largest ever applied in Greek walls (cf. Lawr-ence 1979, xxx). In the gate ante-room, including the massive bas-tion-wall between the two gates, the blocks also tend to be morerectangular, and the fronts flat, with a finish of a very high quality.This also pertains to the gates themselves.


Wall S (the Eastern Part of the Northeastern Enceinte, West)

Pl. B LXXXXIII. 1–2 (transition to Wall T).Between the Dipylon Gate and the middle of the stretch of wallbetween the Second and Third Eastern Bastion, the enceinte wallis as in the West (Walls Q & R), i.e., a T-like P-wall. (The bastionat the northeastern corner of the Dipylon Gate isΩFirst EasternBastion). There is, though, a tendency for the blocks to be morequadrangular and weakly curved. Double wall (3.70, cf. below).

Wall T (the Eastern Part of the Northeastern Enceinte, East)

Pl. B LXXXXII. 2; Pl. B LXXXXIII. 1–2 (transition to Wall S);Pl. B LXXXXIV. 1–2; Pl. B LXXXXV. 1–2; Pl. B LXXXXVI.1–2 (postern); Pl. B LXXXXVII. 1.Wall T is to the East of the middle of the stretch of wall betweenthe Second and Third Eastern Bastion. Several posterns are seen.Type of masonry: T, with many blocks being almost Re, a few L-stones. Wall T is seemingly built on a lower protruding basis ofsmaller longish blocks. Double wall (ca. 3.70), with an infill ofsmaller and larger broken stones (cf. below).Shape of surface: Slightly C, many blocks with periteineia (of 5–8cm).Dressing: DF.Fitting: F.Average block-size: 2.15¿1.25¿0.90.

The interior side is the same at both the ‘‘P/T’’ (Wall S) and the‘‘T/Re’’ (Wall T) front of the Eastern Part of the NortheasternEnceinte (cf. Pl. B LXXXXVII. 1). It is also the same at the aboveWall R, the Western Part of the Northeastern Enceinte.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: C.Dressing: DF/DC.Fitting: DF/DC.Average block-size: 0.67¿0.40¿0.57 (the lowest course may holdlarger blocks of, e.g., 1.57¿1.12¿0.90).

4. PREHISTORIC WALLED ENCLOSURES.Wall U (Longos, at ca. 180 m)

Pl. B LXXXXVII. 2.The above Wall T ends in the South at a rocky overgrown knoll,Longos, along the edges of which are slight remains of a ‘‘rubble-wall’’, ca. 0.8 m wide, built by blocks of 0.40–0.50 m.Wall U might be the remains of later terraces, but is rather a Pre-historic enclosure (cf. Wall V below). Incidentally, no small findswere noted.

Wall V (Rachi, at ca. 240 m)

Fig. IX. 1.The above Wall R ends in the North at a hill, Rachi, around thetop of which are remains of an enclosure (cf. the above Wall U).Type of masonry: Rubble; double wall (1.50 m), with a filling ofsmaller stones.Average block-size: 0.60¿0.40¿0.35.On Rachi are, seemingly, also smaller plateaus or foundations forhuts, as well as, seemingly, Prehistoric sherds and worked flint.

5. THE CITY OF ‘‘NEW KRANE’’ (ca. 100–140m), cf. ChapterIX.Pl. B LXXXXVIII. 1–3; Pl. B LXXXXIX. 1–2; Pl. B C. 1–2. Pl.B CI. 1–2; Pl. B CII. 1–2 (details of rock-cutting).

Wall X (house structure)

Pl. B C. 1–2.In the huge never finished planned city enclosed by Rachi (cf. WallV, above), the Argostoli Bay, Ancient Krane, the Southeastern, andthe Northeastern Enceinte, a short stretch of wall, almost like astonemasonΩs model, is standing along one of the North-Southgoing streeets in this ‘‘Ghost-City’’.Type of masonry: P, with some straight angles, especially in thebottom of the blocks.Shape of surface: Slightly C.Dressing: HF (but eroded).Fitting: HF.Average block-size: Smaller (0.4¿0.4¿0.8) and larger (1.0¿0.65¿0.8) blocks.Courses/height: 4/1.8.Note: This wall resembles the interior side of the NortheasternEnceinte (cf. Walls R and T, with S, above).

109Kephallenia

CATALOGUE G

ITHAKA INCLUDING ITS CITY (AETOS)

The stone architecture and walls of the island ofIthaka have not been investigated systematically, butvisited and studied, however seriously, when time andopportunity allowed – in other words, in much thesame fashion as the selected comparative MainlandGreek sites. The sites are listed below.

I. CITY OF AETOS, SOUTHERN CENTRAL ITHAKA

(opposite Same, Kephallenia).1. City Enceinte and Walls.

Fig. IX. 15a–b.The walls of the acropolis and city of Aetos have not been studiedin detail, but nevertheless described and documented in photo at anumber of selected, well-preserved locations (cf. Heurtley 1932–33;etc.) (Fig. IX. 82, map). The walls are seemingly everywhere inType 8 masonry (see this). Figs. IX. 15a-b refer to the below WallsB & C.

Wall A (‘‘Front-wall’’, towards South).

Type of masonry: P, in the western part a tendency towards hori-sontal courses. In west the wall stops at the natural rock, which hasbeen cut to fit blocks. The southern part of Wall A seems, wherethe modern track is crossing it, to be double.Shape of surface: Slightly C.Dressing: DF-DR.Fitting: DR (in west: DF).Block-size: 0,77¿0,45¿0,74 (in west the stones seems a little big-ger: 1,06¿0,5¿0,76).Preserved length: -Courses/height: -

Wall B (Western ‘‘connection-wall’’).

As wall A, just a little more rough in dressing as well as fitting. Atsome points the wall has been built on natural rock, which hasbeen cut like blocks and to fit blocks.Preserved length: -Courses/height: -

Wall C (Eastern part of acropolis-wall).

Type of masonry: P. The wall is double and the interior wall-linein the same type of masonry as the exterior, except that it is builtof blocks a little smaller in size. Between the two wall-lines a fillingof smaller stones. Width: 2,6.Shape of surface: C.Dressing: DR.Fitting: DR.Block-size: 0,98¿0,64¿-Preserved length: -Courses/height: -

Wall D (Tower?).

Inside the south-western part of the acropolis-wall a square build-ing (possibly a tower) was seen, apparently built of the same typeof blocks as the acropolis-wall (cf. Wall C). In the building roof-tiles of Classical and Hellenistic types were observed.

Outside the walls to the north-east a few house-foundations andterrace-walls were seen.

Wall E. Tower.

Pl. B CIV. 2.On a saddle between the hill of Aetos and the taller hill towardsthe east, in the lower city, is a free-standing square Tower in com-pass North-South, East-West. This tower measures 7.8 times c. 8.It is built in Type 21 masonry, with rather small blocks. In thenorthern wall at the top of the second layer of blocks, in a flatstone, a drain/toilet outlet.Type of masonry: T, almost rectangular, peritaeneia, most clearlyat the corners of the tower (guidance grooves), a few L-stones, aclear tencency at horizontal courses (pseudo-isodomic construc-tion).Shape of surface: pregnantly C (almost flatly triangular in cross-section, i.e., protruding up to 0.2).Dressing: R.Fitting: F/DF.Average block-size: 1.0¿0.6¿-.Courses/height: 4 (including foundation)/-.

II. THE SO-CALLED ‘‘SCHOOL OF HOMER’’/AG. ATHAN-ASIOS (near Platrithias, northern Ithaka).Pl. B. CV. 1–2.Here a massive free-standing square Tower is the centre of a highlyinteresting, but only little studied site and site complex, which in-clude the lower-lying so-called ‘‘Melanydros Fountain’’ (Heurtley1932–33; etc. Dendrinos & Kallinikos 1991, 44 & 92 (figs.), 100and 105 (fig.)). The Tower-site, on a pregnant rock, is accessedfrom below (north) by a series of rock-hewn staircases (access is alsoacross the western slope of the hill). Behind the Tower are walls inpolygonal masonry. On the plateau below the Tower (west to north)are very many remains of antique structures, plus ancient fountains.The area is, for Ithaka, lush and unusually well-watered.

The Tower measures 9.8 times 8.6 m in almost north-south/east-west. It has two rooms, the northern one smaller with anarrow and four metres deep, possibly original round rock-cutcistern or well in the southeastern corner. The outer walls arerespectively 1.18 (north), 1.25 (south), 1.25(π) (east), and 1.35(west) thick, the division wall (in east-west) 0.6 m. The northernroom is 2.8 wide in north-south (interior), the southern one (re-used for a church or rather chapel) c. 6.8 m. The division wallsees traces of an intrance 3.0 m from the western outer walland now 1.2 above ground level. On the southern side of the


Tower, to the east of the later entrance to the chapel-room, isa small drain/toilet outlet (0.13 m), one metre above ground (atthe top of the second layer of blocks), accompanied by a pro-trusion (0.6 wide¿0.3–0.4¿0.15), the latter perhaps a supportfor a wooden construction (latter/staircase?).

The original parts of the Tower, built in Type 25 masonry (seethis) have the following characteristics.

A. Outer walls.

Type of masonry: T, almost rectangular, peritaeneia only at thecorners, very few L-stones, tencency at horizontal courses. Theblocks are linked by narrow fan-shaped clamps.Shape of surface: C, up to 0.2.Dressing: Somewhat R.Fitting: F.Average block-size: 1.2¿0.9¿-.Courses/height: 4 (including foundation)/-.

B. Division wall.

Type of masonry: T, almost rectangular, clear tendency at horizon-tal courses.Shape of surface: Fl.Dressing: Rather F.Fitting: Very F.Average block-size: 0.9¿0.9¿(0.6).Courses/height: 4(π)/-.

To the south and at the distance of 5.4 m from the southern wallof the Tower, and running exactly parallel to this (at 158 æ), is apowerful stretch of fine polygonal Wall (A), 1.8 m wide and built inType 11 masonry (see this). This might be considered an enceinteenclosing the immediate area around the tower, in effect creatinga small fortress. Whether the polygonal wall is contemporary withthe Tower is imposible to say, but cannot be excluded. To judgefrom the styles of masonry, the chronological distance needs not belarge (possibly around 300 or, rather, in the early third century BCfor both).The characteristics of Wall (A) are as follows.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: lightly C (to Fl).Dressing: F.Fitting: F.Average block-size: 0.6¿0.7¿– (possibly the finest, inner side, to-wards the tower), 1.2¿0.9¿– (possibly the roughest, outer side).Courses/height: 4/-.

Snaking partly on top of the fine Wall (A), partly next to it (inthe area between the Tower and (A)), and making use of outcropsof natural rock, is a later and much coarser polygonal Wall (B), 1.2m wide. This wall creates, with the inside of (A), a seeming shallowcistern.The characteristics of wall (B) are as follows.Type of masonry: P.Shape of surface: C.Dressing: R.Fitting: Relatively F.Average block-size: 1.1¿0.6¿-.Courses/height: 2/-.

In addition to the Tower and Walls (A) and (B), rock-cut house-structures (next to wall (B)), and other more recent buildings are seen,the latest no doubt contemporary with the chapel in the Tower.

The small-finds around the Tower are of the Classical-EarlyHellenistic periods (probably mainly the latter), in addition to LateHellenistic and Roman Imperial phases. In the area below and tothe north and west of the Tower Late Hellenistic and ImperialRoman finds clearly dominate, including the so-called ‘‘MelanydrosFountain’’.

III. PILIKATA AT STAVROS (northern Ithaka).The early Bronze Age fortified settlement on the hill of Pilikata (nearStavros and the below Loizos Cave on Polis Bay, with importantsacrificial offerings of the Geometrical period) has been extensivelydiscussed in the literature (cf. Heurtley 1932–33; 1934–35; 1939–1940; with Benton 1934–35; Dendrinos & Kallinikos 1991, 93(figure)). The walls are in rubble masonry and today mostly de-stroyed by construction and gardening.

IV. ROUGHA AT KIONI (northeastern Ithaka).Fig. IX. 16.The site of Rougha, perhaps a fortress, has not been visited, forreasons of distance, time, and dense vegetation (cf. Dendrinos &Kallinikos 1991, 102 (fig.), and 103). According to a publishedphoto, it is constructed in polygonal masonry, likely of Type 8 (cf.The city of Aetos, and the western enceinte wall of the town ofPoros, Kephallenia).

Yet other walled sites on Ithaka may well exists but have notbeen studied in the present context (cf., e.g., Steinhart & Wirk-belauer 2002, Abb. 75 etc., ‘‘Paleokastro’’).

PART 2. PLATES

PLATES A. I–XIII. LITHICS, POTTERY, TILE, ETC.

PLATES B. I–CV. ANCIENT GREEK WALLS (PHOTOS)

PLATES C. I–XVIII. ANCIENT GREEK WALLS (ELEVATIONS)

PLATES D. I–LXX. MAPS AND PLANS OF ANCIENT GREEK WALLS, ETC.


Pl. A I. Nos. 1–3 & 7–11 (all obsidian), 4–6, 12–16 & 18–20 (all flint)ΩSite 13:2–3. – 17 (honey-flint)ΩSite 22. – All in 1:2.

113Kephallenia

Pl. A II. Nos. 1 & 3–15ΩSite 13:2–3. – 2ΩSite 16. – 16ΩSite 15. – All flint, and in 1:2.


Pl. A III. Nos. 1ΩSite 13:2. – 2–16ΩSite 33. – All flint, and in 1:2.

115Kephallenia

Pl. A IV. Nos. 1–7 (flint)ΩSite 33. – 9–10 (obsidian) & 11 (flint)ΩSite 53. – 8, 12–17 & 21 (all flint)ΩSite 25. – 18–20 & 22–24 (all flint)ΩSite 85. – All in 1:2.


Pl. A V. Nos. 1–2ΩSite 85. – 3–4ΩSite 173. – 5–15 & 18–19ΩSite 176:1–5. – 16–17ΩSite 179. – 20ΩSite 210. – 21 & 26ΩSite 275:8. –22–23ΩSite 236. – 24–25ΩSite 238. – 27–28ΩSite 225. – All flint, and in 1:2.

117Kephallenia

Pl. A VI. Nos. 1–11 & 13–14ΩSite 225. – 12 & 15–16ΩSite 352. – All flint, and in 1:2.


Pl. A VII. Nos. 1ΩSite 15 (1). – 2ΩSite 13:3 (1). – 3ΩSite 15 (1). – 4ΩSite 15 (3). – 5ΩSite 13:3 (1). – 6ΩSite 70:1 (2). – 7ΩSite 15 (1). –8ΩSite 13:3 (1). – 9ΩSite 13:3 (1). – 10ΩSite 20 (2). – 11ΩSite 13:3 (1). – 12ΩSite 81 (2). – 13ΩSite 50 (1). – 14ΩSite 283:26 (1). – 15ΩSite 283:25 (1). – 16ΩSite 213 (1). – 17ΩSite 20 (5). – 18ΩSite 275:8 (27). – 19ΩSite 213 (5). – 20ΩSite 68 (1). – 21ΩSite 199 (3). – All

ceramics, and in 1:2.

119Kephallenia

Pl. A VIII. Nos. 1ΩSite 80:3 (3). – 2ΩSite 213 (2). – 3ΩSite 213 (2). – 4ΩSite 20 (4). – 5ΩSite 271:1 (7). – 6ΩSite 17 (1). – 7ΩSite 272:3(1). – 8ΩSite 271:2 (1). – 9ΩSite 272:1 (3). – 10ΩSite 13:3 (4). – 11ΩSite 80 (5). – 12ΩSite 264 (2). – 13ΩSite 283:11 (1). – 14ΩSite 43

(1). – 15ΩSite 171:1 (9). – 16ΩSite 80 (9). – 17ΩSite 8 (2). – All ceramics, and in 1:2.


Pl. A IX. Nos. 1ΩSite 171:1 (9). – 2ΩSite 280 (5). – 3ΩSite 272:3 (2). – 4ΩSite 80 (15). – 5ΩSite 271:2 (2). – 6ΩSite 32 (2). – 7ΩSite 271:1(3). – 8ΩSite 199 (12). – 9ΩSite 264 (3). – 10ΩSite 199 (6). – 11ΩSite 80 (6). – 12ΩSite 80 (17). – 13ΩSite 80 (8). – 14ΩSite 2:2 (1). – 15ΩSite 187 (1). – 16ΩSite 280 (2). – 17ΩSite 283:25 (4). – 18ΩSite 152 (2). – 19ΩSite 283:25 (6). – 20ΩSite 264 (4). – 21ΩSite 275:3 (1). –

22ΩSite 283:25 (5). – 23ΩSite 154:1–2 (1). – All ceramics, and in 1:2.

121Kephallenia

Pl. A X. Nos. 1ΩSite 75 (3). – 2ΩSite 43 (2). – 3ΩSite 109 (1). – 4ΩSite 70:15 (1). – 5ΩSite 75 (4). – 6ΩSite 283:40 (1). – 7ΩSite 322:2(1). – 8ΩSite 83 (1). – 9ΩSite 283:12 (1). – 10ΩSite 70:15 (1). – 11ΩSite 283:27 (3). – 12ΩSite 264 (7). – 13ΩSite 283:11 (2). – 14ΩSite283:11 (2). – 15ΩSite 271:1 (1). – 16ΩSite 272:3 (4). – 17ΩSite 275:4 (2). – 18ΩSite 246 (9). – 19ΩSite 275:8 (7). – 20ΩSite 275:8 (6). –21ΩSite 83 (2). – 22ΩSite 265 (1). – 23ΩSite 246 (8). – 24ΩSite 70:7 (2). – 25ΩSite 282 (1). – 26ΩSite 61 (6). – 27ΩSite 83 (3). – 28ΩSite

70:12 (3). – All ceramics, and in 1:2.


Pl. A XI. Nos. 1ΩSite 8 (14). – 2ΩSite 322:2 (4). – 3ΩSite 275:4 (4). – 4ΩSite 8 (10). – 5ΩSite 199 (34). – 6ΩSite 60 (2). – 7ΩSite 357(1). – 8ΩSite 357 (1). – 9ΩSite 357 (1). – 10ΩSite 322: (6). – 11ΩSite 62 (3). – 12ΩSite 64 (1). – 13ΩSite 8 (8). – 14ΩSite 70 (3). – 15ΩSite199 (17). – 16ΩSite 8 (4). – 17ΩSite 59 (2). – 18ΩSite 271:1 (30). – 19ΩSite 116 (1). – 20ΩSite 116 (1). – 21ΩSite 116 (2). – 22ΩSite 44

(1). – 23ΩSite 58 (1). – 24ΩSite 63 (2). – All ceramics, and in 1:2. (Nos. 15 & 16 are placed here for reasons of space.)

123Kephallenia

Pl. A XII. Nos. 1ΩSite 283:25 (25). – 2ΩSite 276:5 (7) (note reconstruction of the monumental terracotta). – 3ΩSite 271:1 (16). – Allceramics, and in 1:2.

Pl. A XIII. Nos. 1ΩSite 283:26 (21) (ceramics, square). – 2ΩSite 202 (4) (ceramics, round). – 3ΩSite 264 (25) (stone). – 4ΩSite 253 (7)(stone). – 5ΩSite 294 (stone). – All in 1:2.


Pl. B I. 1 (top). Kampoulia, struc-ture (Site 35). – Pl. B I. 2 (bottom).Skala, structure (Site 42).

Pl. B II. 1 (top). Skala, structure(Site 42). Block with swallow-tailclamp hole. – Pl. B II. 2 (bottom).‘‘Riemann’s Tower’’ (structure),from East (Site 38).

127Kephallenia

Pl. B III.1 (top). Kastri/Andreolata, fortress/fortified compound (Site 159). Entrance. – Pl. B III. 2 (bottom). Kastri/Andreolata, fortress/fortified compound (Site 159). Wall, exterior side.


Pl. B IV.1 (top). Ag. Nikolaos, fortress/fortified compound (Site 193). Entrance, northern part. The view is towards the fortress/fortifiedcompound of Kastri/Andreolata, the dark knoll in the background (Site 159). – Pl. B IV. 2 (bottom). Ag. Nikolaos, fortress/fortified compound

(Site 193). Wall, interior side.

129Kephallenia

Pl. B V.1 (top). Ag. Nikolaos, fortress/fortified compound (Site 193). Entrance, from the interior. – Pl. B V. 2 (bottom). Digaleto, fortress (Site199). South wall.


Pl. B VI. 1 (top). Digaleto, fortress/shrine (Site 199). East wall. – Pl. B VI. 2 (bottom). Digaleto, fortress/shrine (Site 199). Cistern, backgroundand to the left tholos temple.

Pl. B VII. 1 (top). Digaleto, fortress/shrine (Site 199). Tholos temple. – Pl. B VII. 2 (bottom). Digaleto, fortress/shrine (Site 199). Entrance(tholos grave?).

131Kephallenia

Pl. B VIII. 1 (top). Korindos, for-tress/fortified compound (Site207). – Pl. B VIII. 2 (bottom). Kor-indos, fortress/fortified compound(Site 207). Double walls.

133Kephallenia

Pl. B IX. 1 (top). Rachi/Koulourata, oval fortress/fortified compound (Site 211). Wall. – Pl. B IX. 2 (bottom). Rachi/Koulourata, ovalfortress/fortified compound (Site 211). Wall.


Pl. B X. 1 (top). Rachi/Koulourata, square fortress (fortified compound) (Site 213). Entrance. – Pl. B X. 2 (bottom). Kokilia, structure (Site229). Wall A.

135Kephallenia

Pl. B XI. 1 (top). I 12/4:A Hellinika, structure (Site 306). – Pl. B XI. 2 (bottom). I 12/4:A Hellenika, structure (Site 306). South gable.


Pl. B XII. 1 (top). Ag. Evfemia valley, view towards Palatia (Site 322). – Pl. B XII. 2 (bottom). Palatia, structure (farmstead) (Site 322).

137Kephallenia

Pl. B XIII. 1 (top). Palatia, structure (farmstead) (Site 322). Wall (eastern part). – Pl. B XIII. 2 (bottom). Palatia, structure (farmstead)(Site 322). Wall (middle part).


Pl. B XIV. 1 (top). Drakoupoulata, House II (Site 319). – Pl. B XIV. 2 (bottom). Drakoupoulata, House I (Site 321).

Pl. B XV. 1 (top). Pyrgos, fortress (general view from the South; recent church on top of ancient wall) (Site 336). – Pl. B XV. 2 (bottom).Pyrgos, fortress. Wall G.

139Kephallenia

Pl. B XVI. 1 (top). Pyrgos, fortress(Site 336). Wall B, drain (cf. Pl. BXVII. 2). – Pl. B XVI. 2 (bottom).Pyrgos, fortress (Site 336). Wall A.

Pl. B XVII. 1 (top). Pyrgos, fortress (Site 336). WallA, corner. – Pl. B XVII. 2 (bottom). Pyrgos, for-tress (Site 336). Wall B, drain (detail) (cf. Pl. BXVI. 1).


Pl. B XVIII. 1 (top). Pyrgos, fortress (Site 336). Block with large hole. – Pl. B XVIII. 2 (bottom). Pyrgos, fortress (Site 336). Structures.

143Kephallenia

Pl. B XIX. 1 (top). ‘‘Queen Fiskardo’s throne’’, shrine/chapel (Site 351). – Pl. B XIX. 2 (bottom). Fiskardo, basilica (Site 352).


Pl. B XX. 1 (top). Fiskardo, basilica. – Pl. B XX. 2 (bottom). Fiskardo, basilica.

145Kephallenia

Pl. B XXI. 1 (top). Pronnoi/Palaiokastro, Ancient city/Medieval castle. Wall A. – Pl. B XXI. 2 (bottom). Pronnoi/Palaiokastro, Ancientcity/Medieval castle. Wall H (quadrangular part).


Pl. B XXII. 1 (top). Pronnoi/Palaiokastro, Ancient city/Medieval castle. Wall N. – Pl. B XXII. 2 (bottom). Pronnoi/Palaiokastro, Ancientcity/Medieval castle. Wall S (south of the Acropolis and Dakiri hill).

Pl. B XXIII. 1 (top). Pronnoi/Palaiokastro, Ancient city/Medieval castle. Wall S. – Pl. B XXIII. 2 (bottom). Pronnoi/Palaiokastro, Ancientcity/Medieval castle. Wall T (Dakiri).

147Kephallenia

Pl. B XXIV. 1 (top). Pronnoi/Palaiokastro, An-cient city/Medieval castle. Wall T1.- Pl. B XXIV.2 (bottom). Pronnoi/Palaiokastro, Ancient city/Medieval castle. Wall T, likely entrance.

149Kephallenia

Pl. B XXV. 1 (top). Pronnoi/Palaiokastro, Ancient city/Medieval castle. Medieval wall (in South). – Pl. B XXV. 2 (bottom). Pronnoi/Palaiokastro, Ancient city/Medieval castle. Wall AA.


Pl. B XXVI. 1 (top). Pronnoi/Palaiokastro, Ancient city/Medieval castle. Wall AA. – Pl. B XXVI. 2 (bottom). Pronnoi/Palaiokastro, Ancientcity/Medieval castle. Wall to the South of Dakiri (the Acropolis in the background). Wall AC.

151Kephallenia

Pl. B XXVII. 1 (top). Pronnoi/Palaiokastro, Ancient city/Medieval castle. Wall AD, terrace wall (structure). – Pl. B XXVII. 2 (bottom).Pronnoi/Palaiokastro, Ancient city/Medieval castle. Wall AD, terrace wall (structure).


Pl. B XXVIII. 1 (top). Pronnoi/Palaiokastro, Ancient city/Medieval castle. Structure in the saddle between the Acropolis and Dakiri hill. –Pl. B XXVIII. 2 (bottom). Pronnoi/Palaiokastro, Ancient city/Medieval castle. Step altar on top of the Acropolis.

153Kephallenia

Pl. B XXIX. 1 (top). Poros, Ancient town. Wall A. – Pl. B XXIX. 2 (bottom). Poros, Ancient town. Wall A.


Pl. B XXX. 1 (top). Poros, Ancient town. Wall A. – Pl. B XXX. 2 (bottom). Poros, Ancient town. Wall A.

155Kephallenia

Pl. B XXXI. 1 (top). Poros, Ancient town. Wall B. – Pl. B XXXI. 2 (bottom). Poros, Ancient town. Wall B.


Pl. B XXXII. 1 (top). Poros, Ancient town. Wall C. – Pl. B XXXII. 2 (bottom). Poros, Ancient town. Wall D, terrace wall.

Pl. B XXXIII. 1 (top). Poros, Ancient town. Terrace wall (structure, or perhaps fortification wall) on the Afrati hill. – Pl. B XXXIII. 2(bottom). Poros, Ancient town. Terrace wall (structure) on the Afrati hill.

157Kephallenia

Pl. B XXXIV. 1 (top). Poros, An-cient town. Terrace wall (struc-ture). – Pl. B XXXIV. 2 (bottom).Poros, Ancient town. Rock-cut gate(in east).

159Kephallenia

Pl. B XXXV. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city/Medieval castle. The Acropolis (background) and the Kyatis hill (right). Outline of ancient enceintewalls. – Pl. B XXXV. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancient city/Medieval castle. Kyatis hill, outline of ancient enceinte wall to the right (the short light

line to the left is a modern gravel road).


Pl. B XXXV. 3 (top). Same, Ancient city/Medieval castle, from the sea. The Acropolis (below left arrow), the Kyatis hill (far below rightarrow). – Pl. B XXXV. 4 (bottom). Same, Ancient city. The Kyatis hill with enceinte walls and Tower (Wall 14) to the left.

161Kephallenia

Pl. B XXXVI. 1 (top). Same, An-cient city/Medieval castle. TheAcropolis with Wall A. – Pl. BXXXVI. 2 (bottom). Same, An-cient city/Medieval castle. Acrop-olis Wall A.


Pl. B XXXVII. 1 (top). Same, An-cient city/Medieval castle. Acrop-olis, East Gate, Wall C. – Pl. BXXXVII. 2 (bottom). Same, An-cient city/Medieval castle. Acrop-olis East Gate, Wall C.

Pl. B XXXVIII. 1 (top). Same,Ancient city/Medieval castle.Acropolis, bastion, Wall F. – Pl. BXXXVIII. 2 (bottom). Same, An-cient city/Medieval castle. Acrop-olis, bastion, Wall F.

163Kephallenia

Pl. B XXXIX. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city/Medieval castle. Acropolis,bastion, Walls F (left)/G (right). – Pl. B XXXIX. 2 (bottom). Acropolis,bastion, Wall G.

Pl. B XXXX. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city/Medieval castle. Acropolis, Wall I. – Pl. B XXXX. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancient city/Medieval castle.Acropolis, Wall L.

165Kephallenia

Pl. B XXXXI. 1 (top). Same, An-cient city/Medieval castle. Acrop-olis, West Gate, Wall O. – Pl. BXXXXI. 2 (bottom). Same, An-cient city/Medieval castle. Acrop-olis, West Gate, Wall O.

167Kephallenia

Pl. B XXXXII. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city/Medieval castle. Acropolis, Wall S. – Pl. B XXXXII. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancient city/Medievalcastle. Acropolis, Wall S.


Pl. B XXXXIII. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city/Medieval castle. Acropolis, Wall Y. – Pl. B XXXXIII. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancient city/Medievalcastle. Acropolis, Wall AG (Medieval on ancient base).

169Kephallenia

Pl. B XXXXIV. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city/Medieval castle. Acropolis, Wall AG. – Pl. B XXXXIV. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancient city/Medievalcastle. Structure below Acropolis Wall S.

Pl. B XXXXV. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city/Medieval castle. Wall 6c. –Pl. B XXXXV. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancient city/Medieval castle. Wall6c.

171Kephallenia

Pl. B XXXXV. 3 (top). Same, Ancient city. Wall 6f.- Pl. B XXXXV. 4 (bottom). Same, Ancient city. Wall 6f.


Pl. B XXXXV. 5 (top). Same, Ancient city. Wall 20c. – Pl. B XXXXV. 6 (bottom). Same, Ancient city. South Gate, Wall 8.

173Kephallenia

Pl. B XXXXV. 7 (top). Same, Ancient city. South Gate, Wall 8. – Pl. B XXXXV. 8 (bottom). Same, Ancient city. Wall 9a.


Pl. B XXXXVI. 1 (top). Same,Ancient city. Wall 9a. – Pl. BXXXXVI. 2 (bottom). Same, An-cient city. Wall 9a (background),wall in foreground not mapped.

175Kephallenia

Pl. B XXXXVII. 1 (top). Same,Ancient city. Wall 9a. – Pl. BXXXXVII. 2 (bottom). Same,Ancient city. Wall 9a.


Pl. B XXXXVIII. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city. Wall 9e. – Pl. B XXXXVIII. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancient city. Wall 9e.

Pl. B XXXXIX. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city. Wall 9f. – Pl. B XXXXIX. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancient city. Wall 10.

177Kephallenia

Pl. B L. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city. Wall 10 (Kyatis hill in back-ground). – Pl. B L. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancient city. Wall 10 (interiorside).

Pl. B LI. 1 (top). Same, Ancientcity. Wall 11. – Pl. B LI. 2 (bot-tom). Same, Ancient city. Wall 12(East Gate).

Pl. B LII. 1 (top). Same, Ancientcity. Wall 12 (East Gate). – Pl. BLII. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancientcity. Wall 13.

Pl. B LIII. 1 (top). Same, Ancientcity. Wall 13. – Pl. B LIII. 2 (bot-tom). Same, Ancient city. Walls 14(right) & 15 (left, Tower) at Kyatishill.


Pl. B LIV. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city. Wall 14. – Pl. B LIV. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancient city. Wall 14, with exterior base.

Pl. B LV. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city. Wall 15, Tower at Kyatis. – Pl. B LV. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancient city. Wall 15, blocked entrance in theTower at Kyatis.

183Kephallenia

Pl. B LVI. 1 (top). Same, Ancientcity. Wall 14 (left, interior sidetopped by later construction), builtagainst Wall 15 (the Tower at Ky-atis, the northern wall). – Pl. BLVI. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancientcity. Wall 17b (at Kyatis).

Pl. B LVII. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city. Wall 18 at Kyatis (gate). – Pl. B LVII. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancient city. Wall 18 (gate) at Kyatis.

185Kephallenia

Pl. B LVIII. 1 (top). Same, Ancientcity. Wall 19 (at Kyatis). – Pl. BLVIII. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancientcity. Wall 19 (at Kyatis).

187Kephallenia

Pl. B LIX. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city. Merging of Walls 18 (right) and 19 (left) at Kyatis. – Pl. B LIX. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancient city.Merging of Walls 18 (right) and 19 (left) at Kyatis.


Pl. B LX. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city. Wall 20a (right) and 20b (left). – Pl. B LX. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancient city. Alpovouni. Wall 22 (westerntemenos wall).

189Kephallenia

Pl. B LXI. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city. Alpovouni, altar(?). – Pl. B LXI. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancient city. Terrace Walls 14–15 (structures).


Pl. B LXII. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city. Terrace Wall 14 (structure). – Pl. B LXII. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancient city. Terrace Wall 15 (structure).

191Kephallenia

Pl. B LXIII. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city. Terrace Wall 15 (structure). – Pl. B LXIII. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancient city. Terrace Wall 15 (structure).


Pl. B LXIV. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city. Terrace Wall 35 (structure). – Pl. B LXIV. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancient city. Terrace Wall 50 etc.(structures).

193Kephallenia

Pl. B LXV. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city. Terrace Wall 74 (structure); gravestone in front of the wall – Pl. B LXV. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancientcity. Terrace Wall 86 (structure).

Pl. B LXVI. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city. Terrace Wall 89a-b (structures). – Pl. B LXVI. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancient city. Terrace Wall 91(structure).


Pl. B LXVII. 1 (top). Same, An-cient city. Staircase at TerraceWall 94 (structure). – Pl. B LXVII.2 (bottom). Same, Ancient city.Terrace Wall 97 (structure).


Pl. B LXVIII. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city. Terrace Wall 109, etc. (structure). – Pl. B LXVIII. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancient city. Terrace Wall110 (structure).

197Kephallenia

Pl. B LXIX. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city. Terrace Wall 121 (structure). – Pl. B LXIX. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancient city. Terrace Wall 122(structure).


Pl. B LXX. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city. Terrace Wall 123 (structure). – Pl. B LXX. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancient city. Terrace Wall 132(structure).

199Kephallenia

Pl. B LXXI. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city. Terrace Wall 136 (structure), behind chapel. – Pl. B LXXI. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancient city. TerraceWall 136 (structure).

Pl. B LXXII. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city. Terrace Wall 140 (structure). – Pl. B LXXII. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancient city. Terrace Wall 145(structure).


Pl. B LXXIII. 1 (top). Same, An-cient city. Terrace Wall 146 (struc-ture). – Pl. B LXXIII. 2 (bottom).Same, Ancient city. Spring (Site268).

Pl. B LXXIV. 1 (top). Same, An-cient city. Antique harbour pier(submerged), the Kyatis hill on theleft. – Pl. B LXXIV. 2 (bottom).Same, Ancient city. Antique har-bour pier (submerged).

203Kephallenia

Pl. B LXXV. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city. Acropolis. Block with ‘‘transport-holes’’ north of Wall O. – Pl. B LXXV. 2 (bottom). Same, Ancientcity. Wall 18, block with ‘‘transport-holes’’.


Pl. B LXXVI. 1 (top). Same, Ancient city. Acropolis, West Gate (Wall O), clamp holes. – Pl. B LXXVI. 2 (bottom).Same, Ancient city. Wall 10, block with wedge holes.

205Kephallenia

Pl. B LXXVII. 1 (top). Krane, Ancient city. Wall A. – Pl. B LXXVII. 2 (bottom). Krane, Ancient city. Wall A, detail, from the northernpresumed interior side.


Pl. B LXXVIII. 1 (top). Krane, Ancient city. Wall A, detail. – Pl. B LXXVIII. 2 (bottom). Krane, Ancient city. Wall B.

207Kephallenia

Pl. B LXXIX. 1 (top). Krane, Ancient city. Wall C. – Pl. B LXXIX. 2 (bottom). Krane, Ancient city. Wall D, blocked entrance.


Pl. B LXXX. 1 (top). Krane, Ancient city. Wall E (East & West parts). – Pl. B LXXX. 2 (bottom). Krane, Ancient city. Probably ancientterrace wall supporting a ramp for a narrow road-way (not mapped North of Walls E and F).

209Kephallenia

Pl. B LXXXI. 1 (top). Krane, Ancient city. Wall F. – Pl. B LXXXI. 2 (bottom). Krane, Ancient city. Wall F.


Pl. B LXXXII. 1 (top). Krane, Ancient city. Wall G. – Pl. B LXXXII. 2 (bottom). Krane, Ancient city. Wall G, bastion.

Pl. B LXXXIII. 1 (top). Krane, Ancient city. Wall H (interior). – Pl. B LXXXIII. 2 (bottom). Krane, Ancient city. Acropolis, West Gate,Wall I.

211Kephallenia

Pl. B LXXXIV. 1 (top). Krane,Ancient city. Acropolis, MiddleGate, Wall K, polygonal-trapezoidpart. – Pl. B LXXXIV. 2 (bottom).Krane, Ancient city. Acropolis,Middle Gate, Wall K, polygonalpart.

Pl. B LXXXV. 1 (top). Krane, An-cient city. Acropolis, Middle Gate,Wall L (blocking). – Pl. B LXXXV.2 (bottom). Krane, Ancient city.Acropolis, Wall O (bastion).

Pl. B LXXXVI. 1 (top). Krane, Ancient city. Wall P (seen from the East, the Acropolis in the background). – Pl. B LXXXVI. 2 (bottom).Krane, Ancient city. Wall P (seen from the West, the Longos hill etc. to the right).


Pl. B LXXXVII. 1 (top). Krane,Ancient city. Wall P. – Pl. BLXXXVII. 2 (bottom). Krane,Ancient city. Wall P.

Pl. B LXXXVIII. 1 (top). Krane,Ancient city. Walls Q-T, with theDipylon Gate gap (as seen fromthe distant Northeast). The arrowto the left indicates the Longos hilletc. and the middle one the Traga-lo Vunı hill (the Dipylon Gate inbetween), the arrow to the rightthe Rachi hill. – Pl. B LXXXVIII.2 (bottom). Krane, Ancient city.Northern enceinte, Walls Q, R, S,T.

217Kephallenia

Pl. B LXXXIX. 1 (top). Krane, Ancient city. Wall R (Dipylon Gate). – Pl. B LXXXIX. 2 (bottom). Krane, Ancient city. Wall R (DipylonGate, dividing part).


Pl. B LXXXX. 1 (top). Krane, Ancient city. Wall R (Dipylon Gate, dividing part). – Pl. B LXXXX. 2 (bottom). Krane, Ancient city. WallQ (Bastion and very powerful western side of the Dipylon Gate).

219Kephallenia

Pl. B LXXXXI. 1 (top). Krane, Ancient city. Wall R, between first and second bastion from the Dipylon Gate. – Pl. B LXXXXI. 2 (bottom).Krane, Ancient city. Wall R, just after third bastion from the Dipylon Gate.


Pl. B LXXXXII. 1 (top). Krane, Ancient city. Wall R, between third and fourth bastion, blocks with peritaeneia. – Pl. B LXXXXII. 2(bottom). Krane, Ancient city. Wall T, between fourth and fifth bastion from the Dipylon Gate.

221Kephallenia

Pl. B LXXXXIII. 1 (top). Krane, Ancient city. Walls S (right) & T (left) merging. – Pl. B LXXXXIII. 2 (bottom). Krane, Ancient city. WallsS (right) & T (left) merging.


Pl. B LXXXXIV. 1 (top). Krane, Ancient city. Wall T, near third bastion from the Dipylon Gate. – Pl. B LXXXXIV. 2 (bottom). Krane,Ancient city. Wall T, between fifth and sixth bastion from the Dipylon Gate.

Pl. B LXXXXV. 1 (top). Krane, Ancient city. Wall T (the Rachi hill in the background). – Pl. B LXXXXV. 2 (bottom). Krane, Ancient city.Wall T, third bastion from the Dipylon Gate (low blocks in base, blocks with peritaeneia).

223Kephallenia

Pl. B LXXXXVI. 1 (top). Krane,Ancient city. Wall T, postern southof tenth bastion from the DipylonGate. – Pl. B LXXXXVI. 2 (bot-tom). Krane, Ancient city. Wall T,postern south of tenth bastionfrom the Dipylon Gate.

Pl. B LXXXXVII. 1 (top). Krane, Ancient city. Wall T (interior), between third and fourth bastion from the Dipylon Gate. – Pl. BLXXXXVII. 2 (bottom). Krane. Wall U at Longos hill.

225Kephallenia

Pl. B LXXXXVIII. 1 (top). Krane, Ancient city. The planned city (unfinished, eastern part). To the extreme left the Northern Enceinte. –Pl. B LXXXXVIII. 2 (middle). Krane, Ancient city. The planned city (unfinished, middle part). – Pl. B LXXXXVIII. 3 (bottom). Krane,

Ancient city. The planned city (unfinished, western part).

227Kephallenia

Pl. B LXXXXIX. 1 (top). Krane, Ancient city. The planned city (unfinished, southern and lower part). – Pl. B LXXXXIX. 2 (bottom).Krane, Ancient city. The planned city (unfinished). The Ag. Georgios fortress in the way background to the left.


Pl. B C. 1 (top). Krane, Ancient city. The planned city, North-South going street and ‘‘model’’ stretch of wall (Wall X). – Pl. B C. 2 (bottom).Krane, Ancient city. The planned city, Wall X (on street).

229Kephallenia

Pl. B CI. 1 (top). Krane, Ancient city. The planned city, North-South going street, etc. – Pl. B CI. 2 (bottom). Krane, Ancient city. Theplanned city, street.


Pl. B CII. 1 (top). Krane, Ancient city. The planned city, street (cuts in rock). – Pl. B CII. 2 (bottom). Krane, Ancient city. The planned city,wedge-marks.

231Kephallenia

Pl. B CIII. 1 (top). Hellenika (Ag. Barbara?), Paliki. Structure. – Pl. B CIII. 2 (bottom). Hellenika (Ag. Barbara?), Paliki. Structure.


Pl. B CIV. 1 (top). Hellenika (Ag. Barbara?), Paliki. Structure. – Pl. B CIV. 2 (bottom). Ithaka, Ancient City. Structure in the saddle to theEast of and below the Acropolis and city.

233Kephallenia

Pl. B CV. 1 (top). Ithaka, Ancient City. Structure (detail, cf. Pl. CIV, bottom). – Pl. B CV. 2 (bottom). Ithaka, ‘‘Homer’s School’’(heavy structure/fortress).


Pl. C I. Pronnoi/Palaiokastro, Dakiri, Wall S (Elevation I). Scale 1:100.

Pl. C II. Pronnoi/Palaiokastro, Wall AA (Elevation II). Scale 1:100.

Pl. C III. Poros, Wall A (Elevation III). Scale 1:100.

Pl. C IV. Digaleto (Site 199), South Wall (Elevation IV). Scale 1:100.

235Kephallenia

Pl. C V. Same, Acropolis, Wall C/East Gate (Elevation-group V). Scale 1:100.

Pl. C VI. Same, Acropolis, Wall A (Elevation VI). Scale 1:100.

Pl. C VII. Same, Acropolis, Wall Y (Elevation VII). Scale 1:100.

Pl. C VIII. Same Acropolis, Wall S (Elevation VIII). Re-built? Scale 1:100.

Pl. C IX. Same, Enceinte, Wall 9a (Elevation IX). Scale 1:100.

Pl. C X. Same, Enceinte, Wall 9a, corner/entrance? (Elevation-group X). Scale 1:100.


Pl. C XI. Same, Enceinte, Wall 10, including single block (Elevation-group XI). Scale 1:100.

Pl. C XII. Same, Enceinte, Wall 13 (Elevation XII). Scale 1:100.

Pl. C XIII. Same, Enceinte, Walls 14 (right) and 15/Tower (left) (Elevation-group XIII). Scale 1:100.

239Kephallenia

Pl. C XIV. Same, Enceinte, Wall 19 (Elevation XIV). Scale 1:100.

Pl. C XVa–e. Same, Enceinte, Wall 8/South Gate (Elevation-group XV, cf. Pl. D XXXX). Scale 1:100.

Pl. C XVI. Same, Terrace Wall (structure) 14 (Elevation XVI). Scale 1:100.

Pl. C XVII. Same Terrace Wall (structure) 35 (Elevation XVII). Scale 1:100.


Pl. C XVIII. Palatia (Site 322), South Wall (Elevation XVIII). Scale 1:100.

241Kephallenia

Pl. D I. Top: The so-called Riemann’s Tower (structure). – Bottom: Kampoulia, structure.


Pl. D II. Skala. Structure(s) and fallen blocks; wall-line(s) and rock outcrop.

243Kephallenia

Pl. D III. Pronnoi/Palaiokastro. Ancient city/Medieval castle in its setting.


Pl. D IV. Pronnoi/Palaiokastro. Ancient city/Medieval castle. The addresses of the walls and indications of elevations made (arrows).

245Kephallenia

Pl. D V. Pronnoi/Palaiokastro. Acropolis of the Ancient city/the Medieval castle. Terms of the walls.


Pl. D VI. Pronnoi/Palaiokastro. Acropolis of the Ancient city/the Medieval castle. Survey areas.

247Kephallenia

Pl. D VII. Pronnoi/Palaiokastro. Dakiri (eastern extension of the Ancient city). Gates.


Pl. D VIII. Pronnoi/Palaiokastro. The Ancient city. Structures below and southeast of the Acropolis.

249Kephallenia

Pl. D IX. Pronnoi/Palaiokastro. The Acropolis of the Ancient city. All structures.


Pl. D X. Pronnoi/Palaiokastro. The Acropolis of the Ancient city. The ancient structures.

251Kephallenia

Pl. D XI. Kastri/Andreolata, fortress/fortified compound in its setting (cf. Pl. D XXV).


Pl.D

.X

II.Po

ros,

the

Anc

ient

city

.–

The

wes

tern

ence

inte

isal

sopr

eser

ved

betw

een

the

map

ped

northe

rnan

dso

uthe

rnstre

tche

s,bu

the

avy

vege

tatio

nal

low

edon

lya

few

mea

sure

men

ts.(

Poro

sis

the

only

site

whe

reve

geta

tion

was

left

uncl

eare

dov

erla

rge

and

sign

ifica

ntar

eas.)

253Kephallenia

Pl. D XIII. Poros, the Ancient city. The addresses of the walls and indication of an elevation made (arrow).


Pl. D XIV. Poros, the Ancient city. The southern part of the Enceinte in its setting.

255Kephallenia

Pl.D

.XV.P

oros

,the

Anc

ient

city

.The

northw

este

rnpa

rtof

the

Enc

eint

ein

itsse

ttin

g,in

clud

ing

part

ofa

plan

ned

city

.


Pl. D XVI. Poros, the Ancient city. Gates.

257Kephallenia

Pl.D

XV

II.Po

ros,

the

Anc

ient

city

.Rem

nant

sof

the

plan

ned

city

(veg

etat

ion

notcl

eare

d,an

don

lysu

bsta

ntia

lwal

lsin

mor

eth

anon

eco

urse

map

ped)

.(P

oros

isth

eon

lysite

whe

reve

geta

tion

was

left

uncl

eare

dov

erla

rge

and

sign

ifica

ntar

eas.)


Pl. D XVIII. Poros, the Ancient city. Remnants of the planned city, attempts at suggesting the units used (in feet).

259Kephallenia

Pl. D XIX. Ag. Nikolaos, fortress/fortified compound in its setting (cf. Pl. D XXVI).


Pl. D XX. Digaleto, fortress, shrine and tholos temple, etc. in its setting.

261Kephallenia

Pl.D

XX

I.D

igal

eto,

fortre

ss,s

hrin

ean

dth

olos

tem

ple,

etc.


Pl. D XXII. Digaleto, the tholos temple.

263Kephallenia

Pl. D XXIII. Koulourata, fortresses/fortified compounds in their setting (cf. Pls. D XXIV, XXV & XXVII).


Pl. D XXIV. Rachi/Koulourata, fortress (or fortified compound) in its setting (cf. Pls. D XXV).

265Kephallenia

Pl. D XXV. Top: Kastri/Andreolata (cf. Pl. D XI). – Bottom: Rachi/Koulourata, fortress (or fortified compound) (cf. Pl. D XXIV).


Pl. D XXVI. Top: Korindos, fortress/fortified compound. – Bottom: Ag. Nikolaos, fortress/fortified compound (cf. Pl. D XIX).

267Kephallenia

Pl. D XXVII. Kastri/Koulourata, fortress/fortified compound (cf. Pl. D XXIII).


Pl. D XXVIII. Top: Kokilia, structure(s), with addresses of walls. – Bottom: Chaliotata (structure), with addresses of walls.

269Kephallenia

Pl. D XXIX. Same, the Ancient city/Medieval castle in its larger setting. – Terrace Walls 145–48 in the South.


Pl.D

XX

X.S

ame,

the

Anc

ient

city

/Med

ieva

lcas

tlein

itsse

ttin

g.

271Kephallenia

Pl. D XXXI. Same, the Ancient city. The southern and the northern part of the planned city, etc., including a harbour pier.


Pl.D

XX

XII

.Sam

e,th

eA

ncie

ntci

ty.T

heso

uthe

rnpa

rtof

the

plan

ned

city

,etc

.

273Kephallenia

Pl. D XXXIII. Same, the Ancient city. The northern part of the planned city, etc.


Pl. D XXXIV. Same, the Ancient city. The Kyatis hill (with later monastery, etc.).

275Kephallenia

Pl. D XXXV. Same, the Ancient city. The Acropolis hill/Medieval castle.


Pl.D

XX

XV

I.Sa

me,

the

Anc

ient

city

/Med

ieva

lcas

tle.A

ddre

sses

ofth

een

cein

tew

alls,a

ndin

dica

tion

ofan

elev

atio

nm

ade

(arr

ow).

277Kephallenia

Pl. D XXXVII. Same, the Ancient city. The Kyatis hill (with later monastery, etc.). The addresses of the ancient enceinte walls, andindications of elevations made (arrows and frame at gate).


Pl. D XXXVIII. Same, the Ancient city. The Acropolis hill/Medieval castle. Addresses of the ancient enceinte walls.

279Kephallenia

Pl.D

XX

XIX

.Sam

e,th

eA

ncie

ntci

ty/M

edie

valc

astle

.The

type

sof

mas

onry

empl

oyed

inth

ean

cien

ten

cein

tew

alls

(cf.

Cha

pter

IX).

TΩ

Wal

l-typ

e.


Pl.D

XX

XX

.Sam

e,th

eA

ncie

ntci

ty.S

outh

Gat

e(c

ity),

with

indi

catio

nsof

elev

atio

nsm

ade

(arr

ows).

281Kephallenia

Pl. D XXXXI. Same, the Ancient city. Top: West Gate (city). – Bottom: East Gate (city).


Pl. D XXXXII. Same, the Ancient city. Top: Acropolis East Gate. – Bottom: Acropolis West Gate.

283Kephallenia

Pl. D XXXXIII. Same, the Ancient city. The southern part of the planned city, etc. Addresses of the terrace walls (structures).


Pl.D

XX

XX

IV.S

ame,

the

Anc

ient

city

.The

northe

rnpa

rtof

the

plan

ned

city

,etc

.Add

resses

ofth

ete

rrac

ew

alls

(struc

ture

s).

285Kephallenia

Pl. D XXXXV. Same, the Ancient city. The southern part of the planned city, etc. Polygonal masonry (various types) in the terrace walls(structures).


Pl. D XXXXVI. Same, the Ancient city. The southern part of the planned city, etc. Trapezoid masonry in the terrace walls (structures).

287Kephallenia

Pl. D XXXXVII. Same, the Ancient city. The southern part of the planned city, etc. Rectangular and quadrangular masonry in the terracewalls (structures).


Pl.D

XX

XX

VII

I.Sa

me,

the

Anc

ient

city

.The

northe

rnpa

rtof

the

plan

ned

city

,etc

.Pol

ygon

alm

ason

ry(v

ario

usty

pes)

inth

ete

rrac

ew

alls

(struc

ture

s).

289Kephallenia

Pl.D

XX

XX

IX.S

ame,

the

Anc

ient

city

.The

northe

rnpa

rtof

the

plan

ned

city

,etc

.Tra

pezo

idm

ason

ryin

the

terr

ace

wal

ls(struc

ture

s).


Pl.D

L.S

ame,

the

Anc

ient

city

.The

northe

rnpa

rtof

the

plan

ned

city

,etc

.Rec

tang

ular

and

quad

rang

ular

mas

onry

inth

ete

rrac

ew

alls

(struc

ture

s).

291Kephallenia

Pl. D LI. Same, the Ancient city. The planned city, etc. Survey of detailed Maps 1–7 (South to North).


Pl. D LII. Same, the Ancient city. The planned city, etc. Detailed Map 1 (cf. Pl. D LI).

293Kephallenia

Pl. D LIII. Same, the Ancient city. The planned city, etc. Detailed Map 2 (cf. Pl. D LI).


Pl. D LIV. Same, the Ancient city. The planned city, etc. Detailed Map 3 (cf. Pl. D LI).

295Kephallenia

Pl. D LV. Same, the Ancient city. The planned city, etc. Detailed Map 4 (cf. Pl. D LI).


Pl. D LVI. Same, the Ancient city. The planned city, etc. Detailed Map 5 (cf. Pl. D LI).

297Kephallenia

Pl. D LVII. Same, the Ancient city. The planned city, etc. Detailed Map 6 (cf. Pl. D LI).


Pl. D LVIII. Same, the Ancient city. The planned city, etc. Detailed Map 7 (cf. Pl. D LI).

299Kephallenia

Pl.D

LIX

.Sam

e,th

eA

ncie

ntci

ty.T

hepl

anne

dci

ty.S

ugge

sted

plot

san

dstre

etsin

the

sout

hern

part.


Pl. D LX. Same, the Ancient city. The planned city. Suggested plots and streets in the northern part.

301Kephallenia

Pl. D LXI. Same, the Ancient city. The planned city. Suggested units used (in feet).


Pl.D

LX

II.S

ame,

the

Anc

ient

city

.The

extram

ural

Alp

ovou

nico

mpl

ex(te

mpl

e?).

303Kephallenia

Pl. D LXIII. Same, the Ancient city. The Acropolis. The Ancient walls, with indications of elevations made (arrows).


Pl. D LXIV. Same, the Ancient city. The Acropolis. The Medieval walls, with an indication of an elevation made of a possibly re-built stretchof wall in ancient blocks (arrow).

305Kephallenia

Pl. D LXV. Hellenika, structure.


Pl. D LXVI. Drakoupoulata, long-wall and structures (estate?).

307Kephallenia

Pl.D

LX

VII

.Pal

atia

,struc

ture

s,ag

ricu

ltura

lter

race

s,et

c.(fa

rmstea

d).


Pl. D LXVIII. Pyrgos, fortress in its setting (cf. Pl. D LIX).

309Kephallenia

Pl. D LXIX. Pyrgos, fortress, with adresses of the walls.


Pl.D

LX

X.F

iska

rdo,

basilic

a(L

ate

Ant

iqui

ty).

Documents

KEPHALLÉNIA: Archaeology & History : The Ancient Greek Cities: Vol. 1