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Katakana Rules (1)A
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Katakana• Katakana is the set of characters that is used to
form words that have foreign origins. Non-
Japanese names are written in katakana.
• Sometimes it is also used as a replacement for
"difficult" kanji or for emphasis.
• Animal and fruit names are often written in
katakana for these reasons.
Katakana• Katakana is like hiragana in that every basic
character has the exact same sound as its name. However, since there are more sounds in foreign words than in Japanese, katakana has more characters and combinations than hiragana does.
• One important character that is only used in
katakana is the chouon.
Chouon -- Some Basics• chouon: This katakana character does not have its own pronunciation.
It is used to extend the vowel sound that comes before it.
• In hiragana, if you wanted to extend the a sound in a word, you would
write an additional a character. In katakana, this is done using the
chouon instead.
• The chouon can be used to extend any vowel sound.
• The word “takushii” (“taxi”) has the chouonfu in it: タクシイー . This
indicates that the “i” sound at the end should be lengthened when
pronouncing the word.
Normal sized letters and small-sized アイウエオ – some basics
• For long vowels in Katakana, a lengthening marker
( ー ) is used rather than a vowel あいうえお as in
Hiragana.
• For instance, Soup will be written as スープ ,
cake will be written as ケーキ .
• A combination of normal sized letters and small-
sized アイウエオ are used to write foreign words.
Small “tsu” ッ in a word – some Basics
• Like with hiragana, you’ll sometimes see a small “tsu”
ッ in a word, which you shouldn’t confuse with the
large “tsu” ツ . The small “tsu” ッ indicates that the
consonant before it should be lengthened, and the
proper Romanization of a word with a small “tsu” ッ
is to double the consonant.
• In katakana, “kitto” is written キット , not キツト ,
and “issei” is written イッセイ , not イツセイ .
TH CHI and DI
• Words will be replaced by with any of the
• タ チ ツ テ ト series kana alphabets.
• CHI will be replaced by チ or テイ
• Di will be replaced by ジ or ディ
Page 103
D , T• D and t, when they do not have a vowel
after them, are usually replaced with do
and to, respectively.
Dress ドレスcontest コンテスト
• Emerald エ メ ラ ル ド
• Salad サラダ (Vowel
before D)
Page 105
Words with b,f,g,k,l,m,p,s ending
• For Words ending with b,f,g,k,l,m,p,s consonants
can be replaced with the consonant + +u sound
letter (with chouon or with out following the
consonant)• Mask マスク• Post ポスト• Milk ミルク• Oriental オ リ エ タ ル • Golf ゴルフ• Soft ソフト Page 105
Words with b,f,g,k,l,m,p,s with e ending • The letter e at the end of a word, flowing any of the above
b,f,g,k,l,m,p,s consonants can be replaced with the
consonant + O sound or +u sound letter (with chouon or
with out following the consonant)
• Note ノート (O sound)• Simple シンプル (U sound)• Knife ナイフ• Game ゲーム• Grape グレーフ• Single シングル • Image イマー ジ (Ge will become ji)Page 106
Words with –ar, -er, -ir, -ur, -or• Words ending with Consonant followed by
ar, er, ur, or, and ir will be replaced by chouon• Car カー• Bar バー• Lever レバー• Lover ラバー• Error エラー• Your ユワー• Sir サーラ
Page 107
Use of chouon
• Seesaw シ ーソー
• Queen クイー ン
• Skirt スカー ト
• Error エラー
Page 107
Words –ee,-ea,-ai,-oa,-ou,-au,-oo• Words with ee,ea,ai,oa,ou,au,oo, they will be
replaced with chouon.• Speed スピード• Cheese チース• Pearl パー ル• Rail レー ル• Mail メー ル• Coat コート• Group グループ• Coupon クー ポン
Page 109
Words –ee,-ea,-ai,-oa,-ou,-au,-oo• Sauce, source ソ ー ス• Auction オー クション• Audition オー デイション• Tournament トー ナメント• Season シー ズン• Boom ブー ム (Consonant at the end
takes U sound)• Pool プー ル • Tour ツ アー (Exception)
Page 109
Word with __ all, __al, __ ol, __lk• Words ending with ll, the ll sound will be replaced by ール .
• The vowel - a will take the sound of another vowel - o
• Call コール
• Ball ボール
• All オール
• Old オールド
• Words ending with lk, the lk will be replaced by ーク
• Balk ボ ーク (at the end of a word)
• Chalk チャーク
• Talkie トー キ Page 111
Words ending with w and y
• Words ending with w or Y will be replaced by a
chouon
• Show ショー
• Screw スクリュー
• Ruby ルビー
• Copy コピー
• Energy エネルギー Page 112
“Y” sound, except when followed by a, o, or u,
• The “Y” sound, except when followed by
a, o, or u, is usually replaced with i.
• You ユー
• Year イヤー
• Ear イヤー
• Your ユー ア
W sounds other than Wa• “W” sounds other than the “wa” ワ included in the basic
alphabet are produced by adding a small “i” ィ , “e” ェ ,
or “o” ォ to “u” ウ , or just using “u” ウ for “wu” (note
that “wo” ヲ is most often only used as a particle and
not in foreign words):
• wa ワ wi ウィ wu ウ we ウェ wo
ウォ • The Japanese game system “Wii” is written ウィー and
“wink” becomes “(w)uinku” ウィンク .
-a-e, • Words ending with e following a consonant take
the U sound. In this -a-e Combination the word starting vowel or consonant will take the
E sound followed by ー• Ace エー ス• Lace レース• Name ネー ム • Game ゲー ム • Base ベース• Face ヴェース• Sale セー ル Page 113
-o-e, -u-e• However words ending with e following t or d
will take the O sound and • words ending with e following n will take
the n sound .• Date テート• Skate スケート• Rope ロー プ• Zone ゾー ン • Tube チュー ブ • Tone トー ン Page 113
Words ending with –ation, -otion
• Words ending with –ation or –otion will be replaced shon
• Inflation インフレー ション• Inspiration インスピレー ション• Lotion ロー ション• motion モ ー ション
Page 114
Words ending with __ire, __ture
• Chouon is used for words ending with ire and
ture
• Hire ハイヤ ー
• Fire ファイヤ ー
• Culture カルちゃー
• Adventure ア ト ベ ンゃー
Page 115
Words ending with __ CK
• Check チエツク • Truck トラツク• Lucky ラツキー• Locker ロツカ ー• Racket ラケツト • Socker サツカ ー
Page 117
Words ending with __X, __Tch, __ Dge• A word ending with X and Tch will be replaced by
ツクス and and Dge will be replaced by ツジ• Tax タツクス• Wax ワツクス• Complex コンプレツクス• Badge バツジ• Dodgeball ドツジボール• Watch ウォツチ• Sketch ス ケツチ
Page 118
R sound after a vowel• In words that contain an r sound after a vowel,
the katakana word usually just extends the vowel sound using chouon. Mark マーク fork フォーク
• The v sound is generally replaced by the b sound.
Video: ビデオ
single consonant sounds• The other single consonant sounds, when they do
not have a vowel after them, are usually replaced
with the appropriate consonant followed by u.
(Some notable exceptions to this are the words
cake and steak, which turn into ke-ki and sute-ki.)
class クラスclub クラブPaltform ホーム
•
L and R
• L and r are both replaced with characters from the ra ri ru re ro line of the katakana table. Milk ミルクRoom ルーム
• The "see" sound is generally replaced with shi. (The newer combination of a se or su character followed by a half-sized u is used in some words.) Sink シンク
A short vowel followed by a consonant
• Words that have a short vowel followed by
a consonant will often double the
consonant. (This is not the case when the
consonant is n.)
Truck トラック
Bed ベッド
Pet ペット
pen ペン
Additional character combinations
• In order to make foreign words sound more like
their originals, additional character combinations
have been introduced.
• These new combinations represent
fa, fi, fe, fo, si, chi, tsu, ji, ju, wi, we, wo, va,
vi, vu, ve, vo, tsa, tsi, tse, tso, che, she, and je.
Old and New words
• This means that words that came into the language earlier will
sometimes follow different spelling rules than words that have
been introduced more recently.
• Unfortunately, most Japanese people do not actually pronounce
some of the new characters as they are intended to be used
(especially the characters with v and w).
• So, the spelling has become more complicated without making the
pronunciation much better. Some words even have more than one
acceptable spelling now.
Ho and Fo / Be and Ve
• Fork ホーク (old ho spelling)
fork フォーク (new fo spelling)
vendor ベンダー (old be spelling)
vendor ヴェンダー (new ve
spelling) still usually pronounced as be
V and B (Contd)• V” sounds are more traditionally replaced with “b”
sounds.
Example, “Valentine” becomes “barentain” バレンタイン
and “revenge” is “ribenji” リベンジ .
• Sometimes, “v” sounds are actually pronounced as “v”
sounds with a special set of characters, made by adding
dakuten (two dots) to an “u” ウ , which forms the “vu”
sound, or then adding a small “a” ァ , “i” ィ , “e” ェ , or
“o” ォ : va ヴァ vi ヴィ vu ヴ ve ヴェ vo ヴォ .
For example, “Viking” becomes “vaikingu” ヴァイキング
and “vocal” becomes “vokaru” ヴォカル .
The combined character For example,
• ウィンク (wink),
• ウェスト (west),
• ウォークマン (walkman),
• クィーン (queen),
• シェーク (shake),
• トォイシイ (tsvshi)
• チェンジ (change),
• ティー (tea),
• ファイル (file),
• フィンランド (Finland),
• フェリー (ferry),
• フォーク (fork).
Words starting with P• Since Katakana words are usually foreign words,
it is easy for students to recognise them.
• Any word starting with “p” has to be a foreign
word and all are written in Katakana. 1. papa 'papa'2. pasu 'pass'3. pazuru 'puzzle'4. paazi 'purge'5. paama 'perma[nent wave]'6. paaraa 'parlor'7. pasuteru 'pastel'
1. パパ2. パス3. パズル4. パージ5. パーマ
6. パーラー7. パステル
Some Examples
• マクドナルド (McDonalds),
• コーヒー (coffee),
• コインロッカー (coin locker),
• ビデオ (video),
• テレビ (television),
• ホームページ (home page),
• カレーライス (curry rice).
R before consonants• R's before consonants generally does not get
pronounced, but instead just lengthen the
previous vowel . (e.g., archive -> アーカイ
ブ )
V's at the end of words tend to turn into B's,
while they sometimes stay as V's
( ウ 's with dakuten) when at the start.
Nakaguro• Sometimes you will also see the nakaguro, a dot that
looks like this: ・ . This is an exclusive character in the
katakana alphabet with no pronunciation that marks
separate words (for the native Japanese speaker, who
may not understand where one foreign word ends and
another begins). For example, “John Jones” becomes
“jon ・ jonzu” ジョン・ジョンズ .
The nakaguro is optional if it’s clear where one
word ends and another begins.
Glass• Please note, also, that NOT all words in katakana come from
English. In recent times, the majority of imported words in
Japanese come from English, however, this was not always
the case. There are many words that have been imported
from Portuguese, Dutch, or German.
• There are, for example, two words for "glass" in Japanese.
One is garasu and the other is gurasu. Garasu comes from
Dutch, and means only glass the substance. Gurasu comes
from English and means only 'a cup made of glass.'
“L” sounds are most often replaced with “r” sounds.
• For example, “link” becomes “rinku” リンク and
“ball” becomes “booru” ボール .
• “Ti” (“-ty,” “tee”) sounds are either replaced by “chi”
チ or are written by adding a small “i” ィ to “te”
テ : ティ .
“dramatic” becomes ドラマチック and
• “tea” becomes “tii” ティー
“Di”sounds. And Si Sounds• “Di” (“-dy,” “dee”) sounds are either replaced
by “di” ヂ or are written by adding a small
“i” ィ to “de” デ : ディ .
The last name “de Moraes” becomes
“di ・ moraisu” ヂ・モライス . “moody”
becomes “muudi” ムーディ .
• “Si” (“-sy,” “see”) are replaced with “shi” シ .
“fantasy” becomes “fantashii” ファンタシー .
“seesaw” becomes “shiisoo” シーソー
F sounds
• “F” sounds other than the “fu” フ (also pronounced
“hu”) included in the basic alphabet are produced by
adding a small “a” ァ , “i” ィ , “e” ェ , or “o” ォ to
“fu” フ :
fa ファ fi フィ fu フ fe フェ fo フォ• For example, “fetch” becomes “fetchi” フェッチ and
• “fight” becomes “faito” ファイト .
LL
• Roller ローラー
(Though the ll is in the middle the
word ends with er and gets the chouon and ll
also represented by chouon and also with out
chouon depending on the pronunciation)
• Squall スコール
• Killer キラー
Word with __lf, __ol
• Words ending with lf , lf sound is replaced by
ー フ when preceded by Consonants with
vowel a and Consonants followed by o will be
replaced by
• Half ハーフ
• Calf カーフ
• Golf ゴルフ
OL following a vowel or a consonant
• Words which have ol following a vowel or a
consonant will be replaced by ー ル
• Old オールド
• Gold ゴールド
a i u e o
• エア air • ウエア wear, ware• エイ A, a (the letter) • アイ I, i (the letter) • オウ O, o (the letter)
ka ki ku ke ko
• カキ persimmon • ケイ K, k (the letter) • ココア cocoa • ケーキ cake • ケア care • コア core
sa shi su se so
• キス kiss• サーカス circus• エス S, s (the letter)• ウイスキー whisky• サイ rhinoceros• シーソー seesaw• エース ace
ta chi tsu te to• テスト test• トースター toaster• シート sheet, seat• セーター sweater• スケート ice skate, ice
skating• チーム team• トースト toast• チーター cheetah
na ni nu ne no
• イヌ dog (also written in kanji)• ノート notebook• ネコ cat (also written in kanji)• ナース nurse• ネクタイ necktie• ナイター night game (lit. "nighter") • エヌ N, n (the letter)
ha hi fu he ho
• ホース hose • ハイオク high octane gasoline • ハート heart (shape) • ヒーター heater • ハーフ half-Japanese
person • ヘアケア hair care • ハイエナ hyena
ma mi mu me mo• メーク cosmetic make up• モーター motor• マーカー marker• サメ shark• ホーム station platform, home• アニメ animation• ホームステイ home stay• スマート slim, stylish, well
dressed, Smart
ya yu yo
• ヨーヨー yo-yo• ユニホーム uniform• ユーニーク unique, unusual, individual• タイヤ tire, tyre• ユーモア humor• スノータイヤ snow tire• トヨタ Toyota (auto manufacturer)
ra ri ru re ro• アメリカ America, the U.S.A• ユーロ euro, EUR• クラス class• イタリア Italy• ミイラ mummy (mummified
person)• オムレツ omelet• シール sticker, seal• コーラ cola, Coke • メール e-mail • リスト list
wa wo n• カン can• ウインカー (automobile) turn
signal• ワイン wine• リモコン remote control• カーテン curtain• コンセント electric socket• エアコン air conditioner• ワクチン vaccine
Words in Katakana
• Round ラウンド• Professional プロ• Minus マイナス• Palestine パラスチナ• Theme テー マ• Israel イスラエル• System システム
Words in Katakana
• Computer コンピュー ター• Part time work アルバイト• Start ス タート• Hit ヒツト• Questionnaire アンケート• Fan or Fun フアン• Symposium シンポジウム• Project プロジエケト
Words in Katakana
• Coup d’etat, Coup クー デタ ー
• Mass communication マスコミ• Balance バランス• A miss( Mistake) , Miss, Myth, MIS ミス
Words in Katakana
• Chance チャンス• Salaryman サラリー マン• Accident アクシデント• Release リリース• Robber ロバ
• Neat neeta• Arubaito• Platform• Error – era-• Buffet = baikin
Tsu and Soft Th• The tsu sound is generally replaced with chu.
(The newer combination of the to character followed by a half-sized u is used in some words.) Tube チューブ
• The soft “th” sound is replaced with characters from the sa shi su se so row of the katakana table. Thank you サンキューBath バス
• Smith スミス ,
Hard Th and W • The hard "th" sound is replaced with characters
from the za ji zu ze zo row of the katakana table. Weather ウエザー
• Since the only w sound in Japanese is wa,
all other w sounds are generally replaced with
u.
Wine ワイン
Waiter ウエーター
Whisky ウイスキー
• ヴァージニア• バージニア
• The "j" sound, when it doesn't have a
vowel after it, is usually replaced with ji.
Orange オレンジ
• Change チエンジ