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KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I Mr. Buttell APUSH

KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I Mr. Buttell APUSH

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Page 1: KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I Mr. Buttell APUSH

KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I

Mr. Buttell APUSH

Page 2: KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I Mr. Buttell APUSH
Page 3: KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I Mr. Buttell APUSH

TRUMAN DOCTRINE CONTAINMENT!

George Kennan Dominated American foreign

policy for 40 years March 12, 1947 – Truman

speech to Congress Protect nations from

subjugation of communist nations

Pledged American support for fight against communism – police force

US gave Greece and Turkey $400 million

Page 4: KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I Mr. Buttell APUSH

“DOMINO EFFECT” Communism

expanded anywhere could be a threat to democracy everywhere

Secretary of State Dean Acheson

Page 5: KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I Mr. Buttell APUSH

MARSHALL PLAN W. Europe in chaos

after WWII battles June 1947 - Sec. Of

State George Marshall proposed the US should help fund and rebuild nations in need

Motives: humanitarian, fear, economic drain, economic opportunity

Spent $13 billion in aid

Page 6: KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I Mr. Buttell APUSH

MOBILIZATION AT HOME American military power kept at war-time levels Atomic Energy Commission (1946) – created to

oversee all nuclear research National Security Act (1947)

Revamped entire defense bureaucracy Created

Department of Defense National Security Council (NSC) Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

Expanded powers of executive branch to pursue internat’l goals w/o a declaration of war

Page 7: KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I Mr. Buttell APUSH

BERLIN AIRLIFT US, France, GB, unite their

half of Germany SU occupy E. Germany and E.

Berlin June, 1948 - Stalin closed off

W. Berlin (occupied by US, F. GB)

Civilians didn’t have supplies to live

US flew supplies into W. Berlin – lasted more than 10 months

Stalin eventually lifted the blockade

Page 8: KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I Mr. Buttell APUSH

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION

April 4th, 1949 – accelerated by situation in Berlin

NATO 12 countries pledged military support to

one another Political and military alliance US scared of conflict but no longer

isolated from the world

Page 9: KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I Mr. Buttell APUSH

WARSAW PACT Reaction to NATO – 1955 Mutual defense treaty subscribed to by eight

communist states in Eastern Europe Established at the USSR’s initiative

Page 10: KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I Mr. Buttell APUSH

POLITICS OF THE TRUMAN YEARS 1946 – Republicans took over both houses of Congress Election of 1948

Democratic divided Conservative Southerners created States’ Rights Party aka

Dixiecrats Strom Thurmond, Gov. of SC

Left wing Democrats created new Progressive Party Henry Wallace

Moderate Democrats reluctantly support Harry S. Truman

Republicans re-nominated Thomas E. Dewey of NY Campaign:

Dewey subdued Truman active and aggressive (“Fair Deal”)

Page 11: KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I Mr. Buttell APUSH

POST WWII AMERICA Economic anxiety – fear from post WWI America Prices rose; consumer demand rose; tax cuts Minorities forced out of industrial work GI Bill of Rights (Servicemen’s Readjustment

Act of 1944) Union strikes – United Mine Workers and RR

shutdowns Republican controlled Congress passed Taft-Hartley

Act (1947) aimed at weakening Wagner Act Outlawed closed shop; allowed union shops; created right-

to-work laws

Page 12: KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I Mr. Buttell APUSH

ELECTION OF 1948

Page 13: KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I Mr. Buttell APUSH

ELECTION OF 1948

Page 14: KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I Mr. Buttell APUSH

1949 – A TUMULTUOUS YEAR SU announced explosion of first successful atomic

weapon Created arms race

Collapse of Chiang Kai-shek’s nationalist gov’t Necessitated a change in American Cold War policy

Establish strong anti-communist leaders Expand military budget

Military Industrial Complex

Page 15: KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I Mr. Buttell APUSH

CHINA PROBLEM Chiang Kai-Shek Nationalist US supported S and E China Weak support Fled to Taiwan

(Formosa)

Mao Zedong Communist SU supported N China Peasants support

(more appealing) People’s Republic of

China

Moved our Sphere of Influence to Japan

Page 16: KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I Mr. Buttell APUSH

KOREAN WAR First military engagement of the

Cold War Japan occupied Korea until WWII

SU took N US took S

38th Parallel divides Korea Northern Government Communist -

Kim Il Sung Southern Government Democratic -

Syngman Rhee American foreign policy dictated

by NSC-68 – intervention using force for liberation

Aim: create “a unified, independent and democratic Korea”

Page 17: KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I Mr. Buttell APUSH

KOREAN WAR June 1950, N invaded S UN and US troops commanded by Gen.

Douglas MacArthur China joined on side of NK Back and forth battles b/t Mac led forces and

Chinese divisions Truman sought negotiations w/ China since they

entered – Mac wanted to attack China Martin letter – Mac wrote letter voicing opposition

to Truman’s policies – became public April 1951 – Truman fired Mac for insubordination

Page 18: KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I Mr. Buttell APUSH

KOREAN WAR ENDS Truman lost popularity after

firing MacArthur Negotiations began in 1951-

stalemate until 1953 officially ends

150,000 Americans dead or wounded; 4 million Asians

Intensified anxiety over communism

Contributed to second major campaign of the century against domestic communism

Page 19: KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I Mr. Buttell APUSH

COMMUNIST HYSTERIA Fear of internal communist subversion

Causes: Communism an actual threat Korea and China Soviet development of bomb Republican party blame Democrats

Communist conspiracy w/i US borders HUAC – House Un-American Activities

Committee Hollywood blacklists – “the Hollywood

Ten” Alger Hiss (1948) – State dept. member

accused of leaking classified information to SU

Page 20: KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I Mr. Buttell APUSH
Page 21: KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I Mr. Buttell APUSH

COMMUNIST HYSTERIA Truman admin created employee loyalty programs

(1947) Head of the FBI J. Edgar Hoover McCarran Internal Security Act (1950) – all

Communist org must register w/ gov and publish their records

Rosenberg case – Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, accused of masterminding leaking secret info to Soviets Sentenced to death April 1951 by Judge Kaufman –

electrocuted in June 1953 ALL factors led to fear of communist subversion or being

suspected of communism

Page 22: KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I Mr. Buttell APUSH

MCCARTHYISM Joseph McCarthy – freshman

Senator (WI) “Hold in my hand” – launched

him as the nation’s most prominent crusader against domestic subversion

Head of a Senate subcommittee to conduct investigations

NEVER produced solid evidence, BUT ruined careers and reputations

Launched America into 2nd Red Scare

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Page 25: KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I Mr. Buttell APUSH
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ELECTION OF 1952 Communist hysteria, middle of Korean War

stalemate, Dem have dominated since 1932 DEMOCRATS

Truman’s popularity vanished; withdrew from race Gov. Adlai E. Stevenson (IL)

Witty, well-liked, dignified

REPUBLICANS…revival Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower

War hero, Commander of NATO, President of Columbia University

Running mate – Richard M. Nixon (CA) “Checker’s Speech”

Won the White House and both houses of Congress

Page 27: KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I Mr. Buttell APUSH