Urban ChangeManagementKARACHI

Alan Doherty Linlithgow Academy ( photos )Malcolm McDonald Bathgate Academy

Karachi Management of Urban Change

APPLICATION Management of urban changePopulation growth,industryHousing,services,quality of life and inequalities which arise ina city in the developing world

Site Factors-on the Arabian Coast-at the mouth of the Lyari River-Sheltered Harbour-Flat Rolling plains-Hills to the West and North-Plenty of Space for expansion

ARABIAN SEA

LYARI RIVER

MALIR RIVER

0 Scale

North Karachi

Korangi

SITEIndustrial

Mohammed Nagar

Defence Housing

Lyari

Orangi

Liaquat

Land Use in Karachi

ResidentialCBD

Industry TransportPlanned Unplanned Katchi Abadis

Military

Shanty towns

Growth up to 1947-Originally a small fishing Port-British arrived and need a port to export

materials-Kirachi was ideally situated, with a sheltered

harbour and huge area of land available meant it was easily developed

Rural Push/Urban Pull= people moving from rural to urban areas in search of work, agricultural workers who only can get seasonal harvest work

Setting up of a seperate state India/Pakistan all barriers uplifted made migration possible

Growth of Industry-increase jobs/opportunity

Improvements in communication links – roads in all directions

Growth of the port, railways connecting Karachi to the rest of the Indian continent

How many people in Karachi ?1833 Small fishing village14000 Size of Bathgate !!!1941 Industrial development

436000 Size of Edinburgh1951 In-migration from India

12900001991 ( Afghanistan civil war )

8.5 million Scotland = 5million

How do katchi abadis grow ?Older Katchi Abadis -Lyari

600000Migrants from countrysideGetting more densely packedNo planning at allFilling up empty spacesBuilding on roofServices are “acquired”

How do katchi abadis grow ?Illegal subdivisions

Dallal acquires land Sub lets to slum dwellersArranges water suppliesProtects residents from evictionOnce big enough it is safe

How do katchi abadis grow ?Organised Invasions

Poorer people cant pay rent Pick out a siteOccupy it in the eveningBuild houses on it at nightTry to prevent demolition

What are the houses like ?

Very temporaryMade of reedsAnd wooden poles

TemporaryMore wood

ProlongedConcrete bricks

Semi permanentPlastered wallsPermanent

Can add extra storey

Inequalities ?DEFENCE HOUSING

Architect designed

Car owners

Water 2 hrs per day

Water use = 10%For 0.5% population

LYARI Katchi Abadi

Poor quality diyWalk to work

Water standpipeor water bowserPublic toiletsgarbage not collected

Solutions Success or Failure ?IRP Improvement and Regularisation Programme

Survey of all unauthorised katchi abadis tosee if they could be improved.

Secure land tenure

Improvement of public utilities

Development of a financial plan

Failure Not enough cash

Solutions Success or Failure ?OPD Open Plot Development

Residents build own houses

WORKSHOPS

HEALTHCENTRE

80 sqYDS

SCHOOL

WATER SUPPLYELECTRICITY SUPPLY

WORKSHOPS

Community facilities Publicutilities

Limited success very few built

Solutions Success or Failure ?UWD Utility Wall Development

SEWAGEWATER

DRAIN

2

ELECTRICITY SUPPLY

13 2

45

TOILET

CONCRETE WALLS

MORE ROOMS

Limited success very few built

Solutions SuccessORANGI Katchi Abadi

In NW Karachi home of 1,000,000 shanty dwellers

Diseases like typhoid, malaria,diarrhoea,dysentery scabies

Many live 5 to a room

20% of babies dont reach their first birthday

Karachi Development Corporation cannotorganise services..... no taxes paid by many residents

1500 people died in riots in 1995-96

Solutions SuccessORANGI PILOT PROJECT

In 1980 the OPP began, to try to develop and improve basic services, particularly sanitation.The residents are managing, financing, operating and maintaining an underground sewerage system.Installation of septic tanks between each toiletand the underground sewage pipesResidents have collected over £1.2 million

Literacy rates up from 35% to 70%

Infant mortality fallen from 130 per 1000 to 37

SUCCESS

Karachi Skyline

Street in Karachi

Laundry

Brickworks

Bowser water lorry

Water queue

Garbage dump

Katchi abadi housing

Defence housing

Mobile home ?

Use of water

Middle Class house

Middle Class house with garden

With reference to a named city you have studied in an ELDC

(i)Describe the social, economic and environmental problems which have resulted from its rapid growth?

(ii) describe some of the methods used to tackle these problems and

(iii) comment on the effectiveness of the methods used (use specific/named examples to the area studied) (10)

Karachi-Katchi Abadis (shanty town) Social, Economic and Environmental Problems

Home made dwellings (poor DIY) Lack of amenities (sanitation/water

supply) Overcrowding Disease Sited on fragile and unstable land

unemployment Growth of black market economies Drugs, crime Those who have jobs- poor wages and

unskilled jobs Lack of services schools, hospitals etc Pollution Poverty

Solution: IRP (Improvement and Regularisation Programme)

Secure land tenure and developed a financial plan

IRP a failure due to a lack of finance, research and investment

Survey of all unauthorised katchi abadis tosee if they could be improved.

Solution: open plot development – limited success as few plots were actually built

Solution: utility wall development – limited success only a few built

Solution: orangi pilot project introduced in 1980 to improve sanitation- massive success, locals/residents of dwellings heavily involved in improving sewage systems, amenities/facilities improved literacy rates improved, infant mortality rates decreased.