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438
N.
Mat
sum
oto
etal
.
Sub
sist
ence
,S
eden
tism
,an
dS
ocia
lC
ompl
exit
yam
ong
Jom
onH
unte
r-G
athe
rers
ofth
eJa
pan
ese
Arc
hipe
lago
Nao
koM
atsu
mot
o,Ju
nko
Hab
uan
dA
kira
Mat
sui
27
27.1
Intr
od
uct
ion
Jom
onis
the
nam
eof
the
preh
isto
ric
peri
odan
dcu
lture
onth
eJa
pane
seA
rchi
pela
goth
atfo
llow
sth
ePa
leol
ithic
Peri
odan
dpr
eced
esth
eag
ricu
ltura
lY
ayoi
Peri
od.
Mos
tsc
hola
rsag
ree
that
the
date
ofth
eol
dest
potte
ryin
Japa
n(c
a.16
000
cal.
B?)
mar
ksth
ebe
ginn
ing
ofth
eJo
mon
Peri
od.
The
end
ofth
eJo
rnon
Peri
odis
still
cont
rove
rsia
l(s
eeth
eM
izog
uchi
chap
ter
inth
isvo
lum
e).
InK
yush
u,th
etr
ansi
tion
from
the
Jom
onto
the
Yay
oiP
erio
dm
ayha
veoc
curr
edas
earl
yas
2900
cal.
B?
(e.g
.H
arun
ari
etal
.20
03;
fuji
oet
al.
2005
),bu
tin
nort
hern
Hon
shu
(the
larg
est
isla
ndof
the
Japa
nese
Arc
hipe
lago
)th
een
dof
the
Jom
onPe
riod
islik
ely
toha
vebe
enas
late
as24
00ca
l.B
?(K
obay
ashi
2008
).B
ecau
seth
eJo
mon
Peri
odla
sted
for
mor
eth
an10
,000
year
s,an
dbe
caus
eth
ege
ogra
phic
char
acte
rist
ics
with
inth
eJa
pane
seA
rchi
pela
gova
rysi
gnif
ican
tly,
Jom
oncu
lture
show
sm
arke
dte
mpo
ral
and
spat
ial
vari
abili
ty.
Ove
rvie
ws
and
char
acte
rist
ics
ofJo
mon
cultu
rear
esu
mm
ariz
edby
Hab
u(2
014a
,b)
.M
onog
raph
sby
Aik
ens
and
Hig
uchi
(t9$
2),
Imam
ura
(199
6),
Hab
u(2
004)
,an
dT.
Kob
ayas
hi(2
004)
are
relia
ble
Eng
lish
sour
ces
for
unde
rsta
ndin
gth
ede
velo
pmen
tof
Jom
onar
chae
olog
yup
toth
eea
rly
2000
s.A
llof
thes
eso
urce
sar
efo
cuse
dpr
imar
ily
onth
ede
velo
pmen
tof
Jom
onso
cial
and
cultu
ral
com
plex
ityin
east
ern
Japa
n(t
heno
rthe
aste
rnha
lfof
the
Japa
nese
Arc
hipe
lago
,in
clud
ing
Hok
kaid
o,T
ohok
u,K
anto
,an
dC
hubu
regi
ons;
see
Fig.
27.t
),w
here
site
dens
ityan
dav
erag
esi
tesi
zear
em
uch
grea
ter
than
thos
ein
wes
tern
Japa
n(s
outh
wes
tern
half
ofth
eJa
pane
seA
rchi
pela
go,
incl
udin
gth
eK
inki
,C
hugo
ku,
Shik
oku,
and
Kyu
shu
regi
ons
and
the
Ryi
ikyu
Isla
nds)
.R
athe
rth
anat
tem
ptin
gto
prov
ide
anot
her
holis
ticre
view
ofJo
mon
arch
aeol
ogy,
this
chap
ter
emph
asiz
estw
odi
ffer
ent
Jom
oncu
ltura
ltr
ajec
tori
esin
east
ern
and
wes
tern
Japa
nfr
omth
eIn
itial
toFi
nal
Jom
onPe
riod
s(f
orap
prox
imat
eda
tes
ofth
ese
subp
erio
ds,
see
Tab
le27
.1),
and
outli
nes
som
ene
wde
velo
pmen
tsin
Jom
onar
chae
020
0IJn
L
Fig
.27
.1P
refe
ctur
esan
dre
gion
sof
Japa
n,an
dlo
cati
ons
ofke
ysi
tes
disc
usse
din
this
chap
ter
N.
Mat
sum
oto
(:‘-]
)D
epar
tmen
tof
Arc
haeo
logy
.fa
cult
yof
Let
ters
,O
kaya
ma
Uni
vers
ity,
Oka
yam
a,Ja
pan
e-m
ail:
naok
o_m
@ce
.oka
yans
a.u.
ac.jp
J.H
abu
Dep
artm
ent
ofA
nthr
opol
ogy,
Uni
vers
ityof
Cal
ifor
nia,
Ber
kele
y,B
erke
ley,
CA
,U
SAe.
rnai
l:ha
bu@
berk
eley
.edu
A.
Mat
sui
Nar
aN
atio
nal
Res
earc
htn
stit
ute
for
Cul
tura
lPr
oper
ties,
Nar
a,Ja
pan
F)Sp
ring
erSc
ienc
e-i-
Bus
ines
sM
edia
,L
LC
2017
J.H
abu
etal
.(e
ds.),
Han
dboc
skof
Eas
tct
,td,S
otitl
teas
tA
sht;i
Arc
ltste
otvg
y,D
Ot
10.l
t)07
/978
-t-4
939-
652t
-227
437
Tab
le27
.7A
ppro
xim
ate
date
s(c
alib
rate
dBP
)fo
rth
esi
xJo
mon
sub-
peri
ods
Sub
-per
iod
App
roxi
mat
eag
e(c
al.
B?)
Fin
alJo
mon
3300
—25
00/2
300
Late
Jom
on44
00—
3300
Mid
dle
Jom
on53
00-4
400
Ear
lyJo
mon
7000
—53
00
Initi
alJo
mon
11,0
00—
7000
Inci
pien
tJo
mon
16,0
00—
11,0
00
HO
KK
AID
O
Tat
esak
h
San
nat
Mar
uyam
a
Mtz
ukan
itN
o.2
5K
awer
atat
No
.5.
tsed
ani
EAST
ERN
JAPA
N
HO
NSH
U
WES
TER
NJA
PAN
Ch
ub
u
C
Mke
onda
,
Kak
otno
isar
a&
Uek
ased
a
a’L
OkO
:
-
27S
ubsi
sten
ce,
Sed
enti
sm,
and
Soci
alC
ompl
exit
yam
ong
Jom
onH
unte
r-G
athe
rers
439
440
N.M
atsu
mot
oet
al.
olo
gy
.T
heK
aner
and
Tan
iguc
hich
apte
rin
this
volu
me
cove
rsse
vera
lke
yis
sues
rega
rdin
gth
etr
ansi
tion
from
the
Pale
olith
icto
the
Inci
pien
tJo
mon
Peri
od.
27.2
Res
ults
of
Res
cue
Exc
avat
ions
and
Bey
ond
Sinc
eth
e19
70s,
Jom
onar
chae
olog
yha
sbe
nefi
ted
grea
tlyfr
oma
larg
enu
mbe
rof
resc
ueex
cava
tions
unde
rtak
enth
roug
hout
the
arch
ipel
ago
(see
the
Hab
uan
dO
kam
ura
chap
ter
inth
isvo
lum
e).
Typ
ical
ly,
thes
ere
scue
exca
vatio
nsw
ere
cond
ucte
dpr
ior
toth
eco
nstr
ucti
onof
build
ings
,hi
ghw
ays,
railw
ays,
airp
orts
,an
dot
her
publ
icas
wel
las
priv
ate
land
deve
lopm
ent
proj
ects
.In
som
eca
ses,
effo
rts
bylo
cal
resi
dent
san
dar
chae
olog
ists
topr
otec
tar
chae
olog
ical
rem
ains
led
toth
epr
eser
vati
onof
key
site
s.E
xam
ples
ofth
ese
save
dsi
tes
incl
ude
the
Sann
aiM
aruy
ama
site
(an
Ear
ly-M
iddl
eJo
mon
settl
emen
tin
Aom
ori
Pref
ectu
re; s
eee.
g.,O
kada
2003
;H
abu
200$
),th
ela
rges
tJo
mon
site
inJa
pan,
the
Gos
hono
site
(aM
iddl
eJo
mon
settl
emen
tsi
tein
Iwat
ePr
efec
ture
; Hab
u20
04:1
83),
and
the
Ised
otai
ston
eci
rcle
site
(aL
ate
Jom
onst
one
circ
lein
Ald
taPr
efec
ture
).A
llth
ree
site
sar
ede
sign
ated
asna
tion
alhi
stor
icsi
tes,
and
they
are
onth
elis
t oft
he“J
omon
arch
aeol
ogic
alsi
tes
inH
okka
ido
and
Nor
ther
nT
ohok
u”th
atar
ecu
rren
tly
prop
osed
tobe
insc
ribe
don
the
Wor
ldH
erita
gelis
t(K
obay
ashi
2010
;Se
cret
aria
tfo
rth
eP
rom
otio
nof
the
Wor
ldH
erita
gein
scri
ptio
nof
Jom
onA
rcha
eolo
gica
lSi
tes
2016
).N
ewdi
scov
erie
sde
rive
dfr
omre
scue
exca
vatio
nsco
ntin
ueto
enri
chou
run
ders
tand
ing
ofJo
mon
cultu
re.
To
nam
ea
few
,at
the
Tat
esak
isi
tein
sout
hern
Hok
kaid
o,re
scue
exca
vatio
npr
ior
toth
eco
nstr
ucti
onof
pow
ertr
ansm
issi
onto
wer
sfo
rth
eH
okka
ido
Bul
let
Tra
inL
ine
has
reve
aled
51pi
t-dw
ellin
gsda
ted
toth
eE
arly
and
Mid
dle
Jom
onPe
riod
toge
ther
with
ala
rge
mid
den
(Bun
kach
o20
16).
Bec
ause
the
date
sof
thes
epi
t-dw
ellin
gsov
erla
pw
ithth
ose
ofth
eSa
nnai
Mar
uyar
nasi
tein
Aom
ori
Pref
ectu
re(s
eeab
ove)
,it
isex
pect
edth
atth
ere
sults
ofth
isex
cava
tion
will
prov
ide
new
info
rmat
ion
toin
fer
exch
ange
ofgo
ods
and
info
rmat
ion
betw
een
Hon
shu
and
Hok
kaid
o.A
noth
ergo
odex
ampl
eof
ala
rge-
scal
eex
cava
tion
isth
eR
okut
anda
-min
ami
site
inN
iigat
aPr
efec
ture
, whe
rea
larg
eM
iddl
eJo
mon
sett
lem
ent a
ndm
idde
nsas
soci
ated
with
over
2000
polis
hed
ston
eax
esha
vebe
endi
scov
ered
asa
resu
ltof
resc
uew
ork
prio
rto
the
cons
truc
tion
ofth
eH
okur
iku
Bul
let
Tra
inL
ine
and
the
Itoi
gaw
a-H
igas
hiB
ypas
s(B
unka
cho
2016
).Y
etan
othe
rex
ampl
eis
the
resc
ueex
cava
tion
ofth
eM
izuk
ami
and
Kaw
arat
aisi
tecl
uste
rsin
Aom
ori
Pref
ectu
repr
ior
toth
eco
nstr
ucti
onof
the
Tsu
garu
Dam
.A
rcha
eolo
gica
lfi
ndin
gsof
the
resc
ueex
cava
tion
ofth
ese
site
clus
ters
incl
uded
aM
iddl
eJo
mon
settl
emen
tas
soci
ated
with
buri
als
with
ston
eco
ffin
sat
the
Miz
ukam
iN
o.2
site
(Fig
.27
.2),
and
aFi
nal
Jom
onse
ttlem
ent
asso
ciat
edw
itha
larg
ew
ater
-log
ged
mid
den
atth
eK
awar
atai
No.
1si
te(F
ig.
27.3
;A
omor
i-ke
nK
yoik
uIi
nkai
2013
).W
hile
resc
ueex
cava
tions
cont
inue
toen
rich
our
unde
rsta
ndin
gof
Jom
oncu
lture
,it
iscl
ear
that
,on
the
who
le,
the
floo
dof
new
disc
over
ies
isov
er.
As
show
nin
Figs
.2.
1an
d2.
2of
the
Hab
uan
dO
kam
ura
chap
ter
inth
isvo
lum
e,th
enu
mbe
ran
dsc
ale
ofre
scue
exca
vatio
nsre
ache
dth
eir
max
imum
duri
ngth
em
id-1
990s
,an
dth
eto
tal
num
ber
ofre
scue
exca
vatio
nsan
dfu
ndin
gfo
rsu
chw
ork
have
sign
ific
antly
decr
ease
dov
erth
epa
sttw
ode
cade
s.A
sa
resu
lt,si
nce
the
late
2000
s,Jo
mon
arch
aeol
ogy
has
grad
ually
been
mov
ing
into
ane
wph
ase
char
acte
rize
dby
anem
phas
ison
new
inte
rpre
tati
ons;
mor
esy
stem
atic
anal
yses
ofpa
leoe
nvir
onm
enta
l,zo
oarc
haeo
logi
cal,
and
pale
obot
anic
alda
ta;
adop
tion
ofne
wan
alyt
ical
tech
niqu
es;
and
inco
rpor
atio
nof
new
theo
retic
alap
proa
ches
from
abro
ad. T
hese
chan
ges
are
refl
ecte
din
the
publ
icat
ion
ofth
ese
ries
Jorn
onJi
dal
noK
okot
aku
(Arc
haeo
logy
ofth
eJo
mon
Peri
od)
from
2007
to20
10ed
ited
byK
osug
i eta
l.(2
007—
2010
).In
part
icul
ar,
stud
ies
inen
viro
nmen
tal
arch
aeol
ogy
and
bioa
rcha
eolo
gyha
vebe
com
em
ore
sign
ific
ant
for
Jom
onar
chae
olog
y.O
fth
e12
volu
mes
cove
ring
vari
ous
aspe
cts
ofJo
mon
arch
aeol
ogy’
,fo
urar
ede
dica
ted
toto
pics
rela
ted
toth
ese
rese
arch
field
s:V
ol.
3on
pale
oenv
iron
men
tan
dpa
leoe
thno
bota
ny(K
osug
iet
al.
2009
);V
ol.
4on
zooa
rcha
eolo
gy,
sea
leve
lch
ange
and
stab
le
Fig.
27.2
txca
vati
onof
ston
eci
stbu
rial
sat
the
Miz
ukam
iN
o.2
site
,A
omor
iP
refe
ctur
e(P
hoto
byJu
nko
Hab
u)
I p Iis
otop
est
udie
sof
hum
ansk
elet
alre
mai
ns(K
osug
iet
al.
2010
);V
ol.
5on
subs
iste
nce
and
tech
nolo
gies
(Kos
ugi e
tal.
2007
);an
dV
ol.
10on
bioa
rcha
eolo
gy, d
emog
raph
yan
dso
cial
orga
niza
tion
(Kos
ugi e
t al.
200$
).N
ewda
tafr
omke
yw
etla
ndsi
tes,
such
asth
eH
igas
him
yosh
ell
mid
den
inSa
gaPr
efec
ture
(see
Hab
uet
al.2
011)
and
the
Shim
oyak
ebe
site
inT
okyo
(Kud
o20
12),
have
enri
ched
our
unde
rsta
ndin
gof
Jom
onfo
odw
ays
asw
ell
asno
n-fo
odus
esof
plan
tm
ater
ials
,in
clud
ing
bask
etan
dla
cque
rwar
epr
o-du
ctio
n.N
ewan
alyt
ical
tech
niqu
es,
such
asor
gani
cre
sidu
ean
alys
is(C
raig
etal
.20
13;
Her
onet
al.
2016
;H
oriu
chi
eta)
.20
15;
Luc
quin
etal
.20
16)
and
anal
ysis
ofpl
ant
seed
and
inse
ctim
pres
sion
son
pott
ery
(e.g
.,N
akay
ama
20t0
;O
bata
2016
),ha
veal
soco
ntri
bute
dsi
gnif
ican
tlyto
our
unde
rsta
ndin
gof
Jom
onfo
oddi
vers
ity.
Whi
lest
illin
the
proc
ess
ofde
velo
pmen
t,ox
ygen
isot
ope
dend
roch
rono
logy
byN
akat
suka
(201
5)m
aypr
ovid
ein
valu
able
info
rmat
ion
abou
tan
nual
fluc
tuat
ion
ofhu
mid
ity
with
prec
ise
cale
ndar
date
sas
earl
yas
4300
year
sag
o.
Fig
.27
.3tx
cava
tion
ofa
•.
‘
wat
er-l
ogge
dm
idde
nat
the
Kaw
arat
aiN
o.1
site
(Pho
toI
byJu
nko
Hab
u)
27Su
bsis
tenc
e,Se
dent
ism
,an
dSo
cial
Com
plex
ityam
ong
Jom
onH
unte
r-G
athe
rers
441
442
N.M
atsu
mot
oet
al.
Pro
gre
ssha
sbe
enm
ade
inJa
pan
inth
est
udy
ofcl
imat
ech
ange
and
the
reco
nstr
ucti
onof
envi
ronm
enta
lhi
stor
yfr
omth
eL
ate
Pale
olith
icth
roug
hth
eJo
mon
Peri
ods
(e.g
.,A
nzai
2014
;M
atsu
shim
a20
13;
Tsu
ji20
13;
see
also
Hab
u20
14a)
.T
his
iscl
osel
yre
late
dto
the
deve
lopm
ent
ofhi
ghre
solu
tion
AM
S‘C
datin
g(e
.g.,
Kob
ayas
hi20
08).
Inhi
sre
cent
mon
ogra
phon
AM
S‘C
datin
g,en
viro
nmen
tal
reco
nstr
ucti
onan
d(o
nion
cultu
rehi
stor
y,K
udo
(201
2)at
tem
pts
topr
ovid
ene
win
sigh
tson
subs
iste
nce
stra
tegi
esan
dhu
man
—en
viro
nmen
tal
inte
ract
ion
atse
vera
lke
ysi
tes.
The
sein
clud
eth
eO
dai
Yam
amot
oI
site
(ca.
15,0
00—
16,0
00ca
l.B
P)in
Aom
ori
Pref
ectu
re,
anIn
cipi
ent
Jom
onsi
teas
soci
ated
with
the
olde
stJo
mon
potte
ry;
the
Inci
pien
tJo
mon
Hig
ashi
-Kur
otsu
chid
asi
te(c
a.13
,000
cal.
BP)
inK
agos
him
aPr
efec
ture
;th
eIn
itial
Jom
onO
kino
shim
asi
tein
Chi
baPr
efec
ture
(ca.
10,0
00—
9500
cal.
BP)
asso
ciat
edw
ithth
eol
dest
rem
ains
ofhe
mp
(can
nabi
ssa
tiva)
;th
eM
iddl
ean
dL
ate
Jom
onSh
imoy
akeb
esi
tein
Tok
yo;
and
the
Lat
ean
dfi
nal
Jom
onT
eran
o-hi
gash
isi
tein
Toc
higi
Pref
ectu
re(c
a.44
00—
2750
cal.
BP)
.In
part
icul
ar,
Kud
oan
dhi
sco
llabo
rato
rs’
wor
kon
the
Shim
oyak
ebe
site
,in
clud
ing
AM
S‘4
Cda
ting
and
C/N
stab
leis
otop
ean
alys
isof
char
red
rem
ains
and
plan
tse
eds
atta
ched
topo
tter
yan
dm
acro
plan
tre
mai
nsan
alys
is(s
eeK
udo
2012
),ha
sre
veal
edch
angi
nghu
man
—en
viro
nmen
tal
inte
ract
ion
inre
lati
onto
shif
tsin
reco
nstr
ucte
dve
geta
tion
onth
eba
sis
ofpo
llen
data
from
the
Kan
toPl
ain
(Yos
hika
wa
1999
).M
iddl
eJo
mon
soy
bean
s(c
a.49
00ca
l.B
P)re
port
edfr
omth
issi
tear
ecu
rren
tly
the
olde
stkn
own
arch
aeol
ogic
alex
ampl
es.
27.3
Tw
oD
iffe
rent
Pat
hway
sin
Jom
onC
ultu
re:
the
Eas
t-W
est
Div
ide
The
Jom
onpe
ople
have
freq
uent
lybe
enla
bele
das
sede
ntar
yhu
nter
-gat
here
rs.
How
ever
,th
edef
ini
tion
ofse
dent
ism
inhu
nter
-gat
here
rar
chae
olog
yis
aco
mpl
icat
edon
e(s
eee.
g.,
Ken
t19
89).
Thi
sis
part
icul
arly
soin
the
case
ofth
eJo
mon
ofth
eJa
pane
seA
rchi
pela
go:
settl
emen
tda
tafr
omth
eJo
mon
Peri
odse
emto
indi
cate
vary
ing
degr
ees
ofse
dent
ism
over
itslo
ngtim
esp
anal
ong
with
mar
ked
regi
onal
vari
abili
ty(e
.g.,
Hab
u20
01,
20l4
a,b)
.A
sa
resu
lt,th
equ
estio
nof
how
toev
alua
teth
ede
gree
ofJo
mon
sede
ntis
min
rela
tion
tosu
bsis
tenc
est
rate
gies
and
soci
alco
mpl
exity
has
been
am
ajor
topi
cof
deba
tein
Jom
onar
chae
olog
y(e
.g.,
Am
emiy
a20
09;
Doi
1988
; Hab
u19
96, 2
001,
2004
;K
. Kob
ayas
hi20
04).
Wit
hin
the
trad
itio
nof
Jom
onse
ttle
men
tar
chae
olog
y,m
any
scho
lars
have
sugg
este
dth
atth
epr
esen
ceof
“cir
cula
rse
ttlem
ents
”(l
arge
settl
emen
tsi
tes
asso
ciat
edw
ithse
mic
ircu
lar
orho
rses
hoe-
shap
edla
yout
sof
dwel
lings
)is
evid
ence
ofye
ar-r
ound
sede
ntis
m(s
eeH
abu
2004
:80—
81).
“Cir
cula
rse
ttlem
ents
”fi
rst
appe
ared
inth
eK
anto
and
Chu
bure
gion
sof
east
ern
Japa
ndu
ring
the
latte
rha
lfof
the
Ear
lyJo
mon
Peri
od. T
here
lativ
efr
eque
ncy
ofth
isty
peof
settl
emen
tsin
crea
sed
from
the
Ear
lyto
the
Mid
dle
Jom
onPe
riod
sin
thes
ere
gion
s.In
cont
rast
,la
rge
“cir
cula
rse
ttlem
ents
,”th
ede
velo
pmen
tof
whi
chse
ems
toha
vebe
enre
late
dto
anin
crea
sein
popu
lati
onsi
zean
dde
nsity
(Tan
iguc
hi20
02),
are
prac
tical
lyno
nexi
sten
tin
wes
tern
Japa
n.T
his
has
been
inte
rpre
ted
asev
iden
ceof
muc
hlo
wer
popu
lati
onsi
zean
dde
nsity
inw
este
rnJa
pan,
poss
ibly
with
alo
wer
degr
eeof
sede
ntis
m.
Som
ere
sear
cher
sar
gue
that
the
pres
ence
ofla
rge
“cir
cula
rse
ttlem
ents
”do
esno
tne
cess
arily
impl
yth
atth
ese
site
sfu
ncti
oned
asla
rge,
fial
ly-s
eden
taiy
villa
ges
thro
ugho
utth
eir
“life
hist
orie
s.”
For
exam
ple,
Doi
(198
$)su
gges
tsth
atth
ela
rge
num
ber
ofpi
t-dw
ellin
gsat
thes
esi
tes
coul
dha
vebe
ena
resu
ltof
repe
ated
shor
t-te
rmoc
cupa
tions
.In
any
case
,th
eor
derl
ysp
atia
lco
nfig
urat
ion
ofpi
t-dw
ellin
gs, b
uria
lsan
dot
her
feat
ures
with
inea
ch“c
ircu
lar
settl
emen
t,”w
hich
wer
em
aint
aine
dfo
rat
leas
tse
vera
lge
nera
tions
,se
ems
toin
dica
teth
epr
esen
ceof
shar
edso
cial
rule
san
dco
mm
onid
eolo
gica
lvi
ews
that
wer
eas
soci
ated
with
ever
yday
life.
Ifon
eta
kes
abi
rd’s
-eye
view
ofch
ange
sin
Join
onse
ttlem
ent
and
soci
ety,
one
can
see
that
ther
eis
age
nera
ltr
end
tow
ards
mor
ese
dent
ary
lifew
ays
thro
ugh
time
from
the
Inci
pien
tto
Lat
eJo
mon
Peri
ods,
and
that
the
tren
dw
asas
soci
ated
with
anin
crea
sed
degr
eeof
soci
alco
mpl
exity
thro
ugh
time,
whi
chis
refl
ecte
din
the
deve
lopm
ent
ofsy
mbo
licar
tifac
tsan
dce
rem
onia
lfe
atur
es.
Yet
,ar
chae
olog
ical
data
seem
toin
dica
teth
atJo
mon
soci
etie
sin
east
ern
and
wes
tern
Japa
nfo
llow
eddi
ffer
ent
path
way
s.It
isa
gene
ral
cons
ensu
sam
ong
Jom
onar
chae
olog
ists
that
the
degr
eeof
sede
ntis
man
dth
ele
vel
ofso
cial
com
plex
ityre
mai
ned
muc
hlo
wer
inw
este
rnJa
pan
than
inea
ster
nJa
pan
thro
ugho
utth
eJo
mon
Peri
od.
The
reas
onfo
rth
isea
st—
wes
tdi
chot
omy
has
ofte
nbe
enat
trib
uted
toen
viro
nmen
tal
fact
ors.
His
tori
cally
,Y
aman
ouch
i,in
a19
47le
ctur
e,pr
opos
edth
atJo
mon
hunt
er-g
athe
rers
inea
ster
nJa
pan,
who
sesu
bsis
tenc
ew
asba
sed
onbo
thsa
lmon
fish
ing
and
deci
duou
sac
orn
colle
ctin
g,w
ere
mor
epr
ospe
rous
than
thos
ein
wes
tern
Japa
nw
how
ere
prim
aril
yre
lyin
gon
ever
gree
nac
orns
(suc
has
Lith
ocar
pus
and
Cas
tano
psis
)(Y
aman
ouch
i19
64;
see
also
Hab
u20
04:6
0).
Alte
rnat
ivel
y,Iz
umi
(198
5)su
gges
tsth
atth
etw
odi
stin
ctre
gion
altr
ajec
tori
esm
ayha
vebe
endu
eto
diff
eren
ces
inth
ede
gree
offo
rest
biod
iver
sity
.In
east
ern
Japa
n,de
cidu
ous
fore
sts
with
alim
ited
num
ber
ofsp
ecie
sdo
min
ate
the
vege
tatio
n,w
hile
ever
gree
nfo
rest
sw
itha
wid
erva
riet
yof
spec
ies
are
mor
eco
mm
onin
wes
tern
Japa
n.B
ecau
seof
the
low
erbi
odiv
ersi
tyin
the
fore
st,
the
harv
est
time
inea
ster
nJa
pan
tend
sto
bere
lativ
ely
shor
t.Iz
umi
argu
esth
atth
efo
rmat
ion
ofla
bor-
inte
nsiv
eso
cial
orga
niza
tions
wou
ldha
vebe
enve
ryef
fect
ive
for
east
ern
Japa
n.C
onve
rsel
y,th
eha
rves
ttim
ein
wes
tern
Japa
n,w
ithhi
gher
biod
iver
sity
inth
efo
rest
,w
ould
have
been
less
seas
onal
lyin
tens
ive,
thus
requ
irin
gle
ssla
bor
cont
rol.
Ifw
efo
llow
this
argu
men
t,w
efi
ndth
atdi
ffer
ence
sin
vege
tatio
nbe
twee
nea
ster
nan
dw
este
rnJa
pan
led
toth
ede
velo
pmen
tof
two
dist
inct
subs
iste
nce
stra
tegi
es,
sett
lem
ent
patt
erns
and
soci
alco
mpl
exity
thro
ugho
utth
eJo
mon
Peri
od.
27.4
Ear
lyE
vide
nce
ofS
eden
tary
Lif
eway
san
dth
eE
mer
genc
eof
Soci
alC
ompl
exit
y:T
heIn
itia
lan
dE
arly
Jom
onP
erio
ds
The
appe
aran
ceof
pit-
dwel
lings
, the
cons
truc
tion
ofw
hich
wou
ldha
vere
quir
eda
sign
ific
ant
amou
ntof
labo
rin
vest
men
t,is
anin
dica
tor
ofa
prol
onge
dst
ayat
apa
rtic
ular
loca
tion.
Sofa
r,no
clea
rev
iden
ceof
Pale
olith
icpi
t-dw
ellin
gsha
sbe
enac
know
ledg
ed,
alth
ough
asm
all
num
ber
ofho
use-
like
stru
ctur
esha
vebe
enre
port
ed.
The
earl
iest
exam
ples
ofJo
mon
pit-
dwel
lings
are
date
dto
the
Inci
pien
tJo
mon
Peri
od.
Cha
ract
eris
tics
ofIn
cipi
ent
thro
ugh
Ear
lyJo
mon
site
sin
east
ern
Japa
nar
edi
scus
sed
inde
tail
inH
abu
(2t)0
4,20
I4b)
.In
anu
tshe
ll,si
gns
ofin
crea
sing
expl
oita
tion
ofso
-cal
led
r-se
lect
edsp
ecie
s,in
clud
ing
plan
ts,
fish,
shel
lfis
h,an
dsm
all
mam
mal
s,ca
nbe
foun
dat
Initi
alJo
mon
site
s.Se
ttlem
ents
from
this
peri
odar
ety
pica
llysm
all,
and
mos
tof
them
are
asso
ciat
edw
ithon
lya
few
pit-
dwel
lings
.A
nota
ble
exce
ptio
nin
clud
esth
eN
akan
oB
site
inH
okka
ido,
from
whi
chov
er50
0pi
t-dw
ellin
gsha
vebe
enre
port
ed.
By
the
Ear
lyJo
mon
Peri
od,
the
pres
ence
ofla
rger
settl
emen
tsas
soci
ated
with
scor
esof
pit-
dwel
lings
beca
me
quite
com
mon
.T
heto
tal
num
ber
ofsi
tes
also
incr
ease
dsi
gnif
ican
tlyfr
omth
eIn
itial
toth
eE
arly
Jom
on.
The
sech
ange
sar
epa
rtic
ular
lyno
tabl
ein
the
Toh
oku,
Kan
toan
dC
hubu
regi
ons.
Itis
also
likel
yth
atan
incr
ease
inth
enu
mbe
rof
ritu
alar
tifac
ts,
incl
udin
gsh
allo
wbo
wls
for
buri
algo
ods
and
cere
mon
ial
feat
ures
duri
ngth
ela
tter
half
ofth
eE
arly
Jom
onPe
riod
,m
ayin
dica
teem
erge
ntso
cial
com
plex
ity(s
eeH
abu
2004
:252
).In
wes
tern
Japa
n,th
enu
mbe
rof
pit-
dwel
lings
rem
ains
low
until
the
Ear
lyJo
mon
Peri
od.
Itis
wor
thno
ting
that
the
timin
gof
the
earl
iest
exam
ples
ofcl
ayfi
guri
nes
(dog
u),
anth
ropo
mor
phic
feirs
ales
belie
ved
toha
vebe
enri
tual
artif
acts
,co
inci
des
with
the
firs
tap
pear
ance
ofpi
t-dw
ellin
gs.
Thr
eepi
eces
ofcl
ayfi
guri
nes
have
been
repo
rted
from
two
Inci
pien
tJo
mon
site
s:on
efi
guri
nefr
omth
eA
idan
iK
umah
ara
site
inSh
iga
Pref
ectu
re,
and
the
othe
rtw
ofr
omth
eK
ayum
iIj
iri
site
inM
iePr
efec
ture
,bo
thof
whi
char
elo
cate
din
wes
tern
Japa
n.T
hese
two
site
sar
eas
soci
ated
with
five
and
27S
ubsi
sten
ce,
Sed
enti
sm,
and
Soci
alC
ompl
exit
yam
ong
Jom
onH
unte
r-G
athe
rers
443
444
N.
Mat
sum
oto
etal
.
four
pit-
thve
lling
s,re
spec
tivel
y.B
ecau
sedi
scov
erie
sof
clay
figu
rine
sfr
omth
eIn
cipi
ent
Jom
onPe
riod
are
sora
rean
dbe
caus
eth
efi
guri
nes
from
thes
etw
osi
tes
are
styl
istic
ally
diff
eren
tfr
omea
chot
her,
itis
poss
ible
that
the
resi
dent
sof
thes
etw
osi
tes
inve
nted
clay
figu
rine
sin
depe
nden
tly.
The
Uen
ohar
asi
tein
Kag
oshi
ma
Pref
ectu
rere
pres
ents
anin
depe
nden
tly
deve
lope
dtr
adit
ion
ofse
dent
ary
lifew
ays
with
evid
ence
ofem
erge
ntso
cial
com
plex
ity(M
orita
2002
;Pe
arso
n20
06;
Shin
to20
13)
.L
ocat
edon
the
sout
hern
edge
ofth
eis
land
ofK
yush
uin
wes
tern
Japa
n,th
eU
enoh
ara
site
iskn
own
asan
exam
ple
ofa
larg
ese
ttlem
ent
date
dto
the
earl
ypa
rtof
the
Initi
alJo
mon
Per
iod
(Are
a4
ofth
esh
e),
follo
wed
byth
eap
pear
ance
ofsy
mbo
licar
tifac
tsda
ted
toth
ela
tter
half
ofth
eIn
itial
Jom
on,
incl
udin
ga
clay
figu
rine
foun
din
Are
a3
ofth
esi
te.
Evi
denc
eof
the
Initi
alJo
mon
settl
emen
tin
Are
a4
cons
ists
of52
pit-
dwel
lings
,t6
fire
pits
with
vent
ilatio
nsh
afts
and
39cl
uste
rsof
burn
edro
cks.
Som
eof
thes
efe
atur
esw
ere
belo
wth
eP
t3as
hla
yer
(Sak
uraj
ima
teph
ra)
from
the
erup
tion
ofSa
kura
jima
Vol
cano
(ca.
9400
unca
l.bp
or10
,600
cal.
BP;
Shin
to20
13).
Thi
spl
aces
the
begi
nnin
gof
the
site
occu
pati
onat
the
earl
ypa
rtof
the
Initi
alJo
mon
Peri
od.
The
occu
pati
onof
thes
epi
t-dw
ellin
gsis
divi
ded
into
four
phas
es,
with
the
erup
tion
ofth
evo
lcan
oin
the
mid
dle
ofth
ese
quen
ce.
Itis
likel
yth
at,
atea
chph
ase,
atle
ast
seve
ral
hous
ehol
dssi
mul
tane
ousl
yoc
cupi
edth
esi
te.
Am
emiy
a(1
99$)
sugg
ests
that
the
Initi
alJo
mon
Uen
ohar
ase
ttlem
ent
was
occu
pied
year
-rou
ndw
hile
Inci
pien
tJo
mon
site
sin
the
sam
ear
ea,
such
asSo
jiyam
aan
dK
akoi
noha
ra,
wer
eon
lyse
ason
ally
occu
pied
.E
mer
gent
soci
alco
mpl
exity
atth
eU
enoh
ara
site
,re
pres
ente
dby
the
amou
ntan
dva
riet
yof
sym
bolic
artif
acts
and
evid
ence
ofsy
mbo
licac
tiviti
esat
Are
a4,
culm
inat
eddu
ring
the
latt
erha
lfof
the
Initi
alJo
mon
Peri
od.
Var
ious
kind
sof
sym
bolic
artif
acts
,in
clud
ing
acl
ayfi
guri
ne,
min
iatu
repo
ttery
,cl
ayea
rrin
gs,
and
bifa
cial
lyfl
aked
ston
eto
ols
with
dent
icul
ate
edge
s,ar
ere
port
edfr
omth
issi
te.
The
fact
that
thes
ear
tifac
tsar
eal
lda
ted
toth
ela
tter
half
ofth
eIn
itial
Jom
onP
erio
dis
sign
ific
ant,
beca
use
inea
ster
nJa
pan,
sim
ilar
kind
sof
sym
bolic
artif
acts
did
not
appe
arun
tilm
uch
late
r. The
earl
yde
velo
pmen
tof
sede
ntar
ylif
eway
san
dso
cial
com
plex
ityin
sout
hern
Kyu
shu
was
subs
eque
ntly
term
inat
edby
the
erup
tion
ofK
ilcai
Cal
dera
(asu
bmar
ine
volc
ano
loca
ted
near
Kag
oshi
ma)
atar
ound
6400
unca
l.bp
or73
00ca
l.B
P.Sc
hola
rsbe
lieve
that
the
degr
eeof
sede
ntis
man
dgr
oup
size
inth
ear
eade
crea
sed
cons
ider
ably
duri
ngth
efo
llow
ing
peri
od, a
ndth
epr
oduc
tion
ofsy
mbo
licob
ject
sbe
cam
est
agna
nt.
Cla
yfi
gure
sw
ere
not
prod
uced
agai
nin
wes
tern
Japa
nun
tilth
ela
tter
half
ofth
eM
iddl
eJo
mon
Peri
od.
27.5
Soc
ial
Dyn
amic
sfr
omth
eM
iddl
eto
Fin
alJo
mon
Per
iod
s
27.5
.7R
egio
nal
and
Tem
pora
lV
aria
bili
tyin
Pop
ulat
ion
Est
imat
es
Scho
lars
agre
eth
atth
enu
mbe
ran
dsi
zeof
settl
emen
tsin
wes
tern
Japa
nre
mai
ned
muc
hsm
alle
rth
anth
ose
inea
ster
nJa
pan
thro
ugho
utth
eJo
mon
(see
e.g.
,K
oyam
a19
7$).
Tab
le27
.2su
mm
ariz
esK
oyam
a’s
(198
4)po
pula
tion
estim
ates
for
east
ern
and
wes
tern
Japa
nin
each
Jom
onsu
bper
iod.
Bec
ause
Koy
ama’
s(1
984)
popu
lati
ones
timat
esar
eba
sed
ona
num
ber
ofas
sum
ptio
ns,
the
num
bers
show
nin
Tab
le27
.2w
ould
chan
gesi
gnif
ican
tlyif
we
adop
ted
diff
eren
tas
sum
ptio
ns.
Nev
erth
eles
s,m
ost
scho
lars
agre
eth
atth
ese
estim
ates
refl
ect
the
gene
ral
patt
erns
ofgr
owth
and
decl
ine
inJo
mon
popu
lati
onas
wel
las
itsre
gion
alva
riab
ility
,in
clud
ing
the
east
—w
est d
iffe
renc
e.It
isal
sow
orth
noti
ngth
at,
whi
leth
eav
erag
esi
zeof
Jom
onse
ttlem
ents
inw
este
rnJa
pan
issm
alle
rth
anth
atin
east
ern
Japa
n,K
oyam
a’s
estim
ates
dono
tta
keth
isfa
ctor
into
acco
unt.
Thu
s,th
eac
tual
diff
eren
cein
popu
lati
onsi
zebe
twee
nea
ster
nan
dw
este
rnJa
pan
mig
htha
vebe
enev
engr
eate
r.E
ven
thou
ghth
ear
chae
olog
ical
data
from
wes
tern
and
east
ern
Jom
onsh
are
cert
ain
cultu
ral
char
acte
rist
ics,
such
aspo
tter
yan
dst
one
tool
prod
ucti
onte
chno
logi
es,
itis
high
lylik
ely
that
char
acte
rist
ics
ofth
eir
Mid
dle
96,5
5046
,750
95,4
50
24,6
50
lifew
ays
and
soci
etie
sw
ere
cons
ider
ably
diff
eren
t,in
clud
ing
the
degr
eean
dna
ture
ofse
dent
ism
and
soci
alco
mpl
exity
.
27.5
.2E
aste
rnJa
pan
As
show
nin
Tab
le27
.2,
the
popu
lati
ones
timat
esfo
ral
lre
gion
sof
east
ern
Japa
nac
hiev
eth
eir
max
ima
duri
ngth
eM
iddl
eJo
mon
Peri
od.
Cha
ract
eris
tics
ofM
iddl
eJo
mon
sett
lem
ent p
atte
rns
inth
eT
ohok
u,K
anto
,an
dC
hubu
Mou
ntai
nre
gion
sar
esu
mm
ariz
edin
Hab
u(2
004:
252—
255)
.W
hile
the
dire
ctca
use
ofth
epo
pula
tion
grow
than
dde
clin
efr
omth
ela
tter
half
ofth
eE
arly
Jom
onto
the
end
ofth
eM
iddl
eJo
mon
Peri
odis
curr
entl
yun
know
n,sc
hola
rsha
vear
gued
abou
tth
eco
nditi
ons,
caus
es,
and
cons
eque
nces
ofth
ese
chan
ges
inre
latio
nto
clim
ate
chan
ge(e
.g.,
Kaw
ahat
aet
al.
2009
)an
dth
eim
port
ance
ofpl
ant
culti
vatio
nan
den
viro
nmen
tal
man
agem
ent,
incl
udin
gth
epo
ssib
ility
ofte
ndin
gch
estn
uttr
ees
(e.g
.,T
suji
2011
;Y
oshi
kaw
a20
11).
Hab
u(2
015,
2016
)su
gges
tsth
at,
atth
eSa
nnai
Mar
uyam
asi
tean
din
itsvi
cini
tyin
Aom
ori
Pref
ectu
re,
incr
easi
ngsu
bsis
tenc
esp
ecia
lizat
ion
with
afo
cus
onlim
ited
type
sof
plan
tfo
odw
asab
leto
supp
ort
ala
rger
popu
lati
onfo
ra
whi
le, b
uta
decr
ease
insu
bsis
tenc
ean
dfo
oddi
vers
itym
ade
the
Mid
dle
Jom
onso
ciet
ym
ore
vuln
erab
lein
the
long
run.
fine
-gra
ined
anal
yses
ofse
ttlem
ent
size
and
dist
ribu
tion
data
with
inea
chre
gion
,su
chas
Seld
ne(2
014)
and
Ichi
kaw
a(2
012)
,as
wel
las
star
chgr
ain
anal
ysis
(e.g
.,Sh
ibut
ani
2014
)an
dor
gani
cre
sidu
ean
alys
is(e
.g.,
Her
onet
al.
2016
),m
aybe
ake
yto
unde
rsta
ndin
gth
epo
pula
tion
dyna
mic
sat
the
loca
lle
vel.
Res
ults
ofsu
mm
edpr
obab
ility
dist
ribu
tion
anal
ysis
ofca
libra
ted
14C
date
sby
Cre
ma
etxl
.(2
016)
are
info
rmat
ive
whe
nco
nsid
erin
gre
gion
aldi
verg
ence
sin
dem
ogra
phic
chan
ges
with
inea
ster
nJa
pan.
The
Lat
eJo
mon
cultu
rein
east
ern
Japa
nw
asch
arac
teri
zed
byth
eso
phis
ticat
ion
ofits
mat
eria
lcu
lture
,in
clud
ing
lacq
uerw
are
prod
ucti
on,
anin
crea
sein
the
num
ber
ofri
tual
artif
acts
and
cere
mon
ial
feat
ures
and
the
deve
lopm
ent
oflo
ng-d
ista
nce
exch
ange
netw
orks
ofex
otic
good
s(s
eeH
abu
2004
:C
haps
.5
and
6).
The
sesi
gns,
alon
gw
ithan
incr
easi
ngdi
vers
ityin
buri
alty
pes
duri
ngth
eL
ate
Jom
onPe
riod
,ha
veco
mm
only
been
inte
rpre
ted
asa
refl
ectio
nof
incr
easi
ngso
cial
ineq
ualit
y(s
eeH
abu
2004
:254
—25
8).
Itsh
ould
beno
ted
that
the
degr
eeof
the
decl
ine
ofes
tim
ated
popu
lati
onin
Toh
oku
ism
uch
smal
ler
than
inK
anto
and
Chu
bu,
the
reas
onfo
rw
hich
has
yet
tobe
syst
emat
ical
lyex
amin
ed.
Tab
le27
.2Jo
mon
popu
lati
ones
tim
ates
byK
oyam
a(1
984)
for
east
ern
and
wes
tern
Japa
n(H
okka
ido,
Oki
naw
aan
dsm
all
isla
nds
are
excl
uded
)
Initi
alE
arly
2505
17,3
0019
,250
9755
42,8
00
400
4255
3500
Sub
-per
iod
Eas
t1’
obok
tt
Kan
to
1-lo
kuri
ku
Chu
bum
oust
ain
‘l’sk
ai
Wes
tK
inki
Chu
gokt
t
Shik
oku
Kyu
shu
‘tot
al
Late
251,
555
43,5
5514
5,75
0
51,5
05
15,7
00
2205 30
025
50
450
250
1905
20,1
00
25,3
t)5
5500
1750
1305 455
5600
155,
500
71,9
50
13,2
50
9000
2550
9505
1250
200
5350
261,
300
fina
l
39,5
0564
,900
7700
5100
6505
6600
2105
10,9
00
2505 55
0
635t
)
75,8
50
22,5
00
76(X
)
4450
19,6
50
2450
2750
15,1
55
160,
350
27S
ubsi
sten
ce,
Sed
enti
sm,
and
Soci
alC
ompl
exit
yam
ong
Jom
onH
unte
r-G
athe
rers
445
446
N.
Mat
sum
oto
etal
.
The
extr
emel
ylo
wpo
pula
tion
estim
ates
for
the
Fina
lJo
rnon
Peri
odpr
esen
tan
othe
ren
igm
ath
atre
quir
esfu
rthe
rin
vest
igat
ion
(see
Hab
u20
04:2
59—
261)
.T
hera
pid
decr
ease
inth
epo
pula
tion
esti
mat
esfo
rK
anto
and
Chu
bufr
omth
eL
ate
tofi
nal
Jom
on)
from
5160
0to
7700
and
22,0
00to
6000
,re
spec
tivel
y,is
part
icul
arly
intr
igui
ng.
InT
ohok
u,th
ede
crea
se,
from
43,8
00to
39,5
00,
isno
tas
dram
atic
asin
Kan
toan
dC
hubu
,bu
tm
ost
ofth
ese
fina
lJo
mon
site
sin
Toh
oku
are
smal
l,no
n-re
side
ntia
lsi
tes,
and
the
repo
rts
ofla
rge
resi
dent
ial
site
sar
est
illex
ceed
ingl
yra
re.
Inth
isre
gard
,th
ere
cent
exca
vatio
nof
the
Kaw
arat
aiN
o.I
settl
emen
tin
the
mou
ntai
nous
part
ofA
omor
iPr
efec
ture
,w
hich
reve
aled
the
pres
ence
offi
nal
Jom
onpi
t-dw
ellin
gsto
geth
erw
ithpi
tbu
rial
san
dla
rge
wat
er-l
ogge
dm
idde
ns(A
omor
i-ke
nK
yoik
uIi
nkai
20t3
),m
ayof
fer
ake
yto
unde
rsta
ndin
gFi
nal
Jom
onsu
bsis
tenc
e-se
ttlem
ent
syst
ems
inth
isre
gion
.
27
.5.3
Wes
tern
Japan
Inw
este
rnJa
pan,
the
timin
gof
am
ajor
incr
ease
inth
enu
mbe
rof
site
ssh
ows
age
ogra
phic
alsh
ift
from
the
nort
heas
tto
the
sout
hwes
t.In
the
Kin
kire
gion
,th
esh
ift
occu
rred
asea
rly
asth
een
dof
the
Mid
dle
Jom
on.
Inth
eC
hugo
kure
gion
,an
incr
ease
did
not
occu
run
tilth
efi
rst
half
ofth
eL
ate
Jom
on.
fina
lly,
inK
yush
u,th
eti
min
gof
anin
crea
seoc
curr
edsl
ight
lyla
ter,
duri
ngth
em
iddl
e-to
-the
-lat
eha
lfof
the
Lat
eJo
mon
.T
his
sequ
entia
lin
crea
sein
settl
emen
tsfr
omth
eea
stto
the
wes
tm
ayin
dica
tea
popu
lati
onm
ovem
ent
from
east
ern
tow
este
rnJa
pan.
Itis
also
poss
ible
that
this
chan
gem
ayha
vebe
entr
igge
red
byth
eco
olin
gcl
imat
eth
atco
rres
pond
sto
the
Bon
d3
even
t(Y
asud
aI9
80;
Koy
ama
I 984
).
27.5
.3.1
Kin
ki,
Chu
goku
,an
dS
hiko
kuT
hem
igra
tion
hypo
thes
isdi
scus
sed
abov
eis
supp
orte
dby
othe
rlin
esof
arch
aeol
ogic
alev
iden
ce.
Man
yar
tifac
tsan
dcu
ltura
lpr
actic
esth
ator
igin
ated
inea
ster
nJa
pan
bega
nto
appe
arw
hen
the
num
ber
ofsi
tes
incr
ease
din
each
regi
on(U
eda
and
Segu
chi
2001
;Y
ano
2004
).T
hese
incl
ude
the
com
mon
prod
ucti
onof
clay
figu
rine
san
dot
her
sym
bolic
obje
cts,
the
mor
tuar
ycu
stom
sas
soci
ated
with
buri
alja
rs,
and
toot
hab
latio
n.T
ools
for
subs
iste
nce
activ
ities
that
wer
eco
mm
onin
east
ern
Japa
nin
the
earl
ier
subp
erio
ds,
such
asch
ippe
dst
one
axes
(pro
babl
ydi
ggin
gto
ols)
and
fish
hook
s,al
sobe
cam
epr
eval
ent.
The
selin
esof
evid
ence
may
sugg
est
that
ane
wsu
bsis
tenc
e-se
ttlem
ent
syst
emw
itha
high
erde
pend
ency
onpl
ant
food
,w
hich
char
acte
rize
dea
ster
nJa
pan
duri
ngan
daf
ter
the
Mid
dle
Jom
onPe
riod
,w
asbr
ough
tin
tow
este
rnJa
pan.
Itis
likel
yth
atth
issh
ift
was
clos
ely
rela
ted
toth
eov
eral
lpo
pula
tion
incr
ease
inw
este
rnJa
pan.
Insp
iteof
all
ofth
ese
chan
ges,
the
leve
lof
sede
ntis
min
wes
tern
Japa
nne
ver
reac
hed
the
sam
ele
vel
asin
east
ern
Japa
n.Se
ttlem
ent,
subs
iste
nce,
and
ritu
alda
tafr
omth
eK
inld
,C
hugo
ku,
and
Shik
oku
regi
ons
indi
cate
that
regi
onal
vari
abili
tyis
quite
larg
eam
ong
thes
ere
gion
san
dth
atth
edi
ffer
ence
sdo
not
nece
ssar
ilyde
mon
stra
tea
geog
raph
icpa
ttern
.Se
guch
i(2
009)
,on
the
basi
sof
his
anal
ysis
ofth
edi
stri
buti
onan
dnu
mbe
rof
site
s,fe
atur
eco
nfig
urat
ions
with
inin
divi
dual
settl
emen
tsan
dlit
hic
asse
mbl
age
char
acte
rist
ics
insi
xpr
efec
ture
sin
the
Kin
ldre
gion
(Shi
ga,
Kyo
to,
Hyo
go,
Nar
a,O
saka
, and
Wak
ayam
a)fr
omth
eE
arly
toth
eFt
hal
Jom
onPe
riod
s,hy
poth
esiz
esth
atth
esc
arci
tyof
larg
ese
ttlem
ents
and
com
plex
cere
mon
ial
feat
ures
inth
eK
inki
regi
onm
ight
refl
ect
the
pres
ence
ofso
cial
rule
sth
atem
phas
ized
the
auto
nom
yof
indi
vidu
alho
useh
olds
with
less
com
mun
alsu
bsis
tenc
eac
tiviti
es.
Inth
isre
gion
,th
eto
tal
num
ber
ofex
cava
ted
pit-
dwel
lings
for
each
phas
ere
mai
nsex
trem
ely
smal
lth
roug
hout
the
Jom
onPe
riod
.T
heto
tal
num
ber
of90
from
the
firs
ton
e-th
ird
ofth
eL
ate
Jom
onis
the
high
est.
Giv
enth
efa
ctth
atSe
guch
i’s
stud
yar
eaco
vers
ala
rge
area
(ove
r27
,000
km2)
,90
isex
trem
ely
smal
l.T
hese
90pi
t-dw
ellin
gsha
vebe
enre
port
edfr
om29
settl
emen
tsi
tes
out
ofth
e19
9
site
sda
ted
toth
isph
ase,
and
the
maj
ority
ofth
ese
29se
ttlem
ents
are
asso
ciat
edw
ithon
lya
few
pit-
dwel
lings
.It
isal
soim
port
ant
tono
teth
at,
unlik
ein
the
case
ofth
eT
okai
and
Hok
urik
ure
gion
s,th
ere
lativ
efr
eque
ncie
sof
chip
ped
ston
eax
esin
the
Kin
ldre
gion
did
not
show
asi
gnif
ican
tin
crea
sefr
omth
eM
iddl
eJo
mon
toth
ebe
ginn
ing
ofth
eL
ate
Jom
onPe
riod
s(S
eguc
hi20
t)9).
Wha
tdi
din
crea
seal
ong
with
the
tota
lnu
mbe
rof
site
sin
this
regi
onis
the
tota
lnu
mbe
rof
stor
age
pits
.C
iting
Sahl
ins
(197
4),
Segu
chi
(200
9)co
nclu
des
that
the
auto
nom
yof
indi
vidu
alho
useh
olds
insu
bsis
tenc
est
rate
gies
was
mor
eim
port
ant
than
incr
easi
ngov
eral
lpr
oduc
tivi
tyor
the
prod
ucti
onof
surp
lus:
i.e.,
ideo
logi
esco
ncer
ning
reso
urce
expl
oita
tion
and
hum
anag
ency
base
don
trad
itio
nal
cultu
ral
prac
tices
hind
ered
the
emer
genc
eof
larg
e-sc
ale
sede
ntar
yse
ttlem
ents
inth
eK
inld
regi
on.
Inth
eC
htig
oku
and
Shilc
oku
regi
ons,
popu
lati
onde
nsity
seem
sto
have
rem
aine
dev
enlo
wer
than
inth
eK
inki
regi
onfr
omth
ela
teph
ase
ofth
eM
iddl
eJo
mon
thro
ugh
the
Fina
lJo
mon
Peri
ods.
By
the
mid
dle
phas
eof
the
Lat
eJo
mon
Peri
od,
buri
alpr
actic
esbe
cam
em
ore
com
plex
.Fo
rex
ampl
e,at
the
Shim
oyam
asi
tein
Shim
ane
Pref
ectu
re, b
uria
lpi
tsas
soci
ated
with
cove
rst
ones
orst
andi
ngst
ones
are
alig
ned
inan
arc
shap
e(S
him
ane-
ken
Kyo
iku-
cho
Mai
zoB
unka
zai
Cen
ter
2002
).Sk
elet
alre
mai
nsfr
omFi
nal
Jom
onsh
ell
mid
dens
inth
eC
hugo
kure
gion
indi
cate
that
inte
nsiv
eto
oth
abla
tion
was
prac
ticed
(Har
unar
i20
02).
Scho
lars
have
sugg
este
dth
atth
epa
tter
nsof
toot
hab
latio
nm
ayre
flec
tth
eso
cial
iden
tity
ofth
ede
ceas
ed,
such
asm
embe
rshi
pof
am
oiet
yan
dge
nder
(Fun
ahas
hi20
10).
Whi
lear
chae
olog
ical
data
that
reve
alco
mpl
exiti
esin
the
ritu
alis
ticdo
mai
nex
ist,
evid
ence
for
resi
dent
ial
site
sis
stri
king
lysc
arce
.It
islik
ely
that
Jom
onso
ciet
ies
inth
eC
hugo
kuan
dSh
ikok
ure
gion
sba
sica
llym
aint
aine
dth
eir
mob
ilelif
eway
sth
roug
hout
the
Jom
onPe
riod
(Yam
aguc
hi20
10).
27.5
.3.2
Kyu
shu
InK
yush
u,th
enu
mbe
ran
dsi
zeof
settl
emen
ts,
asw
ell
asth
eco
mpl
exity
inth
ela
yout
offe
atur
esw
ithin
each
settl
emen
t,be
gan
toin
crea
seby
the
mid
dle
Lat
eJo
mon
Peri
od.
Whi
leth
istr
end
isw
idel
yob
serv
edth
roug
hout
Kyu
shu,
itis
mos
tco
nspi
cuou
son
the
plat
eau
ofth
eou
ter
rim
ofth
ecr
ater
ofM
ount
Aso
inK
umam
oto
Pref
ectu
redu
ring
the
latte
rha
lfof
the
Lat
eJo
mon
Peri
od.
Som
eof
thes
esi
tes
are
asso
ciat
edw
itha
sign
ific
ant
num
ber
ofpi
t-dw
ellin
gs.
Exa
mpl
esof
thes
ela
rge
settl
emen
tsin
clud
eth
eIs
hino
mot
osi
tew
ith83
pit-
dwel
lings
and
the
Nal
cado
site
with
63pi
t-dw
ellin
gs, b
oth
ofw
hich
are
inK
umam
oto
Pref
ectu
re,
the
Hig
ashi
-tom
oeda
Sone
site
with
over
30pi
t-dw
ellin
gsin
Fuku
oka
Pref
ectu
rean
dth
eH
irab
ata
site
with
67pi
t-dw
ellin
gsin
Miy
azak
iPr
efec
ture
.In
addi
tion
,a
num
ber
ofot
her
site
sw
ithfe
wer
orno
pit-
dwel
ling
stru
ctur
esha
vebe
enid
entif
ied
ascu
ltura
lce
nter
sbe
caus
eof
the
larg
eam
ount
and
vari
atio
nof
exca
vate
dar
tifac
tsan
d/or
cere
mon
ial
feat
ures
.T
hela
tter
incl
udes
buri
edja
rs,
whi
chha
veof
ten
been
iden
tifie
das
infa
ntbu
rial
s.A
larg
eci
rcul
arpi
t-dw
ellin
gth
atw
asex
cava
ted
atth
eO
ishi
site
inO
itaPr
efec
ture
,w
hich
mea
sure
s7.
8m
indi
amet
eran
dal
mos
t3
mde
ep,
has
been
iden
tifie
das
apo
ssib
lece
rem
onia
lho
use
(Kag
awa
1967
).A
larg
enu
mbe
rof
bead
san
dfi
guri
nes
that
have
been
reco
vere
dfr
oma
depr
essi
onat
the
Uek
ased
asi
te,
Kag
oshi
ma
Pref
ectu
re,
sugg
ests
ritu
als
took
plac
eat
this
loca
tion
(Kaw
aguc
hi19
72).
Itis
wor
thno
ting
that
man
yof
thes
ene
wly
emer
ged
larg
esi
tes
are
asso
ciat
edw
ithce
rem
onia
lor
pres
tige
good
sof
east
ern
Japa
nor
igin
,su
chas
bead
s,an
thro
pom
orph
icfi
guri
nes,
and
swor
d-sh
aped
polis
hed
ston
ear
tifac
ts(M
atsu
mot
o20
02).
Inad
ditio
n,un
ique
artif
acts
ofpo
ssib
lyri
tual
istic
natu
re,
such
ascr
oss-
shap
edch
ippe
dst
one
tool
san
dch
ippe
dst
one
disk
s,w
ere
also
inve
nted
.T
henu
mbe
rof
figu
rine
sas
soci
ated
with
each
site
vari
es,
whi
chm
ayre
flec
thi
erar
chic
alor
hete
rarc
hica
lse
ttlem
ent
stru
ctur
es.
Inpa
rtic
ular
,tw
osi
tes
inth
eno
rthe
rnpa
rtof
Kum
amot
oPr
efec
ture
are
asso
ciat
edw
ithan
inor
dina
tenu
mbe
rof
figu
rine
s:th
eK
anna
besi
tew
ith10
8pi
eces
and
the
Mim
anda
site
with
55pi
eces
.T
henu
mbe
rsof
figu
rine
sfr
omot
her
site
sva
ryfr
omtw
enty
toon
lyon
eor
two.
Bas
edon
the
anal
ysis
ofsp
atia
ldi
stri
buti
onpa
tter
nsan
dst
ylis
ticch
arac
teri
stic
sof
figu
rine
s,T
orni
ta(1
990)
27S
ubsi
sten
ce,
Sed
enti
sm,
and
Soci
a’C
ompl
exit
yam
ong
Jom
on
Hu
nte
r-G
ath
erer
s44
744
8N
.M
atsu
mo
toet
al.
sugges
tsth
atfi
guri
nepr
oduc
tion
was
firs
tad
opte
dat
asm
all
num
ber
ofco
resi
tes
and
then
spre
adto
the
othe
rsi
tes.
Jade
itebe
ads
have
also
been
reco
vere
dat
anl
Lmbe
rof
larg
ese
ttlem
ents
ofth
eL
ate
and
fina
lJo
mon
Peri
ods.
The
yar
ein
disp
utab
leev
iden
ceof
long
-dis
tanc
em
ovem
ents
ofar
tifac
tsfr
omth
eea
stto
the
wes
tas
wel
las
evid
ence
ofcu
ltura
lco
ntac
ts,
asth
eir
sour
ceha
sbe
enid
entif
ied
asIt
oiga
wa
inN
iigat
aPr
efec
ture
(see
fig.
27.1
).It
shou
ldbe
note
dth
at,
whi
lem
any
jade
itebe
ads
have
been
repo
rted
from
all
over
Kyu
shu
asw
ell
asfr
oi;
seve
ral
site
sin
Kin
ld,
they
are
near
lyab
sent
inth
eC
hugo
kuan
dSh
ikok
ure
gion
s.Sp
atia
ldi
stri
buti
onpa
tter
nsof
jade
ite
bead
sfr
omth
eL
ate
and
fina
lJo
mon
Peri
ods
indi
cate
that
the
spre
adof
thes
ear
tifac
tsis
not
the
resu
ltof
sim
ple,
repe
ated
exch
ange
sbe
twee
nad
jace
ntgr
oups
but
ofin
tent
iona
llo
ng-d
ista
nce
inte
ract
ion
asa
soci
alst
rate
gy(M
atsu
mot
o20
1t)
.M
any
ofth
ela
rge
settl
emen
tsdu
ring
the
latt
erha
lfof
the
Lat
eJo
mon
and
the
fina
lJo
rnon
Peri
odar
eas
soci
ated
with
ala
rge
quan
tity
offl
at,
chip
ped
ston
eax
es(h
enp
eldas
else
kifu
)no
tfr
eque
ntly
seen
befo
reth
ispe
riod
,su
gges
ting
that
ane
wsu
bsis
tenc
est
rate
gyw
asin
trod
uced
,m
ost
likel
yfr
omth
eea
st.
Thr
ough
rece
ntan
alys
isof
impr
essi
ons
onth
esu
rfac
eof
pott
ery,
Oba
ta(2
t)tl
)su
gges
tsth
atso
ybea
ns(G
lyci
ne)
and
azul
d(V
igna)
bean
sw
ere
culti
vate
din
the
Chu
buM
ount
ain
regi
ondu
ring
the
Mid
dle
Jom
onPe
riod
, and
that
the
culti
vatio
nof
thes
ebe
ans
was
tran
smit
ted
toK
yush
ufr
omth
eea
stby
the
Lat
eJo
mon
.A
lthou
ghth
ede
tails
ofL
ate
Jom
onsu
bsis
tenc
est
rate
gies
inK
yush
uar
est
illun
know
n,i;
any
scho
lars
assu
me
that
Lat
eJo
rnon
stra
tegi
esw
ere
mor
ein
tens
ive
with
ahe
avie
rre
lianc
eon
plan
tfo
odth
anth
eM
iddl
eJo
mon
stra
tegi
es.
27.6
Con
clud
ing
Rem
arks
Inth
isch
apte
r,w
eha
vefo
cuse
dpr
imar
ily
ontw
odi
ffer
ent
deve
lopm
enta
ltr
ajec
tori
esof
Jom
oncu
lture
,w
itha
focu
son
subs
iste
nce,
settl
emen
t,an
dso
ciet
y.W
hile
not
exte
nsiv
ely
disc
usse
din
this
chap
ter,
atte
mpt
sto
purs
uene
wre
sear
chto
pics
,su
chas
gend
erar
chae
olog
y(e
.g.,
Mat
sum
oto
2008
)an
dco
gniti
vear
chae
olog
y(e
.g.,
Kan
er20
11;
Mat
sum
oto
201
t)ar
eal
soin
prog
ress
.In
conc
lusi
on,
Jom
onar
chae
olog
yis
mov
ing
forw
ard
from
aph
ase
ofda
taac
cum
ulat
ion
from
ala
rge
num
ber
ofre
scue
exca
vatio
nsto
one
ofda
taor
gani
zatio
nan
din
terp
reta
tion
.N
ewlin
esof
arch
aeol
ogic
alev
iden
ce,
incl
udin
gre
sults
ofch
emic
alan
dsc
ient
ific
anal
yses
,ca
nhe
lpar
chae
olog
ists
tack
leke
yqu
estio
nsth
atst
illre
mai
nun
answ
ered
.
No
te:
One
ofth
eau
thor
sof
this
chap
ter,
Ald
raM
atsu
i,pa
ssed
away
whe
nw
est
arte
dw
orki
ngon
the
man
uscr
ipt.
He
was
ale
adin
gfi
gure
inth
efi
eld
ofJo
mon
zooa
rcha
eolo
gyan
da
pion
eer
for
inte
rnat
iona
lex
chan
gebe
twee
nJa
pan
and
the
rest
ofth
ew
orld
.T
his
book
and
this
chap
ter
are
wri
tten
inhi
sco
llabo
rativ
esp
irit.
Ref
eren
ces
Aik
ens,
C.
M.,
&H
iguc
hi,
T.(1
982)
.Pr
ehis
tory
ofl
apan
.N
ewY
ork:
Aca
dem
icPr
ess.
Am
erni
ya.
lvi.
(199
8).
Min
ami
Kyu
shu
nosh
oki
teiju
[Ear
lyse
dent
ism
inso
uthe
rnK
yush
u].
Kok
ogak
uJo
urna
l[A
rcha
eolo
gyJo
urna
l],
429,
29—
33(i
nJa
pane
se).
Arn
erni
ya,
M.
(200
9).
Tei
ju-k
ato
sono
yoin
The
deve
lopm
ent
ofse
dent
ism
and
itsca
uses
l.tn
Jorn
onji
dai
noko
koga
ku.
8:Se
ikat
suku
kan:
Shur
tsku
tois
eki-
gun
[Arc
haeo
logy
ofth
eJo
rnon
Peri
od,
Vol
.8:
Liv
ing
spac
e:Se
ttlem
ents
and
site
clus
ters
J(p
p.36
—45
).T
okyo
:D
osei
sha
(in
Japa
nese
).A
nzai
,M
.(2
014)
.K
iko
hend
oto
Jom
onbu
nka
nohe
nka
(Clim
ate
and
cult
ural
chan
ges
duri
ngth
eJo
mon
Peri
od).
Tok
yo:
Rok
uich
iSh
obo
(in
Japa
nese
).A
omor
i-ke
nK
yoik
utin
kai
[Boa
rdof
Edu
catio
nof
Aor
nori
Pref
ectu
re[
(Ed.
).(2
013)
.H
eise
i26
nend
oT
suga
ruD
amke
nset
sujig
yoisi
toin
onau
Nis
him
eya-
mur
aK
awar
atai
(1)
isek
iho
kaha
kkut
such
osa
gaiy
o[O
verv
iew
ofth
eFi
scal
Yea
r20
14E
xcav
atio
nof
the
Kaw
arat
aiN
o.1
site
and
othe
rsa
lvag
eex
cava
tions
prio
rto
the
cons
truc
tion
ofth
eT
suga
ruD
amin
Nis
him
eya
Vill
agel
.A
omor
i-ke
nK
yoik
uIi
nkai
(in
Japa
nese
).B
unka
cho
[Age
ncy
for
Cul
tura
lA
ffai
rs]
(201
6).
Hak
kuts
ttsa
reta
Nilt
onR
etto
:Sh
iit-h
akke
nko
koso
kulto
lExh
ibiti
onof
exca
vatio
nson
the
Japa
nese
Arc
hipe
lago
2016
1.T
okyo
:K
yodo
Nes
vs(i
nJa
pane
se).
Cra
ig.
0.
E.,
Saul
,H
.,L
ucqu
in,
A.,
Nis
hida
,Y
.,T
aché
,K
.,C
lark
e,L.
,et
al.
(201
3).
Ear
liest
evid
ence
for
the
use
ofpo
tter
y.N
atur
e,49
6,35
1—35
4.C
rem
a,E.
K.,
Hab
u,J.,
Kob
ayas
hi.
K.,
&M
adel
la,
M.
(201
6).
Sum
med
prob
abil
ity
dist
ribu
tion
of‘4
Cda
tes
sugg
ests
regi
onal
dive
rgen
ces
inth
epo
pula
tion
dyna
mic
sof
the
Jom
onPe
riod
inE
aste
rnJa
pan.
PLO
SO
NE
11(4
):e0
1548
09ht
tp:/
/iou
rnal
s.pl
os.o
rg’p
loso
nela
rtic
le?i
d=tO
.]37
l/io
urna
l.pon
e.01
5.58
09D
oi,
Y.
(198
8).
“Set
tlem
ent
Pat
tern
”no
safi
cent
o[R
eexa
min
atio
nof
“Set
tlem
ent
Pat
tern
s”].
Shik
an,
20,
76—
85(i
nJa
pane
se).
Fujio
,S.
I.,Im
amur
a,M
.,&
Nis
him
oto,
T.(2
005)
.Y
ayoi
jidai
noka
ishi
nend
ai[T
hebe
ginn
ing
ofth
eY
ayoi
Peri
od].
Soke
ndai
Bun
kaka
gakt
iK
enky
u[S
oken
dai
Rev
ietv
ofC
ultu
ral
and
Soci
alSt
udie
s],
1,73
—96
(in
Japa
nese
).F
unah
ashi
,K
.(2
010)
.B
assh
ijti
sltu
tosh
akai
situ
dan
[Rit
ual
toot
hex
trac
tio;t
and
soci
ctlg
roup
ings
J.T
okyo
:S
uire
n-sh
a(i
nJa
pane
se).
Hab
u,J.
(199
6).
]om
onse
dent
ism
and
inte
rsit
eva
riab
ility
:co
llect
ors
oft
he
Ear
lyJo
taso
nM
oroi
soph
ase
inJa
pan.
Arc
ticA
tttltr
opol
ogy.
33(2
),38
—49
.H
abu,
J.(2
001)
.Su
bsis
tenc
e-se
ttlem
ent
syst
ems
and
inte
rsite
sari
abili
t)’
intit
eM
oroi
soPh
ase
ofth
eE
arly
Jom
onPe
riod
ofl
apan
.A
nnA
rbor
:tn
tern
atio
nal
Mon
ogra
phs
inP
rehi
stoi
y.H
abu,
J,(2
004)
.A
ncie
ntJo
inon
ofJa
patt
.C
ambr
idge
:C
ambr
idge
Utti
vers
ityPr
ess.
Hab
u,J.
(200
8).
Set
tlem
ent
grow
than
dde
clin
ein
com
plex
hunt
er-g
athe
rer
soci
etie
s:A
case
stud
yfr
omth
eJo
mon
Peri
odSa
nnai
Mar
uyam
asi
te.
Ant
iqui
ty,
82,
571—
584,
Hab
u,J,
(201
4a).
Pos
t-pl
eist
ocen
etr
ansf
orm
atio
nsof
hunt
er-g
athe
rers
inE
ast
Asi
a.In
V.
Cum
min
gs,
P.Jo
rdat
s,&
El.
Zve
lebi
l(E
ds.),
Oxf
ord
hand
book
oftit
ear
chae
olog
yan
dan
thro
polo
gyof
hunt
er-g
athe
rers
(pp.
507—
520)
.O
xfor
d:O
xfor
dU
nive
rsity
Pres
s.H
abu,
J.(2
014b
).E
arly
sede
ntis
min
Eas
tAsi
a:Fr
omL
ate
Pala
eolit
hic
toE
arly
agri
cult
ural
soci
etie
sin
insu
lar
Eas
tA
sia.
InR
enfr
ew,
C.,
&B
ahn,
P.(E
ds.).
Tlte
Cam
brid
gew
orld
preh
isto
ry,
VoL
2(p
p.72
4—74
1).
Cam
brid
ge:
Cam
brid
geU
nive
rsily
Pres
s.H
abu,
].(2
015)
.R
ekis
hise
itai-
gaku
kara
mit
ach
oki-
teki
nabu
nks
henk
ato
jin’i
-tek
ise
itai
syst
em:
]om
onji
dai
zenk
i,ch
uki
nojir
eika
ra[S
edet
ism
,m
obil
ity
and
hum
anim
pact
son
the
envi
ronm
ent:
ape
rspe
ctiv
efr
omhi
stor
ical
ecol
ogy]
.D
ai-j
’onk
iK
enky
u[Q
uate
rnar
yR
esea
rch,
Japa
nA
ssoc
iatio
nfo
rQ
uate
rnaz
yR
esea
rdt]
,54
:29
9—35
0(i
nJa
pane
sew
ithE
nglis
hIi
tlean
dsu
mm
ary)
.H
abu,
J.(2
016)
.Sh
oku
nota
yose
ito
kiko
hend
o:]o
mon
)ida
ize
nki,
chuk
ino
jirei
kara
[Foo
ddi
vers
ityan
dcl
imat
ech
ange
:L
esso
nsfr
omth
eE
arly
and
Mid
dle
Jom
onPe
riod
s,Ja
pan]
.K
okog
aku
Ken
k):u
[Qua
rter
lyof
Arc
haeo
logi
cal
Stro
Bes
],63
(2),
38—
50(i
nJa
pane
sew
ithE
nglis
htit
lean
dsu
mm
ary)
.H
abu,
I,,M
atsu
i,A
,,Y
amam
oto,
N.,
&K
anno
,T
.(2
011)
,Sh
ell
mid
den
arch
aeol
ogy
inJa
pan:
Aqu
atic
food
acqu
isit
ion
and
long
-ter
mch
ange
inth
eJo
mon
cult
ure,
Qua
tent
ary
Inte
rnat
iona
l,23
9,19
—27
.H
amna
ri,H
.(2
002)
.Jo
mon
shak
airo
nkyu
[Ast
trdy
ofJo
mon
soci
etyJ
.T
okyo
:H
anas
vaSh
obo
(in
Japa
nese
).H
arun
ari,
H.,
Fujio
,5,
,im
ansu
ra,
M.
&Sa
kam
oto,
M.
(200
3).
Yay
oiji
dai
noka
ishi
nend
ai[C
alen
dar
date
ofth
ebe
ginn
ing
ofth
eY
ayoi
Peri
od].
Nih
onK
okog
aku
Kyo
kai
dai
69ka
iSo
kai
Ken
kyu
Hap
pyo
Yos
hi[A
bstr
acts
ofpr
esen
tati
ons
atth
e69
thA
nnua
lM
eetin
gof
the
Japa
nese
Arc
haeo
logi
cal
Ass
ocia
tion]
,65
—68
(in
Japa
nese
).H
eron
,C
.,H
abu,
I.,O
wen
s,M
.K
.,It
o,Y
.,E
ley,
Y.,
Luc
quin
,A
.,R
adin
i,A
.,Sa
ul,
H.,
Deb
ono
Spite
ri,
C,,
&C
raig
.0
.(2
016)
.M
olec
ular
and
isot
opic
inve
stig
atio
nsof
pott
ery
and
‘cha
rred
rem
ains
’fr
omSa
nnai
Mar
uyam
aan
dSa
nnai
Mar
uyam
aN
o.9,
Aon
sori
Pref
ectu
re,
Japa
n.Ja
pane
seJo
urna
lo[
Arc
trac
olog
y,4,
29—
52ht
tp:!
/ww
w.jj
arch
aeol
ogy.
jp/
osnt
ents
/vol
t)t)
4/4-
1....
029.
Hor
iuch
i,A
.,M
iyat
a,Y
.,K
amijo
,N
.,C
ram
p,L.
,&
Eve
rshe
d,K.
(201
5).
Adi
etar
yst
udy
ofth
eK
arne
gaok
aC
ultu
repo
pula
tion
duri
ngth
eFi
nal
Jom
onPe
riod
,Ja
pan,
usin
gst
able
isot
ope
and
lipid
anal
yses
ofce
ram
icre
sidu
es,
Rad
ioca
rbon
,57
,72
1—73
6.Ic
hika
wa,
T.(2
012)
.H
achi
nohe
shin
aini
oker
uJo
mon
jidai
nota
tean
aju
kyos
hi-s
uto
kyoj
uki
bo[S
ettle
men
tsi
zean
dnu
mbe
rsof
[orn
onpi
t-dw
ellin
gsex
cava
ted
inH
achi
nohe
City
].H
achi
nohe
Mai
zoB
unka
zcsi
Cen
ter
Kor
ekaw
aJo
nron
-kar
rK
enk)
’uK
iyo
[Bul
letin
ofK
orek
a;s’
aJo
mor
tM
useu
m,
Arc
haeo
logi
cal
Cen
ter
ofH
achi
nohe
City
]1:
11—
20(i
nJa
pane
se).
Imam
ura,
K.
(199
6).
Preh
isto
ric
Japa
it:N
ess’
pers
pect
ives
onIn
sula
rE
ast
Asi
a.H
onol
ulu:
Uni
s’er
sity
ofH
awai
iPr
ess.
Izum
i,T.
(198
5).
Jom
onsh
urak
uno
chiik
i-te
kito
kush
itsu:
Kin
kiC
hiho
nojir
eike
nkyu
[Reg
iona
lch
arac
teri
stic
sof
[om
onse
ttlem
ents
:C
ase
stud
ies
from
the
Kin
kire
gion
].In
K.
Kok
o(E
d.),
Clti
ri-g
aku
[Lec
ture
sin
arch
aeo-
geog
raph
y](V
ol.
4,pp
.45
—64
).T
okyo
:G
aktts
ei-s
ha(i
nJa
pane
se).
Kag
awa.
M.
(196
7).
Enk
eido
kono
hakk
utsu
:O
ita-
ken
Ohn
o-gu
nO
gata
-mac
hiO
ishi
lsek
i[E
xcav
atio
nof
circ
ular
pits
:T
heO
ishi
site
,O
gata
Tow
n,O
hno
Cou
nty.
Oita
Pref
ectu
re].
Kok
ogcs
krr
Jour
nal
[Arc
haeo
logy
Jour
nal)
,5,
28(i
nJa
pane
se).
27S
ubsi
sten
ce,
Sed
ents
m,
and
Soci
alC
ompl
exit
yam
ong
Jom
onH
unte
r-G
athe
rers
449
450
N.
Mat
sum
oto
etal
.
Kan
erS.
(201
1).
The
invo
luti
onof
com
plex
ityin
Jom
onJa
pan.
InA
ubre
yC
anno
n(E
d.),
Stn
rctu
red
wor
ld:
The
arch
aeol
ogy
ofhu
ster
-gat
here
rth
ough
tan
dac
tion
(pp.
183—
203)
.Sh
effi
eld:
Equ
inox
.K
awag
uchi
,S.
(197
2).
Uek
ased
ais
eki
hakk
utsz
who
saga
iyo
dai
Sji
[Pre
lim
inar
yre
port
vith
cfif
thex
cava
tion
ofU
ckas
eda
Site
).K
ased
a:K
ased
aC
ityB
oard
ofE
duca
tion
(in
Japa
nese
).K
awah
ata,
H.)
Yar
narn
oto,
H.,
Ohk
ushi
,K
.,Y
okoy
anta
,Y
.,K
imot
o,K
.,O
hshi
nsa,
H.,
etal
.(2
009)
.C
hang
esof
envi
ronm
ents
and
hum
anac
tivity
atth
eS
anna
i-M
aruy
ama
ruin
sin
Japa
ndu
ring
the
Mid
-Hol
ocen
ehy
psit
herm
alcl
imat
ein
terv
al.
Qsc
ttern
ar)’
Scie
nce
Rev
iesv
s,28
,96
4—97
4.K
ent,
S.(t
989)
.C
ross
-cul
tura
lpe
rcep
tion
offa
rmer
sas
hunt
ers
and
the
valu
eof
mea
t.In
S.K
ent
(Ed.
),F
arot
ers
astt
unte
rs(p
p.1—
17).
Cam
hrid
ge:
Cam
brid
geU
nive
rsity
Pres
s.K
obay
ashi
.K
.(2
004)
.S
ubsi
sten
ce-s
ettl
emen
tsy
stem
san
din
ters
ite
vari
abili
tyin
the
Mor
oiso
Phas
eof
the
Ear
lyJo
mon
Per
iod
ofJa
pan
(rev
iew
).A
sian
Pers
pect
ives
,43
(1),
181—
185.
Kob
ayas
hi,
K.
(200
8).
Jotr
ton
)ida
ino
reki
nend
ai[C
alen
der
year
sfo
rth
eJo
mon
Peri
od].
InY
.K
osug
i,Y
.Tan
iguc
hi,
Y.
Nis
hida
,K
.M
izun
oe&
K.
Yan
o(E
ds.),
bet
asji
dtti
soko
koga
ku,
2:R
ekis
tiino
mon
osas
hi:
lem
onji
dai
kcnk
yuno
Jtei
tnen
taik
ei[A
rclta
eolo
gyof
the
Jom
onPe
riod
,V
ol.
2:T
inte
settl
e:C
hron
olog
ical
stud
ies
oftit
eJo
rnon
Peri
od]
(pp.
257—
269)
.T
okyo
:D
osei
sha
(in
Japa
nese
).K
obay
ashi
,T.
(200
4).
Jom
onre
flec
tions
.O
xfor
d:O
xbow
Pres
s.K
obay
ashi
,T.
(201
0).
Jom
onse
kai
isan
[Jon
ton
wor
ldhe
ritti
gel.
Tok
yo:
Dos
eish
a(i
nJa
pane
se).
Kos
ugi,
Y.,
Tan
iguc
hi,
Y.,
Nis
hida
,Y
.,M
izun
oe,
K.,
Yac
to,
K.
(Eds
.).(2
007—
2010
).Jo
rnon
Jida
ino
Kok
ogak
u(A
rcha
eolo
gyof
the
Jorn
onPe
riod
)1o
ls.
1—12
.T
okyo
:D
osei
sha
(in
Japa
nese
).K
osug
i,Y
.,T
anig
uchi
,Y
.,N
ishi
da,
Y.,
Miz
unoe
,K
.,Y
ano,
K.
(Eds
.).(2
007)
.Jo
mon
Jida
ino
koko
gaku
,5:
Nar
iwai
:Sh
okur
yose
isttn
tiegi
(uts
u[A
rcha
eolo
gyof
tite
Jont
osi
Peri
od,
Vol
.5:
Subs
iste
nce:
Tec
hnol
ogie
sof
food
prod
ucti
on].
Tok
yo:
Dos
eish
a(i
nJa
pane
se).
Kos
ugi,
Y.,
Tan
iguc
hi,
Y.,
Nis
hida
,Y
.,M
izun
oe,
K.,
Yan
o,K
.(E
ds.).
(200
8).
lass
osJi
dai
noko
koga
ku,
10:
Hito
tosl
taka
i:Ji
nkot
su)o
hoto
shak
aiso
shok
i(A
rclta
eoto
gyof
tite
Joni
onPe
riod
,V
ol.
10:
Peop
lean
dso
ciet
y:In
form
atio
nob
tain
edfr
omsk
elet
alre
mai
nsan
dso
cial
orga
niza
tion
).T
okyo
:D
osei
sha
(in
Japa
nese
).K
osug
i,Y
.,T
anig
uchi
,Y
.,N
ishi
da,
Y.,
Miz
unoe
,K
.,Y
ano,
K.
(Eds
.).(2
009)
.Jo
nton
Jida
ino
Kok
ogak
u,3:
Dai
chi
tom
onno
naka
de: ]
omon
]ida
iito
ko-s
eita
ikei
[Arc
ttaeo
log)
’ oft
he]o
mon
Peri
od,
Vol
.3:
On
the
Ear
than
din
tlte
mou
ntai
ns:
Pale
o-ec
osvs
tem
sof
the
Jom
onPe
nioc
i].T
okyo
:D
osei
sha
(in
Japa
nese
).K
osug
i,Y
.,T
anig
ctch
i,Y
.,N
ishi
da,
Y.,
Mie
unoe
,K
.,Y
ano,
K.
(Eds
.).(2
010)
.Jo
mon
Jida
ino
Kok
ogak
u,4:
Hito
todo
buts
tino
kaka
wan
iai:
Slto
kury
osh
igen
tose
igyo
-ken
[Arc
ltaeo
logy
ofth
eJo
mon
Peri
od,
Vol
.4:
Inte
ract
ion
betw
een
peop
lean
dan
imal
s:Fo
odre
sour
ces
and
subs
iste
nce
zone
s].
Tok
yo:
Dos
eish
a(i
nJa
pane
se).
Koy
ansa
,S.
(197
8).
Jom
onsu
bsis
tenc
ean
dpo
pula
tion
.Se
nni
Etit
nolo
gica
lSt
udie
s2:
1—5.
Kov
ama,
S.(1
984)
.Jo
mon
)ida
i[T
he]o
mon
Peri
od].
Tok
yo:
Chu
oK
oron
-sha
(in
Japa
nese
).K
udo,
Y.
(201
2).
Kyu
sekk
i,Jo
mon
jida
ino
kank
yobu
nka-
shi
[Env
iron
,nen
tan
dcu
ltur
ehi
stor
yof
the
Upp
erPa
leol
ithic
and
the
Jom
onPe
riod
].T
okyo
:S
hins
en-s
ha(i
nJa
pane
se).
Luc
qum
, A.,
Gib
bs,
K.,
Uch
iyam
a,J.,
Saul
,H
.,A
ji;no
to,
M.,
Ele
y,Y
..et
al.
(201
6).
Anc
ient
lipid
sdo
cum
ent
cont
inui
tyin
the
use
ofea
rly
hunt
er.g
athe
rer
pott
ery
thro
ugh
9,00
0ye
ars
ofJa
pane
sepr
ehis
tory
.Pr
ocee
ding
sof
the
Nat
iona
lA
cade
n7y
ofSc
ienc
es,
USA
,11
3,39
91—
3996
.M
atsu
mot
o,N
.(2
002)
.D
ento
tohe
nkak
uni
yure
rush
akai
:K
o-ba
nki
noK
ytts
hutT
radi
tion
and
chan
ges
inL
ate
and
Fina
lJo
nion
soci
etie
sin
Kyu
shuj
.In
Jotn
ossh
akai
-non
IStu
dies
ofJo
mon
soci
etie
s],
Vol
.2,
(pp.
103—
138)
.T
okyo
:D
osei
sha
(in
Japa
nese
).M
atsu
nsot
o,N
.(2
008)
.G
ende
r.In
t’.
Kos
ugi,
Y.
Tan
iguc
hi,
Y.
Nis
hida
,K
.M
izun
oe,
&K
.Y
ano
(Eds
.),Jo
mon
)ida
ino
koko
gaku
,l0
:Hit
oto
shct
ktti:
Jink
otsu
)olto
tosh
akai
sosh
oki
[Arc
haeo
logy
ofth
elom
onPe
riod
,Vol
. 10:
peop
lean
dsoc
iety
:ln
forn
satio
nob
tain
edfr
omsk
elet
alre
mai
nsan
dso
cial
orga
niza
tion]
(pp.
133—
144)
. Tok
yo:
Dos
eish
a(i
nJa
pane
se).
Mat
sum
oto,
N.
(201
1).
The
cogn
itive
foun
dati
onof
long
.dis
tanc
ein
tera
ctio
nan
dits
rela
tion
toso
cial
cont
exts
.In
N.
Mat
sum
oto,
H.
Bes
sho,
&M
.T
omii
(Eds
.),C
oexi
sten
cean
dct
dtun
altr
ansm
issi
onin
Eas
tA
sia
(pp.
31—
47).
Wal
nut
Cre
ek:
Lef
tC
oast
Pres
s.M
atsu
shim
a,Y
.(2
013)
.E
ngan
-bu
noka
nkyo
henk
a:T
eich
ini
kiro
kusa
rete
iru
Jom
onka
ishi
n[E
nvir
onm
enta
lch
ange
sin
the
coas
tal
zone
:Jo
mon
tran
sgre
ssio
nse
enfr
ons
low
land
data
].ln
I.T
akur
a&
K.
Imam
ura
(Eds
.),
Nih
onno
koko
gctk
u.3:
Jom
oit)
idai
jo-k
an[L
ectu
res
inJa
pane
sear
chae
olog
y.V
ol.
3:T
heJo
mon
Peri
od,
Par
t1]
(pp.
82—
116)
.T
okyo
:A
oki
Shot
en(i
nJa
pane
se).
Mor
ita,
I.(E
d.).
(200
2).
Uen
ohar
ais
eki
(Dai
2-7
chite
n—
Jont
on)i
dai
soki
hen)
[The
Uen
ohan
asi
te[A
reas
2-7:
Rem
ains
froe
sth
eIn
itia
lIo
wan
Peri
od)]
.K
agos
hhna
:K
agos
him
aK
enri
tsu
Mai
zoB
unka
zai
Cen
ter
[Arc
haeo
logi
cal
Cen
ter
ofK
agos
him
aPr
efec
ture
](i
nJa
pane
se).
Nak
atsu
ka,
T.(2
015)
.Sa
nso
doit
ai-h
ine
nrin
nend
ai.h
oga
mot
aras
uat
aras
hii
koko
gaku
kenk
yuno
kano
sei
[New
poss
ibili
ties
inar
chae
olog
ical
rese
arch
enab
led
byox
ygen
isot
ope
dend
roch
rono
logy
].K
okog
aku
Ken
kyu
[Qua
rter
lyof
Arc
haeo
logi
cal
Stud
ies]
,62
(2),
17—
30(i
nJa
pane
sew
ithE
nglis
htit
lean
dsu
mm
ary)
.N
akay
ama,
S.(2
010)
.R
eplic
a-SE
M-h
oni
yoru
shok
ubut
suak
kon
noke
nkyu
[Stu
dies
ofim
pres
sion
son
pott
ery
usin
gth
eR
eplic
a-SE
Mm
etho
d].
InS.
Nak
aya;
na(E
d.),
Shok
ubut
uko
koga
kuto
Nih
onno
noko
noki
gen
[Arc
ttaeo
bota
tiyan
tith
eor
igin
sojp
lant
culti
vatio
nin
Japa
n)(p
p.10
1—15
6).
Tok
yo:
Dos
eish
a(i
nJa
pane
se).
Oba
ta,
H.
(201
1).
Toh
oktt
Asi
ako
min
zoku
-sho
ktsb
utsu
-gak
uto
Jois
,o;s
noko
lPal
eoet
hnob
otan
yin
Nor
thea
stA
sia
and
Jom
onag
ricu
lture
).T
okyo
:D
osei
sha
(in
Japa
nese
).O
bata
,H
.(2
016)
.T
ane
ooak
sJo
mon
-jin
[Jon
ton
peop
lew
hopl
ante
dse
eds]
.T
okyo
:Y
oshi
lcaw
aK
obun
-kan
(in
Japa
nese
).O
kada
,Y
.(2
003)
.Jo
mon
cult
ure
ofno
rthe
aste
rnJa
pan
and
the
Sann
aiM
aruy
ama
site
.ln
J.H
abu,
J.M
.Sa
velle
,S.
Koy
ama,
&H
.H
ongo
(Eds
.),H
unte
r-ga
ther
ers
ofti
teN
orth
Paci
fic
Rim
(pp.
173—
186)
.Se
nniE
thno
logi
cal
Stttd
ies
63.
Osa
ka;
Nat
iona
lM
useu
mof
Eth
nolo
gy.
Pear
son,
R.(2
006)
.]o
mon
hot
spoL
Wor
ldA
rcha
eolo
gy,
38(2
),23
9—25
8.Se
cret
aria
tfo
rth
eP
rom
otio
nof
the
Wor
ldH
erita
geIn
scri
ptio
nof
Jom
onA
rcha
eolo
gica
lSi
tes
(201
6).
Jom
onA
rcha
eolo
gica
lsi
tes
inH
okka
ido
and
Toh
oku.
http
://j
omon
-)ap
an.jp
/en/
.A
cces
sed
onO
ctob
er17
,20
16.
Sahl
ins,
M.
(197
4).
Ston
eag
eec
onom
ics.
Chi
cago
:A
ldin
e-A
ther
ton.
Segu
chi,
S.(2
009)
.]o
mon
shun
aku
noko
koga
ku[A
rcha
eolo
gyof
Jont
onse
ttlee
nent
s).
Kyo
to:
Shot
vado
(in
Japa
nese
).Se
kine
,T.
(201
4).
Aom
ori-
ken
niok
emJo
mon
jidai
nois
eki-
suno
hens
en[C
hang
esin
the
num
ber
ofar
chae
olog
ical
site
sdu
ring
the
Jom
onPe
riod
inA
omor
iPr
efec
ture
,no
rthe
aste
rnJa
pan]
.D
ai-y
onki
Ken
kyu
[Qua
tern
ary
Res
earc
h,Ja
pan
Ass
ocia
tion
for
Qua
tern
ary
Res
earc
h)53
(4):
193—
203
(in
Japa
nese
with
Eng
lish
sum
mar
y).
Shib
utan
i,A
.(2
014)
.Jo
mon
doki
fuch
aku
shok
ubut
suita
ito
sekk
itio
zanz
onde
npun
-ryu
buts
seki
kara
mit
aT
okyo
-to
Shim
oyak
ebe
lsek
ino
shok
ubut
suny
u[S
tarc
hre
sidu
esof
plan
tre
mai
nson
Jom
onpo
ttet
yan
dst
one
tool
sfr
omth
eSh
imo
yake
besi
te,
Tok
yo,
and
thei
rit
npli
cati
ons
for
plan
tut
iliz
atio
n].
Kok
units
uR
ekis
hiM
iuzo
kuH
akub
utst
skan
Ken
kyu
Hok
oku
[Bul
letin
ofth
eN
atio
nal
Mus
eum
ofJa
pane
seH
isto
ry]
187:
357—
386
(in
Japa
nese
with
Eng
lish
title
and
sum
mar
y).
Shi
man
e-ke
nK
yoik
u-ch
oM
aizo
Bun
kaza
iC
ente
r[A
rcha
eolo
gica
lC
ente
rof
Shim
ane
Pref
ectu
re]
(Ed.
)(2
002)
.Sh
imoy
ama
Isek
i(2
):Jo
mon
jiai
ike
noch
osa
[The
Shin
toya
rna
Site
,V
ol.
2:E
xcav
atio
nof
]om
onPe
riod
feat
ures
].M
atsu
eC
ity:
Shi
man
e-ke
nK
yoik
uli
nkai
[Boa
rdof
Edu
cati
onof
Shi
man
ePr
efec
ture
](i
nJa
pane
se).
Shin
to,
K.
(201
3).
Kyu
sliu
nanb
u[S
outh
ern
Kyu
shu]
.In
T.
tzum
i&
K.
Imam
ura
(Eds
.),H
ilton
noK
okog
aku,
3:Jo
mon
Jida
iJo
-hat
s[L
ectu
res
in]a
pane
seA
rcha
eolo
gy,
VoL
3:T
he]o
mon
Peri
od,
Par
t1]
(pp.
54t—
576)
.T
okyo
:A
oki
Shot
en(i
nJa
pane
se).
Tan
iguc
hi,
Y.
(200
2).
Kan
josh
urak
uto
buzo
kush
akai
[Set
tlem
ents
with
circ
ular
conf
igur
atio
nan
dth
etr
ibal
soci
ety]
.In
51.
Anz
ai(E
d.),
Jom
onsh
akai
-rot
t[S
tudi
esof
Jom
onso
ciet
ies]
(pp.
19—
65).
Tok
yo:
Dos
eish
a(i
nJa
pane
se).
Tom
ita,
K.
(199
0).
Nak
a-K
yush
u]o
mon
ko-b
anki
nois
eki:
Dog
uka
ram
ita
shur
aku-
kan
noko
ryu
[Lat
ean
dFi
nal
Jom
onsi
tes
ince
ntra
lK
yush
u:S
ettl
emen
tin
tera
ctio
nre
flec
ted
inth
edi
stri
buti
onof
clay
figu
rine
s].
InSt
stdi
eson
preh
isto
ric
and
earl
yhi
stor
icct
dtur
esin
Kyu
shu:
Cel
ebra
tion
ofth
e70
thbi
rthd
ayof
Prof
esso
rSh
iget
aka
Oto
nias
u(p
p.99
—1
16).
Tok
yo:
Oto
mas
uSh
iget
aka
Sens
eiK
oki
Kin
enR
onbu
n-sh
uK
anko
-kai
(in
Japa
nese
).T
suji,
S.(2
0t1)
.(o
nion
jidai
zen-
chuk
ino
San
nnai
Mam
yam
ash
urak
use
itaik
ei-s
hi[E
colo
gica
lhi
stor
yof
the
Sann
aiM
aruy
ama
sett
lem
ent
duri
ngth
eE
arly
and
Mid
dle
Jom
onPe
riod
s].
Toh
oku
Ge[
iuts
uK
okct
Dai
gaku
Toh
oku
Bun
kaK
enky
uC
ente
rK
enky
uK
iyo
(Bul
letin
ofCi
teC
ente
rfo
rT
ohok
uC
ultu
reSt
udie
s,T
ohok
uU
nive
rsity
ofA
rtan
dD
esig
n)10
:37
—51
(in
Japa
nese
).T
suji,
S.(2
013)
.Jo
mon
jidai
none
ndai
tori
kuik
ino
seita
ikei
-shi
[Cal
enda
rda
tes
for
the
Jom
onP
erio
dan
dte
rres
tria
lec
osys
tem
hist
ory]
.In
T.
Izum
ian
dK
.Im
amur
a(E
ds.),
Koz
aN
ihon
noko
koga
ku,
3:Jo
nton
Jida
i,jo
-kan
[Lec
ture
sit
tJa
pane
sear
cita
eolo
gy,
Vol
.3:
The
Jont
onPe
riod
,P
art
1](p
p.61
—81
).T
okyo
:A
oki
Shot
en(i
nJa
pane
se).
Ued
a,F.
,&
Segu
chi,
S.(2
001)
.K
inki
chth
oni
oker
uJo
mon
jida
ish
urak
uno
sho.
yoso
[Asp
ects
ofJo
mon
sett
lem
ents
inth
eK
inki
regi
on].
InR
etto
niok
emJo
nton
jida
ish
urak
uno
sho-
yoso
[Asp
ects
of]o
mon
settl
ente
nts
onth
eJa
pane
seA
rciti
pela
go]
(pp.
535—
554)
.T
okor
ozaw
a:Jo
mon
Jida
iB
unka
Ken
kyu.
kai
[Ass
ocia
tion
for
the
Stud
yof
the
Jom
onC
ultu
re]
(in
Japa
nese
).Y
amag
uchi
.Y.
(201
0).
Sany
och
iho
niok
eru
Jom
onjid
aiko
-ban
kino
shur
aku
(Lat
ean
dfi
nal
Jom
onse
ttle
men
tsin
the
Sany
oR
egio
n).
InK
okog
stku
Kee
tkyu
kai
Oka
yant
aR
eika
i[O
ka,’
atna
Sect
ion
ofth
eQ
tsar
terl
,vof
Arc
haeo
logi
cal
Sttu
lies)
(Ed.
)Sy
mpo
sium
kiro
ku[S
ympo
sium
reco
rd]
7(p
p.7—
23).
Oka
yam
a:K
okog
aku
Ken
kyuk
ai(i
nJa
pane
se).
Yan
sano
uchi
,S.
(196
4).
Nih
onse
nshi
(ida
iga
iset
su[T
heou
tlin
eof
Japa
nese
hist
ory]
.In
Milt
onge
nshi
btft
ttsti
1:Jo
nton
-shi
kido
ki[P
nint
itive
art
itt
Japa
n.V
ol.
I:Jo
mon
poPe
ry],
(pp.
159—
173)
.T
okyo
:K
odan
sha
(in
Japa
nese
).Y
ano,
K.
(200
4).
Nis
hi-n
ihon
niok
eru
Jom
on)i
dai
jukv
oshi
-su
nozo
gen.
lnB
u,tk
aet
aT
ayos
eito
Hik
aku
Kok
ogak
ts(p
p.15
9—16
8).
Oka
yam
a:K
okog
aku
Ken
kyuk
ai(i
nJa
pane
se).
Yas
uda,
Y.
(198
0).
Kst
ttkyo
koko
gaku
koto
.ha)
i;tie
[Int
rodu
ctio
nto
envi
ronm
enta
lar
cita
eolo
gy].
Tok
yo:
Nih
onH
oso
Kyo
kai
[Jap
anB
road
cast
ing
Cor
pora
tion
](i
nJa
pane
se).
\‘os
hika
wa,
SI.
(199
9).
Kan
toH
eiya
niok
emka
ko12
,000
nen-
kan
noka
nkyo
hens
en[E
nvir
onm
enta
lch
ange
sdu
ring
the
last
12,0
00ye
ars
inth
eK
anto
Plai
n].
Kok
units
uR
ekis
itiM
ittzo
kuH
akub
utsu
-kan
Ket
tkyt
tH
okok
u[B
ulle
titt
ofth
eN
atio
nal
Mus
euttt
ofJa
pane
seH
isto
ry],
81,
267—
287
(in
Japa
nese
with
Eng
lish
title
and
sum
mar
y).
Yos
hika
wa,
ES.
(201
1).
Kur
ika
fttn
nosa
npu
toSa
nnai
Mar
uyam
ais
eki
shuh
enni
oker
uJo
mon
jidai
noku
ri-b
ayas
hino
bunp
u)o
kyo
[Dis
trib
utio
nof
ches
tnut
polle
nan
dth
ees
tim
ated
dist
ribu
tion
area
ofth
eJo
mon
ches
tnut
fore
stne
arth
eSa
nnai
Mar
uyam
asi
te].
SJto
kuse
isiti
Kei
tkyu
[lap
atte
seIo
tsrn
alof
His
tori
cal
Bot
any)
,18
,65
—76
(in
Japa
nese
).
