Upload
azmerzr
View
217
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
1/63
Gravitational wave backgroundas a probe of reheating temperatureof the Universe
Kazunori NakayamaInstitute for Cosmic Ray Research,
University of Tokyo
KN, S.Saito,Y.Suwa, J.Yokoyama, arXiv:0802.2452, arXiv:0804.1827
SUSY08 @ COEX Center, Seoul (17/06/2008)
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
2/63
Introduction
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
3/63
Why reheating temperature ?Particle physics point of view
Some particle physics model can be
favored, constrained or excluded ifTR is determined observationally.
SUSY Gravitino Problem
Baryogenesis Constraintson TR
Particle physics in the LHC era Cosmology
TR
LHC New physics (Supersymmetry) ?
(Non)Thermal leptogenesis
Affleck-Dine baryogenesis
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
4/63
Thermal history of the Universe
InflationInflaton
oscillationRadiationdominate
Matterdominate
TR
Reh
eati
ng
log a
a3
a
a4
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
5/63
Thermal history of the Universe
InflationInflaton
oscillationRadiationdominate
Matterdominate
TR
Reh
eati
ng
log a
a3
a
a4
BBN begins atT ~ 1MeV
well understood
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
6/63
Thermal history of the Universe
InflationInflaton
oscillationRadiationdominate
Matterdominate
TR
Reh
eati
ng
log a
a3
a
a4
BBN begins atT ~ 1MeV
well understoodpoorly understood
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
7/63
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
8/63
Photon
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
9/63
Photon
Neutrin
o
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
10/63
Photon
Neutrin
o
Howtoe
xplore
thisepoch
?
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
11/63
G
ravitationalW
ave
Photon
Neutrin
o
Howtoe
xplore
thisepoch
?
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
12/63
Inflationary
Gravitational WaveBackground
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
13/63
Generation of Gravitational Waves
ds2 = a2(t)[d2 + (ij + 2hij)dx
idx
j ]
Metric perturbation (tensor part)
hij =1
MP
=+,
d3k
(2)3/2h
k(t)eikx
e
ij
Same as massless field
hkh
k =
H2
inf
2k33(k k)
Quantization
Dimensionlesspower spectrum
2
h(k) = 64GHinf
2
2
r =
2
h
2R
= 16
Tensor-to-scalar ratio :
during inflation
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
14/63
Evolution of GW
Outside the horizon :
Inside the horizon :
h
k + 3Hh
k +k
a2h
k = 0
h
k= const.
k a
1
dgw
d ln k=
132G
k2|h
k|2ain(k)a0
2
k4
for k < keq
k2
for k > keq
gw(k) = 1c
dgw
d ln k k for k < keq const for k > keq
Thermal history is imprinted in the GWB spectrum
Seto, Yokoyama (03), Boyle, Steinhardt (05), Boyle, Buonanno (07)
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
15/63
Effect of reheating
Generation
of GWBG
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
16/63
Effect of reheating
Generation
of GWBG
Horizon entryduring MD era
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
17/63
Effect of reheating
Generation
of GWBG
Horizon entryduring MD era
Horizon entryduring RD era
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
18/63
Effect of reheating
Generation
of GWBG
Horizon entryduring MD era
Horizon entryduring RD era
Horizon entry
during
D era
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
19/63
Effect of reheating
Generation
of GWBG
Horizon entryduring MD era
Horizon entryduring RD era
Horizon entry
during
D era
Extra suppression to GW
spectrum for this mode
f > fR = 0.026HzTR
106GeV
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
20/63
R.D.M.D.
.D.
Horizon entryduring
Gravitational Wave Spectrum
DECIGO
DECIGOcorrelated
ultimate-DECIGO
ul-DECIGO
correlated
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
21/63
Normalizationis determined
by r
R.D.M.D.
.D.
Horizon entryduring
Gravitational Wave Spectrum
DECIGO
DECIGOcorrelated
ultimate-DECIGO
ul-DECIGO
correlated
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
22/63
Normalizationis determined
by r
R.D.M.D.
.D.
Horizon entryduring
Gravitational Wave Spectrum
DECIGO
DECIGOcorrelated
ultimate-DECIGO
ul-DECIGO
correlated
Bending point isdetermined by TR
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
23/63
Normalizationis determined
by r
R.D.M.D.
.D.
Horizon entryduring
Gravitational Wave Spectrum
DECIGO
DECIGOcorrelated
ultimate-DECIGO
ul-DECIGO
correlated
Bending point isdetermined by TR
CMBpolarization
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
24/63
Normalizationis determined
by r
R.D.M.D.
.D.
Horizon entryduring
Gravitational Wave Spectrum
DECIGO
DECIGOcorrelated
ultimate-DECIGO
ul-DECIGO
correlated
Bending point isdetermined by TR
CMBpolarization
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
25/63
Normalizationis determined
by r
R.D.M.D..D.
Horizon entryduring
Gravitational Wave Spectrum
DECIGO
DECIGOcorrelated
ultimate-DECIGO
ul-DECIGO
correlated
Bending point isdetermined by TR
CMBpolarization Direct detection
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
26/63
10!6
10!5
10!4
10!3
10!2
10!1
100
10!16
10!14
10!12
10!10
10!8
10!6
fr/ Hz
!gw
Extrapolated
Extragalactic
Average
Astrophysical foreground
White Dwarf binary
Farmer and Phinney (03)
Completely
stochastic
Cannot beremoved.
Merger of WDbinary
GravitationalWaves
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
27/63
Future observationscan determineor constrain TR
DECIGO-correlated ultimate-DECIGO
ultimate-DECIGO (corr)
TR can be determined
GW can be detected
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
28/63
Future observationscan determineor constrain TR
DECIGO-correlated ultimate-DECIGO
ultimate-DECIGO (corr)
TR can be determined
GW can be detected
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
29/63
Implications onParticle Physics
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
30/63
Gravitino Problem
Gravitino lifetime CM2P
m33/2
1 sec for m3/2 10TeV
Affect BBN
Unstable gravitino
Stable gravitino Overclosure bound
Thermal Production
Y3/2 2 1012
1 +m
2
g
3m23/2
TR
1010GeV
.
Khlopov, Linde (84), Ellis, Kim, Nanopoulos (84),Moroi, Murayama, Yamaguchi (93),
Bolz, Brandenburg, Buchmuller (01),Kawasaki, Kohri, Moroi (05), Pradler, Steffen (07)
Upper bound on TR
From scattering of particles in thermal bath
Photo-dissociationHadro-dissociation
p-n conversion
TR
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
31/63
Stable Gravitino
Inflaton decay = 1015GeVm = 10
13GeV
Kawasaki,Takahashi,Yanagida(07)Endo,Takahashi,Yanagida(07)
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
32/63
Stable GravitinoMay be determinedfrom accelerator
experiments
Inflaton decay = 1015GeVm = 10
13GeV
Kawasaki,Takahashi,Yanagida(07)Endo,Takahashi,Yanagida(07)
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
33/63
Stable GravitinoMay be determinedfrom accelerator
experiments
Accesible withfuture GW
experiment
Inflaton decay = 1015GeVm = 10
13GeV
Kawasaki,Takahashi,Yanagida(07)Endo,Takahashi,Yanagida(07)
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
34/63
Stable GravitinoMay be determinedfrom accelerator
experiments
Accesible withfuture GW
experiment
Check of the gravitino
dark metter scenario
Inflaton decay = 1015GeVm = 10
13GeV
Kawasaki,Takahashi,Yanagida(07)Endo,Takahashi,Yanagida(07)
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
35/63
LHC coming soon
Neutralino LSP
Gravitino LSP
Suppose that LHC will find SUSY anddetermine what is the LSP.
Direct detection
Indirect detectionNeutralino-nucleon scattering
Gamma-ray, positron, Neutrino,...
Next : In order to confirm LSP is dark matter...
Gravitational wavebackground detection
Reheating temperature of the universe
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
36/63
Summary
Gravitational wave background provides a way todetermine reheating temperature of the Universe.
DECIGO/BBO can determine/constrain TR
CMB Polarization : r 10
Together with accelerator experiments,some particle physics (SUSY) models will be
favored/constrained.
TR 107GeV / TR 10
7GeV
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
37/63
Back-up Slides
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
38/63
Late-timeEntropy Production
L d
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
39/63
Inflaton
Moduli
log a
TT
Late-time entropy productionStandard thermal history of the Universe may not hold.
Heavy Modulicompactification of extra D in string theory m m3/2
1
4
m3
M2P
T 170 MeV m
103 TeV
3/2
Decay of moduli produceshuge entropy
Large initial amplitude
dominate the Universe
L d
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
40/63
Inflaton
Moduli
log a
TT
Dilution ofbaryon asymmetry
Kawasaki ,KN (07)
AD mechanism
Late-time entropy productionStandard thermal history of the Universe may not hold.
Heavy Modulicompactification of extra D in string theory m m3/2
1
4
m3
M2P
T 170 MeV m
103 TeV
3/2
Decay of moduli produceshuge entropy
Large initial amplitude
dominate the Universe
L d
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
41/63
Inflaton
Moduli
log a
TT
Dilution ofbaryon asymmetry
Kawasaki ,KN (07)
AD mechanism
Late-time entropy productionStandard thermal history of the Universe may not hold.
Heavy Modulicompactification of extra D in string theory m m3/2
1
4
m3
M2P
T 170 MeV m
103 TeV
3/2
Decay of moduli produceshuge entropy
Large initial amplitude
dominate the UniverseNonthermal
dark matter frommoduli decay
Moroi,Randall(00), Nagai,KN (07)
L i d i
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
42/63
Inflaton
Moduli
log a
TT
Dilution ofbaryon asymmetry
Kawasaki ,KN (07)
AD mechanism
Late-time entropy productionStandard thermal history of the Universe may not hold.
Heavy Modulicompactification of extra D in string theory m m3/2
1
4
m3
M2P
T 170 MeV m
103 TeV
3/2
Decay of moduli produceshuge entropy
Large initial amplitude
dominate the UniverseNonthermal
dark matter frommoduli decay
Moroi,Randall(00), Nagai,KN (07)
Gravitino
overproduction frommoduli decay
Endo,Hamaguchi,Takahashi (06)Nakamura, Yamaguchi (06)
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
43/63
0
20
40
60
0
20
40
60
0
20
40
60
0
20
40
60
0
20
40
60
Polonyi Singlet scalar to break SUSY
Q-ball Nontopological soliton formed
through Affleck-Dine mechanism
TQ 10GeV
1022
Q
1/2
T 170 MeV m
103 TeV3/2
Once Q-ball is formed, decay rateof the AD field is determinedby the surface area of Q-ball
Planck-suppressed interaction
Q: Baryon number of Qball
Moroi,Yamaguchi,Yanagida(96),Kawasaki,Moroi,Yanagida(96)
Fujii,Hamaguchi(02), Kawasaki, KN(07)
Kasuya, Kawasaki(00)
Kusenko (97)
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
44/63
Saxion
Scalar partner of the axion in SUSY axion model
Interaction is suppressed by PQ scalefPQ 101012GeV
T 1GeV ms
1 TeV
3/21011 GeVfPQ
Note: s 2a
must be suppressed
M.Kawasaki, KN(08)
(s 2a) =f2
64
m3s
f2PQ
Ba =(s 2a)
total 0.2
Rajagopal,Turner,Wilczek(91),Chun,Lukas(95)Asaka,Yamaguchi(98),Kawasaki,KN,Senami(08)
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
45/63
F =s(T)a
3(T)
s(TR)a3(TR)Dilution factor
F =TR
T
2
i
3M2P
=
Tosc
TRif Tosc < TR
= 1 else
initial amplitude i
oscillation begins at = m (T = Tosc)decay temperature
Dilute dangerous relics such as gravitinoproduced during reheating stage
Y3/2 Y3
/2/F
: late-decaying scalar
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
46/63
Generation
of GWBG
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
47/63
Generation
of GWBG
Additional matter dominated phasemodifies GW spectrum
G it ti l W S t
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
48/63
Gravitational Wave Spectrum
r=0.1
G it ti l W S t
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
49/63
TR
Gravitational Wave Spectrum
r=0.1
G it ti l W S t
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
50/63
TR
T
Gravitational Wave Spectrum
r=0.1
G it ti l W S t
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
51/63
Suppression
is determinedby F
TR
T
Gravitational Wave Spectrum
r=0.1
Gravitational Wave Spectrum
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
52/63
Suppression
is determinedby F
TR
T
Gravitational Wave Spectrum
Thermal history is imprinted in GW spectrum
r=0.1
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
53/63
DECIGO-correlated ultimate-DECIGO
ultimate-DECIGO (corr)
Future observationsare also sensitive to
non-standardcosmology
F, TR can be determined
GW can be detected
U t bl iti
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
54/63
Unstable gravitino
Kawasaki,Kohri,Moroi(05)
U t bl iti
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
55/63
Consistency check ofgravitino mass/SUSY model
Unstable gravitino
Kawasaki,Kohri,Moroi(05)
U t bl iti
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
56/63
Consistency check ofgravitino mass/SUSY model
Thermal leptogenesismay be excluded
Unstable gravitino
Kawasaki,Kohri,Moroi(05)
SUSY axion model Kawasaki KN Senami(08)
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
57/63
8
-2
0
2
4
6
-4
8
-2
0
2
4
6
-4
logTR[GeV]
keV TeVGeVMeV GeVMeVkeVTeV
ms
Axino
GravitinoN_nu
CMB
BBN
reinonization
diffuse X
matter density LSP
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
s 2af=1: f=0:main 2a forbidden
KSVZ f=1 KSVZ f=0
DFSZ f=1 DFSZ f=0
Fa = 1012
GeV
Kawasaki,KN,Senami(08)
SUSY axion model
Kawasaki KN Senami(08)
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
58/63
8
-2
0
2
4
6
-4
8
-2
02
4
6
-4
logTR[GeV]
keV TeVGeVMeV GeVMeVkeVTeV
ms
Axino
GravitinoN_nu
CMB
BBN
reinonization
diffuse X
matter density LSP
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
s 2af=1: f=0:main 2a forbidden
KSVZ f=1 KSVZ f=0
DFSZ f=1 DFSZ f=0
Fa = 1012
GeV
GW detection may
have implications onSUSY axion model
Kawasaki,KN,Senami(08)
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
59/63
SUSY inflation
SUSY Stable against radiative correction
Flat potential
However, in supergravity
problem
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
60/63
For minimal Kahler
V = exp
K
M2P
K
ijDiW(DjW) 3
|W|2
M2P
.
K=
VVinf
M2P
||2 O(1)
This term cancels if W has the form
W= f()
For non-minimal KahlerK= ||
2
+k
||4
M2P
V kVinf
M2P
||2 k
k 1
New inflation in SUGRA Izawa Yanagida(1997)
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
61/63
New inflation in SUGRA Izawa,Yanagida(1997)
W = v2 gn .
K= ||2 + k4
||4 1
Hybrid inflation in SUGRA
W = (v2 )
Dvali, Shafi,Schafer(1994)Linde,Riotto(1997)
K= ||2 + ||2
V v4 kv42 gv2n + g22n
V v4
1 +2
322ln2
2.
1-loop effective potential
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
62/63
For large field model
Vexp
||2
M2P .
too steep for inflation
Shift symmetry + iC
can be inflation
K=
1
2(+
)2
Kawasaki,Yamaguchi,Yanagida(2000)
Shift symmetry breaking term
W = mX
V1
2m
22
Im[]
Chaotic inflation in SUGRA
8/3/2019 Kazunori Nakayama- Gravitational wave background as a probe of reheating temperature of the Universe
63/63
Use D-term
Halyo(96)Binetruy,Dvali (96)D-term inflation
W =
V g22 1 +g2
162ln
||2
2.
From D-term+1-loop effective potential
: 0,
: +1
,
: 1
hybrid inflation
D-term potential does not suffer these problems
Note : U(1) is broken after inflation
U(1)FI
K= ||2 + ||2 + ||2