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Karyotypes and Pedigrees. Chapter 14. Chromosome Review. All of an organism’s DNA can be packaged into chromosomes Humans - 23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes Each pair of chromosomes contain genes with 2 alleles (1 from each parent ). Chromosome Review. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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KARYOTYPES AND PEDIGREESChapter 14
Chromosome Review
• All of an organism’s DNA can be packaged into chromosomes• Humans - 23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes
• Each pair of chromosomes contain genes with 2 alleles (1 from each parent)
Chromosome Review
• All of an organism’s DNA can be packaged into chromosomes• Humans - 23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes
• Each pair of chromosomes contain genes with 2 alleles (1 from each parent)
• Chromosome Numbers• 1-22 autosomes• Sex chromosomes “#23”
• XX – Female• XY - Male
Pedigree• A pedigree is a chart for tracing genes in a family
• Phenotypes are used to infer genotypes on a pedigree
Pedigree Basics
Circle – Female
Square – Male
Horizontal Line – Mating
Vertical Line – Offspring
Shaded – Has trait
Unshaded – No trait
Human Genome
• Human Genes- human genome contains 20,000 to 30,000 genes.• 99.9% of all nucleotide
bases are exactly the same in all people
• Less than 2% of genome actually codes for proteins
Karyotypes• Karyotypes- picture of all chromosomes in a cell for one
organism
Creating a Karyotype
Karyotype Uses• Used to identify certain genetic disorders in which there
are extra or too few chromosomes (i.e. Down syndrome
Identifying Gender by Karyotype
Male Female
Autosome Disorders
Trisomy 21 (Down’s Syndrome)• Extra 21st chromosome• Male or female (47XX or
47XY)• 1/700 births• characteristic facial features,
short stature; heart defects • susceptibility to respiratory
disease, shorter lifespan • prone to developing early
Alzheimer's and leukemia • often sexually
underdeveloped and sterile, usually some degree of mental retardation.
Patau Syndrome (trisomy 13)
• Extra 13th chromosome• Male or female (47XX or
47XY)• serious eye, brain,
circulatory defects as well as cleft palate.
• 1:5000 live births. • Children rarely live more
than a few months.
Edward’s Syndrome• Extra 18th chromosome• Male or female (47XX or
47XY)• almost every organ
system affected • 1:10,000 live births. • Most are stillborn or
miscarried• Children with full Trisomy
18 generally do not live more than a few months.
Alterations in Chromosome Structure• Sometimes, chromosomes break, leading to 3 types of
changes in chromosome structure:
1. Deletion: a portion of one chromosome is lost during cell division. That chromosome is now missing certain genes. When this chromosome is passed on to offspring the result is usually lethal due to missing genes.
Alterations in Chromosome Structure- Example: Cri du chat (cry of the cat): A specific deletion of a
small portion of chromosome 5; these children have severe mental retardation, a small head with unusual facial features, and a cry that sounds like a distressed cat.
Alterations in Chromosome Structure
2. Duplication: if the fragment joins the homologous chromosome, then that region is repeated
Example - Fragile X: the most common form of mental retardation. The X chromosome of some people is unusually fragile at one tip - seen "hanging by a thread" under a microscope. Most people have 29 "repeats" at this end of their X-chromosome, those with Fragile X have over 700 repeats due to duplications. Affects 1:1500 males, 1:2500 females.
Alterations in Chromosome Structure
3. Translocation: a fragment of a chromosome is moved ("trans-located") from one chromosome to another - joins a non-homologous chromosome.
• The balance of genes is still normal (nothing has been gained or lost) but can alter phenotype as it places genes in a new environment.
• Can also cause difficulties in egg or sperm development and normal development of a zygote.
Sex Chromosome Disorders
Only 1 X chromosome
Turner’s Syndrome• In females,(45XO) sex organs fail to develop at puberty• Occurs 1/ 2,000 births• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ldjb-FR-PKo
Triple X Syndrome• In females (47XXX)• Have normal development• Usually taller for their age• Occurs 1/ 1,00 births
Klinefelter’s Syndrome• In males (47XXY)• Sterile, feminine qualities (higher voice, breast
development)• Little facial hair• Taller than average• Occurs 1/ 1,000 male births
Jacob’s Syndrome • Male (47XYY)• Lead normal lives (most don’t even know they have this)• Produce more testosterone more facial hair, taller• Occurs 1/ 1,500 births?