Keanekaragman Spesies Dan Distribusi Breeding Site Anop d Kenya

8/13/2019 Keanekaragman Spesies Dan Distribusi Breeding Site Anop d Kenya

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Int. J. Trop. Med., 6 (3): 44-51, 2011

International Journal of Tropical Medicine 6 (3): 44-51, 2011 ISS: 1!16-

331"

Med#ell Journal$, 2011

Anopheles Species Diversity and Breeding Habitat Distribution and theProspect for Focused Malaria Control in the Western Highlands of Kenya

1%&S& Mula'ala, 1*&& Sia'a, 2M&M& +ei#a and 3J&M& ulule

.*epart'ent of /iolo+ical Science$,

Ma$inde Muliro nier$it of Science and Tecnolo+, && /o 1"0 o$tcode 50100, aa'e+a2*epart'ent of /iolo+ical Science$, nier$it of Moi, && /o 1125, 7ldoret, ena

.ena Medical 8e$earc In$titute, && /o 159! o$tcode 40100 i$u'u, ena

$tract: Malaria in te #e$tern i+land$ of ena i$ unpredictale and occur$ in for' of $eere outrea$ and

epide'ic$ re$ultin+ in lo$$ of life and eert$ a $train on pulic ealt $erice$& Ti$ underlie$ te continued need for

etter under$tandin+ of te di$ea$e deter'inant$ to for'ulate $pecific and focu$ed interention $trate+ie$& 1 ear $tud

#a$ undertaen in t#o $tud $ite$ in andi di$trict to deter'ine Anopheles $pecie$ dier$it, aundance and reedin+

aitat di$triution& Indoor and outdoor adult nopele$ 'o$;uitoe$ #ere collected i#eel fro' rando'l $elected

ou$e$ pretru' $pra capture 'etod and li+t trap$, re$pectiel& nopele$ laral $ta+e$ #ere collected fro'

reedin+ $ite$ $tandard dipper$ and reared into adult$ under laorator condition$& dult Anopheles $pecie$ #ere

identified a$ed on 'orpolo+ical feature$ and $ilin+ $pecie$ ol'era$e %ain 8eaction (%8)& Anopheles ga!"ae

sens# lato #a$ te 'o$t prealent no#n ector contriutin+ "5&4


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IT8*%TI

Malaria in te #e$tern i+land$ of ena i$

unpredictale di$ea$e #it increa$in+ fre;uenc and inten$it

in tran$'i$$ion& Te e$tali$'ent and $pread of te di$ea$e in

ti$ i+land area depend$ on te pre$ence of and relation$ip

of $eeral epide'iolo+ical factor$ te 'o$t i'portant ein+, te

o$t, te a+ent and te eniron'ent& Man i$ te erterate o$t

and te nopele$ 'o$;uito in te a+ent of tran$'i$$ion=ector

#erea$ te la$'odiu' para$ite i$ te cau$atie a+ent of 'alaria&

Malaria ector and non-ector $pecie$ population

$tructure and den$it in an localit i$ not $tatic (*uff,

1"99)& Malaria ector ($) and non-ector$ 'a

periodicall etend teir ran+e eond teir nor'al area

of di$triution #en te'porar $uitale condition$ occur

in nei+orin+ area$ (>?, 2010)& Mo$t Anopheles

$pecie$ are no#n to can+e teir ecolo+ical ran+e,

eaior adaptin+ to ne# cli'atic, ecolo+ical and

u'an induced can+e$ (Muriu et al., 200!)& Ti$ 'anot e fre;uent ut it doe$ occur particularl in ti$ era of

+loal #ar'@ and 'a re$ult in $eriou$ pulic ealt

i'plication$& ?u'an actiitie$ particularl related to land-u$e

eident in te $tud area could pro'ote can+e$ in ector and

non- ector $pecie$ dier$it and 'alaria tran$'i$$ion in&

future in $eeral #a$ a$ reported el$e#ere (>al$ et

al., 1""3A atB et al., 2000)& Cor in$tance 'an-'ade actiitie$

$uc a$ $#a'p recla'ation and ric 'ain+ create$'ore u'an-'ade a;uatic aitat$ for te Anopheles

$pecie$& Increa$ed cattle +raBin+ create 'ore open

aitat$ #it eleated te'perature tat faor fa$ter

nopele$ laral deelop'ent ence increa$ed adult

den$it and po$$ile 'alaria tran$'i$$ion (Minaa#a et

al., 2004)& Man-'ade eniron'ental can+e$ 'a al$o

ae a earin+ on te dier$it of te ectorial $$te'$

of an area and $u$e;uentl re$ult in eco-epide'iolo+ical

$tratification and in&a$ion of area ne# ector$& ?u'an

actiitie$ and topo+rap could al$o ae an effect on te

dier$it and di$triution of di$ea$e ector reedin+

aitat$& Terefore, #e pote$iBed tat u'an

actiitie$, eniron'ental can+e$ and re+ular trael to

and fro' te


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%orre$pondin+ utor: %&S& Mula'ala, *epart'ent of /iolo+ical Science$,

Ma$inde Muliro nier$it of Science and Tecnolo+, && /o 1"0 o$tcode 50100,

aa'e+a, ena 44


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nei+orin+ Dae ictoria lo#land$ could re$ult in can+e$ in

Anopheles $pecie$ co'po$ition #ic 'a ae i'plication$ on

tran$'i$$ion, epide'iolo+ and control of not onl of 'alaria ut

al$o oter ector-orne di$ea$e$& Te purpo$e of te $tud #a$ to

a$$e$$ te Anopheles $pecie$ dier$it and locate and identifreedin+ aitat$ in t#o $ite$ in a 'alaria epide'ic-prone area in

te #e$tern i+land$ of ena&

MT78IDS * M7T?*S

Stud $ite$: Te $tud #a$ conducted in& ort andi *i$trict

E0F21.52 and 0F1656 in lon+itude and 35F5.20F7 and 34F5".9

7 in latitudeG in te i+land area$ of ip$a'oite and ap$i$i#a

eac #it 9 and 10 illa+e$, re$pectiel& Te $tud $ite$ #ere

$elected ecau$e, te #ere located 1500 ' aoe $ea leel, an

altitude defined a$ caracteriBin+ te i+land area and 'alaria

epide'ic$ and outrea$ ad een reported #itin te $ite$

preiou$l&Te topo+rap of te $tud $ite$ co'pri$e$ ill$, alle$ and

plateau$& 8ier$ and $trea'$ run alon+ te alle otto'$ in & te

alle eco$$te' and reclai'ed and natural $#a'p$ are a co''on

feature& Te $tud area a$ t#o rain $ea$on$, lon+ rain$ $ea$on

fro' Marc to Ma, referred to lon+ rain$ on te account of

duration and i+ a'ount of rainfall receied in &'an part$ of te

i+land$& Te $econd $ea$on i$ te $ort rain$ fro' te 'ont$ of

ctoer to *ece'er durin+ #ic period, te area eperience$

depre$$ed rainfall tat i$ al$o poorl di$triuted ot in $pace and

ti'e& Tere are ariation$ in te'perature te #anne$t te'perature$

are eperienced in Marc and te colde$t in Jul #it te 'ean

'ontl te'perature$ ran+in+ fro' 19-1"24!F%&

Anopheles $pecie$ $a'plin+ point$: nopele$ 'o$;uito $a'ple$

#ere collected fro' Januar to *ece'er 200! in a total of 19

illa+e$ #itin ip$a'oite and ap$i$i#a $tud $ite$& Te 40al$ et al., 1""3A atB et al., 2000)& Cor in$tance $#a'p recla'ation create$ 'ore 'an-'ade

a;uatic aitat$ for te localAn. ga!"ae s.s, te predo'inant ant 'alaria ector in&

te area& Increa$ed cattle +raBin+ create$ 'ore openaitat$ #it eleated te'perature tat faor fa$ter ector laral deelop'ent ence in & crea$ed adult ector den$it and 'alaria

tran$'i$$ion (Minaa#a et al., 1""", 2004)& ?i+er adult den$itie$ ofAnopheles ga!"ae co'ple ae een reported in ou$e$ near

e$tali$ed 'alaria ector reedin+ ait$ in $o'e i+land area$ (Jon et al., 2004) and people liin+ near alle otto'$ (near to

reedin+ aitat$) are liel ae 'ore ector-u'an contact tan to$e up-ill and terefore 'ore 'alaria ca$e$&

7nto'olo+ical re$ult$ indicate te pre$ence of ot no#n 'alaria ector$ and non-ector $pecie$ in &te $tud area& Te $i+nificance

of Anopheles $pecie$ not no#n to act a$ ector$ i$ not clear& ?o#eer, it i$ po$$ile tat $o'e of te $pecie$ pre$ent a nui$ance of

'o$;uito-ite$ rater tan tran$'it 'alaria (oenraadt, 2003)& Te $tud $ite$ #ere caracteriBed #it lar+e erd$ of lie$toc (cattle,

$eep and +oat$) tat #ere often ept near=around u'an aitation$& Cor te Boopilic= antropopilic $pecie$ in ti$ +roup (includin+An.

%hr"st&, An. de"llon, An. harper", An. leeson" andAn. long"palp"s), te initial attraction e'anatin+ fro' cattle=+oat$=$eep ept in$ide

or around u'an ou$e$ 'a in &fluence teir feedin+ eaior (e#ole et al., 2009)& $ $uc a po$$ile can+e in eaior in o$t

$eein+ nopele$ 'a increa$e te ri$ of 'an eco'in+ a re+ular $ource of lood 'eal ot Boopilic and antropopilic $pecie$&

Ti$ could create a clo$e lin et#een 'an-ani'al-'o$;uito faorale for te tran$'i$$ion of oter 'o$;uito-orne di$ea$e$ in ani'al$and 'an& Cor in &$tance,An. %o#stan" laeran #ide$pread and aundant oer 'uc of te frican continent al$o encountered in te $tud

area readil feed$ on u'an$ outdoor$ (%oetBee, 1 "!3) and pla a role in te tran$'i$$ion of di$ea$e aroiru$e$ (Do+an et al., 1""1A

Lordon et al., 1""2A %oetBee, 1""4)& ter non 'alaria ector $pecie$ of tega!"ae and$#nest#s co'plee$ are no#n to tran$'it 0

*n&ong n&ong +"r#$ in&7a$t frica (>illia'$ et al., 1"65)& It i$ po$$ile tat $o'e of te non-ector anopele$ $pecie$ 'a e of local

i'portance in di$ea$e tran$'i$$ion a$ in&cidental ector$ a$ reported el$e#ere (Lillie$ and *e Meillon, 1"6!A Lillie$ and %oetBee, 1"!9)&

In ti$ re+ard te non-'alaria ector$ $ould not e i+nored& 7ffort$ to eli'inate te' could turn out to e a co''unit 'otiation for

adoptin+ 'alaria control and preention 'etod$ in te pre$ent $tud area #ere adoption of 'alaria control 'ea$ure$ i$ lo# ecau$e of

te $poradic nature of te di$ea$e&

Te no#n 'alaria ector$ pre$ent in $tud area #ereAnopheles ga!"ae, An. $#nest#s andAn. Ara!"ens"s. Te treeAnopheles

$pecie$ are no#n to e te 'o$t efficient 'alaria ector$ in &te #orld (/e$an$, 1""")& Ti$ i$ ecau$e of teir 'ared preference for

u'an eniron'ent$ and for u'an$ a$ o$t$ and due to teir

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Int. J. Trop. Med., 6 (3): 44-51, 2011

rapid adaptation to can+e$ in te eniron'ent induced u'an

aitation and a+ricultural deelop'ent (%ollin$ and /e$an$,

1""4A o#ell et al., 1""")& An. ga!"ae #a$ aundant 'alaria

ector and te 'o$t prealent of te tree $pecie$ in te pre$ent

$tud& Te$e findin+$ #ere con$i$tence #it related $tudie$ in te$a'e or nei+orin+ $ite$ a$ #ell a$ oter i+land re+ion$ in

frica (%ollin$ et al., 1"!!A etrarca et al., 1""1)& reiou$ ector

$tudie$ in andi indicated 'alaria ector co'po$ition of "!e$t frica etendin+ to

7tiopia #it $cant, localiBed di$triution in 7a$t frica (Lillie$

and *e Meillon, 1 "6!)& In ena, it a$ een preiou$l reported

'ainl in te lo# land$ of Dae ictoria a$in (a'ala, 1"91A

a'au et al., 2006)& In te pre$ent $tud, te $pecie$ #a$

encountered ut it$ ectorial i'portance i$ not clear altou+, it i$

no#n to e $u$ceptile to and can 'aintain 'alaria para$ite$(Lillie$ and *e Meillon, 1 "6!), feed$ on ot 'an and ani'al$

(a'au et al., 2006)& Te $pecie$ 'a e under+oin+ a pa$e of

adaptation to lie in i+land area$ in proi'it to te nor'al

aitat, te lo#land$& Tere i$ need for furter field and

eperi'ental $tudie$ on An. "eann" a$ re+ard$ po$$ile role in&

'alaria tran$'i$$ion in ot lo# and i+ altitude area$& Te

pre$ence of a $pecie$ of #ell no#n 'alaria ector, An.

ara!"ens"s, a predo'inant ant ector in lo#land$ at i+ altitude

rai$e$ curio$it& If deter'ined and confir'ed in lar+er lon+-ter'

$tudie$, te pre$ence ofAn. ara!"ens"s at te pre$ent i+ altitude

area #ould $upport $cant report$ tat te $pecie$ i$ capale of

reedin+ and tran$'ittin+ 'alaria in a i+land area (%en et al.,

2006)& It i$ po$$ile tat re+ular trael et#een Dae ictorialo#land$ and te #e$tern i+land$ could introduce te ector into

i+land$&

/otAn. ga!"ae s.s andAn. ara!"ens"s ae $i'ilar re;uire'ent$

for teir laral eniron'ent (Serice et al., 1"99A Li'ni+ et al.,

2001)& Terefore, tere i$ a po$$iilit tat An. ara!"ens"s i'ported

into te i+land$ could eco'e e$tali$ed and eco'e an

i'portant 'alaria ector to+eter #itAn. ga!"ae s.s in future&

>eneer te$e t#o $pecie$ occur to+eter, population$ of An.

ara!"ens"s are no#n to $urie te dr $ea$on etter #ile

population$ of An. ga!"ae s.s. pea $ortl after on$et of rain&

$ea$on (oenraadt, 2003)& If ti$ $cenario i$ e$tali$ed, ten

'alaria tran$'i$$ion in te #e$tern i+land$ of ena could

eco'e perennial a$ oppo$ed to te current $ea$onal tran$'i$$ion&

%%DSI

Malaria tran$'i$$ion in te #e$tern i+land$ of ena i$

$ea$onal, focal in&nature, $poradic #it 'ore ca$e$ reported in &

co''unitie$ liin+ at alle otto'$ #ere i+e$t concentration

of reedin+ aitat$ are located& It i$ concluded tat interention

$trate+ie$ $ould terefore e appropriatel focu$ed at te$e point$

#en identified for co$t effectiene$$ and etter re$ult$&

%>D7*L7M7TS

Te re$earcer$ acno#led+e tecnical and field a$$i$tance

fro' te *ii$ion of ector-/orne *i$ea$e$ E*/*G, ap$aet

Station and te Mini$tr of ?ealt, ena and ena Medical

8e$earc In$titute E778IG, i$u'u, ena&

87C787%7S

nton, T&L&, 8&7& ?arac and I&J& itcin+, 1"""& lo+en of

te pretoporu$ $erie$ of Anopheles $u+enu$ el"a

(*iptera:%ulicidae)& S$t& 7nto'ol&, 24: 1"3-205&

/all$, M&, 8& /oder, %&J& To'a$, >& i$inBa, ?&& M$an+eni and

S&>& Dind$a, 2004& 7ffect of topo+rap on te ri$ of

'alaria infection in te $a'ara Mountain$, TanBania&

Tran$& 8& Soc& Trop& Med& ?+iene, "!: 400-40!&

/an+, N&?&, C&M& Mrope and I&/& Sauni, 1"99& %an+e$ in

'o$;uito population$ a$$ociated #it uraniBation inTanBania& 7a$t fr& Med& J&, 54: 403-410&

/an+, N&?&, I&/& Mrope and 8&I& Sauni, 1"95& Inte+rated control

of uran 'o$;uitoe$ in *ar-e$-$alaa' u$in+ co''unit

$anitation $upple'ented laricidin+& 7a$t fr& Med& J&, 52:

59!-5!!&

/e$an$, &J&, 1"""& %o'pleitie$ in te anal$i$ of crptic taa

#itin te +enu$Anopheles. ara$itolo+ia, 41: "9-100&

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Int. J. Trop. Med., 6 (3): 44-51, 2011

/oder, 8& , J & ida, *& Sao, >& i$inBa, ?&&

M$an+ani, 7&M& eder$on and S&>& Dind$a, 2003&

8elation$ip et#een altitude and inten$it of 'alaria

tran$'i$$ion in te $a'ara Mountain$, TanBania& J&

Med& 7nto'ol&, 40: 906-919&%arl#ood, J&*&, 8& To'p$on and ?& Mad$en, 2003&

$eration$ on te $#ar'in+and 'atin+ eaior of

Anopheles $#nest#s fro' Soutern MoBa'i;ue& Malaria

J&, 2: 2-2&

%en, ?&, && Liteo, L& Oou, J&I Liture and L& Nan,

2006& e# record$ of Anopheles ara!"ens"s reedin+ on

Mount ena i+land$ indicate indi+enou$ 'alaria

tran$'i$$ion& Malaria J&, 5: 19-21&

%ri$pinu$, M&S&, S&& *onald and &M& Mo$e$ and M&& Jon,

2011& Tar+eted indoor in$ecticide and 'alaria control in

te #e$tern i+land$ of ena& J& Infect& *i$& I''unit,

3: 50-5!&

%oetBee, M&, 1"!3& %ro'o$o'al and cro$$-'atin+ eidencefor t#o $pecie$ #it Anopheles () %ou$tani (*iptera:

%ulicidae)& S$t& 7nto'ol&, !: 139-141&

%oetBee, M&, 1""4&Anopheles %l&pt"%#s, ne# $pecie$ fro' Sout

frica i$ di$tin+ui$ed fro' Anopheles %o#stan" (*iptera:

%ulicidae)& Mo$;uito S$t&, 26: 125-131&

%ollin$, C&?& and & /e$an$, 1""4& ector iolo+ and te

control of 'alaria in frica& Science, 264: 1!94-1!95&

%ollin$, C&?&, & etrarca, S& Mpofu, &*& /randlin+/ennett,

J&/& >ere, M&& 8a$'u$$en and & Cinnert, 1"!!&

%o'pari$on of * proe and cto+enetic 'etod$ for

identifin+ field collected Anopheles ga!"ae co'ple

'o$;uitoe$& '& J& Trop& Med& ?+iene, 3": 545-550&

*uff, J&, 1"99& enture$ in te >orld ?ealt& Te Me'oir$ of

Cred Do#e Soper& an 'erican ?ealt r+aniBation,

>a$in+ton, *%&

7rn$t, &%&, S&& doa, *&& o#our, M&D& >il$on and %&%&

Jon, 2006& Malaria ot$pot area$ in a i+land ena $ite

are con$i$tent in epide'ic and non- epide'ic ear$ and

are a$$ociated #it ecolo+ical factor$& Malaria J&, 5: 9!-

!2&

Lillie$, M&T& and /& *e Meillon, 1"6!& Te nopelinae of

frica $out of te Saara (7tiopian Ooo+eo+rapical

8e+ion)& 2nd 7dn&, ulication$ of te Sout frica

In$titute for Medical 8e$earc, Joanne$ur+, Sout

frica, pp: 343&

Lillie$, M&T& and M& %oetBee, 1"!9& Supple'ent to te

nopelinae of frica Sout of te Saara (frotropical

8e+ion)& Sout frican In$titute for Medical 8e$earc,

Joanne$ur+, IS/-13: "9!06201 03213, pp: 143&

Li'ni+, J&7&, M& 'o, D& a'au and >&& ?a#le, 2001&

%aracteri$tic$ of nopeline (*iptera: %ulicidae)

aitat$ in #e$tern ena& J& Med& 7nto'ol&, 3!: 2!2-2!!&

Liteo, &&, J&M& i$i, && dada, C&& tieli, /&&

den+a, J&I& Liture and L& Nan, 2006& Topo+rap and

'alaria tran$'i$$ion etero+eneit in #e$tern ena

i+land$: ro$pect$ for focal control& Malaria J&, 5: 109-

109&

Lordon, S&>&, 8&C& Ta''ariello, &J& Dinciticu', *&J& *o',

J&& *i+outte and M&& %alo->il$on, 1""2& roiru$i$olation fro' 'o$;uitoe$ collected durin+ 1"!! in te

Sene+al 8ier /a$in& '& J& Trop& Med& ?+iene, 49: 942-

94!&

Jon, %&%&, /&*& /rd and C&P& 'lin, 2004& Cield a$$e$$'ent$

in #e$tern ena lin 'alaria ector$ to eniron'entall

di$tured aitat$ durin+ dr $ea$on& /M% ulic ?ealt,

4: 33-33&

a'au, D&, & Mulaa and J&M& ulule, 2006& 7aluation of

potential role of Anopheles "eann" in 'alaria

tran$'i$$ion in >e$tern ena& J& Med& 7nto'ol&, 43:

994-996&

a'ala, %&&M&, 1"91& Te itin+ flie$ of te ano plain$,

ena: art II& Daral aitat$ of co''on 'o$;uito$pecie$ (*iptera: %ulicidae)& /ull& 7nto'ol& 8e$&, 61: 2""-

309&

itron, & and & Spiel'an, 1"!"& Suppre$$ion of tran$'i$$ion

of 'alaria trou+ $ource reduction: anti-anopeline

'ea$ure$ applied in I$rael, nited State$ and Ital& 8e&

Infect& *i$&, 11: 3"1-406&

oenraadt, %&J&M&, 2003& Mo$;uitoe$, 'en and 'alaria in

ena: $tud on ecolo+ical factor$ affectin+ 'alaria

ri$& &*& Te$i$, >a+enin+en nier$it, eterland$

Dindlade, &&, 7&*& >aler, &>& napa, J& itun+u and

M&D& >il$on, 2000& Dand-u$e can+e alter$ 'alaria

tran$'i$$ion para'eter$ 'odifin+ te'perature in a

i+land area of +anda& Trop& Med& Int& ?ealt, 5: 263-

294&

Do+an, T&M&, &J& Dinticu', &%& Tande, J&& >a+ate and

%&8& 8oert$, 1""1& Mo$;uito $pecie$ collected fro' a

'ar$ in #e$tern ena durin+ te lon+ rain$& J& '&

Mo$;& %ontrol $$oc&, 9: 3"5-3""&

Minaa#a, &, %&M& Mutero, J&I& Liture, J&%& /eier and L&

Nan, 1"""& Spatial di$triution and aitat caracteriBation

of nopeline 'o$;uitoe$ in #e$tern ena& '& J& Trop&

Med& ?+iene, 61: 101 0-1016&

Minaa#a, &, L& Sone, M& Mo+i and L& Nan, 2004& ?aitat

caracteriBation of Anopheles ga!"ae S$& larae in a

enan i+land& Med& et& 7nto'ol&, 1!: 301-305&

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Int. J. Trop. Med., 6 (3): 44-51, 2011

Minaa#a, &, L& Sone, M& Mo+i, & Liteo and L& Nan, 2002& Te

effect$ of cli'ate factor$ on te di$triution and

aundance of 'alaria ector$ in ena& J& Med& 7nto'ol&,

3": !33-!41&

Minaa#a, ., & Seda and L& Nan, 2002a& Influence of o$tand laral aitat di$triution on te aundance of

frican 'alaria ector$ in #e$tern ena& '& J& Trop&

Med& ?+&, 69: 32-3!&

Muriu, S&M&, 7&J& Muturi, J&I& Sililu, %&M& Mo+o and J&M&

M#an+an+i et al., 200!& ?o$t coice$ and 'ultiple lood

feedin+ eaior of 'alaria ector$ and oter anopeline$

in M#ea rice Sce'e, ena& Malaria J&, 9: 43-4"&

uo-eni, T&, && tonifor, M&/& duu', ?&& i'i

and 7&D& on+#a et al., 2006& 7niron'ental factor$

affectin+ 'alaria para$ite prealence in rural /olifa'a,

Sout->e$t %a'eroon& fr& J& ?ealt Sci&, 13: 40-46&

e#ole, I&&, T&S& #olola, %&& Iidao, && duola, &&

#a and J&& an$a, 2009& /eaior and populationdna'ic$ of 'aor anopeline ector$ in a 'alaria

ende'ic area in $outern i+eria& J& ector /orne *i$&,

44: 56-64&

atB, J&&, T&& LracB, & Leller and &N& itter, 2000&

7ffect$ of eniron'ental can+e on e'er+in+ para$itic

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