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Karachi’s Transport IssuesMore Questions Than Answers
Karachi Conference 2014Karachi Arts Council November 22, 2014
Mansoor Raza [email protected]
Credits• This Presentation is based on the
work done by Mr. Arif Hasan, Urban Resource Center, Karachi and the presenter. Iqbal Shadab, a student at SZABIST, also contributed to the presentation
Sources
• Understanding Karachi, Planning and Reforms for the future, By Arif Hasan and others
• Various Census Reports • Various researches on Karachi‘s transport
issues and acceptability of motorbikes/scooties by Arif Hasan and associates
• CDGKP Plan 2020 • Report by JICA
Architecture of the Presentation
Linkages of Karachi’s Transport issues are defined
Operators’ perspective is established
Gender perspective is elaborated
Doctors’ perspective is mentioned
Alternative modes are narrated
The Linkages• Demographics
• Livelihoods
• Family Structure
• Housing
Karachi’s Demographics Year Karachi
Urban Population
1941 394,917
1951 1,068,459
1961 1,912,603
1972 3,515,402
1981 5,208,132
1998 9,339,235
2014 (oft. cited)
Above 20 million
Total Addition 1941-1998 8,944,318
Total Addition 1951-1981 (30 years) 4,139,673
IS APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO
Total Addition 1981 -1998 (17 years) 4,131,103
In 1951 for every male there were 3.2 Females, and in In 1998 for every male there were 1.16 Females, so the gender gap is narrowing (we will see further in upcoming slides)
Does transport sector has the capacity or necessary support to cater to the changing realities?
Year PA Growth
1941- 1951 10.47%
1951-1961 6 %
1961-1972 5.69%
1972-1981 4.46%
1981-1998 3.5%
Without Mass Transit…!!!• 56 percent of employment in
manufacturing is in SITE Area, Landhi and Korangi Area
• More than 80 percent of the business service are located in central area
• 50 percent of the employment in wholesaling and transport is in the central area. *
• Trip lengths is in the range of 20-40 km for working class commuters.**
• There are 24.2 million person trips generated in Karachi every day, out of which at least 60% are realized through the existing system of public transport**
• 60 percent of those trips are made by students in various categories
• City has an equally large informal sector, that is dispersed throughout the City.
• Karachi has to generate 3.5 million jobs at every five year interval for the rapid population growth
Mass transit of a wide network is absolutely necessary…with a provision for parking and place for vendors… as commuters, transport and shopping facilities are inseparable entities.
At a Glance1% 0% 2%
4%
50%
38%
6%
Minbuses Buses Taxi RickshawMotorcycles Cars Others
Registered Vehicles 2011
Minbuses 15,807
(8,773, in 1998) 0.60%
Buses6,506
(14,854, in 1998) 0.25%
Taxi47,165
(13,613, in 1998) 1.80%
Rickshaw105,684
(23,337, in 1998) 4.04%
Motorcycles 1,296,481 49.59%
Cars 998,920 38.21%
Others 144,017 5.51%
Total* 2,614,580 100.00%
1. Public transport (including para transport) is only 7 percent.
2. Motorcycles and cars cumulatively 88 percent (approx)
3. ‘Others’ includes trucks, lifters, ambulances, oil tankers etc.
4. Number of buses reduced to 65 percent in 13 years
How safe Karachi Roads Are
Total Accidents from 2008 - 2013
Percent of Total Accidents
Motorbikes 3,532 37.47
Bus/Minibus Coach
1,252 13.28
Car 1,011 10.73
Truck 592 6.28
Dumper 341 3.62
Others…. …. ….
Total in 6 Years
9,425
1. The number of fatal accidents, over the last 6 years has shown a downward trend.
2. In 2013, the fatal accidents were less than 1400.
3. The two big sources of accidents are motorbikes and bus/coach & minibuses.
4. Only rickshaws and oil tankers have shown an increasing tendency.
5. In 2000, majority of the accidents, though, took place in Saddar Town, but fatality rate was highest for Bin Qasim Town; 15.34/100,000 population. Its close to fatality rates of USA in that particular year.
Infrastructure Issues
• Entry and Exit of underpasses and flyovers points clogged during peak hours.
• Pedestrians bridges are few and far off.
• Pedestrian bridges are insensitive to old agers and patients of rheumatic arthritis.
• Signal free corridors promotes speeding, resulting in serious accidents – and promote an elitist mindset.
• Establishing CNG stations along main arteries causes serious traffic jams.
The city district government of Karachi had identified 320 spots as potentially dangerous and installed 45 pedestrian bridges in the city, But at least Rs 4 billion would be needed for all 320 sites. ----Year 2011
CNG CONNUDRUM• Each CNG Kit costs Rs. 150,000 to 200,000
• By December 2014, total production in Pakistan is 400 mmcfd
• Sindh CNG stations draws only 2 percent of the total production
• Use of gas to produce electricity by both domestic and commercial sector
•Unaccounted for gas permissible limit is 4 percent but it has increased from 4 percent to 13 percent •Savings by using CNG instead of petrol is Rs.10,000 to Rs. 15,000 per month •Industries use gas despite national grid is available to thoseOnce converted to CNG, a bus cannot be reverted back to diesel
Diesel Petrol Gas
Cost of producing electricity per unit
Rs. 40 Rs. 17 Rs. 6 /7
Commuters’ Perspective• Majority is ‘bi-modal’; bus and
rickshaw – but bus occupies the major chunk of the pie
• It is hard to find transport on strike days
• It gets difficult to get bus, after dusk – bus operators are tired, not safe and to have CNG for the next day
• Prolonged travel time – as number of buses plying are few, traffic congestion, lack of traffic disciplines- bus waiting time etc…
•Overcrowding•Termination of trip and u-turns•Injuries due to high foot rest and irregular loading and off-loading•Unsafe installation of CNG cylinders•Irregular bus fares because if dysfunctional regulatory authorities•Safety and security – robberies•Per annum expense is Rs. 18,000 approx. 624 hours is per annum commutation time – equivalent to 78 work days…and the time loss is double otherwise
Women PerspectiveKarachi Women 1981 1998
Total Married 66.06% 59.18%
Married (b/w 15-24 years)
37.42% 28.19%
Total Employed 64,126 115,409
Total Literate 48.84% 62.88%
Educational Attainment
20.87% 27.7%
Divorced 0.23% 0.51%
•Less space in available due to segregation and old design of buses
•Female seats are occupied by males
•Harassment is a common experience both in buses and Qingqis and as well at bus stops.
•Radicalization of attire creates insecurity
•Not safe to travel after sun set
•High foot paths (2ft instead of 1 ft) cause difficulties for veiled women to off-load
•Women cannot travel on roof top of minibuses (Four points why people travel on roof tops)
2. Despite increased participation in public spheres, women are not facilitated by the transport sector, adequately
1. Transport, not the credentials, becomes the sole determinant for women’s choice of job…!!!
Bus Owners Taxi/Yellow cab/Rickshaw
Mazda /Coaches
No. of vehicles? Decreasing Decreasing (though data is otherwise)
Bank Loans Available? No No
Credit Terms ? Unfriendly Unfriendly Unfriendly
Is Business Profitable? No No No
Vehicle Maintenance ? Bad/Expensive Bad Bad
Police Behavior? Bribery Rampant (Rs. 3000 per month/per vehicle)
Irritating Bribery Rampant (in 1999 Rs. 3000 per month/per vehicle)
Reasons for Traffic Jams? Public Inclination towards Private Transport
Mismanagement by traffic police
Insurance Facilities ? No No No
Major threat to Operations?
Less Fares and Security Situation
Less Fares and Security Situation
Three Operators’ Perspective
Bus Owners Taxi/Yellow cab/Rickshaw
Mazda /Coaches
Affect of change of land use?
Yes (Saddar for instance)
Compensation by govt. for arson?
No/insufficientRs. 200,000 for a bus of Rs 4 million)
Sometimes /inadequate
No/insufficient
High Maintenance b/c of Ill-maintained roads and spare parts high cost
Ill-maintained roads and spare parts high cost
Why Ticket system dropped?
To save money To save moneyLast time 1992
What the bare minimum fair should be?
Rs. 48 According to the cost of the vehicle…!!!
Operators’ Perspective..cont…
The Second Opinion
• Thousands suffer from pulmonary and cardiac diseases because of air pollution, particularly those living in high density areas
• Noise pollution is not believed to be cause of any disease but a catalyst for late age mental disorders
• SOxs and NOxs are supposed to be responsible for the dilapidation of architectural heritage
• Lead (Pb) acts directly on CNS. Particularly dangerous for children as it acts 1-2 feet above the ground.
• Carbon-mono-oxide is a familiar enemy and is responsible for many illnesses. (reduce oxygen carrying capacity of blood)
• Particulate matter from break pads contribute to green house effect
Officials’ Perspective
• Traffic police is short of man power• A total of 2,188 traffic police personnel for
the roads spread over 10,000 km and for 100,000 vehicles
• 3.3 million vehicles are registered in Karachi, with a daily addition of 900 vehicles
• In the year 2000, 140 routes of minibus were approved, out of which 60-65 are operational
• In the year 2000, 60 routes for buses and were approved and only 20 are operational.
• Transporters are converting their vehicles into contract carriages, trucks and goods’ vehicle
• No new investments are made by transporters and 20 to 60-year-old vehicles are plying on the road.
• No limit to life of vehicle is defined by the provincial government
“NO IMMEDIATE SOLUTION TO TRAFFIC WOES IS POSSIBLE.”
Housing Transport Connect
• Living on periphery means increased cost of transportation, associated discomfort and more time spent on commutation.
• It also means that women who have to look after families cannot work
And then.. • There is an increase in travelling cost
So.. • Its cheap to rent a place in the center of the city…resulting in densification
Just to know that…
1. Low income group constitutes 68 percent of Karachi’s population.
2. Density is 6,000 persons per square kilometer3. Between 1998 and 2011, average HH size has
increased from 6.7 percent to 7.3 percent. Its due to shortage of housing and not because of any increase in fertility rates.
4. 88 percent of the houses are built on 120 and less square yards
5. Houses built on 400-800 square yards are 2 percent of the total houses and they occupy 21 percent of the total 36 percent of the residential land of Karachi
Family in Transition • According to the Karachi Strategic
Development Plan 2020 Survey, 89 percent of families in Karachi are nuclear. In the 1989 Survey the figure was 54 percent.
• Education of Children, the want for independence, different life styles of immediate family members and upward social mobility are some of the reasons for spin off.
• Affordability, security and availability of the transport to commute to job place and educational institution dictates the choice of residence for the separating couples.
Same holds true for all other institutions. To name the few …
•Education•Health•Marriage•Love•Sports•Parenting•Deviance and Crime…
So it’s a society in transition.
Qingqi – The alternative• Almost 50,000 unregistered Qingqi in the
city• Generating a revenue some where between
2.5 to 3 million a day by transporting approximately 250,000 passengers
• Operated from informal ‘addas’. • Addas are operated under the patronage of
political parties. Almost all Qingqi’s have to give Rs. 150/day. Total amount Rs. 7.5 million per day…!!!
• Blamed for slowing down of other vehicles and creating congestion
• Used by women freely with complains of harassment, mostly by motorcyclists
• City has a need of further 80,000 Qinqqis
WHY IT IS POPULAR1. No mass
transit plan2. Fare is
cheaper3. No waiting
time4. Can stop
any where
Motorbike – The Alternative?
Figures • 1990 --- 450,000• 2004 --- 500,000• 2010 --- 1,000,000 (1 million)• 2030 --- 3,600,000• Almost 57 bikes for 1,000
person• By 2030, there will be 115
bikes for every 1,000 persons
Popularity Reasons:• A cheaper means of travel than public transport, (Bus Rs. 1570 and bike Rs. 784)
• Provide flexibility, and • Save time in commuting.
Challenges are • Those cause congestion on the roads, • Adding to noise and air pollution.• A major source of fatal accidents.• Women, though willing, are restricted to drive, because of cultural reasons
What needs to de done?•Design need to be improved for back view mirror and to make it culturally sensitive.
•Extension of credit and easy-to-pay installments.
•Allocation of separate lane.
CONCLUSION
1 The Rail based mass transit will cater up to to 5-6 percent of the commuting public. Delhi caters to 4.8 percent and Bangkok 3 percent
Rail based transit is expensive. BRT is comparatively cheaper but without subsidy it cannot operate. Lahore is Rs. 20/person (shadra- gajomata, for a track of 27 Km. Govt. is pushing for Rs. 40/person) and without a subsidy of Rs. 1 Billion it will go upto Rs. 80/person
2
Hence, para-transit will always be needed… and 3
We need to answer…
1
2 Do we want to promote those?
If yes to point number 2 then what policies are required to facilitate the two pro-poor modes of conveyance….and
…any planning/engineering should not be divorced with the social realities of masses.
Do we want to curtail Motorbikes and Qinqis?
OR