Keep Pots Clean Or Families Get Sick! Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species

Keep Pots Clean Or Families Get Sick!

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species

Kindom Protizoa proto, first + zoo, animal• Evolved from the Archae approx. 1.5 billion years

ago• Polyphyletic group- protists arose by way of more

than one ancestral group• Represents separate evolutionary lineages• Plant like b/c autotrophic (produce their own food)• Animal-Like b/c they are heterotrophic (feed upon

other organisms)

Today you will study phyla and animal like protists.

Animal-Like Protists

8-1

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 8.2

Chapter 8 Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa

“Protist” Unicellular and Colonial Eukaryotes-

any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus

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Fig. 8.3

W. D. Russell-Hunter, A Life of Invertebrates, © 1979.

Protozoan Protist

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Fig. 8.4

Asexual Reproduction in Protozoa

Figure 8.5

Symbiotic lifestyles

• Symbiosis (Gr. Syn, with +bios, life)

• Parasitism- a form of symbiosis- organism lives in or on other (Host)

Some parasites have life cycles involving multiple hosts

• Definite host- harbors the sexual stages of the parasite

• Intermediate host- the offspring enter another host where they reproduce asexually, to complete lifecycle the final asexual stage must have access to a Definite host

Other kinds of symbiosis

• Don’t harm host– Commensalisms- one member benefits

– Mutualism- both benefit

Flagellated Protozoa

• Flagellates are the ancestors of ameoboid protozoan

• Phytoflagellated (photosynthesizing)

• zooflagellated (particle feeding and parasitic)

Phytoflagellated Protozoa

– Chlorophyll (oxygen for marine life)– One or two flagella– These protozoans are large portion of the

marine food – i.e dinoflagellates– Two flagellates, chlorophyll, xanthophyll

(bloom=red tides) and results in fill kills (Red sea, bible)

Figure 8.6

Other Phytoflagellated Protozoa Euglena

• Freshwater phytoflagellated protozoa

• Chloroplast has a pyrenoid (synthesizes and stores carbohydrates)• feed by absorption or are heterotrophic

• Stigma- photoreceptor at the base of the flagellum

• Haploid organisms and reproduce binary fission

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Fig. 8.7

Structure of Euglena

Subphylum Mastigophora

(cl. Phytomastigophora)

Zooflagellated Protozoa

• Lack chloroplast• Heterotrophic• Some members are important human

parasites

• Species Trypanosoma brucei cause African sleeping sickness (Intermediate host- Tsetse flies )

Zooflagellated Protozoa Trypanosomes

• Tsetse fly picks up parasite from infected • Multiply asexually in the gut of flies• Infects other individuals

• Cause mental dullness and lack of coordination “Sleepiness”

• Death- Central Nervous System, cardiovascular, and malnutrition

• Curable if detected early

Figure 8.8 (a)

Figure 8.8 (b)

Amoeboid Protozoa

Fig 8.10 Amoebozoan proteus

Study representatives of the following three

Protista phyla:1) Phylum Sarcomastigophora

Subphylum Mastigophora

Subphylum Sarcodina

2) Phylum Apicomplexa

3) Phylum Ciliophora

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

• Chars: Flagella, pseudopodia, or both; single type of nucleus; no spores formed.

• Subphylum Masigophora– Chars: One or more Falgella– Autotrophic (cl. Phytomastigophora)– Heterotrophic (cl. Zoomastigophora) or both;– Reproduction usually by fission

• Freshwater phytomastigophoran

• Ponds and slow moving streams

• Study live protozoans using methylcellulose

• Observe Flagella using iodine potassium iodine (IKI)

Other Mastigophora

• Zoomastigophora- Trypanosoma, Trichonympha, and Trichomonas

• Trichonympha- Mastigophora Symbionts- Termite gut

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Fig. 8.9

Life Cycle of Trypanosoma Brucei

Phytomstigophoran- Volvox

• shows colonial organization. Concave slide Culture Medium, cover slide no air pockets

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Fig. 8.8

Volvox, A Colonial Flagellate

Subphylum Sarcodina

• Chars: Pseudopodia, Flagella occasionally present (in developmental stages. The Amoebas

• Ameobas- common freshwater protist

• Lives on the bottom of ponds

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Fig. 8.10

Variations in Pseudopodia

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Fig. 8.11b

Subphylum Sarcodina: Superclass Rhizopoda, Class Lobosea

Other Sarcodina-“Not naked” sarcodines

• Arcella, Difflugia, and Actinospaerium and marine radiolarians and foraminifera form test.

• Test (shell) are protective structures that the cytoplasm secretes

• Test can be made of calcium carbonate, protein, silica or chitin (a polysaccharide)

• Test can be formed from sand grains, calcium carbonate and silica

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Fig. 8.12

Freshwater Amoeba (Difflugia Oblongata)

The Coccidea- Phylum Apicomplexa

• Chars: All parasites

• Apical complex used for penetrating host cells

• Lack cilia and flagella, except in certain reproductive stages

• Coccidians or apicomplexans are named based upon the presence of apical complex

Most important Coccidians are members of the class Sporozoea

• Chars: intracellular parasites of animals• Form spores or oocysts following sexual

reproduction• Complex life cycle that involve both

vertebrate and invertebrate hosts

• Example- Plasmodium the sporozoan that causes malaria.

Figure 8.14Fig 8.14 Life Cycle of Plasmodium

Phylum Ciliophora

• Chars: Cilia, macronuclei, and micronuclei usually present

• Ciliates are the largest most complex and diverse group of the protozoans

• Nearly occupy all aquatic habitats• Some are symbiotic• Reproduction can be asexual through

fission or sexual through conjugation

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Fig. 8.17b

Ciliate (Paramecium)

Figure 8.15 (a)Fig 8.15The Ciliateparamecium

Figure 8.17

Figure 8.18

Fig 8.18 Suctroian feeding

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Fig. 8.21


Conjugation in Paramecium

Example of a Ciliophora: Paramecium

• Common freshwater ciliate

• Observe live sample using methylcellulose solution

• Other Ciliophora: Colpidium, Vorticella and Stentor

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Fig. 8.22


Cladogram of Protozoa Relationships

Figure 8.20

Box Figure 8.1

EOC Figure

The End

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Keep Pots Clean Or Families Get Sick! Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species