Kennedy's Bomb-Testing Decree Provokes Wide Popular Protest

MILITANTPublished in the Interests of the Working People

V o l. 26 - No. 11 M onday, M a rch 12, 1962 P rice 10c

White House Seeks to Dictate Contract Terms to Unions

A fte r p icketin g in T im es Square, protesters against n uc lear tests begin to g a th er on island fo rm ed by intersection o f B ro ad w ay (1 .) and 7th A ve. Soon a fte r th is photo was taken the g ro w ­ing crow d co m p lete ly f ille d 7 th A ve . W h e n e ig h t passive resisters sat dow n on B ro ad w ay , b lo ck­ing tra ff ic , police a ttacked th em w ith such b ru ta lity th a t the crow d bro ke in to cries o f “ Sham e! S ham e!” T hen c lu b -w ie ld in g m ounted cops attacked crow d on is land and 7th A ve .

Big Demonstration in New York

B y F red H alsteadS ecre tary o f L a b o r A r th u r J.

G o ldbe rg has made i t c lear in re ­cent statem ents th a t the K ennedy a d m in is tra tio n in tends to in te r ­vene in co llec tive ba rga in ing , be­fo re un ions begin negotiations, w ith the purpose o f d ic ta tin g the essentia l te rm s o f un ion demands. T h is p o lic y m arks a h is to r ic de­p a rtu re , an a ttem p t to m ake the un ions a m ere appendage o f the governm ent, d ivested o f th e ir cha racter as independent organs o f the w o rk in g people in the f ig h t against the em ployers.

In a Feb. 23 speech in Chicago, G o ldbe rg said the governm ent w i l l in te rven e be fore un ions decide th e ir demands to “ de fine and as­se rt” the “ n a tion a l in te res t.” U n ions, he said, w i l l be expected to keep th e ir dem ands w ith in the

Monroe Defendant Loses Ohio Appeal Against Extradition

T w o im p o rta n t developm ents have taken place in the f ig h t to save fo u r f ig h te rs against J im C ro w fro m tru m p e d -u p k id na p charges in M onroe, N.C. One was a setback, the o th e r was an ad­vance.

T he setback was in the f ig h t o f M rs. M ae M a llo ry , 35, against e x ­tra d it io n fro m O hio to N o rth C aro­lin a . A t a co u rt hea ring M arch 1 in C leve land an appeal against Gov. M ich ae l V . D iS a lle ’s o rder o f e x tra d it io n was lost, b a il was revoked and M rs. M a llo ry was taken in to custody. Com m on C ourt Pleas Judge Thom as J. P a rrino , how ever, announced th a t the ex ­t ra d it io n o rd e r w o u ld be stayed 30 days thus p e rm itt in g the f i l in g of an appeal to a h igh e r court.

T w o Freedom R iders, R icha rd G ris w o ld o f N ew Y o rk , and James F orm an, E xecu tive Secre tary of the S tuden t N o n v io le n t Coor­d in a tin g C om m ittee, whose head­quarte rs are in A tla n ta , w e n t to C leveland to te s tify on M rs. M a l­lo ry ’s beha lf. B o th had been in M onroe a t the tim e o f the po lice - encouraged r io tin g by w h ite su­prem acists ou t o f w h ich the k idnap charges against M rs. M a llo ry and th ree o th e r defendants w ere con­cocted.

G ris w o ld had come to te s tify abou t h is n e a r- fa ta l beating by a fe llo w -p r is o n c r, H o w a rd Stack, in the coun ty ja i l in M onroe last A ugust. T h is beating, as Stack la te r confessed, was arranged by the po lice w h o prom ised to drop a ll charges against h im in pay­m ent.

James F o rm an to ld how in the course o f the r io t in g by a w h ite suprem acist m ob o f several th o u ­sands against the an ti-seg rega tion p ickets in M onroe, a po lice o ffic e r had handed a shotgun to a m em -

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lim its set by the governm ent rec­om m endations. These w i l l be de­te rm ined , he declared, by “ ou r posture in w o r ld a ffa irs .”

T w o days before, the Labo r S ecre tary la id dow n the same lin e in a speech to in d u s tr ia l un ion leaders p re p a rin g fo r con tract nego tia tions cove ring 300,000 w o rke rs in the a irc ra ft-m is s ile in ­du s try . T he a d m in is tra tio n has a lready a ttem pted to im p lem en t the p o lic y in steel.

W h a t th is k in d o f governm ent in te rv e n tio n means was ind ica ted by the re p o rt o f the P res iden tia l R a ilro ad Com m ission, w h ic h was fo rm a lly rece ived b y K ennedy Feb. 28. The re p o rt recom m ends, am ong o th e r th ings, e lim in a tio n o f a t least 30,000, and possib ly 80,000, o f the 196,000 jobs in the ra ilro a d opera ting crafts.

Such recom m endations are v i ­cious in face o f one o f the m a in po in ts o f the K enne dy-G o ldbe rg la b o r p o lic y — th a t un ions should no t f ig h t fo r a sho rte r w o rk week w ith no reduc tion in pay to he lp solve techno log ica l unem p loym ent.

A F L - C I O P res iden t George M eany denounced G o ldbe rg ’s C h i­cago statem ent. H e declared, “ T h is is a step in the d ire c tio n o f saying the F edera l G ove rnm en t should te ll e ith e r o r bo th sides w h a t to do, and I don’ t agree w ith th a t.”

So fa r , W a lte r R euther, p re s i­dent o f the A F L -C IO In d u s tr ia l U n io n D epartm ent, has said n o th ­in g on th e question.

M eany ’s c ritic ism s are softened by the fa c t th a t th e y are d irected a t G o ldbe rg pe rsona lly . M eany does n o t a ttack K ennedy fo r th is po licy . G o ldberg h im se lf, how ever,

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Joseph Hansen, ed ito r o f The M ilita n t , and I. F. Stone, pub­lis h e r o f I . F. S tone’s W eekly, are lis te d b y C. W r ig h t M ills , in a postscrip t to the la test ed itio n in Spanish o f h is bes t-se lling book L is ten , Yankee, as tw o o f fiv e jo u rn a lis ts in the U n ited States whose artic les made i t possib le to fo llo w events in te llig e n t ly d u rin g the invas ion o f Cuba last A p r i l. The o th e r th ree c ited b y M il ls are James Reston, H e rb e rt M atthew s and Tad Szulc o f the New Y o rk Tim es.

M ills ca lls specia l a tten tion , in h is b ib lio g ra p h y , to the series o f a rtic les b y Joseph Hansen pu b ­lished in The M il i ta n t d u rin g A p r i l 1961. (N o w ava ilab le as a pam ­ph le t, In Defense o f the Cuban R evo lu tion — A n A nsw er to the State D epartm ent and Theodore D rape r.)

The Spanish vers ion o f M il ls ’ book ( Escucha, Y a n q u i) has proved e x t r e m e l y popu la r th ro u g h o u t L a t in A m erica . The f ir s t ed ition , pub lished in M a rch 1961, was sold o u t as soon as i t

B y H edda G ra n tM A R C H 7 — P resident K e n ­

nedy’s M arch 2 decree th a t the U.S. w i l l resum e p o llu t in g the a t­m osphere w ith a tom ic explosions evoked s w ift condem nation here and abroad fro m the g ro w in g a n t i­bom b forces.

A n tic ip a tio n o f the fa te fu l an­nouncem ent had sent an avalanche o f p ro tes t m a il to the W h ite House. N o r cou ld K ennedy ’s T V “ g im ­m ic k ,” c lo ak in g his o rd e r to resum e tests w ith a p a te n tly u n ­acceptable “ o ffe r ” to the Soviet U n io n to ban them on U.S. terms, confuse opponents o f testing. E v ­idence o f th is was the fa c t th a t the best c la im the W h ite House cou ld m ake concern ing the m ore tha n 1,000 te legram s rece ived fo l-

appeared in the bookstores. A sec­ond ed itio n w en t a lm ost as fast. A lre a d y w e ll kno w n in L a t in - A m erican in te lle c tu a l c irc les fo r h is W hite C o lla r and The Pow er E lite , the C o lum b ia sociology p ro ­fessor is now reach ing a w ide audience be low the R io G rande w ith h is re p o rt on Cuba.

In the th ird ed itio n o f th is now h is to r ic a lly im p o rta n t book about the Cuban re v o lu tio n and the th in k in g o f those w ho made it , the au tho r added a 51-page postscrip t called Escucha O tra Vez, Y an ­qu i: 1961. (L is te n A ga in , Yankee: 1961.) T h is consists o f 57 ques­tions ra is ing ob jections to w h a t M il ls w ro te in the f i r s t ed ition . In answ ering these, M il ls considers the m eaning o f the c o u n te r-re v - o lu tio n a ry invas ion financed and supported by W ash ing ton A p r i l 17, 1961.

T he au tho r begins by s ta ting w here he stands today. He has not sh ifte d in h is s trong suppo rt fo r the Cuban re v o lu tio n and its lead­ersh ip . On the con tra ry , i t is his

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lo w in g the T V speech was th a t they appeared to be “ s p lit , r ig h t dow n the m id d le .”

D r. L inu s C. P au ling , Nobe l P rize w in n in g scientis t, sent K e n ­nedy a te legram asking : “ A re you to g ive the orders th a t w i l l cause you to go dow n in h is to ry as one o f the m ost im m o ra l m en o f a ll tim es and one o f the greatest enemies o f the hum an race?” P a u l­in g declared th a t resum ption o f tests w o u ld “ se rious ly damage 20 m il l io n un bo rn ch ild re n , in c lu d in g those caused to have gross phys ica l and m en ta l defects.”

M an y te legram s w ere sent fro m groups and thus represented m ore tha n in d iv id u a l protests. T y p ic a l o f m any o f these was one — sent n o t o n ly to Kennedy, b u t to M ac­m illa n , de G au lle and K h rushchev as w e ll — fro m T hea te r People fo r Peace. A m ong the signers were such p ro m in e n t figu res as R udy V a llee , O rson Bean, Ossie Davis, J u lie H a rr is , U ta Hagen, W endy H i l le r and L o tte Lenya.

T he day a fte r K ennedy ’s speech, snake-dancing Japanese students dem onstra ted and fou gh t po lice in f ro n t o f the U.S. Embassy in Tokyo. Even the Japanese govern­m ent, econom ica lly and p o lit ic a lly in W ash ing ton ’s h ip pocket, had to sa tis fy p u b lic o p in ion by ask­in g K ennedy to reconsider the de­cision and then fo rm a lly n o tify in g W ashington th a t i t w o u ld reserve the r ig h t to b rin g damage su its fo r Japanese citizens w ho su ffe red ra ­d ia tio n in ju r ie s o r illnesses as a re su lt o f U.S. testing.

W h ile B r it is h F ore ign Secre­ta ry , L o rd Home, a ttem pted to ju s t i fy K en ne dy ’s decision in a speech in N ew castle -on -T yne on M arch 3, m em bers o f the Cam ­pa ign fo r N u c lea r D isarm am ent staged a parade th rou gh the c ity . In Dunoon, Scotland, ano the r dem ­on s tra tion was go ing on against the H o ly Loch base fo r U.S. n u ­c le a r-a rm e d subm arines.

N ew Y o rk C ity was the scene o f a m a jo r p ro test dem onstra tion on M arch 3, m arked by po lice v io lence and num erous arrests. S ince then

d a ily dem onstra tions, s it-dow ns and arrests have been ta k in g place before the N ew Y o rk o ffic e o f the A to m ic Energy Com m ission.

The mass p ro test r a l ly in T im es Square came less tha n 24 hours a fte r K en ne dy ’s speech. I t was ca lled by an ad hoc com m ittee composed o f leaders o f va rious peace and p a c if is t m ovem ents. B y le a fle t and w o rd o f m o u th the com m ittee had a le rted people to convene a t 4 p.m . on the day fo l­lo w in g any o ff ic ia l U.S. announce­m ent o f the resum ption o f nuc lea r explosions in the atm osphere.

T he com m ittee ’s le a fle t p ro c­la im ed:

“ W e dem onstra te in so rro w and anger against P res iden t K ennedy ’s decision to resum e the tes ting o f nuc lear weapons in the atm os­phere . . . W e oppose a ll tests b y any governm ent. W e oppose these tests because eve ry test k i l ls . . . L e t ’s stop k id d in g around — the re are no ‘peace bom bs.’ E ve ry n u ­clear bom b produced and every bom b tested speeds up the arm s race and b ring s w a r closer . . . E ve rybody know s th a t i f the arm s race does no t stop, w e w i l l have w a r . . . P res iden t K ennedy and P re m ie r K h rushchev cannot b r in g peace w ith m ore bombs . . . Jo in us i f you agree.”

A n d a rem a rkab le nu m be r o f N ew Y o rke rs d id jo in despite the sho rt notice, the lack o f advance newspaper p u b lic ity , the bus s tr ik e and the b it te r cold w eather. Some 5,000 dem onstra to rs packed the n o rth e rn end o f G rea t W h ite W ay. They stream ed in fro m a ll sides, on foo t, fro m cars and fro m subw ay ex its . Students, m others w ith babies in th e ir arm s, w ho le fam ilies , the v e ry o ld and the v e ry young.

Some took up signs prepared b y the com m ittee . O thers had b ro ug h t th e ir ow n. C rayoned signs, hang ing b y k n it t in g w o o l fro m the necks o f tw o l i t t le g ir ls , p ro ­c la im ed: “ W e W a n t C lean M ilk . . . D on ’t Poison O u r M ilk . ”

The g ro w in g th ro n g m arched in a g reat c irc u it up B roa dw ay

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Mills Praises Hansen, Stone For Handling of Cuba Story

Page Two THE M IL IT A N T Monday, M arch 12, 1962

... Mills on Press Coverage of Cuba

J O S E P H H A N S E N , ed ito r o f T H E M IL IT A N T , in te rv ie w s some barefooted citizens in Q u ito , Ecuador, d u rin g his recent to u r of L a tin A m erica . Hansen concentrated on o b ta in in g the v ie w of o rd in ary people o f the various countries w h ich he v is ited .

New Englanders Keep Hansen on Toes

(Continued from page 1)op in ion th a t events day by day are c o n firm in g w h a t he said in the f ir s t ed itio n o f L is ten , Yankee.

The section in w h ic h M il ls as­sesses the w ay the A m erican press hand led the Cuba s to ry is as fo l­low s (as trans la ted fro m the th ird Spanish e d it io n ) :

Q uestion 23: Y ou don ’t th in k m uch o f the newspapers in the U.S. do you?

A nsw er: Doesn’t th is w ho le sor­d id episode dem onstra te once again th a t the people o f the U.S. are fre q u e n tly kep t in ignorance b y th e ir ow n newspapers, te le v i­sion stations and ra d io ne tw orks? In the event o f a cris is in v o lv in g the governm ent, the mass news m edia in the U n ited States are as con tro lled , o r i f you w ish , s e lf­con tro lled , as any in the w o rld . W h a t is more, the lies and the om issions are n o t as conv inc ing o r as in te llig e n t as they m ig h t be.

Passed B uckA f te r i t was a ll over, the jo u r ­

na lis ts w ho had pub lished a ll the o ff ic ia l lies o f the State D e p a rt­m en t and the e x tra -o f f ic ia l lies of the p u b lic ity f irm s w ho had been p u t in charge o f the Case o f Cuba by the C IA , tr ie d to dum p the b lam e on the C IA , o r on someone o r any<Jne, fo r w h a t they had done: the newspapers refused to accept re s p o n s ib ility fo r the lies pub lished before, d u r in g and a fte r the aggression; they re fused to acknow ledge th a t th e ir jo u rn a lis ts had no t been responsib le enough to com pare some o f the versions, o r a t least to eva luate them ac­co rd in g to th e ir sources.

H ow ever, on th is po in t, we m ust b lam e no t on ly the news m edia, b u t the P resident o f the U n ited States, w ho ins is ted th a t these m edia censor themselves. In do ing tha t, M r. K ennedy said in effect, as on A p r i l 27, 1961, th a t the peo­p le o f the U n ite d States m ust deceive them selves w henever the “ secu rity o f the n a tio n ” is in ­vo lved . A nd , o f course, M r. K e n ­nedy and h is fun c tiona ries decide w hen the secu rity o f the na tion is threatened. The press, c le a rly , has to fo llo w the lin e la id down.

A m o n g the no tab le exceptions — m any fro m the s ta ff o f the New Y o rk T im es — w ere James Reston, Tad Szulc and H e rbe rt M atthew s, as w e ll as independent jo u rn a lis ts such as I. F. Stone and

Weekly CalendarC H IC A G O

T h * N ew Threat to Hie Fight for Peace and Dem ocracy by Kennedy and the U ltra-R ight. Speakers: O t i i H yd e o f theW a s h in g to n Park Forum, and Isidore W arw ak o f the S oc ia lis t W orke rs Party. F r i.. M arch 16, 8 p.m . 302 S. C anal, H a ll 210. A dm iss ion fre e . A usp . M i li ta n t Labo r Forum.

•D ETROIT

The Decline and Fall o f U.S. L ibera l­ism. Speaker, Robert H im m el, 1961 so­c ia lis t c a n d id a te fo r m ayor o f D e tro it. Fri., M arch 16, 8 p.m . Debs H a ll, 3737 W o o d w ird . A usp . F rid a y N ig h t S oc ia lis t Forum .

•LOS A NG ELES

W H A T M A KES LA T IN A M E R IC A EXPLOSIVE? A firs t-h a n d re p o r t b y Joseph Hansen, e d ito r . The M ilitan t. Fri., M arch 16, 8:15 p .m . Park M anor, 607 So. W estern Ave. C o n tr ib . $1 (s tu ­dents 5 0c ). A usp . The M ilita n t end Young Socialist.

•M IN N E A P O L IS

W in ifred Chelstrom speaks on The Case fo r Socialiied M edic ine. Sun., M arch 18, 2:30 p.m . 704 Hennepin, Room 240. C o n tr ib . 75c. A usp . Twin C it ie s Labo r Forum.

•N E W Y O R K

C urren t Activities of C uban C ounter­revolutionaries in the U.S. A re p o r t by V. T. Lee. M on., M arch 12, 8 :30 p.m. A d e lp h i H a ll, 74 Fifth A ve. C o n tr ib . $1. A usp . Fair Play fo r C uba C o m m itte e .

♦ * *France's A lgerian Crisis. Speaker,

G eorge Lavan, m anag ing e d ito r , The M ilita n t. Fri., M arch 16, 8 :30 p.m . 116 University Place. C o n tr ib . 50c. A usp . M i li ta n t Lab o r Forum.

Joseph Hansen. T h e ir reportage, before the invasion , made i t pos­s ib le fo r some people a t least to d raw in te llig e n t conclusions about w h a t was re a lly go ing on. B u t, d u r in g the invasion, we m ust record th a t Tad Szulc also w ro te about the M igs and echoed o ther press b u lle tin s generously handed ou t by the press agents o f the C IA .

As one re p o rte r said: “ M an y o f us w e n t o f f the deep end, b u t I can’t he lp fee lin g th a t a t one p o in t w e w ere pushed.”

. . . Monroe Case(Continued from Page 1)

ber o f the m ob w ho p ro m p tly s p lit h is (F o rm a n ’s) head open w ith it.

M rs. M a llo ry ’s a tto rney, G era ld S. G old, tr ie d to in tro du ce the tes tim on y o f these tw o Freedom R iders to show th a t M rs. M a llo ry cou ld expect n e ith e r personal sa fe ty n o r a fa ir t r ia l in M onroe. The prosecution succeeded in h a v ­in g th is tes tim ony ru le d out. H o w ­ever, G old was ab le to p u t i t in to the record in the fo rm o f a “ p ro f­fe r ” o f w h a t the Freedom R iders ’ evidence w o u ld have been.

In M onroe the prosecution, hop­in g th a t M rs. M a llo ry w o u ld be ex trad ited , had secured postpone­m en t o f the t r ia l o f the th ree young m en defendants, scheduled fo r Feb. 19 to M ay 7. H ow ever, the c o u rt has agreed to th e ap­p o in tm e n t o f a com m issioner to go to Cuba to take the tes tim ony o f R obert F. W illia m s , M abel W il­liam s and th e ir oldest son, R obertF. W illia m s , J r.

P e tit io n fo r the ap po in tm en t of such a com m issioner was f ile d by Conrad L y n n , counsel fo r the C om m ittee to A id the M onroe D e­fendants, w ho had h im se lf rece n tly gone to Cuba to le a rn the na tu re o f the tes tim on y o f th e W il­liamses, w ho have been g iven p o lit ic a l asy lum there , m ig h t give. U pon his re tu rn L y n n in fo rm ed the N o rth C a ro lina c o u rt th a t the fo rm e r Negro leader o f M onroe and h is fa m ily w e re eyewitnesses to the events in vo lve d in the in ­d ic tm e n t and “ i f c red ited by cou rt and ju r y th e ir tes tim on y w o u ld tend to excu lpa te the defendants.”

The th ree young m en whose t r ia l is now scheduled fo r M ay *1, are John L o w ry , 20, Freedom R id e r fro m N ew Y o rk , R icha rd C row der, 19, p res iden t o f the M onroe N o n -V io le n t A c tion Com ­m ittee , and H a ro ld Reape, 17, an ac tive m em ber o f the same organ­iza tion .

P icke ts describ ing them selves as “ Canadians in S uppo rt o f the C om m ittee to A id the M onroe D e­fendants” appeared in f ro n t o f the U.S. Consulate in T o ron to Feb. 19, the day o r ig in a lly scheduled fo r the open ing o f the fra m e d -u p k id na p tr ia l. D em onstra ting d u r ­in g a snowstorm , they w ere none­theless film e d by newspaper and T V reporters. A f te r an ho u r’ s p icke tin g and le a fle t d is tr ib u tio n to a l l en te ring o r le av in g the con­su la te and to passers-by, they p re ­sented the consul w ith a le tte r fo r P res iden t K ennedy u rg in g fede ra l in te rv e n tio n in M onroe and an end to the fra m e -u p case.

Special Offer To New Readers

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N. Y. Rally to Spur Medical Aid to Cuba

The M ed ica l A id To Cuba Com ­m itte e w i l l ho ld a pu b lic m eet­in g in New Y o rk W ednesday, M arch 14 a t 8 p.m. at the P a lm Gardens, 306 W est 52nd St. Speak­ers w i l l be W ill ia m W o rth y , co r­respondent fo r the A fro -A m e ric a n , B aya rd R ustin and Dave D e llin ­ger, ed ito rs o f L ib e ra tio n , and M e lit ta de l V i l la r w ho is ac ting cha irm an o f the com m ittee. Jesse G ordon w i l l ch a ir the m eeting, w h ich w i l l also fea tu re e n te rta in ­m ent.

T he com m ittee is a n o n -p o litic a l o rgan iza tion to ra ise funds to p u r ­chase u rg e n tly needed m edicines and to send them to hospita ls and m edica l fa c ilit ie s in Cuba. Though the U.S. em bargo against Cuba is no t supposed to inc lude m edicines, Cuban orders are e ith e r refused by U.S. d ru g f irm s o r are he ldup on one te c h n ic a lity a fte r another.

U n t i l Cuban physic ians and techn ic ians can accustom them ­selves to pharm aceutica l products made elsewhere, some m ed ic in a l supplies fro m the U.S. w i l l con­t in u e to be u rg e n tly needed. Con­tr ib u tio n s m ay be sent to A lb e r t S. B aker, T reasurer, M ed ica l A id To Cuba C om m ittee, 147 W est 33rd St. S u ite 409, New Y o rk 1, N .Y.

... Labor Curbs(Continued from Page 1)

characterized h is Chicago speech as a “ d e f in it iv e ” s ta tem ent o f the K ennedy a d m in is tra tio n ’s la b o r- m anagem ent ph ilosophy.

G o ldberg ’s ro le in c a rry in g out the po licy is to spread the m y th th a t the governm ent is an im p a r­t ia l fo rce stand ing above the con­f l ic t in g in terests. B u t the essence o f the new p o lic y is th a t the in ­creased burdens o f the co ld w ar are to be bo m b y the w o rk in g people. W hat K ennedy w ants from the in d iv id u a l co rpora tions is tha t the y accept h is d isc ip lin e in the cam paign to ca jo le and fo rce the un ions to go along w ith tha t.

G o ldbe rg ’s past career tra in ed h im w e ll fo r such a ro le . H e is advertised as a “ la b o r la w y e r” because he was the genera l coun­sel fo r th e S tee lw orkers un ion be­fo re h is appo in tm en t as Secre tary o f Labor. B u t he was never a la ­bo r la w y e r in the good sense o f the te rm .

H e was n o t a s tee lw o rke r, m uch less a un ion is t. H e was ju s t a sharp la w ye r, h ire d by the top un ion o ffic ia ld o m to be its m ou th * piece, o ften against the u n io n ’s ra n k and f ile . I t was G oldberg, fo r exam ple, w ho led the lega l side o f the f ig h t against the Dues P ro ­test M ovem ent, w h ic h opposed ce rta in undem ocra tic practices o f S tee lw orkers P res iden t D a v id J. M cDonald.

W hen disputes arose a t S teel­w o rke rs ’ conventions, the m achine w o u ld p u t G o ldberg on the p la t­fo rm to in te rp re t the un io n con­s titu tio n . H is fan cy in te rp re ta tion s a lw ays uphe ld the pos ition o f those w ho h ire d h im as against th e ir opponents in the un ion. Kennedy and G oldberg now propose to in ­te rp re t the “ na tio n a l in te re s t” in labo r-m anagem ent strugg les w ith s im ila r “ im p a r t ia l ity . ”

New Havana Declaration Published as Pamphlet

N E W Y O R K — P ioneer P ub ­lishers announced p u b lica tio n in pam ph le t fo rm o f the Second D ec la ra tion o f Havana. The dec­la ra tio n was presented to a g ian t H avana ra l ly Feb. 4 by P rem ie r F id e l Castro in answ er to the U.S.- insp ired exclus ion o f Cuba fro m the OAS. I t is an h is to ric and p ro ­fo u n d ly in s p ir in g re v o lu tio n a ry docum ent.

R e ta ilin g a t 25 cents, the pam ­p h le t m ay also be ordered in q u an titie s o f ten o r m ore a t 20 cents each and in qu an titie s o f 100 o r m ore a t 15 cents each fro m P ioneer Pub lishers, 116 U n iv e rs ity Place, N ew Y o rk 3j N. Y.

B y Reba A u b re y National Tour Director

T he response am ong students in the N ew E ng land area w here Jo ­seph Hansen spoke d u r in g the past w eek ind ica tes th a t in te res t in w h a t is go ing on in o th e r coun­tr ie s is no t as lo w as some ob­servers o f A m e rica n campus li fe have concluded.

A t B ro w n U n iv e rs ity , P ro v i­dence, R .I., m ore tha n 40 students tu rne d ou t fo r a m ee ting spon­sored by the F a ir P la y fo r Cuba chapter. In the qu es tio n -an d -a n - sw er pe riod they asked the speak­e r m any searching questions about the economic and p o lit ic a l s itu a ­tio n in va rious L a tin -A m e ric a n countries. One w anted to kno w the t ru th abou t c u rre n t reports in the A m erican press th a t Castro is be ing converted in to a figu rehead in the Cuban governm ent. A n ­o the r asked abou t B r it is h G uiana and C heddi Jagan. Some o f them w anted de ta iled in fo rm a tio n on such subjects as the lin e -u p o f forces in Venezuela.

Springfield MeetingIn S p rin g fie ld , Mass., the L a tin

A m erican C lub sponsored a m eet­in g in the P ue rto R ican com ­m u n ity . I t was a large m eeting w ith a liv e ly qu es tio n -an d -a n - sw er period. Loca l leaders o f the P uerto R icans pa rtic ip a te d in th is p a rt o f the m eeting . A n im p o rta n t p a rt o f the discussion re la ted to the d i f f ic u lt p rob lem s P uerto R icans face in the U n ited States reg a rd ing d is c r im in a tio n and lo w - pa id jobs — and w h a t can be done about it .

In a good-sized students ’ m eet­in g a t T u fts College in Boston, one s tuden t asked Hansen i f he is an A m erican citizen. The speak­e r rep lied th a t he “ was born in U tah and tha t, I be lieve, s t i l l au to ­m a tic a lly confers A m erican c it ­izensh ip.” The students got a laugh ou t o f th a t one.

A t the ve ry liv e ly Boston U n i­v e rs ity m eeting someone sat in the f ro n t ro w and shot about 36 p ic tu res o f the speaker. ( I f the photog rapher got any good ones, w e hope he’l l send us an action shot o r tw o .) A f te r a w h ile H a n ­sen, a cam era fan , noted th a t the pho tog rapher was us ing a N iko n re fle x - le n s job . F o r h im se lf, he to ld the audience he found the Topcon ve ry good and had used one d u r in g his exp lo ra tion o f some o f the slums o f South A m erica .

S tudents a t the Massachussetts In s titu te o f Technology found the

sub ject so in te re s tin g th a t they kep t the m ee ting go ing ove rtim e u n t i l i t was f in a lly b roken up — by the ja n ito r , w ho had to tu m ou t the ligh ts .

On the N ew Eng land leg o f h is tou r, the speaker go t a good re ­ception. A n e x p e rt on L a t in - A m erican a ffa irs , w h o attended one o f the m eetings, said a fte r­w a rd th a t he had been e x tre m e ly surp rised to hear such an ob jec­tive , accurate account o f w h a t th e s itu a tio n is re a lly l ik e in L a t in A m erica . (W h a t else d id he e x ­pect fro m the e d ito r o f The M i l­ita n t? )

F ore ign students in p a r t ic u la r w ere fa v o ra b ly im pressed w ith Hansen’s rep o rt, since m any o f them are fa m il ia r w ith B im ila r s itua tions in o ther parts o f th e w o rld .

A B r it is h student, com m enting on the atm osphere in the U n ite d States, said th a t in h is ow n p e r­sonal experience he had been q u ite shocked on s ta rt in g h is s tu ­dies here to f in d h im s e lf ca lled a “ red .” In Eng land no one w o u ld th in k o f c a llin g h im even the m ildes t k in d o f a “ p in k .”

The s tudent added th a t th is had spurred h im to m ake a m ore se ri­ous s tudy o f M a rx ism .

He especia lly lik e d the speech because i t was on a leve l m ak ing i t “ possible to have an in te llig e n t exchange o f op in ion .”

* * *

A m ong the questions have been some on the S oc ia lis t W orke rs P a rty and the d iffe re nce between its p rog ram and th a t o f o th e r so­c ia lis t group ings, especia lly th e ir d iffe rences over L a tin -A m e ric a n problem s.

* * *

T he o ther day w e got a te le ­phone ca ll fro m the cha irm an o f an organ iza tion w ho asked i f Hansen’s to u r it in e ra ry cou ld be a rranged so he cou ld speak be­fo re he r g roup in A rizo na . She had heard Hansen a t the New Y o rk m ee ting on Feb. 23 and tho ugh t he r fr ien ds in A rizona should have the o p p o rtu n ity o f hearing th is f irs t-h a n d re p o rt o f the exp los ive s itu a tio n in L a t in A m erica .

W e w ere so rry to have to tu rn dow n the o p p o rtu n ity . The to u r schedule is so t ig h t th a t i t is im ­possible to add any m ore bookings. W atch T he M il ita n t fo r no tices o f the nearest place you can go to hear th is e xc itin g eyew itness ac­count.

Monday, March 12, 1962 THE M IL IT A N T Page Three

t h e MILITANTEditor: JOSEPH H A N S E N

M anaging Editor: G EO RG E L A V A N Business Manager: K A R O L Y N K E R R Y

Published w eekly , except fo r omission o f five summer issues, by The M ilita n t Publishing Ass’n., 116 U n ivers ity PL, N ew Y ork 3, N .Y . Phone CH 3-2140. Second- class postage paid at N ew Y ork , N .Y . Subscription: $3 a year; Canadian, $3.50; foreign, $4-50. Signed articles by contributors do not necessarily represent The M ilita n t’s views. These are expressed in editorials.

V o l. 26 - No. 11 <^£*>345 M onday, M arch 12, 1962

Let the People Decide on TestsCan the A m e rica n people a llo w one m an to decide w h e th e r

o r n o t th e ir c h ild re n ’s m ilk w i l l be fu r th e r con tam ina ted by b o m b -te s t fa llo u t? P a r t ic u la r ly i f th a t one m an — P res iden t K e n ­nedy — is concerned o n ly w ith p ro m o tin g the co ld w ar? W e be­lie ve i t im p e ra tiv e fo r the people to dem and a n a tio n a l re fe rendum on nuc lea r tes ting .

The need to ta ke the pow er o f dec id ing th is c ru c ia l issue ou t o f the hands o f a s ing le m an is underscored by the d is to rt io n and o u tr ig h t fa ls if ic a tio n o f fa c t he has o ffe re d in ju s tif ic a tio n o f h is decis ion to renew a tm ospheric tests.

H is p r in c ip a l a rgum ent, th a t the S ov ie t U n ion “ ca llo u s ly b ro ke th e m o ra to r iu m ,” ca rries l i t t le w e ig h t w ith m ill io n s o f in ­fo rm e d people. A n d fo r good reason. H is e n tire speech con­v e n ie n tly igno red th e w h o le 17-year h is to ry o f a tom ic w a r p re p a ra tio n s and w h a t th is h is to ry reveals abou t the re sp o n s ib ility — indeed, the g u ilt , o f U.S. im p e ria lis m fo r the nu c le a r a n n ih ila ­tio n th re a te n in g the hum an race.

In the open ing section o f h is speech, K ennedy declared th a t “ in 1958 w e v o lu n ta r i ly subscribed as d id th e S ov ie t U n io n to a nu c le a r tes t m o ra to r iu m ” b u t th e S ov ie t U n io n b ro ke the “ m o ra to r iu m ” a fte r “ p repa ra tions . . . sec re tly unde r w ay fo r m a n y m on ths .”

T he ac tua l events w e re o f a som ew hat d if fe re n t o rder. A f te r repeated and unsuccessfu l appeals by the S ov ie t gove rnm en t to W ash ing ton and London fo r an agreem ent to ban a ll fu r th e r n u c le a r bom b tests, th e S o v ie t U n io n on M arch 31, 1958, an ­nounced th a t i t was v o lu n ta r i ly and u n ila te ra lly suspending a ll n u c le a r arm s tests. The response o f th e U.S. gove rnm en t, then headed b y P res iden t E isenhow er, was the in it ia t io n o f a series o f H -b o m b tests a t E n iw e to k in th e P a c ific on M a y 7, 1958. W o rld o p in io n was so ou traged th a t E isenhow er was fo rced on A u g u s t 22 to o f fe r a o ne -ye a r suspension o f tests. A t d isa rm a m e n t ta lks in Geneva, th e USSR on Oct. 31 re fused to agree to any such fra u d u le n t and m ock ban. The U.S. and G rea t B r ita in then p ro ­c la im ed th e ir “ m o ra to r iu m ” in l in e w ith the in it ia l S ov ie t action, bu t, as th e M arch 4 N ew Y o rk T im es c o rre c tly reca lls, the so- ca lied m o ra to r iu m “ was neve r inco rpo ra ted in any fo rm a l docu­m en t.”

A t th e tim e w hen the G eneva conference opened in 1958, s ix m onths a fte r th e S o v ie t’s de c la ra tio n o f its o w n m o ra to riu m , th e U n ite d States had conducted 153 nu c le a r tests, the USSR, 55, and B r ita in , 21. W ha teve r one m ay th in k o f th e S o v ie t re su m p tio n o f te s tin g la s t Septem ber, i t v io la te d no agreem ent w hatsoever.

B u t w hen w e exam ine the w h o le h is to r ic record, then i t can be seen c le a r ly th a t the re s p o n s ib ility fo r th e a tom ic th re a t to the e n tire w o r ld rests squa re ly on th e ru le rs o f th e U n ite d States. K ennedy opened h is speech w ith th e sentence: “ Seventeen years ago, m an unleashed th e po w e r o f th e a tom .” T h a t is a “ ca llous” v io la t io n o f th e t ru th . Seventeen years ago, a fte r secret p re p a ra ­tions concealed fro m its ow n S ov ie t a lly , n o t anonym ous “ m a n ” bu|t the U.S. a ir force, on o rders fro m P res iden t H a r ry S. T ru ­m an, exp loded the f i r s t a tom ic bombs and th e o n ly a tom ic bombs eve r used aga inst hum an beings.

To th is day, the U.S. g o ve rnm en t has neve r revealed th e fu l l h o rro r o f the bom bings o f H iro sh im a and Nagasaki. A Tokyo d ispa tch pub lished in th e Ja n u a ry 31, 1961, N ew Y o rk Post d is ­closed th e f in d in g s o f the Japanese W e lfa re M in is t ry th a t “ an estim ated 230,000 persons s t i l l s u ffe r fro m ra d io a c tive diseases, ra n g in g fro m b u rn s and b leed ing gum s to leukem ia and cancer, con trac ted as a re s u lt o f the tw o a tom ic bom bs d ropped on H iro sh im a and N agasaki m ore than 15 years ago.” In H irosh im a alone, on th a t fa ta l A u g u s t 6, 1945, th e re w e re 78,150 persons k i l le d in s ta n tly , 139,830 lis te d as m iss ing and 36,425 in ju re d , a to ta l o f 361,545 persons a ffected im m e d ia te ly by th e bomb.

These tw o m ost f r ig h t fu l w a r a tro c itie s w e re ju s t if ie d on the grounds th a t th e y shortened th e w a r and saved thousands o f A m e rica n lives. W e now kn o w th a t th e Japanese w ere a lready beaten to th e ir knees and su ing fo r su rrender. M oreover, fro m a s tr ic t ly r t i i l i ta r y v ie w p o in t, co n ve n tio n a l bom b ing a t th a t tim e was s t i l l as devas ta ting as th e f i r s t A -bom bs. T e lfo rd T a y lo r, re ­t ire d genera l and m i l i ta r y ana lys t, revea ls in the S a tu rd a y R eview , M a rch 3, 1962: “ The m ost le th a l and d e s tru c tive a ir ra id o f a ll t im e was n e ith e r H iro sh im a n o r N agasak i; i t was the M arch 29, 1945, lo w - le v e l a tta ck on T o kyo w ith in ce n d ia ry bombs, w h ich caused a f ire s to rm in w h ic h m ore than 100,000 perished and a m ill io n w ere rendered homeless.”

T he A -b o m b s a t H iro sh im a and N agasaki w e re th e f i r s t shots in th e co ld w a r aga inst th e S o v ie t U n ion .

O n J u ly 1, 1946, on th e eve o f the P a ris F o re ign M in is te rs C onference, th e U.S. d ropped its fo u r th A -b o m b , d es troy ing an e n tire $400,000,000 “ g u in e a -fle e t” in P a c ific tests. U.S. “ A -b o m b d ip lo m a cy ,” th ro u g h such tests, con tinued fro m th a t tim e to th is . In N ovem ber 1952, th e f i r s t hyd rogen bom b device was exp loded b y the U.S. O ve r th e past 17 years, the U.S. has exp loded 171 nu c le a r bombs, G rea t B r ita in , 22, and France, 4, com pared to th e S ov ie t U n io n ’s 105, in c lu d in g those o f las t y e a r ’s tests. In th e l ig h t o f th e cold h a rd facts, K e n n e d y ’s resum p tion o f nuc lear tests w i l l be a m onum en ta l c r im e aga inst h u m a n ity . A l l th e m ore reason then to ta ke th e pow er o f dec id ing th is issue aw ay fro m h im and to p u t i t w he re i t belongs — in th e hands o f the people.

A Participant's Viewpoint

Top Civil-Rights Leaders Are InadequateB y A F re e d o m R id e r

Less than ten years ago a w o ­m an started the m odem phase o f the in te g ra tio n m ovem ent in th is cou n try . B y re fus ing to g ive up her seat on a M on tgom ery. A la ­bama, bus to a w h ite person, M rs. Rosa P arks sparked a yea r-lon g boycott o f c ity buses by the Negro people w h ich was to in sp ire A fro - A m ericans a ll ove r the cou n try to take a m ore m il ita n t stand in f ig h t in g fo r th e ir in a lien ab le r ig h ts as hum an beings.

P r io r to th is tim e the strugg le fo r equal r ig h ts was ca rried on p r im a r ily by the conservative N a­tio n a l Associa tion fo r the A d ­vancem ent o f Colored People and the in fa n t Congress o f Racia l E q u a lity — s t i l l too sm a ll and t im id to assume the re sp o n s ib ility o f stag ing la rge-scale, m il ita n t d i­re c t actions.

O u t o f the M on tgom ery events came a m an w ho was to be c red ited w ith leadersh ip o f the in ­teg ra tion m ovem ent th rou gh ou t the na tion . The Reverend M a rt in L u th e r K in g , J r., gained in te rn a ­t io n a l accla im as the organ izer and leader o f the M on tgom ery p ro tes t and thus was assumed to be the m odern , n o n -v io le n t John B row n .

Since th a t tim e, the South has v ir tu a lly exp loded w ith beatings, m u rd e r, mass arrests and a n t i- Negro r io ts in re p ris a l fo r d ire c t- action protests against segregation. P rotests w ere ca rried o u t by S ou thern Negroes — students, tenan t fa rm ers, day laborers, the p r iv ile g e d and the deprived a like . B y go ing on Freedom Rides peo­p le o f conscience fro m a ll ove r the cou n try , fro m a l l w a lks o f life , m ade independent decisions to t ry to m ake A m erica t r u ly the la nd o f the free and the home o f the brave.

No PlanningI t is foo lish to speak o f rea l

leadership o f the in te g ra tio n m ove­m en t today. The w o rd im p lie s th a t the re is a p lan o f action and an organ iza tion d ire c tin g the ac­t iv it ie s o f the pa rtic ip an ts . T h is is s im p ly n o t true . The o ff ic ia ls o f n a tio n a l o rgan iza tions connected w ith the strugg le have a d i f f ic u lt tim e keep ing pace w ith the asp ira ­tions and actions o f the dem on­stra to rs and o ften fa i l to do even tha t.

The names o f M a r t in L u th e r K in g , James F arm er, R oy W ilk in s , and W y a tt Tee W a lk e r appear re g u la r ly in the newspapers as those lead ing th is o r th a t action. M ost o ften th e y are ju s t the men w ho are in a po s ition to get the stories f i r s t and b reak them to the press. V e ry l i t t le o f the actual p la n n in g o f protests is done in th e ir offices. They are m en w ho w o u ld lik e to be the leaders o f the m ovem ent; they w o u ld lik e to see m ore p la n n in g and co -o r­d in a tio n o f dem onstra tions; they w o u ld lik e i t to be m ore e ffec­t iv e ; th e y w o u ld also lik e i t to be m ore p o lit ic a l ( in the co c k ta il- p a rty in g , d ip lo m a tic , W ash ing ton- p o lit ic ia n sense o f the w o rd ) . B u t i t ’s too la te fo r tha t. The people are m oving . The m ovem ent today is lik e a brush f ire spreading s lo w ly , n e x t to the earth , and soon i t w i l l envelop the coun try .

W hen the fam ous Freedorp R ide began las t M ay, i t had been care­fu l ly p lanned by people w ho had been active in the an ti-segrega- t io n and p a c if is t m ovem ents m ost o f th e ir a d u lt lives. The idea was conceived in a N ew Y o rk o ffice and ca rried ou t by people w ho cou ld be called in te llec tua ls . A f te r i t m et w ith d isaster in A nn is ton and B irm in g h a m , A labam a, last M o th e r’s Day, i t was abandoned as be ing “ too advanced fo r the tim e .” The leaders o f CORE de­cided they had pushed th ings too fa r and ca lled the il l- fa te d rid e to a ha lt.

S tudents in N ashv ille , Tenn., how ever, tho ugh t the r id e should go on. T hey m ustered th e ir forces

R o y W ilk in s

onto buses and thus b ro u g h t back to li fe th is aborted e f fo r t at d ire c t action.

I t was the N a sh v ille students, w i l l in g to r is k death, ja i l , beat­ings, econom ic and socia l reprisa ls , w ho, against the advice and adm on itions o f th e ir elders, ra ised m oney, re c ru ite d people, tra in ed them in n o n -v io le n t techniques and p icked u p w here the “ leaders” had le f t o ff.

F in a lly a fte r th is dem onstra­t io n o f courage, CO RE took the cue and sent a bus in to Jackson, M iss iss ipp i, w h e re the action re ­m ained concentra ted fo r the rest o f the sum m er.

T h is was n o t the f i r s t tim e th a t the fo llo w e rs led th e leaders. The s it- in s , th a t are go ing on today n o t o n ly in the South b u t a l l ove r the cou n try , w e re f ir s t p lanned and c a rrie d o u t b y loca l people, s tudents and w orke rs . N o r was i t the f i r s t tim e the leaders tho ugh t i t b e tte r to slow down.

T here are a lm ost n o spectacular in te g ra tio n news stories a t the m om ent o f th is w r i t in g — no buses be ing b u rn t, no mobs a t­tack in g defenseless, n o n -v io le n t dem onstra tors. The Route 40 F ree ­dom R ide, sponsored b y CORE and supported b y SCLC [S ou thern C h ris tia n Leadersh ip C onference] and the N A A C P , is a re la t iv e ly q u ie t event. T h is p ro je c t is aim ed a t desegregating ea tin g and lo dg ­in g fa c il it ie s on the m a in h igh w ay in to W ashington, E>. C., fro m New Y o rk . T here are th in g s go ing on elsewhere, how ever, w h ic h do no t get s u ffic ie n t news coverage be­cause the y are n o t sponsored by CORE o r the o th e r b ig -nam e o r ­ganizations.

Demanding RightsT here are people dem anding

th e ir r ig h t o f self-defense and equa l p ro te c tion un de r the la w in M onroe, N o rth C aro lina . People are dem anding th e ir r ig h t to vote in M cCom b, M iss. People, sub ­jec ted to econom ic rep risa ls in H ayw ood and Faye tte counties, Tennessee, are dem anding the r ig h t to eat. F reedom V illa g e the re is s t i l l in existence. R ecen tly the w ho le N egro popu la tion o f A lb an y , G eorgia, stood up to be counted in support o f in te g ra tion . A l l over the South such th ings are happen­ing. T h ings no t p lanned o r in ­stiga ted by the recognized leader­ship, b u t actions spontaneously conceived and ca rried ou t by the people in the s itua tions the m ­selves.

A sho rt t im e ago a s ig n if ic a n t even t took place in N ashv ille . T he S tu d e n t N o n v io le n t C o -o rd i­n a tin g C om m ittee, the organ iza­tio n fo rm ed and opera ted b y the same N a shv ille students w h o have a c tu a lly g iven the m ost o n -th e - scene leadersh ip , fo rm a lly s p lit w ith its pa ren t o rgan iza tion , the N a sh v ille C h ris tia n Leadership Conference, an a ff il ia te o f SCLC. The m em bers o f SNCC said good­bye to th e ir conserva tive advisors and m oved to A tla n ta . T he re they

are c u rre n tly ra is in g funds to c a rry on th e ir ow n a c tiv itie s and have been blessed w ith a s ta ff o f the fin e s t people in the coun try , un de r the ve ry ab le leadersh ip o f James Form an. F orm an is the p res iden t o f the N a tion a l Freedom C ounc il and was an o r ig in a l o r ­gan izer o f T e n t C ity , o f f ic ia lly know n as Freedom V illag e , in Tennessee. SNCC is in the fo re ­f ro n t o f the strugg le in M cCom b, M iss., A lb a n y , Ga., Baton Rouge, La . and in H ayw ood and F ayette counties, Tenn.

Readers w ho w ish to suppo rt the a c tiv itie s o f SNCC, m ay send c o n trib u tio n s to : SNCC, 197%A u b u rn A ve. NE, A tla n ta , Ga.

There is another aspect o f the n a tio n a lly kn o w n leaders’ po licy w h ic h I should l ik e to discuss here. T h a t is the to ta l acceptance and adherence by m ost o f them to the ex trem e p a c if is t v ie w o f no n ­v io le n t tactics. G ra n tin g th a t at present the re is no b e tte r fo rm o f d irec t action open to m in o r ity groups than n o n -v io le n t tactics, the p o lic y o f absolute passive re ­sistance to v io le n t, savage a ttack is su ic ida l. The G handians say th a t non-v io lence is an active state o f love and th a t the oppres­sor w i l l be redeem ed by h is beat­in g o r k i l l in g you.

Self-DefenseF irs t o f a ll, I fa i l to see w h e re

the oppressor’s sa lva tion has any bea ring w hatsoever on the idea o f c iv i l r ig h ts . F u rth e rm o re , I th in k the assum ption th a t p a c if is t ideps or, fo r th a t m a tte r, non-vipJj?pt tac tics are ppp licab le to a l l s itu a ­tions has been disproved. S h a rp e v ille , South A fr ic a , and the recent invas ion o f Goa by In ­d ia as p r im e exam ples. T he jjjea th a t n o n -v io le n t tac tics a re syn­onym ous w ith com ple te p a c ifism is in e xp lica b le to me. A n d the idpa th a t n o n -v io le n t tactics prec lude the p o s s ib ility o f self-defense is insane.

The am azing th in g is tha t, th ro u g h c le ve r use o f propaganda, the ia rg e r o rgan iza tions have suc­ceeded in m a k in g m any peopjp be lieve com p le te ly in th is extrem e

a c ifis t fo rm o f no n -v io lence gno ?ve convinced the p u b lic th a t i t

is the o n ly ta c tic be ing used ip the South. F ew people k n o w t)>£t t fe n t C ity , fo r exam ple, has arm ed guards to p ro te c t i t against f u r ­th e r a ttacks l>y K la n - lik e forces.

T h e same is tru e o f the lp ca l c itizens p f M cCom b, M iss., and M onroe, N.C. The weapons th£SP people have are n o t fo r aggres­sive use b u t s im p ly to d r iv e o f f arm ed a ttackers. A n d inc iden ts w here self-defense is a necessary fu n c tio n o f s tay in g a liv e a re f r e ­quen t in the South.

I am n o t the o n ly m em ber o f in te g ra tio n ’s ra n k and f i le w h o is d issatis fied w ith the p o lic y o f the c u rre n t leadersh ip . The m i l i ­ta n t fac tions in CORE, SCLC and N A A C P are g ro w in g b y leaps and bounds and m a k in g demands. I f the present ra te o f m il i ta n t g ro w th continues, soon they w i l l be la rge enough to m ake them selves heard and th e ir dem ands fo r organ iza­t io n a l re fo rm and change o f p c i- ic y w i l l be g ran ted due to sheer s treng th o f num bers.

SEATTLE

Socialist School of Anti-FascismInstructor: Frank Krasnowsky

An Answer to Dr. Fred SchwarzFour sessions beginning M arch 17

• M arch 17— The U nfolding Revolu­tion; Plot or Social Awakening?

• M arch 24— Rise o f the so-called "R ad ical" Right

• A pril 7— The G overnm ent, theFascists and the Liberals

• A pril 21— The Socialist Answer to Fascism

Dinner at 6 p.m.Lectures a t 8 p.m.

1412 18th AvenueEA 5-0191

Page Four TH E M IL IT A N T Monday, M arch 12, 1962

...Anti-Test Demonstration Letters From Our Readers(Continued from Page 1)

fro m 45th to 48th St., then across the avenue and dow n the o ther side o f B roadw ay.

People stopped to stam p th e ir frozen fee t; some le f t the lin e b r ie f ly to take b lu e -lip p e d youngsters in to stores fo r some­th in g h o t to d r in k . Passers-by got m ixe d in am ong the m archers. Some jo ined , a fe w heckled. Som etim es the lin e th ickened o r th in ne d as po lice he ld sections a t a h a lt. One w om an in a w h ee l­c h a ir d re w laughs and c o m p li­m ents fro m the c row d w ith her sign: “ Keep the M ushroom s InO u r Soup.” “ You m ean don’t m ake m ushroom soup o f us, don’ t you?” qu ipped a p re tty , young wom an.

A g roup o f s ty lis h ly dressed ladies w ere c irc u la t in g a p e titio n fo r a la w re q u ir in g the in s ta lla ­t io n o f m achines to p u r ify m ilk o f S tro n tiu m 90. “ T h a t w o n ’t do any good,” argued a g ir l in b o bb y- sox, “ I t ’s too la te by then, we have to stop the bom bs now .”

Sing or Shout?“ W e ough t to s ing,” one m a rch ­

e r com pla ined. M any agreed. “ N o t s ing ing ,” rep lie d a schoolboy ea rn ­estly, “ W e should a ll be shout­ing, ‘N o M ore Tests.’ ” “ I tr ie d to te ll them a t Peace House th a t they should s ing,” said a young m an w ith a c rew out. “ B u t they said th a t i t ’s m ore a w e -in s p ir in g i f w e ’re s ile n t.”

“ A w e -in s p ir in g ? ” an o ld m an said. “ Can you im a g in e a ll these thousands o f people s ing ing a song?” “ No, No,” b roke in the schoolboy. “ Im ag ine a l l these peo­p le shou ting ‘N o M ore Tests.’ ”

A t 5 p.m ., fo llo w in g the ad hoc com m ittee ’s in s tru c tion s , the m archers began to converge around the sta tue on the Is land a t the n o rth end o f T im es Square fo r a h a lf h o u r o f silence. Too la rge to f i t on the is land , the crow d sp ille d over onto 7 th A v e ­nue f i l l in g i t fo r the b lock fro m 46th to 47th streets.

W ith barricades o f wooden horses across the avenue, the p o l­ice closed i t to t ra f f ic and also hem m ed in the crow d. P icke t captains, w e a rin g b lu e -a n d -w h ite arm bands, had some d i f f ic u lty m a in ta in in g the hush w h ich had descended on the area. S ing ing b ro ke ou t here and the re — re ­fra in s o f the Freedom R id e r song, “ W e S ha ll O vercom e,” and “ We S h a ll N o t Be M oved.” G enera lly , the approach o f a p icke t cap ta in saying, “ Shhh, th is is a s ilen t dem onstra tion ,” su fficed to stop the singers.

A ro a r fro m the fr in g e o f the c ro w d tu rn e d eve rybody around to look. E ig h t people had sat dow n in the m id d le o f B roadw ay. A

Endorsed by Hiroshima H arry— E x-p re s id e n t T rum an , the man w ho ordered the a tom ic bom bing o f H iro sh im a and Nagasaki, is a ll fo r K en ne dy ’s decision to resume atm ospheric bom b tests. “ I t was the p ro p e r th in g to do,” he said M arch 3. “ W e should never have stopped i t . ”

Happy Days — The Feb. 22 C leve land P la in D ea le r ca rried a touch ing a rtic le about A lb e rto Goudie, a C uban refugee w ho b raved th a t c ity ’s ic y w ea the r to take a jo b as a salesman. Said the a rtic le : “ F rom 1952 to 1956,G oudie was m ayo r o f Varadero Beach . . . the is land ’s sw ankiest resort. H e presided a t ba th in g beau ty contests, a ttended society ba lls and m et in te res tin g person­a litie s . . . H is eyes get a t r i f le m is ty w hen he reca lls those happy days.” The thousands o f-o rd in a ry Cubans w ho can now go to V a ra ­dero fo r the f i r s t tim e undoub ted ly also get a b i t m is ty -eye d as they re c a ll those “ happy” B a tis ta days.

Baloney Specialist — A group o f students w ho p a rtic ip a te d in the Feb. 16-17 W ash ing ton peace dem onstra tion m et w ith Rep. C het H o lif ie ld , C a lifo rn ia Dem ocrat. H o lif ie ld — w ho b u ilt h is re p u ta ­t io n as a “ lib e ra l” and then be­came a lead ing p ropagand ist fo r resum ption o f nuc lea r tests — opined: “ These k ids have been fed a lo t o f ba loney.”

T ru th — N o ve lis t P h ilip W y lie , w ho served as a c iv i l defense con­su lta n t to the T rum an and E isen­ho w e r ad m in is tra tion s , declared Feb. 25 th a t the A m erican people are “ to ta lly u n in fo rm e d and u n p re ­pared by the governm ent to face the tru th .” He said “ the t ru th is th a t fa llo u t she lters w i l l n o t w o rk , because i f the re is a nuc lear w ar, 999 people in 1,000 w i l l be to ta lly im m o b ilize d b y pan ic i f th e y ’re n o t a lready dead o r dy ing .”

M an On the S treet — Recently a Senate com m ittee headed by rac is t S enator S trom T hu rm o nd o f Sou th C a ro lina quizzed a g roup o f

Beck in an am bulance w ith his head s p lit open.” “ I saw i t , ” a l i t ­t le boy ye lled . “ A cop h it h im on the head.”

J u lia n Beck, co -p roducer o f the o ff-B ro a d w a y L iv in g Theater, lay in serious cond ition n e x t day in B e llevue H osp ita l. Besides head in ju r ie s , he had a punc tu red lu ng and r ib in ju r ie s . I ro n ic a lly the the a te r section o f th a t v e ry d a y ’s New Y o rk T im es ca rried a s to ry by c r it ic H o w a rd T aubm an p ra is ­in g B eck ’s thea te r and u rg in g a subsidy to send i t abroad so th a t A m erica cou ld “ o ffe r the w o r ld a v iv id exam ple o f the d iv e rs ity possible in a dem ocracy. W e prove th a t w e g la d ly to le ra te se lf c r it ic is m and e xp e rim e n ta tio n .”

H a rr ie d b y the police, the crow d s lo w ly dispersed in to the cold, da rke n in g n igh t. M an y w e n t dow n to n ig h t c o u rt to show s o lid a rity w ith those arrested. They jam m ed Judge K enne th P h ipps ’ cou rtroom and ove rflow ed f i l l in g the c o r r i­dors. O thers p icketed outside. The ad hoc com m ittee d isc la im ed re ­sp o n s ib ility fo r those w ho sat down. The A m erican C iv il L ib e r ­ties U n io n appeared to defend a ll those arrested except the s itters. M a rk Lane o ffe re d to defend them .

Police v io lence, especia lly th a t o f the m ore than 100 m em bers o f the so-ca lled T ac tica l P a tro l Force, spec ia lly tra in ed to deal w ith dem ­onstra tions, was so g reat th a t State A ssem blym an B en tley K as- sal ca lled fo r an investiga tion .

M arines to de te rm ine how hep th e y w ere on “ Com m unism .” As an experim en t, the D allas T im es H era ld p u t some o f the same questions to a group o f young m en o f service age. To th e ques­tion , “ Is the re any d iffe rence be­tween a c iv i l- r ig h ts o rgan iza tion and a subvers ive o rgan iza tion?” one rep lie d : “ I t cou ld be subver­sive, b u t i t doesn’t have * to be. I t depends on w h a t side o f the fence y o u ’re c a llin g the names fro m .”

i-

Poor Environment? — Dr. A lle n Joseph o f F a ir la w n , N. J., was a r­rested Feb. 25 on charges o f lo o t­in g pa tien ts ’ purses w h ile they w a ited in h is o ffic e fo r m edica l exam inations. A f te r a p a tien t com ­p la ined to po lice tha t he r purse was r if le d w h ile in the doc to r’s o ffic e she was sent back w ith m arked b ills in h e r purse. W hen she came out, po lice said, the the m oney was gone and detec­tives fo u n d i t in the doc to r’s pocket. Dr. Joseph is F a ir la w n ’* m u n ic ip a l po lice physic ian .

The U.S. and VietnamD ayton, O hio

In the a rtic le on South V ie tn am in the Feb. 19 M il ita n t you state th a t Kennedy “ is c y n ic a lly v io la t­in g the 1954 in te rn a tio n a l agree­m en t o f Geneva w h ich p ro h ib its fo re ig n in te rv e n tio n in South V ie t­nam .”

I f m y m em ory serves me c o r­re c tly , the U.S., at the in s tig a tio n o f John Foster D u lles, refused to sign th is agreem ent. T h is o f course does no t excuse the K e n ­nedy ad m in is tra tio n , bu t ra th e r shows the co n tinu a l b a n k ru p tcy o f U.S. fo re ign po licy .

Reader[ I t ’s tru e th a t the U.S. d id n ’t

sign the Geneva pact, b u t i t d id issue a fo rm a l s ta tem ent dec la ring i t w o u ld respect the agreem ent w h ich had been signed by e igh t powers, in c lu d in g its closest a llies. E d it o r .]

Political Action for PeaceP h ila de lph ia , Pa.

The question o f g iv in g e ffec tive p o lit ic a l expression to the g ro w ­in g peace m ovem ent is a serious and u rgen t one. As y o u r Feb. 19 e d ito r ia l po in ts out, “ i t w o u ld be trag ic indeed . . . to suppo rt cap­ita l is t p o lit ic ia n s o f e ith e r the D em ocra tic o r R epub lican v a r ie ty again.”

The question is: W ha t fo rm o f independent p o lit ic a l ac tion should the peace m ovem ent s trugg le to achieve? Y o u r e d ito r ia l ind ica tes th a t you be lieve th a t th is fo rm should be “ a la b o r p a r ty separate fro m , and opposed to, bo th c a p ita l­is t pa rtie s and th e ir candidates.” B u t is a “ la b o r p a r ty ” a co rrect perspective to p lace be fore the peace m ovem ent? A n d cannot the peace m ovem ent f in d some o ther fo rm w h ic h is “ separate and op­posed to bo th c a p ita lis t pa rties and th e ir candidates” ?

As T im W o h lfo r th ’s a rtic le in the same issue po in ts out, “ la rge num bers o f people are becom ing in vo lve d in p u b lic dem onstra tions around the issue o f peace . . . M ost ac tive so fa r are students and w om en.”

W h ile the p o litica lly -consc iou s forces in the la bo r m ovem ent should c e rta in ly see the need fo r labo r to speed up its s trugg le fo r independent p o lit ic a l ac tion in o rd e r to g ive p o lit ic a l expression to the a n t i-w a r m ovem ent, i t is no t necessary fo r the peace m ove­m en t to w a it fo r the labo r m ove­m ent. N o r should the peace m ove­m en t subs titu te fo r the labo r m ovem ent in the s trugg le fo r the la b o r pa rty .

In the absence o f the un ions launch ing a la b o r p a rty , does th is mean th a t the peace m ovem ent is doomed to the tragedy o f sup po rt­in g D em ocra tic o r R epublican demagogues w ho .h y p o c rit ic a lly spout a fe w phrases fo r peace w h ile su p po rting the governm ent w a r p rogram in its en tire ty? Is i t no t possib le fo r the g ro w in g peace m ovem ent to set its e lf a perspec­tiv e o f independent p o lit ic a l ac­t io n w h ic h w o u ld no t take the fo rm o f a la b o r p a r ty b u t w h ic h w o u ld neverthe less cha llenge the o ld p a rty candidates? W ha t w ou ld be w ro n g in seeking to u n ite the various peace groups around a sing le candidate in w ha teve r Congressional d is tr ic t the re is su f­f ic ie n t o rgan iza tion to support such a m ove and en te rin g the elec­tio n cam paign in support o f an independent Peace Candidate? Perhaps the fo rm in w h ich the peace m ovem ent can develop in ­dependent p o lit ic a l action is th rou gh a Peace P a rty , w ith Peace candidates, on a Peace P la tfo rm , cha lleng ing the p ro -w a r po lic ies and program s o f the “ po litic ia n s w ho are responsib le to parties

con tro lled by b ig business” ?N a tu ra lly , to be fu l ly e ffec tive

p o lit ic a lly , the independent po ­l i t ic a l a c t iv ity o f the peace m ove­m en t w o u ld e ve n tu a lly have to m erge w ith the independent po­li t ic a l a c t iv ity o f the la b o r m ove­m en t w henever th a t occurs in the fu tu re . B u t to u rge the peace m ovem ent to en ter the s trugg le fo r the la bo r p a r ty w o u ld be an u n re a lis tic task, w h ile neg lecting the rea lizab le im m ed ia te task o f deve lop ing independent p o lit ic a l a c t iv ity in the fo rm n a tu ra l and log ica l to the peace m ovem ent: a peace p a rty o r s im p ly independent peace candidates.

M .W .Free Speech for All

B a ltim o re , M d.R egard ing the c iv i l- r ig h ts d is ­

cussion in Boston betw een F a rre ll Dobbs o f the SW P and Clarence Coggins o f the La b o r-N e g ro V a n ­guard Conference [repo rted in ou r Feb. 19 issue], I should lik e to express m y com m endation to Dobbs fo r h is p r in c ip le d pos ition reg a rd ing freedom o f speech fo r a ll, in c lu d in g fascists.

I t is no t o n ly a m a tte r o f p r in ­c ip le b u t also o f s e lf- in te re s t fo r the le ft. H o w h y p o c ritic a l i t w o u ld look fo r us rad ica ls to cheer the ab rogation o f the r ig h t o f free speech to fascists and then (as i t in e v ita b ly w o u ld ) w hen the same de n ia l is d irec ted to w a rd us to pose as staunch defenders o f c iv i l libe rties .

I rem em ber an in c id e n t w here M a yo r W agner o f N ew Y o rk denied the A m erican Nazi P a rty the r ig h t o f free speech a t some p u b lic place (U n io n Square, I be­lie v e ) . W h ile the C om m unis t P a r­ty com m ended W agner the SW P decried the de n ia l o f c iv i l lib e rtie s and the re was an exce llen t ed i­to r ia l in The M il i ta n t concern ing th is m a tte r (J u ly 11, 1960).

I f the rad ica l m ovem ent expects the guarantees o f the F irs t A m endm en t to ap p ly to its e lf, i t m ust defend those guarantees u n ­equ ivoca lly .

G .C .

Favors New NameN o rth A ndove r, Mass.

I be lieve I can o ffe r an exp lana­tio n to J .K . ( le tte rs co lum n, Feb. 26) as to w h y the In te rn a tio n a l Socia lis t R eview ou tse lls The M i l ­ita n t on newsstands, and a t a h ig h ­e r price. W h ile The M il i ta n t is m e re ly a fou r-p ag e ta b lo id p u b ­lished fo r w o rk in g people, the In ­te rn a tio n a l S ocia lis t R eview is a lite ra ry and p o lit ic a l m agazine read m a in ly by m idd le -c lass in ­te llectua ls . W h ile w o rk in g people o ften cannot purchase such a newspaper as The M il i ta n t once a week, readers o f the In te rn a tio n a l S ocia lis t R eview can take the tro u b le to b u y i t as i t appears o n ly fo u r tim es a year.

This, o f course, is a v e ry gen­e ra l sta tem ent; m em bers o f the w o rk in g class w ho have been in ­fluenced by the le f t -w in g no doub t do bu y the ISR , ju s t as people no t o f the w o rk in g class b u y The M ilita n t. I do no t be lieve th a t the h ig h e r sales o f the ISR are cred ited to the fa c t th a t the w o rd “ Socia'list” appears on the cover.

H ow ever, I be lieve th a t the idea o f chang ing the t i t le o f The M i l­ita n t (as J .K . m en tioned) to “ So­c ia lis t Press” is a v e ry good one and here is another vote fo r th a t name or another one w ith the w o rd “ S oc ia lis t” in it.

J.L.[T o e lim in a te one p o in t o f de­

bate: A cco rd in g to the business m anager, the re is, p ro p o rtio n a te ly , no s ig n if ic a n t d iffe re nce in na­t io n a l newsstand sales o f the tw o pub lica tions. E d it o r .]

Thought fo r the Week“ H e ll-g a te is a ja r in V ie tn am and is p la in ly sw ing ing open. A l l

the s k i l l in d ia le c tic o f the P res iden t cannot a lte r the fa c t th a t large num bers of, A m ericans are d a ily com ing u n d e r g u n fire in those steam ­in g jung les . . . To the m an w ho stops a b u lle t, th is a f fa ir in V ie tn am is ju s t as big as the B a ttle o f the B u lge ; and to h is fa m ily and frie n d s the p a in is as keen, the desolation as com plete.” — G era ld W . Johnson in the M a rch 5 New Republic.

I t W as Reported in the Press

den said. “ F irs t, should they sup­p o rt a m ovem ent w h ich is c rea t­in g n o th in g b u t fr ic t io n in o u r in ­d u s tr ia l life? A n d second, are they g e tting th e ir m oney’s w o rth ? ”

Reed Larson, executive d ire c to r o f the R ig h t- to -W o rk C om m ittee, con firm ed th a t the figu res in the re p o rt w ere ob ta ined fro m the com m ittee ’s W ash ing ton o ffice . He said he d id n o t agree w ith th e ir “ in te rp re ta tio n .” M r. Larson m ay haggle about semantics, b u t he can’t deny th a t a la rge p a r t o f the m oney donated to p u t ou t l i t ­e ra tu re and conduct le g is la tive cam paigns against the un ions was pocketed instead b y p u b lic ity men, fu n d ra isers, d irec to rs and o ther func tiona ries .

H ow ever, I can’t see any basis fo r such com p la in ts against the com m ittee , w h ic h was obv ious ly in sp ire d b y a b e lie f in free en te r­prise, and I s incere ly hope th a t the m en w ho backed i t w i l l con­tin u e to m ake con tribu tions w here they do the least good.

— Joyce Cowley

horde o f po lice charged dow n on them . The s itte rs, o ffe r in g no resistance, w en t lim p . N everthe­less the cops to re in to them as i f they w ere res is ting arrest. The crow d booed and hissed lo ud ly . The s ing ing sta rted again louder and a fe w people began shouting the P ledge o f A lleg iance.’

A n u p ro a r sudden ly came fro m the southeast side o f the square. The m ounted po lice had charged in to the crow d. Scream ing wom en were, pu lle d b y the h a ir to p a tro l wagons. The po lice ra ine d blow s w ith th e ir b i l ly c lubs on the heads o f the crow d. F o r ty - tw o people w ere hauled o f f to ja il.

Lane ProtestsState A ssem blym an M a rk Lane

was in the crow d and h is w ords caught by a young m an w ith a tape reco rde r w ere broadcast over a loca l rad io s ta tion la te r th a t n igh t. “ D on ’t come to h i t people w ith c lubs fo r no reason,” he was shou ting a t the cops. A n Eng­lishm an, w ho had p a rtic ip a te d in the B r it is h a n t i-H bom b marches, rem arked on the v io lence o f the N ew Y o rk po lice com pared w ith those o f h is cou n try . “ The A m e r­ican po lice appear fr ig h te n e d o f the dem onstra tion ,” he exp la ined. “ U n fo rtu n a te ly you ’l l d ie w ith the rest o f us,” ran g ou t the vo ice o f one A - te s t opponent in answ er to a cop w ho was shou ting obscen­itie s at the crow d.

A young m an raced th ro u g h the crow d c ry in g , “ they ju s t p u t J u lie

Man Bites Dog

The Swindlers Get SwindledW hen the m an w ho sets a tra p

is gu lled , i t ’s a n o v e lty th a t a l l o f us en joy . So I th in k you w i l l be happy to le a rn about some tough businessmen w ho w ere defrauded. T hey are m en w ho got th e ir m oney the ha rd w a y — ha rd fo r you and me. In 1960, ca rried aw ay b y th e ir enthusiasm , th e ir hopes fo r a re tu rn to the open shop and th e ir eagerness to persuade w o rk ­ers th a t freedom means crossing a p icke t line , they con tribu te d $418,732 to the R ig h t- to -W o rk C om m ittee . N ow the B e tte r B u s i­ness B ureau reports th a t a lm ost h a lf o f the dues and co n trib u tio n s p a id in by 15,000 m em bers o f th is com m ittee W ent to “ p rom oters .”

The B e tte r Business B u re au ’s fig u re s w e re quoted in Congress b y R epresenta tive R ay J. M ad ­den, D em ocrat fro m Ind iana , w ho ra ised p e rtin e n t b u t con tra d ic to ry questions.

“ I th in k the in d u s tr ia l f irm s and business m en w ho have been sup po rting th is organ iza tion ought to consider tw o po in ts ,” M r. M ad -