KARNATAKA URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AND FINANCE CORPORATION

Silver Jubilee Block, 2nd Floor, Unity Building Annexe, 3rd Cross, Mission Road, Bangalore - 560 027

KARNATAKA MUNICIPAL REFORMS PROJECT (KMRP)

Social and Environmental Assessment and Management Framework

(Part 1, Part 2 (Section A & Section B) and Part 3)

Final Report June 2004

Samaj Vikas Development Support Organisation 307, Sr i Laxmi Plaza, Jafar Ali Bagh, Somajiguda, Hyderabad - 500082

info @samaj vikas. org

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Executive Summary

1.1 Project Introduction

In terms of urbanization, Karnataka is the fourth largest in India. This status puts a lot pressure on the GoK a n d ULBs in terms of p rov id ing u rban services. A s par t of i ts init iatives to meet the huge unmet demand Karnataka Mun ic ipa l Reforms Project is be ing prepared by KUIDFC and proposed for funding to the World Bank. This forms pa r t of the init iatives taken by the UDD in implement ing urban reforms. KMRP has following four different components.

A. Inst i tut ional Development & Technical Assistance B. Investment Suppor t (General U rban Investment a n d Public Hea l th

C. Bangalore Development (Capacity Building and Investment Support) D. Incremental Operat ing Costs to KUIDFC

Investment)

KUIDFC has developed criteria for selection a n d inclusion of ULBs for funding under KMRP. The f i rs t batch of ULBs selected for investments consist of 17 ULBs a n d Bangalore.

1.2 About The Study

As a pa r t of this project preparation, a Social a n d Envi ronmenta l Assessment was undertaken to ident i fy the social a n d environmental issues related to the project and develop a f ramework for mi t iga t ion measures. During study one-to-one meetings, Focus Group Discussions and extensive Public Consultations with the stakeholders were h e l d at the ULBs/ state level. This s tudy has produced the following out puts:

1, Combined Sectoral Social and Envi ronmenta l Assessment (SSEA) 2. Combined Social a n d Envi ronmenta l Management Framework (SEMF) 3. Capacity Building Plan on Social a n d Environmental Issues 4. Communicat ion a n d Consultat ion Strategy

1.3 Institutional Background

In Karnataka, as in other places in India, the u rban infrastructure i s p lanned and implemented by a variety of institutions. The UDD is the administrat ive head of most of these institutions. The inst i tut ions w h i c h are direct ly under the administrative control of UDD are:

0 Directorate of Mun ic ipa l Admin is t ra t ion (DMA) 0 Department of Town Planning (DTP) 0 Karnataka U r b a n Water Supply & Drainage Board (KUWS&DB)

0 Karnataka U r b a n Infrastructure Development a n d Finance Corporation

There other agencies, viz., Bangalore Mahanagara Palike, Bangalore Development Authority, Bangalore Water Supply a n d Sewerage Board, etc. w h i c h m a i n l y focus on Bangalore, which contribute to the u rban development.

(KUIDFC)

With regard to Social and Environmental requirements of projects, the fo l low ing are the focus agencies at Central and State level. 0 Government of Ind ia (GoI) Institutions

o M in i s t r y of Environment and Forests (MoEF) o Central Pollution Contro l Board (CPCB)

o Department of Ecology, Envi ronment & Forests (DoEEF) o Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

0 Government of Karnataka (GoK) Institutions

1.4 Laws and regulations

The following are the laws and regulat ion that are applicable with regard to social a n d environmental aspects of sub-projects under KMRP. 0 Operational Policies and Directives of The World Bank 0 Policy a n d Regulatory Framework of Go1 0 Envi ronmenta l Pol icy and Regulations of GoK 0 Planning a n d Management of ULBs

1.5 Major Issues and Proposals

The following are the major issues ident i f ied during the f ie ld work a n d publ ic consultations.

Some of the ULBs suffer from lack of proper a n d sustainable water sources for improving the present water supply: The citizens feel that the water sources around the ULB need to be strengthened by w a y of protecting the catchment area The cit izenry wants r a i n water harvesting to be made compulsory and that the ULB office a n d Councilors set a n example by h a v i n g r a i n water harvesting structures before everybody in the ULB starts construction. Some ULBs have so l id waste management projects underway, wh i l e some have l a n d purchased/ acquired for this purpose. In some ULBs, door to door collection of the so l id waste i s in practice with the invo lvement of this Residents Welfare Associations, and local NGOs. This experiment can be supported under KMRP. M o s t of the ULBs lack Under Ground Sewerage system or have systems that are part ial ly funct ion ing w h i c h need improvements and remodeling.

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In mos t of the ULBs, the Storm Water Drainage needs improvements and remodeling. Citizens and peoples representatives wan t facilities l i ke slaughter houses with m o d e r n waste treatment facilities; and m u t t o n and f i sh markets outside the ULBs. Citizens of some ULBs propose publ ic private partnerships in developing commercial civic amenities, where private persons cou ld p rov ide the l a n d a n d ULB could build the facilities under a n agreement M a n y of the citizens and elected representatives feel that local organizations l i ke Mah i l a Mandals and youth clubs should be prov ided opportunities in the project. M o s t of the citizens in the ULBs feel that the presently encroached areas parks, gardens and roads should be freed from the l a n d sharks and encroachers.

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1.6 L ike ly Sub-projects Under KMRP The following are the l i ke ly sub-projects proposed by ULBs for funding under KMRP. 0

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Water Supply: Improvements to source, treatment a n d d is t r ibut ion and extensions to new ly built areas a n d areas inhabited by weaker sections. Under Ground Sewerage: N e w sewerage with Sewage Treatment Plant to remodel ing and improvements to existing sewerage ne twork and extensions to n e w l y built areas and weaker sections localities.

0 Storm Water Drainage: Improvements to existing drainage, n e w drainage, extension to n e w areas, remodel ing etc.

0 Solid Waste Management: Various facilities under S W M inc lud ing scientific landfi l ls

0 Transportation: Improvements to Roads, n e w CC roads and extensions to n e w l y built areas and weaker sections localities

0 Street Lights: Add i t iona l Street l ights 0 Commercial Amenities: Shopping Complexes, Vegetable / Fish / Mutton

Markets, Slaughter Houses, pa rk ing lots, marriage halls, communi ty halls 0 Common Amenities: Schools, Compound Walls, playgrounds, Construction

of Parks and Gardens, improvements to water bodies, Hospital, Bur ia l Ground and Cremator ium

1.7 Potential Impacts

The project as a who le i s a imed at improving qual i ty o f living of the citizens of the concerned ULBs. A s the sub-projects are ye t to be proposed specific impacts (both positive and negative) have not been identi f ied. However a n assessment has been made on l i ke ly impacts. The significance of these impacts depends on

the ind iv idua l sub-project, i ts size and location. In general, the sub-projects are small in size, hence, the adverse impacts, i f any, w o u l d be minimum.

- 1.7.1 Positive Impacts

These possible positive project impacts are l isted below:

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Productive use of t ime Improvements in income patterns Hea l th a n d Environmental improvements Improvements in qual i ty of l i fe and h u m a n dignity Reduced nuisance of open defecation due to Low Cost Sanitation Less suffering during monsoons and adverse climatic conditions Improved publ ic safety Better infrastructure and transportation facilities Improved access to services Opportunit ies fo r social interaction Improved communi ty part icipation and sense of ownership

- 1.7.2 Negative - Impacts

A. Social Impacts

e L a n d Depr ivat ion a n d Displacement e

e Safety hazards Hea l th Hazards

Inconvenience a n d nuisance to Public during construction Social issues due to migration, social conflict, etc.

B. Environmental Impacts

Topography: these inc lude erosion, d isrupt ion of drainage patterns, loss of top soils, etc.

Surface Water: These inc lude reduced downstream flows, surface water pollution, degradation of riverbanks, etc.

Ground Water: These inc lude groundwater pollution, dwindling groundwater table, etc.

Air Quality: These inc lude temporary impacts during construction due to use of hot mix plants, generators, transportation equipment, etc. This category also includes dust generated due to ear thwork excavation process.

Noise Levels: These include noise generated by use of equipment during construction a n d operation.

Ecological Resources: These include impacts due to cu t t ing of trees, impacts on f lora a n d fauna, organic waste problems, etc.

Other Impacts: These include other impacts l i k e visual, damages to existing infrastructure, hazards, contamination, nuisance, disease, etc.

1.8 Mitigation Measures

The above ident i f ied negative impacts that cou ld possibly arise during construction and/ or operation are addressed through procedures l isted under the Social a n d Environmental Management Framework (SEMF). This Framework has a social a n d environmental categorization of sub-projects and Social and Environmental M i t iga t ion measures. A s the sub-projects are yet to be identi f ied and Capi ta l Investment Plans are yet to be prepared no ULB specific mi t igat ion measures are ident i f ied a n d planned.

- 1.8.1 Social M i t iga t ion -

The negative social impacts cou ld be mi t igated by implement ing the Rehabil itation and Resettlement (R&R) pol icy a n d entit lement f ramework given in the SEMF based on the category of the sub-project. The sub-projects are categorized as below: Sa - hav ing more than 200 Project Affected Persons (PAPs) Sb - hav ing between 1- 200 PAPs Sc - hav ing no PAPs

For Sa category projects a n independent Social Assessment and Resettlement Ac t ion P lan will be prepared during the preparation a n d appraised a long with the Detai led Project Report (DPR).

The Sb category will make use of the Enti t lement Framework and a Social Management P lan will be prepared as a pa r t of the DPR.

Sc category sub-project does not need any of these as there are no PAPs involved.

1.8.2 Envi ronmenta l

The negative environmental impacts cou ld be mit igated by the SEMF developed during the s tudy a n d later adopted by the GoK. This SEMF categorizes the subprojects as below:

0 Ea: Significant adverse environmental impacts 0 Eb: Moderate adverse environmental impacts 0 Ec: M i n i m a l or no adverse environmental impacts

The E a category sub-projects require conducting and preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) / Envi ronment Management P lan (EMP) as the project m a y have diverse and significant environmental impacts.

The Eb category sub-projects require a n EMP, w h i c h is to be prepared us ing the Guidance g iven in the Borrower’s Guidebook. This EMP becomes a pa r t of the DPR, w h i c h i s appraised by KUIDFC.

The Ec category sub-projects do not require preparation of any EIA or EMP, as these sub-projects have m i n i m a l or no environmental impacts.

1.9 Capacity Building In order to build the social a n d environmental capacity of the ULBs, DUDCs, local Consultants, Resource persons, KUIDFC, etc. a Capacity Building p l a n for a pe r iod of 4 years with a budget of Rs. 20 Mil l ions.

1.9.1 Communicat ing

A s pa r t of the Social a n d Environmental Assessment, a communication strategy has been developed, w h i c h will be fo l lowed to ensure in fo rmed part icipation of the local people in planning, implement ing a n d mon i to r ing sub-projects covered under KMRP.

1.9.2 Invo lvement of Women a n d Other Vulnerables

Based on the f indings of the Social a n d Environmental Assessment, a strategy for invo lvement of W o m e n a n d other Vulnerables has been developed so as t o ensure tha t they are not adversely affected by the project interventions and to ensure access to projects benefits a t pa r with other communities.