„Karen Human Rights Group | KHRG Photo Gallery 2010-B "

8/7/2019 Karen Human Rights Group | KHRG Photo Gallery 2010-B "

1/30

26.02.11 17:37Karen Human Rights Group | KHRG Photo Gallery 2010-B | draft

Seite 1 von 30http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html

About KHRG | Contact Us Advanced search Search

HOME BACKGROUND ON BURMA REPORTS NEWS BULLETINS PHOTOSETS MAPS LINKS

Reports Photosets February 24th, 2011

KHRG Photo Gallery 2010-B

The second installment[1] of KHRG's Photo Gallery 2010 includes

95 still photographs selected from images taken by KHRG field

researchers since December 2009. Of these photos, 50 were taken

between December 2009 and March 2010, and 45 were taken

between April and July 2010. Photos were taken in Papun,

Nyaunglebin, Toungoo, Mergui/Tavoy, Pa'an and Dooplaya districts

of locally-defined Karen State, as well as at sites on the Thai side of

the Thailand Burma border. This edition of the gallery has been

divided into six subsections: Establishment of Border Guard Forces

and strategic displacement; Involuntary repatriation of refugees in

Tha Song Yang District; Surviving with dignity beyond military

control; Life under military control; Livelihoods under strain;

Landmines; and Children in armed conflict.

KHRG is committed to documenting not just the way that villagers

are victims of human rights abuses, but also the myriad protection

strategies they employ to resist abuse as well as maintain cultural

practices and continuity in their lives. Consequently, all sections of

this report include a wide variety of photo selections, not just

photos of villagers as victims.

Since the last photo gallery was released, KHRG has continued to

document patterns ofabuse consistent with those presented in

earlier editions. Villagers already under government control

continue to report abuses related to attempts by the Tatmadaw,

Burma's state army, and non-state armed groups (NSAGs) holding

ceasefire agreements with the Tatmadaw such as the Democratic

Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA) to consolidate control and support

ongoing militarization of the countryside. Elsewhere, Tatmadaw

forces continue efforts to expand control of territory and civilian

populations, particularly in upland areas in northern Karen State.

Though the Northern Karen State Offensive ended in 2008, military

attacks on villagers in hiding, and their means of survival,

nonetheless continue.[2] According to the most recent figures, more than 70,000 villagers remain displaced and in

hiding in northern Karen areas, of whom more than 28,000 have been displaced or re-displaced within the past year;[3]

between August 2009 and July 2010, at least 95 more villages were destroyed, relocated or abandoned.[4] In 2010,

disagreements between the Tatmadaw and some sections of the DKBA over the latter's absorption into the Tatmadaw as

Border Guard battalions also increased insecurity for villagers in Pa'an and Dooplaya districts in central Karen State, as

civilians worried that open conflict would return to the region.[5] Despite the many challenges to civilian security and

livelihoods, however, villagers in eastern Burma continue to show bravery and resilience, employing a range of strategies

to protect their families and communities from abuse and the effects of abuse.

Photos included in the Photo Gallery are identified with alphanumeric characters shown below each image.

To view the first instalment of KHRGs Photo Gallery 2010, click here.

All photos are by KHRG except where otherwise noted.

Establishment of Border Guard Forces and strategic displacement

Involuntary repatriation of refugees in Tha Song Yang District

Surviving with dignity beyond military control
http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c3.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c3.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c3.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c3.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c3.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c3.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c3.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c3.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c3.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c3.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c3.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c12.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c12.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_chttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_dhttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_ehttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_chttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c12.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_chttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_bhttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c12.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_ahttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c12.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c12.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c12.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c12.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_1http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c12.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/index.phphttp://www.khrg.org/background_on_burma.htmlhttp://www.khrg.org/reports/reportsbyyear/index.php?rep_year=allhttp://www.khrg.org/reports/newsbulletins/index.phphttp://www.khrg.org/reports/photosets/index.phphttp://www.khrg.org/http://www.khrg.org/http://www.khrg.org/http://www.khrg.org/http://www.khrg.org/http://www.khrg.org/http://www.khrg.org/http://www.khrg.org/about.htmlhttp://www.khrg.org/contactus.phphttp://www.khrg.org/search/index.phphttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_bhttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_ahttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010/index.htmlhttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_5http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_4http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_3http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_2http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_ghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_fhttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_ehttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_dhttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_chttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_bhttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_ahttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_1http://www.khrg.org/reports/photosets/index.phphttp://www.khrg.org/reports/reportsbyyear/index.php?rep_year=allhttp://www.khrg.org/links/index.htmlhttp://www.khrg.org/maps/index.htmlhttp://www.khrg.org/reports/photosets/index.phphttp://www.khrg.org/reports/newsbulletins/index.phphttp://www.khrg.org/reports/reportsbyyear/index.php?rep_year=allhttp://www.khrg.org/background_on_burma.htmlhttp://www.khrg.org/index.phphttp://www.khrg.org/http://www.khrg.org/search/index.phphttp://www.khrg.org/contactus.phphttp://www.khrg.org/about.htmlhttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c3.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c12.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_c


2/30



Life under military control

Livelihoods under strain

Landmines

Children in armed conflict | Map Room

Terms and Abbreviations

IED Improvised explosive device, sometimes used to describe homemade landmines and other explosives

used by the DKBA and KNLA

Na Sa Ka SPDC's 'Border Defense' force

UXO Unexploded ordnance

SPDC State Peace & Development Council; military junta ruling Burma

PDC Peace & Development Council; SPDC local-level administration, (e.g. Village PDC [VPDC], Village Tract

PDC, Township PDC [TPDC])

Village

tract

An administrative unit of 5 to 20 villages in a local area, often centred on a large village

TatmadawSPDC Armed Forces; Tatmadaw Kyiis the Army, often referred to here as the SPDC Army

IB Infantry Battalion (SPDC), supposed to be about 500 soldiers strong but at present most SPDC battalions

number under 200

LIB Light Infantry Battalion (SPDC) , supposed to be about 500 soldiers strong but at present most SPDC

battalions number under 200

LID Light Infantry Division (SPDC), consisting of 10 Light Infantry Battalions

MOC Military Operations Command (SPDC/SLORC); 10 battalions, for offensive operations, may be deployed

anywhere

Company Military unit of about 100 soldiers, though often under-strength in SPDC Army

Column Combination of Companies, assembled for operations; usually 100-300 soldiers

Camp Army base or outpost; from remote hill posts of 10 soldiers to Battalion HQ camps of several hundredsoldiers

BGF Tatmadaw Border Guard Force

NCO Non-commissioned officers; Lance Corporals, Corporals, and Sergeants

KNU Karen National Union; main Karen opposition group

KNLA Karen National Liberation Army; armed wing of the KNU

DKBA Democratic Karen Buddhist Army; Karen group allied with the SPDC

KPF Karen Peace Force, Nyein Chan Yay A'Pweh ("Peace Group") in Burmese; formed in 1997 by defected

KNLA officer Thu Mu Heh and allied with SPDC

RTA Royal Thai Army

loh ah payForced labour; literally it means traditional voluntary labour, but used by SPDC officers in reference to

short-term forced labour

Set tha 'Messenger'; forced labour as errand-runners, messengers, and for some odd jobs

viss Unit of weight measure; one viss is 1.6 kilograms or 3.5 pounds

milk tin Volume measure equivalent to the contents of a 200 ml condensed milk tin

bowl/pyi Volume measure equivalent to 8 small condensed milk tins; about 2 kg / 4.4 lb of rice

kyat Burmese currency; US$1=6 Kyat at official rate, 1200+ Kyat at current market rate

Paddy Rice grain still in the husk

Rice Rice grain after pounding or milling, with the husk removed and ready to cook
http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_ghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_fhttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_ehttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_dhttp://www.khrg.org/maps/index.html


3/30




In early 2009, Burma's State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) authorities initiated the final stages of a plan to

press non-state armed groups in Burma's border regions that had previously signed ceasefire agreements with the SPDC

to either disband and form legal political parties to contest the 2010 national elections, or else transform themselves

into "Border Guard Forces" under more direct authority of the Tatmadaw, Burma's state army.[6] An April 28th 2009

directive issued by the SPDC instructed ceasefire groups to begin the transformation process;[7] on May 7th 2009,commanding officers stated in a high-level meeting of Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA) officers at DKBA

headquarters in Myaing Gyi Ngu, Pa'an District that the group would commence its transformation.[8]

Negotiations and internal DKBA disagreement about the extent of integration into the Tatmadaw, however, continued for

more than a year, with several deadlines for formal transformation passing.[9] In June 2010, a 'final' transformation

deadline of August 10th 2010 was declared along with threats of armed force for non-compliance, and Na Kha Mway, the

commander of DKBA forces variously referred to as Battalion #907, 'Klo Htoo Baw', and 5th Brigade, indicated that

troops under his command would not join the BGF with other DKBA factions.[10] On July 22nd Na Kha Mway formally

rejected the BGF proposal, and tensions between Tatmadaw and non-complying DKBA forces further escalated amid

speculation that Tatmadaw forces might attack and attempt to arrest Na Kha Mway, possibly in a joint-operation with

those DKBA forces that had decided to cooperate with the BGF plan. On July 25th, more than 600 villagers in

northeastern Kawkareik Township, Dooplaya District began to flee from their villages to Thailand's Phop Phra District in

anticipation of an imminent Tatmadaw attack on Na Kha Mway's forces in the area.[11]

A-1 A-2

A-3

Photos A-1, A-2 and A-3, taken on July 25th 2010, show

residents of Lay Ghaw, Wah May Htar, U Gklay Htar, Hee

Ther Pler, Thay Baw Boh, and Bler Doh villages in

Kawkareik Township, Dooplaya District, crossing the Moei

River with their belongings to take refuge in Muh Luh

Chah village in Phop Phra District of Thailand's Tak

Province. Some villagers reported that DKBA 5th Brigade

officers under the command of Na Kha Mway had called a

meeting of village heads and instructed them to inform

all women and children in their villages to flee in advance

of the expected attacks. [Photos: KHRG]
http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/a2.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/a1.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/a3.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/a2.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/a1.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_11http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_10http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_9http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_8http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_7http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_6http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/a3.jpg


4/30



A-4 A-5

A-6

Photos A-4, A-5 and A-6, taken on July 25th 2010, show

Lay Ghaw, Wah May Htar, U Gklay Htar, Hee Ther Pler,Thay Baw Boh, and Bler Doh villagers arriving at Muh Luh

Chah[12] village in Phop Phra District, Thailand. Thai

soldiers checked the villagers' possessions and papers as

they arrived. Local residents of Muh Luh Chah provided

food for those refugees who were unable to bring

adequate provisions with them, and authorities from the

Thai Health Department tended to those in need of

medical assistance. Photos A-7 and A-8 show the

refugees, including many women and children, at a

temporary sheltering site in Muh Luh Chah. [Photos:

KHRG]

A-7 A-8
http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/a7.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/a8.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/a7.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_12http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/a6.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/a5.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/a4.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/a6.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/a5.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/a4.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/a8.jpg


5/30



A-9 A-10

Photos A-9, A-10, A-11 and A-12, also taken on July 25th2010, show mothers and infant children taking shelter at

Muh Luh Chah. On July 26th 2010, at 11 am Thai army officials met with representatives of the displaced villagers

and Muh Luh Chah village leaders; the parties agreed that the refugees could return to their homes that day and that

they would be permitted to take shelter on the Thai side of the river in the event of future attacks on their villages.

In the months since this agreement was reached, conflict has flared in villages in Dooplaya District adjacent to

Thailand's Phop Phra and Tak Provinces as Tatmadaw forces have sought to dislodge some DKBA forces that have

continued to resist integration into the Tatmadaw from their former bases, prompting tens of thousands of villagers to

seek protection in Thailand. Refugees that spoke with KHRG cited a variety of protection concerns stemming from

conflict and conflict-related abuse; they also expressed fears for the security of their livelihoods and property.[13]

[Photos: KHRG]

A-11A-12


Between January and April 2010, villagers from Pa'an District that had been taking refuge at temporary sites in Tha Song

Yang District of Thailand's Tak Province were ordered to leave the sites and return to Burma by Thai army officials. The

refugees had begun fleeing increased conflict and exploitative abuse in their villages in Lu Bpleh and Dta Greh

townships, Pa'an District in June 2009, when State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) Army and Democratic KarenBuddhist Army (DKBA) troops staged joint attacks on three Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) camps near the Ler

Per Her camp for internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Dta Greh Township. The villagers had primarily been hosted in
http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/a12.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_13http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/a11.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/a12.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/a10.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/a9.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/a10.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/a9.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/a11.jpg


6/30



three temporary sites in Tha Song Yang District: Nong Bua, Mae U Su and Mae Salit.[14] At the end of January 2010,

Royal Thai Army (RTA) officials announced their intention to repatriate the refugees, stating that the area from which

the refugees had fled was now safe for their 'voluntary' return. Although the assertion that returns would be voluntary

was disputed by the verbal testimony of numerous villagers and by local civil society and humanitarian groups, the first

three families were returned on February 5th. Though no further groups were forced into boats and returned to Burma

that day, RTA soldiers maintained consistent pressure on refugees to return, including repeatedly telling them it was

safe to return, restricting access to humanitarian services, and harassing residents of the sites. By April 1st 2010 the

Nong Bua and Mae U Su sites which in January had hosted 2,409 refugees were empty after their inhabitants had

gradually submitted to the two-month-long campaign of harassment and pressure by RTA soldiers.[15]

B-1 B-2

B-3 B-4

Photos B-1 and B-2, taken on February 12th 2010, show families from the Mae U Su refugee camp under guard on

the Thailand side of the Moei River, as the RTA prepared to return them to Burma. Photos B-3 and B-4, also taken

on February 12th 2010, show some of the families as they returned to the Burma side of the river, and began walking

back into Pa'an District. Paths like the one shown serve as the primary travel routes in the area; they also were

littered with unmarked landmines that posed a considerable risk to returned refugees. [Photos: Local source]
http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b3.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b2.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b1.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b4.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b3.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b2.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b1.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_15http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_14http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b4.jpg


7/30



B-5 B-6

Photos B-5 and B-6, taken in March 2010, shows RTA soldiers based in Tha Song Yang District, Tak Province arriving

at Mae U Su temporary hosting site for refugees that fled Tatmadaw/DKBA attacks on KNLA positions near Ler Per

Her in Pa'an in June 2009. Refugees told KHRG that RTA soldiers assembled the refugees two to three times per day

to inform them that they could no longer remain in the site and that they should return to Burma. [Photos: KHRG]

B-7 B-8

B-9

Photos B-7, B-8 and B-9, taken in March 2010, show

refugees from Ler Per Her dismantling their huts and

burning trash in preparation for their departure from Mae

U Su refugee site. Refugees interviewed by KHRG and

other community-based organisations stated that they

did not yet feel secure to return to their villages, but that

the Thai authorities had made it clear to them that they

would not be permitted to remain in the site. [Photos:

KHRG]
http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b8.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b7.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b9.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b8.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b7.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b6.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b5.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b6.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b5.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b9.jpg


8/30



B-10 B-11

Photos B-10, B-11, B-12 and B-13, taken in March 2010, show refugees leaving Mae U Su temporary refugee site

with their possessions, and waiting to cross the Moei River that forms the border between Pa'an District and Tak

Province in the area. Thai authorities had set the end of March as the deadline for refugees to depart the site.Villages in Dta Greh Township, Pa'an District from which refugees had fled included Htee Tha Htaw, WahMee Gklah,

Meh La Ah Kee, Meh La Ah Htar, Gklay Moh Kee, Gklay Poe Kee, Waw Gkyaw, Gkoh Gkwaw Lay, Gkyay Poe Kee and

Meh Gkeh; some returning refugees told a KHRG field researcher that they would not dare to work in their farm fields

because they feared landmine contamination and worried about food shortages. [Photos: Local source]

B-12 B-13
http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b14.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b13.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b12.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b13.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b12.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b11.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b10.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b11.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b10.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b15.jpg


9/30



B-14 B-15

B-16

Photos B-14 and B-15, taken on June 4th 2010, show

Gkleh Tha Waw village, in Lu Bpleh Township. KHRG

researchers reported residents of Gkleh Tha Waw fled on

June 5th 2009 due to joint Tatmadaw/DKBA attacks on

KNU/KNLA 7th Brigade forces, but returned to rebuild

their homes and stay in their village in early 2010. PhotoB-16, taken in March 2010, shows Saw G---, a 30 year

old farmer from Me--- village in Dta Greh Township. Saw

G--- fled to a temporary refugee site in Mae U Su village

in Tak Province's Tha Song Yang District on July 5th 2009

due to the Tatmadaw/DKBA offensive in Pa'an. He told

KHRG that Thai authorites forced him to return to Burma

in March 2010, and that he must now perform daily paid

labour in order to buy food to eat; many refugees were

unable to prepare fields and homes prior to return due to

the sudden repatriation of refugees by Thai authorities in

March 2010. Photo B-17, taken on March 31st 2010,

shows Saw Pe---, a 10-year-old boy, after accidentally

detonating an unexploded M79 cartridge he and his

brother had found outside Mae La Ah Kee village. Arelative of Saw Pe--- told KHRG that his family had

returned to their village in Burma after RTA soldiers

forced them to leave the Mae U Su camp. [Photo: KHRG]

B-17


Tatmadaw practices appear to be designed to depopulate areas of eastern Burma over which consolidated military

control is difficult to establish, particularly upland areas. The well-documented pattern of abuses faced by civilians

attempting to remain beyond military control suggests that these practices continue to be widely utilized. Where

possible, civilian populations of such areas are forcibly relocated to areas that can easily be controlled and tapped for

material support in the form of finances, labour and materials by Tatmadaw forces, usually in lowland territory or along

established roads. Communities attempting to avoid relocation, and their livelihoods, are then targeted through practices

that foster high levels of human insecurity in order to render areas beyond military control effectively uninhabitable.

Abuses documented in such areas by KHRG include both willful and indiscriminate attacks on civilians, including women

and children; attacks and other measures targeting food production and the food supply; the destruction of property

essential to civilian survival, including the heavy deployment of landmines in areas essential to civilian livelihoods; and

the active obstruction of humanitarian assistance, in particular food, medicine and health services to such areas. [16]

Despite the security and humanitarian challenges faced by civilians inhabiting areas beyond consolidated military control,

large civilian populations continue to hide in such areas, employing a range of self-protection strategies in order to avoid

forced relocation or SPDC Army attacks. Such 'strategic' displacement entails a range of protection measures employedby individuals and communities to ensure adequate preparation for displacement; advance warning of threats; secure

removal of all family or community members to a different location; and collective survival for the duration of
http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b17.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b17.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b16.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b15.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b14.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/b16.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_16


10/30



displacement, including addressing problems related to physical insecurity, restricted movement and constrained access

to land, food and health services.[17]

C-1 C-2

Photos C-1 and C-2, taken on February 9th 2010, show abandoned huts in Leh Kee, once a major hiding site for

villagers in Lu Thaw Township, Papun District. Leh Kee has been abandoned since Tatmadaw forces active in Lu Thaw

Township increased their presence in the area, establishing a camp at Gkaw Daw Gkoh. The previous residents of Leh

Kee have since shifted to an alternative site and, according to a KHRG researcher, they do not date to return to Leh

Kee as long as it is within range of Tatmadaw military operations. [Photos: KHRG]

C-3 C-4

Photos C-3 and C-4, taken on March 20th 2010, show

homes belonging to villagers in hiding in La---, in T'Naw

Tha Ree Township of Mergui-Tavoy District. Villagers fled

here during March 2010 due operations of Tatmadaw LIB

#17, under Battalion Commander Kyaw Naing in the Ma

Noh Roh area of T'Naw Tha Ree Township. Photo C-5,

also taken on March 20th, shows one of the families

currently hiding in La---. Many families in the site

reported that they were confronting food shortages; they

told KHRG they planned to attempt to buy food in villages

in Tatmadaw- controlled areas, but were afraid of what

would happen to them if they were captured byTatmadaw soldiers. [Photos: KHRG]
http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c4.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c3.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c5.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c4.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c3.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c2.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c1.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c2.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c1.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_17http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c5.jpg


11/30



C-5

C-6 C-7

Photos C-6 and C-7, taken on April 22nd 2010, show Naw Pah Lah, a 27 year old woman from Khoh Lu village in Ler

Doh Township, Nyaunglebin District. Naw P--- was shot during an attack by Tatmadaw LIB #369 on Khaw Hta village

on March 22nd 2010. At 6:30 pm, Naw P--- was returning to her home in Kh--- with her infant son and 5-year old

daughter from visiting her father in Le---; as her family passed through Khaw Hta, they were fired upon by LIB #369

soldiers. Naw P--- was injured in her side; her 5-year-old daughter Naw Pa--- was shot in the head and killed; and

her 5-month old son Saw Ht--- was shot in the leg and buttock and died later that evening.[18][Photos: KHRG]

C-8

Photo C-8, taken on March 19th 2010, shows a villager in

hiding in La--- village in the Ma Noh Roh area of T'Naw

Tha Ree Township in Mergui/Tavoy District. The man is

shown pounding paddy. He told a KHRG field researcher

that people in his village are always afraid of the

Tatmadaw, and worry that Tatmadaw soldiers will come

to attack the hiding site and shoot the villagers. [Photo:

KHRG]
http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c8.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_18http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c7.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c6.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c7.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c6.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c8.jpg


12/30


13/30



C-11

C-12 C-13

C-14 C-15

Photos C-14 and C-15, also taken on July 27th 2010, show the remains of the church in Tha Dah Der village, which

was burnt down during the attack by Tatmadaw LIB #370. A KHRG researcher also reported that the burning of the

church damaged one side of a school the village which was located next to the church. [Photos: KHRG]

C-16 C-17
http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c16.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c15.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c14.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c15.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c14.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c13.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c12.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c17.jpg


14/30



Photos C-16 and C-17, taken on July 27th 2010, show animals belonging to residents of Tha Dah Der that were

slaughtered by troops from Tatmadaw LIB #370. The KHRG researcher who visited Tha Dah Der just three days after

the attack said that pigs, chicken, goats and other animals had been killed and mutilated before Tatmadaw soldiers

withdrew from the village. [Photos: KHRG]

C-18 C-19

C-20

Photos C-18, C-19 and C-20, taken on July 27th 2010,

show property belonging to residents of Tha Dah Der that

was damaged or destroyed in the July 23rd and 24th

attack. Many of these items, including food and water

storage containers, as well as cooking, agricultural and

other livelihoods equipment are essential for daily village

life. [Photos: KHRG]

C-21 C-22
http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c21.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c20.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c19.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c18.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c20.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c19.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c18.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c17.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c16.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c22.jpg


15/30



Photos C-21 and C-22, taken on 28th July 2010, show fields cultivated by villagers in the Tha Dah Der area that

were damaged by buffaloes while the villagers remained in hiding following the attack by Tatmadaw LIB #370 on Tha

Dah Der village. Photo C-21 shows a paddy field near Tha Dah Der in which buffaloes trampled and ate paddy plants.

Photo C-22 shows one of four hill fields belonging to residents of T'Kaw Toh Baw, near Tha Dah Der, in which

villagers reported that paddy plants were eaten and trampled by buffaloes. Paddy and hill field farmers would

normally spend long hours at their agricultural projects, but most communities in the area fled during the attacks on

Tha Dah Der on July 23rd and 24th, and did not feel safe to return to their homes immediately afterwards. [Photos:

KHRG]


The majority of Karen areas in eastern Burma are controlled by the Tatmadaw and non-state armed groups (NSAGs)

that have ceasefire agreements with the Tatmadaw. Villagers in controlled areas must contend with a variety of abuses

that appear to be related to attempts by these armed groups to consolidate and entrench military authority over lowland

areas by improving military infrastructure, as well as systems of civilian control and resource extraction, to support the

substantial military presence active in the area. Extractive abuses by Tatmadaw and ceasefire NSAG forces documented

by KHRG include various forms of arbitrary taxation and ad hoc demands for financial and material support, as well as

demands for various forms of forced labour including: fabricating and delivering building materials; construction and

maintenance of roads; portering; forced recruitment into military service; guide, sentry, and 'messenger' duty;

construction of army camps, fences, schools, libraries and clinics; and forced agriculture. Demands for forced labour are

typically backed by implicit or explicit threats of violence by the issuing authority.[21]

KHRG's research strongly indicates that the forced extraction of significant financial, material, and labour resources fromcivilian populations under control of Tatmadaw and ceasefire NSAG forces is an established, widespread practice

throughout eastern Burma. Military personnel who engage in these practices do not appear to be punished or otherwise

held accountable for their actions, suggesting that the practice of Tatmadaw units supporting themselves via local

extraction is ignored or tacitly condoned, if not explicitly mandated in policy. [22] Extractive demands require villagers to

divert crucial time, energy and resources away from their own, typically subsistence, livelihoods.

KNLA forces also remains active in some areas under Tatmadaw or ceasefire NSAG control, staging guerrilla-style attacks

and placing landmines and booby traps.[23] In response, villagers are frequently placed under tight movement

restrictions, with those violating the restrictions risking fines, detention, being shot on sight outside villages or at

checkpoints, and abuse as suspected KNU/KNLA members or supporters. Individuals suspected of communicating with or

supporting the KNU/KNLA may face detention and questioning, as well as fines, torture, the destruction of their property

and enforced disappearance. Movement restrictions restrict the amount of time villagers can spend at their agricultural

projects or engaged in livelihoods activities, such as trade or daily labour outside their home village, exacerbating the

strain on livelihoods and food security caused by exploitative abuse.

It is important to note that rural villagers employ a variety of strategies to minimise or avoid complying with exploitative

orders and other abuses. These strategies range from simple requests for reductions in 'taxation' quotas or an alleviation

of movement restrictions, to aggressive challenges for military personnel to withdraw their demands. Utilising firsthand

knowledge of and experience with local military personnel and repression local villagers are often skilled at discerning

how much or how little space exists to oppose particular abuses. Strategies which villagers employ in areas under the

consolidated control of the Tatmadaw or ceasefire NSAGs include, amongst other techniques complaints and negotiation;

bribery or payment of 'fines' to avoid fulfilling a demand, including negotiations to reduce payments; lying; refusing;

confronting; seeking intervention or mediation from alternate mutually-recognised authorities or respected figures;

various forms of discreet partial or false compliance; and evasion. [24]

D-1 D-2
http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/d1.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_24http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_23http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_22http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_21http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c22.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/c21.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/d2.jpg


16/30



Photo D-1,taken on February 4th 2010, shows a major Tatmadaw camp in Gkaw Thay Der village, Tantabin

Township, Toungoo District. Information from KHRG's field researchers indicates that battalions from Tatmadaw

Military Operation Command (MOC) #7 have been active in Toungoo since the end of 2009. Villagers in the Gkaw

Thay Der area report that Tatmadaw troops have rotated between camps as frequently as twice a month this year,

and that whichever unit is based at Gkaw Thay Der camp makes frequent demands for forced labour from residents

of nearby villages, including Gklay Soh Kee, Gkaw Thay Der, Kler La and Gkaw Muh Der.[25] Photo D-2, also taken

on February 4th 2010, shows villagers passing in front of the Tatmadaw camp in Gkaw Thay Der on their way back

from collecting firewood in the forest. [Photos: KHRG]

D-3 D-4

Photos D-3 and D-4, taken on March 19th 2010, show villagers from B--- village, Bu Tho Township, Papun District

clearing roadside brush as ordered by soldiers from Tatmadaw LIB #340 based in M--- village. According to local

sources, all of the villages located near the vehicle road in Meh Gklaw village tract, including Boh Htar, Meh T'Ru, Ta

Bpoh Gklah, Bweh Gklah and Gkaw La Gklah villages, are required to clear roadside brush and grass every year and

do not receive food or payment for their work. This labour entails high physical security risks for villagers, as

roadways in northern Karen State are frequently mined by Tatmadaw, DKBA, and KNLA forces with each party

seeking to disrupt the others' operations, secure territory for themselves while denying territory to their adversaries.[Photos: KHRG]

D-5 D-6

Photos D-5 and D-6, taken on March 19th 2010, show a paddy field controlled by Tatmadaw LIB #340 in Meh Gklaw

village tract, Bu Tho Township. Local villagers told a KHRG field researcher that this paddy field is four acres in size,

and that LIB #340 forces residents of B--- village to plant and plough the paddy every year. [Photos: KHRG]
http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/d5.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/d6.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/d5.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/d4.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/d3.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/d4.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/d3.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/d2.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_25http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/d1.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/d6.jpg


17/30



D-7 D-8

Photos D-7 and D-8, taken on March 19th 2010, show residents of B--- village, Bu Tho Township fabricating and

delivering thatch shingles to fulfill an order issued by soldiers from Tatmadaw LIB #340 based in the area. Local

sources report that the local Tatmadaw camp to which the thatch was to be delivered is approximately one hour from

B--- on foot. Thatch is a common building material in eastern Burma, typically used for roofing buildings. [Photos:KHRG]

D-9

Photo D-9, taken on April 8th 2010, shows a man from

Bp--- village in Than Daung Township, Toungoo District

astride his motorcycle. He told KHRG that he had

previously been forced to carry Tatmadaw rations with

his motorbike from Bp--- to N--- village by Tatmadaw

MOC #7 soldiers based at a camp in M---, and under the

command of Officer M---. He added that there are

several checkpoints on the road between Bp--- and N---

that each demand 500 Kyat from a passing motorcycle,

and that officers at these checkpoints sometimes charge

villagers even though they are carrying Tatmadaw

rations. [Photo: KHRG]

Photo D-10, taken on May 9th 2010, shows an order

letter issued to a village head in Thaundaung Township

by a Tatmadaw unit based from MOC #7 based at Ma--,

under the command of Officer My--. The letter demands

that the village head come to the Tatmadaw camp to

meet the officer who wrote the letter. The village head

later told KHRG that at the meeting the Tatmadaw

commander ordered him to arrange for villagers to porter

Tatmadaw rations. [Photo: KHRG]

D-10
http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/d10.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/d9.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/d9.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/d8.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/d7.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/d8.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/d7.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/d10.jpg


18/30



D-11

Photo D-11, taken on April 10th 2010, shows villagers in

Thandaung Township portering Tatmadaw rations from

the camp at Ma-- to Kler La, where the MOC

Headquarters for Toungoo District is located. The KHRGresearcher that photographed these porters said that the

group included girls as young as 15. He estimated the

weight of the loads at 15 viss (24.5 kg. / 54 lb.), saying

that these were too heavy for some porters to carry

alone. [Photo: KHRG]

D-12 D-13

Photo D-12 taken in April 2010, shows money collected by

residents of Ht--- village in Meh Gklaw village tract, Bu

Thoh Township to pay 'porter fees' to soldiers from DKBA

Gk'Saw Wah Special Battalion #777 active in the area.

Local sources told KHRG that Soldiers inform village in the

area that they must pay the fees instead of providing

porters. Local residents said that DKBA soldiers have

demanded 15,000 kyat per month in porter fees from

villages in Meh Gklaw village tract since November 2009.

[photo: KHRG]

Photo D-13 taken on April 13th 2010, shows logs cut

by residents of T---, W---, D--- and Ht--- villages, in

Meh Gklaw village tract. Local sources report that DKBA

forces based at Way Lu Won monastery in Papun Town

under the command of officer Hs---, demanded that

each village in Meh Gklaw village tract provide three

tons of logs to support DKBA logging businesses in Meh

Gklaw and Mae Mweh village tracts. [photo: KHRG]


Most families and communities in rural eastern Burma engage in subsistence livelihoods requiring high inputs of labour,

time and resources. In addition to these already difficult circumstances, however, villagers must struggle on a daily basis

to retain control over land and the freedom to pursue livelihoods activities; as the Tatmadaw and other non-state armed

forces seek to control the civilian population, a number of military practices undermine villagers' control over their land

and livelihoods.

In areas beyond permanent military control, these practices are oriented towards making such areas uninhabitable for

civilians and include: staging military attacks on villagers engaged in farming activities; forcibly relocating accessible

civilian populations away from land; sending patrols to pre-burn damp fields to prevent a complete burn; deploying
http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/d12.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/d13.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/d12.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/d11.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/d11.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/d13.jpg


19/30



landmines in agricultural areas; and destroying paddy and other crops and paddy storage facilities. Restrictions on

humanitarian support to communities in such areas, including military attacks on support providers, mean that villagers

are in many cases entirely dependent on acutely constrained livelihoods activities.

In mixed administration or areas of consolidated military control, including relocation sites, practices are oriented

towards control of and extraction of resources from civilian populations and include: a range of forced labour demands

that divert time and resources from civilian livelihoods; arbitrary taxation on trade and small-scale industry; and

movement restrictions that geographically and temporally constrain villagers' livelihoods activities.

The tension between military practices and civilian efforts to pursue livelihoods severely undercuts the human security of

communities across eastern Burma. Consequences include widespread and persistent economic insecurity and cyclicalhousehold indebtedness, food shortages and high rates of malnutrition, and a range of health vulnerabilities. In the face

of such direct challenges to their livelihoods, villagers have responded by adopting supplementary occupations, migrating

in search of work, hiding food storage bins in the forest, and operating small covert hill fields and 'jungle' markets in

order to evade restrictions and harmful practices of the Tatmadaw and other armed groups seeking to consolidate or

expand control of civilian populations.

E-1 E-2

Photo E-1, taken on May 25th 2010, shows a villager in D--

- village, Lu Thaw Township, Papun District cutting grass in

her hill field to protect the young paddy crop. Hill field

farmers must carefully tend their plots, clearing weeds,

grass and leaves to reduce the presence of destructive

insects, as well as keeping buffaloes, wild pigs and other

animals from eating or destroying the paddy plants.

[photo: KHRG]

Photo E-2, taken in February 2010, shows villagers who

fled from L--- village to a hiding site in Lu Thaw

Township, Papun District. The villagers are cutting

down trees to prepare a new hill field. They will wait

one month to allow the felled trees to dry before

burning them to fertilise the soil. After clearing any

unburned wood, the field will be ready for planting, and

the villagers will build field huts to be able to remain

near their crop at important junctures in the

agricultural cycle. [photo: KHRG]

E-3 E-4
http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e3.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e2.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e1.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e2.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e1.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e4.jpg


20/30



Photos E-3, taken on March 22nd 2010, shows villagers from a hiding site in the Sh--- area of Nyaunglebin District,

working as day labourers carrying bamboo near Shwegyin town. Faced with acute food insecurity across much of

northern Karen State, many villagers in hiding must perform such daily labour in order to be able to feed themselves

and their families.[26] Photo E-4, also taken on March 22nd 2010, shows a hut where villagers from hiding sites in

Sh--- sleep while they are away from their homes performing daily labour. [Photos: KHRG]

E-5

Photo E-5, taken on March 22nd 2010, shows villagers in

Shwegyin Township, Nyaunglebin District who own a

bullock cart using it to transport lumber. They earn a

living by charging fees for usage of the cart; villagers

who do not own bullock carts can also earn daily wages

as extra labourers loading and unloading the cart.

[Photo: KHRG]

E-6 E-7

Photos E-6 and E-7, taken on March 30th 2010, show villagers who live in Tatmadaw relocation sites in T'Naw Tha

Ree Township, Mergui-Tavoy District travelling outside of the relocation sites to pursue livelihoods activitieselsewhere in the Ma Noh Roh area. In photo E-6, villagers cut fish caught in the local river; in photo E-7 villagers

engaged in trading wood are loading bamboo rafts to ship wood along the river. Residents of the area told KHRG that

they are required to buy permission documents if they need to travel in the area for any purpose. [Photos: KHRG]

Destruction of villagers' agricultural projects
http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e7.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e6.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e7.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e6.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e5.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e5.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e4.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_26http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e3.jpg


21/30



E-8 E-9

Photos E-8, taken in April 2010, shows a field hut and burned rubber trees belonging Saw M--- that were destroyed

by mortars launched by IB #548 on April 23rd 2010 in P---village, Waw Raw (Win Yaw) Township, Dooplaya District.

Saw M---'s entire plantation of 1,600 trees is now damaged and needs to be replanted. Photo E-9, also taken in April

2010, shows rubber trees in a plantation belonging to Saw T--- that were burned and destroyed in the same

incident; all 1,370 trees on his plantation will need to be replanted. [Photos: KHRG]

Photo E-10, taken in April 2010, shows Saw T---, a

resident of P --- village, Waw Raw (Win Yaw) Township.

Saw T---'s rubber plantation was destroyed in a fire

caused by mortars launched by IB #548 on April 23rd2010; the gas powered brush cutter he used for

maintaining his plantation, pictured left, was also

damaged in the fire.[27][Photo: KHRG]

E-10

E-11 E-12
http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e11.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e10.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_27http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e10.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e9.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e8.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e9.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e8.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e12.jpg


22/30



Photo E-11, taken on January 9th 2010, shows betelnut

trees in plantations maintained by villagers in Tantabin

Township, Toungoo District; the trees were damaged by

soldiers from Tatmadaw LIB #427, under MOC #7, who

were patrolling in the area. The majority of villagers in

Toungoo are dependent on producing crops such as betel

and cardamom that can be transported to markets and

traded to acquire rice and other essential items. [photo:

KHRG]

Photo E-12, taken on February 8th 2010, shows smoke

rising from burning cardamom plantations along the

Kler La to Buh Hsa Kee road between See Kheh Der

and Plaw Moo Der in Tantabin Township, Toungoo

District. Patrolling Tatmadaw forces set fire to

vegetation along the road, including cardamom

plantations, while rations were being delivered to

camps in the area.[28][photo: KHRG]

E-13 E-14

E-15

Photo E-13, taken on May 10th 2010, shows a cardamom

plantation, owned by residents of Bp--- village, Than

Daung Township, Toungoo District, that was destroyed in

a fire set by soldiers from Tatmadaw LIB #425 based

Maw Pa Der camp while on patrol. Photos E-14 and E-15,

taken on May 11th 2010, show field huts belonging to

Saw K--- and his cousin, both villagers from Ku---

village, which were also burned by patrolling LIB #425

troops, destroying blankets, plates and other possessions

stored inside. Local sources believed that Tatmadaw

soldiers were destroying plantations and homes and

enforcing tight travel restrictions to clear the area for a

road between Maw Pa Der and the Day Loh river, where

they intend to build a dam. [Photos: KHRG]

Landmines

Landmines are used extensively by the Tatmadaw and all non-state armed groups active in eastern Burma, and pose a

range of threats to civilians. Tatmadaw, DKBA and KNLA forces, and sometimes villagers themselves, use landmines on

roads, paths and around camps and villages in shoot-on-sight areas, as well as in some mixed-administration areas.

None of these actors have the capacity to comprehensively map and de-mine contaminated areas when camps are

vacated or mines are no longer needed.

State and non-state armed groups have also used landmines to control movements by the civilian population,

particularly between mixed-administration and shoot-on-sight areas. In areas where these forces have attempted to

expand control or drive populations into lowland relocation sites, landmines have been placed in abandoned villages to

prevent return by villagers in hiding. Landmines have also been used to prevent access to agricultural land for villagers

in hiding, and to prevent villagers from leaving forced relocation sites or returning to abandoned villages and agricultural

land. Landmines are not always clearly marked, nor are communities always warned of new dangerous landmine areas.

The Tatmadaw appears to have shared landmines with the DKBA, which has placed these landmines in civilian areaswithout providing warnings to local communities.
http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e14.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e13.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e15.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e14.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e13.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_28http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e12.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e11.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/e15.jpg


23/30



KHRG has also documented incidents of DKBA and Tatmadaw soldiers using civilians to clear landmines, as well as

forcing civilians to walk in front of patrols to trigger mines, booby-traps or ambushes laid by KNLA. Civilians have been

forced to clear brush and debris from roadsides known to be mined by all parties to the conflict, an activity which

amount to de facto dangerous and involuntary mine-clearance. Unexploded remnants of war remain a significant threat

to civilian populations, particularly children, in many parts of eastern Burma. [29]

F-1 F-2

Photos F-1 and F-2, taken on March 26th and March 29th 2010 respectively, show two civilians after they were

injured by landmines while engaging in regular livelihoods activities outside Wo--- village Tantabin Township,

Toungoo Distirct. Saw Pu---, 46, stepped on a landmine while returning from his betelnut plantation to his home in

Wo--- village on March 29th. Just three days earlier, on March 26th Naw Le---, 40, stepped on a mine while

collecting firewood with other women from Wo--- at forested hill near the local SPDC Army camp. Both villagers

injured their right legs and were assisted by their fellow villagers, who constructed stretchers and carried them to the

nearest medical facility, approximately two hours away on foot. Villagers in Wo--- believed that the mines had been

planted by SPDC LIB #427, which had been active in the area and maintained a camp near Wo--- since the

beginning of 2010. The unit had reportedly been planting landmines carelessly around the village since it arrived in

the area.[30][Photos: KHRG]

F-3

Photo F-3, taken on May 29th 2010, shows Saw Nu---,

18, who stepped on an SPDC landmine when returning to

his village from Mo---village, Lu Thaw Township. The

mine had been planted on a jungle path. [Photo: KHRG]
http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/f3.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_30http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/f2.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/f1.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/f2.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/f1.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_29http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/f3.jpg


24/30



Photo F-4, also taken on May 29th 2010, shows Saw Qu-

--, 27, a gher dermember from G---village, Lu Thaw

Township. Saw Qu--- was familiar with the locations of

some landmines planted by the KNLA and local gher der,

but was injured when walking in an area he did notrealise had been mined.[31][Photo: KHRG]

F-4

F-5

Photo F-5, taken on December 21st 2009, showsimprovised KNLA landmines, often described by villagers

as 'homemade' landmines. These devices typically

become inactive within six months from when they are

deployed. KNLA soldiers plant landmines such as these

along roads, paths and near Tatmadaw camps; villagers

have reported that they are usually informed of the

locations of KNLA landmines. Landmines planted by all

armed groups active in eastern Burma nonetheless

present a risk for villagers. [Photo: KHRG]

Photo F-6, taken on December 21st 2009, shows a hand

grenade belonging to a villager who resides in a hiding

site in Toungoo District. The villager told a KHRG

researcher that he carried this grenade for protection, in

case Tatmadaw forces attacked while he was working in

his hill field. Civilians trying to live in areas beyond

permanent military control are in danger of being shot on

sight by Tatmadaw patrols, which do not distinguishcivilians from soldiers in such areas.[32][Photo: KHRG]

F-6

Children in armed conflict

In April 2008, KHRG released the report Growing up under militarisation: Abuse and agency of children in Karen State,

which documented the situation for children in Karen areas, where they must contend with a variety of difficult

circumstances related to armed conflict. In January 2010, KHRG released another report on the situation for children in

Karen areas. Titled Grave Violations: Assessing abuses of child rights in Karen areas during 2009, the report concluded

that grave violations of children's rights increased during 2009. It is important, however, to emphasise that children,and their communities, are not passive victims. Though this section does include photos of child victims, it is primarily

made up of photos depicting the ways that children and their families respond proactively to abuse, including by taking
http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_32http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/f6.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/f5.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/f5.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/f4.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_31http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/f4.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/f6.jpg


25/30



measures to seek greater physical security for family members and working together to strengthen livelihoods and food

security , even in the face of great adversity.

G-1

Photo G-1, taken on February 2nd 2010, shows a boy

from Ba--- village, Lu Thaw Township, Papun District

carrying some of his family's possessions in a gku, a kindof basket worn on the back and supported by a strap

slung around the forehead that is widely used in rural

eastern Burma. His family said they were fleeing to a

hiding site because they heard that Tatmadaw soldiers

were active near their village, and they were afraid of

what would happen if the troops reached their village.

[Photo: KHRG]

Photo G-2, taken on March 20th 2010, shows children

living in a hiding site in Ht--- village in the Ma Noh Roh

area of T'Naw Tha Ree Township, Mergui-Tavoy District.

Families in hiding in Ma Noh Roh told KHRG that they fled

after soldiers from Tatmadaw IB #17 set up camps in

their area in March 2010 and looted villagers' property

and animals. According to a KHRG field researcher,

villagers in hiding in Ma Noh Roh have to be ready to flee

on short notice because Tatmadaw soldiers are active

nearby. Families have also reported facing a weak

harvest this year, as rat infestation has resulted in thedestruction of much of their paddy. [Photo: KHRG]

G-2

G-3

Photo G-3, taken on June 2nd 2010, shows children living

in Th--- village, a hiding site in Lu Thaw Township, Papun

District for families from a number of upland communities

threatened by Tatmadaw attacks. Older children oftenstay at home to look after younger siblings while their

parents travel outside of the village to engage in

livelihoods activities such as maintaining agricultural

projects or working as wage labourers. [Photo: KHRG]
http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/g3.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/g2.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/g2.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/g1.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/g1.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/g3.jpg


26/30



Photo G-4, taken on May 30th 2010, shows children

living in D--- village, Lu Thaw Township, Papun District.

These children came to D--- in 2009 when their families

fled Tatmadaw attacks in Yeh Mu Bplaw village. Villagers

told KHRG that many people try flee to D--- when they

have to leave their villages, because their children have

good opportunities to continue their education there.

Ensuring that children receive education, even under

extremely challenging conditions, remains a priority formany families across Karen State, and communities go to

great lengths to provide flexible and resilient education

systems.[33][Photo: KHRG]

G-4

G-5

Photo G-5, taken on May 23rd 2010, shows another childin D--- village. Other villagers told a KHRG researcher

that the boy's parents had gone to clear weeds and

perform other regular maintenance tasks in their hill field.

[Photo: KHRG]

Photo G-6, taken in February 2010, shows children

whose families fled from Leh Kee village in Lu Thaw

Township, Papun District helping fell trees to prepare a

new hill field. Communities in hiding in northern Karen

State face several challenges to food production and

security, including a scarcity of suitable land for

cultivation in areas where there is less risk of Tatmadaw

attacks;[34] under such circumstances, all members of a

family contribute what they can to food production and

livelihoods activities. [Photo: KHRG]

G-6
http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_34http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/g6.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/g5.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/g5.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/g4.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_33http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/g4.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/g6.jpg


27/30



G-7

Photo G-7, taken on June 2nd 2010, shows two children

in D--- village on the back of an elephant. They told a

KHRG field researcher that they earn money to support

their families by hiring out the elephant, for example to

carry firewood. [Photo: KHRG]

G-8 G-9

Photos G-8 and G-9, taken on March 19th 2010, shows young boys from Gk--- village in Meh Gklaw village tract, Bu

Tho Township, Papun District performing forced labour near their village. According to a KHRG field researcher who

spoke with villagers in the area, soldiers from Tatmadaw LIB #340 that were based at a camp next to a vehicle road

in Meh T'Ru village ordered Gklaw Bper village to clear brush from sections of the road near their village. The boys

were not provided money or food for this labour. [Photos: KHRG]

Photo G-10, taken on February 23rd 2010, shows a boy

from Hr--- village in Bu Tho Township, Papun District

carrying thatch shingles to meet a forced labour order

issued by a local Tatmadaw unit. Local villagers told

KHRG that Tatmadaw LIB #434 soldiers active in the area

demanded that residents of Hr--- fabricate and deliver

300 thatch shingles to a camp located between between

Wa--- and Ta---, approximately one hour's walk from

the village. [Photo: KHRG]
http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/g10.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/g9.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/g8.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/g9.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/g8.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/g7.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/g7.jpghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/photos/g10.jpg


28/30



G-10

Top of Gallery






Landmines

Children in armed conflict

Terms and Abbreviations | Map Room

Footnotes

[1] For the first installment of our 2010 photo gallery, containing 131 photos taken since July 2009, see: KHRG Photo

Gallery 2010, KHRG, June 2010.

[2] A comprehensive account of the situation in one township of northern Karen State is available in: Self-protection

under strain: Targeting of civilians and local responses in northern Karen State, KHRG, August 2010.

[3] Thailand Burma Border Consortium (TBBC) figures from a survey that is conducted annually to estimate the

displaced population in conflict areas of eastern Burma. The survey is widely recognised as the authoritative source offigures for civilian displacement in the region. See: Protracted Displacement & Chronic Poverty in Eastern

Burma/Myanmar, TBBC, November 2010, p.60. The figure of 70,100 civilians in hiding in northern Karen State was

obtained at by adding TBBC's estimates for 'IDPs in Hiding' in Thandaung, Papun, Shwegyin and Kyaukkyi townships;

these are SPDC-drawn administrative areas that approximately correspond to Toungoo, Papun and Nyaunglebin districts,

which are Karen designations used by Karen villagers and KHRG. The figure of 28,110 civilians displaced in the past year

was obtained by the same formula, using TBBC's figures for 'Population displaced in past 12 months.' Note that the

figure of 70,100 displaced in northern Karen areas does not account for the 29,250 villagers in the same areas that are

estimated to have been forcibly relocated from their lands and homes.

[4]Protracted Displacement & Chronic Poverty in Eastern Burma/Myanmar, TBBC, November 2010, pp.61-62. Figure

calculated as explained in footnote 3.

[5] Since November 2010 these concerns have become reality as fighting has begun in Pa'an and Dooplaya; civilians in

this context have expressed a range of concerns including physical danger from the fighting, abuse by armed groups anda limited capacity to deal with that abuse, disruptions to livelihoods activities, and problems accessing protection in

Thailand. See: "Displacement Monitoring: Regular updates on protection concerns for villagers in Dooplaya District and

Tak Province," KHRG, February 2011.

[6] See McCartan, B., "Democracy plan fuels war in Myanmar ," Asia Times Online, February 25th 2009. The move to

disarm or bring ceasefire armed groups under direct authority or the national armed forces, or Tatmadaw, can be traced

to Article 338 of the 2008 Burmese constitution which stipulates that "All the armed forces in the Union shall be under

the command of the Defense Services [Tatmadaw]." See, Ministry of Information, "Constitution of the Republic of the

Union of Myanmar (2008)" English version, Chapter VII Article 338.

[7]Myanmar: Towards the Elections, International Crisis Group, August 20th 2009, p.14.

[8] Leaked minutes of the May 2009 are retained by KHRG on file. For more background on the DKBA's decision and

steps to become a Border Guard Force, including a reported upsurge in forced recruitment to increase the DKBA's troopstrength to 9,000 soldiers in accordance with the BGF plan, see: " Forced recruitment of child soldiers: An interview with

two DKBA deserters," KHRG, August 2009.

[9] Deadlines were pushed back in October 2009, December 2009, February-March 2010, and June 2010, when a 'final'

deadline of August 10th 2010 was declared. See: "Will the BGF Deadline Delay the Election?" The Irrawaddy, March 3rd

2010; "Junta Extends BGF Deadline for DKBA," The Irrawaddy, June 9th 2010. For more on internal fissures in the DKBA

regarding BGF transformation, see: "Pro-junta Karen militia 'splits'," Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB), May 3rd 2010.

[10] "Junta Extends BGF Deadline for DKBA," The Irrawaddy, June 9th 2010. In August and September 2010,

ceremonies attended by Tatmadaw commanders officially announced the transformation of large portions of the DKBA

into a Border Guard Force. See, "Border Guard Forces of South-East Command formed in Paingkyon of Kayin State,"

New Light of Myanmar, August 22nd 2010; "Border Guard Force formed at Atwinkwinkalay region, Myawaddy Township,

Kayin State," New Light of Myanmar, September 2010.

[11] See "DKBA commander's defiance nudges Karen State towards war," DVB, July 26th 2010; "Villagers Flee in Fear of

Attack on DKBA," The Irrawaddy, July 26th 2010; "Karen people welcome Brigade (5) decision on BGF," Karen

Information Center (KIC), August 9th 2010.
http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=19060http://www.dvb.no/news/dkba-commanders-defiance-leads-karen-state-to-gear-up-for-war/10890http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_ref11http://www.myanmar.com/newspaper/nlm/index.htmlhttp://www.myanmar.com/newspaper/nlm/index.htmlhttp://www.irrawaddy.org/highlight.php?art_id=18661http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_ref10http://www.dvb.no/news/pro-junta-karen-militia-%E2%80%98splits%E2%80%99/8874http://www.irrawaddy.org/highlight.php?art_id=18661http://www.irrawaddy.org/election/news/63-will-the-bgf-deadline-delay-the-election.htmlhttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_ref9http://www.khrg.org/khrg2009/khrg09b9.htmlhttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_ref8http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/south-east-asia/burma-myanmar/174-myanmar-towards-the-elections.aspxhttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_ref7http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex_browse.details?p_lang=en&p_country=MMR&p_classification=01.01&p_origin=COUNTRY&p_sortby=SORTBY_COUNTRYhttp://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/KB25Ae01.htmlhttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_ref6http://www.khrg.org/khrg2011/khrg11f1.htmlhttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_ref5http://www.tbbc.org/resources/resources.htmhttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_ref4http://www.tbbc.org/resources/resources.htmhttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_ref3http://www.khrg.org/khrg2010/khrg1004http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_ref2http://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010/index.htmlhttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#ftn_ref1http://www.khrg.org/maps/index.htmlhttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#t&bhttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_ghttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_fhttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_ehttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_dhttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_chttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_bhttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#section_ahttp://www.khrg.org/photoreports/2010photos/gallery2010_B/gallery.html#KHRGpagetophttp://www.bnionline.net/news/kic/9120-karen-people-welcome-brigade-5-decision-on-bgf.html


29/30



[12] The Thai village of Muh Luh Chah is also known as Thay Baw Boh in Karen, not to be confused with Thay Baw Boh

village located in the adjacent area of Kawkareik Township, Dooplaya District.

[13] See especially: "Displacement Monitoring: Regular updates on protection concerns for villagers in Dooplaya District

and Tak Province" KHRG, February 2011.

[14] Note that Nong Bua and Mae U Su are the Thai names for sites referred to in Karen as Noe Boh and Oo Thu Hta,

respectively.

[15] For a step-by-step account of the circumstances of the refoulement of Tha Song Yang refugees, see: "FunctionallyRefoulement: Camps in Tha Song Yang District abandoned as refugees bow to pressure ," KHRG, April 2010.

[16] For a comprehensive account of SPDC Army practices in areas beyond consolidated military control, and the

resulting humanitarian impact on civilian populations, see generally: Self-Protection under strain: Targeting of civilians

and local responses in northern Karen State, KHRG, August 2010; also: Submission for the UN Universal Periodic

Review: Human rights concerns in KHRG research areas, KHRG, July 2010.

[17] For analysis of protection strategies employed by villagers in hiding in upland northern Karen State to address

physical security, livelihoods, health and education challenges during displacement, see: "Self-Protection under strain",

KHRG, August 2010.

[18] Further details on this incident can be found in "Attacks and displacement in Nyaunglebin District," KHRG, April

2010; "Children Shot and Killed by the Burma Army," FBR, March 2010; "Follow-up story: to story of Children Shot and

Killed by the Burma Army," FBR, March 2010.

[19] For more on protection strategies utilized by communities in hiding in northern Karen State, see: Self-protection

under strain: Targeting of civilians and local responses in Northern Karen State , KHRG, August 2010.

[20] The attack on Tha Dah Der was first reported in English by the Free Burma Rangers; see: "FBR REPORT: Burma

Army burns villages and chases over 900 people into the jungle, attacks continue in Northern Karen State," FBR, July

2010.

[21] See: Supporting local responses to extractive abuse: Commentary on the ND-Burma report 'Hidden Impact', KHRG,

September 2010. An overview of extractive practices confronted by villagers is available in: Village Agency: Rural rights

and resistance in a militarized Karen State, KHRG, November 2008, pp.40-76. This overview also describes additional

forms of forced labour not listed above, such as mandatory attendance at meetings. See also: Submission for the UN

Universal Periodic Review: Human rights concerns in KHRG research areas, KHRG, July 2010.

[22] The Tatmadaw's consiste

Documents

„Karen Human Rights Group | KHRG Photo Gallery 2010-B "