RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Institute of Oriental Studies St. Petersburg Branch

G. H. Kaplan

A SKETCH OF AKKADIAN GRAMMAR

St. Petersburg 2006

POCCHACKAH AKA,llEMHH HAYK HHCTHl)'T BOCTOKOBeJJ.eHHH

CanKT-lleTep6yprcKHH 4JuJiuaJI

r. X. KanJiaH

oqEPK rPAMMATHKH AKKA~CKOrO R3hiKA

CanKTlleTep6ypr 2006

Y)J:K 415.3=921 liliK lii 161.113-022

YmeepJICOeHo K ne'lamu Y'leHbiM coeemoM CaHKm-Jlemep6yp2cKo2o rj;wiUWia 11Hcmumyma eocmoKoeeoeHUR PAH

r. X. KanJJaH. QqepK rpaMM8THKH 8KK8llCKoro Sl3bJK8.- CI16.: IleTep6ypr-CKOe BocToKoseaeHMe, 2006.- 224 c. (Orientalia)

.K 20 AKKa,uc!Gti1 l!3biK, .LlpesHei1umi1 111 HJsecTHblX ceMHTCKHX ll3biKOB, o6pa3YJOIUHX ce-MHTCKYIO BeTBb a

OrJJaBJJeuue Bse.ueuue ( 1-4)

1. Po.ncTseHHble CBli3H aKKa,acKoro ll3bJKa . . . . . . . . . . 11 2. YfcTOplUI pa3BIITitll aKKa.D.CKOfO .R3bJKa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3. nHcbMO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )7 4. Yl36paHHall 6116mwrpalj>Hll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

I. ouoJIOrHH ( 5-25) 5. OHOnOrH'IeCKHH COCTaB .......... 23

KoMOHHaTopuoe H3Meneuue lBYKOB ( 6-23) fnaCHble ( 6--11)

6. YI3MeHeHHe rnacHbiX no.A BnHliHHeM rnacHbiX . . . . . . . . . 25 7. YIJMeHeHHe rnacHbiX no.A snHliHHeM cornacHbiX . . . . . . . . 25 8. Bbma,aeHHe rnaCHbiX B cepe.AHHe cnosa. . . . . . . . . . . . 26 9. CoKpameHHe rnacHbJX H OTna,aeHHe KOHe'IHbiX rnacHbJX . . . . . 26

I 0. CT.RJKeHHe rnacHbiX. KpacHc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 11. 06ner'IHTenbHbJH rnacHbiH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Uonymacnbie ( 12-13) 12. nonyrnaCHblH w . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. nonyrnaCHblHj ........

Comacnbte ( 14-23) 14. fopTaHHbiH (') . . ............... 15. 3y6HbJe (d, t, I) ........................ . 16. 3y6HOH HOCOBOH n. . ................ . 17. fy6HbJe (b,p) ........................ . 18. fy6HOH HOCOBOH m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19. nnaBHble (l, r) ...................... 20. CH6HnliHTbJ (z. s, ~.I) .................... . 21. 3Mij>3TH'IeCKHe ({,of, q) .... .. . 22. Y .llBOeHHe cornaCHblX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23. MeTaTeJa .................

CJior H y.uapenue ( 24-25) 24. Cnor ......... . 25. Y .AapeHHe. . . . . . . . . .

28 29

29 30 31 32 32 33 33 34 35 35

36 36

II. MopJJoJiornH ( 26--99)

MecTonMenne ( 26--35) 26. P33pliJI.bi MeCTOHMeHwii . . . . . . . . 38 27. 1111'-IHble CaMOCTOIITeJlbHble MeCTOHMeHHll. 38 28. 1111'-IHble cy

DopOllbl ( 62---71) 62. 06Jop nopoJJ. . 63. nopo.na I .... 64. nopo.na " . 65. nopoJJ.a m . 66. nopo.na IV I 67. nopoJJ.a I2 .. 68. Oopo.na Il2 69. Oopo.na III2. 70. YITepaTHBHbie nopO.llbl c Hmj>HKCOM -tan- . 71. Pe.nKHe nopOJJ.bl

72. fnamJJbJ c 'ICTbtpexcornacubtM KopueM .. 73. CuJJLHbte rnaroJJLI c cJ>oueTn'lecKHMH oco6euuocTHMH . fnaroJILI c Kopue&LJM anecJioM (>) ( 74-76)

74. rnaronbi I' . 75. rnaroJJbi II' ...... . 76. rnaronhi Ill' ..... .

Cna6ble rnaroJJLI ( 77--86) 77. 06mHe JaMeKCHHll .......

87. CIJHHHTHblC rJJ&rOJJbHbJe cJ>opMbl C cycJ>cJ>uKCaJILHblMH MeCTOHMe HHHMH ........... .

J~Iyrne '13CTH pe'lu ( 88-99) 88. Ope.!VlorH ....... 89. flpe.lUIO:>KHbiC Bblpa:>KeHHll.

llupe'lue ( 90-93) 90. 06pa3088HHC Hape'IHH 91. Hape4Hll MecTa .......... 92. Hape4Hll opeMeHH ........ 93. Hape4Hll o6paJa JJ.CHCTBHll H npH'IHHbi 94. 00)l

III. CHHT3KCHC ( 100-122) 100. npocToe npe.llJIOJKeHHe . . 128 10 l. Cornacosauuoe onpe.lleneuHe. 132 102. npHJJOJKeHHe . . . . . . . . 133 103. reuHTHBHall KOHCTpyKUHII. . . 134 104. noceCCHBHall KOHCTPYKUHII c sa 136 105. rnarOJJbHOe ynpaBJJeHHe H BHHHTeJJbHbiH na)leJK. 137 106. BHHHTeJJbHbiH na)leJK, BblpaJKaiOWHH pa3JJH'IHble BH)lbl 06CTOll-

TeJJbCTB3 ........ , , 107. KoucTpyKUHH c 'IHCJJHTeJJbHbiMH ......

KoucrpyKuuu c oTrJiaroJibHbiMH HMenaMH ( 108-109)

139 140

J.08. npH'13CTHe . . . . . . . . . 14) 109. J1u4!HHHTHB. . . . . . . . . 142

Oco61.1e BH!lbl caMOCTOHTeJibHbiX u rJiaBHbiX npe!lJIO~euuii ( 110) 145 CJio~uoe npe!lJIO~euue ( 111-121)

CJJOJKHOCO'IHHeunoe npe.llJJOJKeuue ( 111-114) Ill. BH.llbl CO'IHHHTeJJbHOH CBII3H . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 112. YnoTpe6neuHe npeTepHTa 11 nep4leKTa s caMOCTOIITeJJbHblX H

CJIOJKHOCO'IHHeHHbiX npeJtJJOJKeHHIIX. . . . . . . . . . . 147 113. YnoTpe6neue CJJOJKHOCO'IHHeHHbiX npe.llJIOJKeHHH sMecTO CJJOJK-

HOIIO)l'IHHeHHblX ..... 114. Ycnosubie npeMoJKeHHII c summa .

flpHJl3TO'IHbiC npe!lJJOJKCIIHH ( 115-121) 115. BHJtbJ npHJtaTO'IHbiX npe.llJIOJKeHHH .... 116. 0THOCHTeJibHble npHJtaTO'IHble npe.llJ!OlKeHHII. npH)laTO'IHble npe)lJJOJKeHHll, BBO)lHMbie IIO)l'IHHHTeJJbHbiMH COI033MH ( 117-121) ))7. npH.ll3TO'IHble BpeMeHH 118. npH.ll3TO'IHble MeCT3 ))9. npH)l3TO'IHble llpH'IHHHble 120. npH.ll3TO'IHble )lOIIOJIHHTeJibHble . 121. npH)l3TO'IHble CpaBHHTeJibHbie ..

.LJ:pyrue THDbl npe!lJIO~CHHH ( 122) ........ .

148 149

151 151

154 155 156 156 156

157

Ba~HCHWHC OC06CHHOCTH OCHOBHbiX 3KK3!lCKHX !lH3JICKTOB ( 123) 158 Dapa!lHrMM

HMR (I-XI) I. CKJJoueuue cymecTBHTeJJbHbiX MyJKcKoro poJta I 65

11-111. CKJJoueuue cymecTBHTeJJbHbiX JKeucKoro po)la. 165 IV. CKJJoueuue npunaraTeJJbHbiX . . 166

V-Vl. CKJJoueuue HMeH c ocuosoH, oKaH'IHBatomeHCII ua rnacubiH 166 VII-XI. CTaryc KOHCTpyKryc. CTaryc npouoMHH3JIHC 167

rnaron (XII-XXXIX) XII. CTaTHB . . . 171

XIII. npe3eHCia........ 171 XIV. OpeTepHT 11 172 XV. nepcj>eKT Ia H HMnepaTHBinpeKaTHB Ia 173

XVI. nopOJlbl rnaronos c TpexcornacHbJM KOpHeM 174 XVII-XVIII. nopOJlbl rnarOJJOB c tteTblpexcornaCHbiM KOpHeM . 175

XIX-XX. Oopona I 1 rnaronos I' . 177 XXI-XXII. nopoJlbl rnaronos I' . . 178

XXIII. nopoJlbl rnaronos II' . 180 XXIV. nopona 11 rnaronos In 180 XXV. nopoJlbJ rnaronos I 11 181

XXVI. nopona I 1 rnaronos I w . . 182 XXVII. nopona 11 rnaronos lj. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

XXVIII. nopo,nbJ rnaronos I w H Ij . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 XXIX-XXX. nopo.na 11 rnaronos co cpenHHM cna6bJM KOpHeBbiM. 184

XXXI. Oopo,nbl 11 H 11 1 rnaronos co cpe.nHHM cna6bJM KopHeBbJM 185 XXXII. noponbl rnaronos co cpeJlHHM cnafibiM KOpHeBbJM . . 185

XXXIII-XXXVI. nopona 11 rnaronos c nocneJlHHM cna6b!M KOpHeBbJM 187 XXXVII. OopOJlbl rnaronos c nocnenHHM cnafibJM KOpHeBbiM . 189

XXXVIII-XXXIX. rnarOJJbl c cycj>cj>HKCaJJbHbiMH MeCTOHMeHHIIMH. . . . I 90

npuJJo:JKenue I. HHJleKc aKKa,nCKHX cj>oHeM H Mopcj>eM 2. HHneKc wyMeporpaMM 3. CnHcoK coKpameHHH ........ .

192 218 220

TiaMHnl MOHX pomneneii Anemii1caKOBHhl ypMaHcKoii (1916-1964, apxeonor-

aHTJP:IHHK) H XaHMa r.uaneBH'Ia KannaHa ( 1913-1944, HCTOpHK, nom6 Ha rppoHTe BeJIHKOH OreqecTBeHHOH BOHH&I)

HanucaHue O'lepKa cmaJlo 603MO:JICHblM 6nazoiJapR MHO-coflemHeu pa6ome aamopa a HHcmumyme aocmoKoaeiJemm PoccuucKou AKaOeMuu HayK noiJ pyKoaoiJcmeoM 8blOaTOUfe-zocR accupuoJIOca iJoKmopa ucm. HayK H. M /JbRKOH08a (1915-1999).

Aemop npu3Hame!leH ceoUM KOJiflecaM: iJoKmopy cjJufiO!I. HayK B. A. JlueuiUlfy, KaHiJuiJamy cjJunoJI. HayK H. M JJyuaee-cKou, iJoKmopy cjJU!Iofl. HayK H. T. KaHeeou, H B. Ko3Jioeou, iJoKmopy ucm. nayK H. B. Ko3blpeeoii, iJoKmopy ucm. HayK B. A. J!Ko6coHy, A. C. lfemeepyxuuy 3a nocmoRHHble KOHcy-flbmalfUU.

Aemop 6nazoiJapeH Ra6opaHmy ceKmopa jJpeeHeco Boc-moKa Jl. A. Mo'laJI080U 3a MHOcOflemHJ0/0 mexHu'leCKYJO no-MOUfb.

Oco6y10 6.rza2oiJapHocmb aBmop npuHocum KaHouiJamy cjJu-!lOn. uayK Jl. E. KozaHy 3a lfeHHeiiwue 3W.te'laHuR u ucnpae-!leHuR.

T!ly6oK)!IO npU3HOmeJ/bHocmb aemop 8blpa:>!Caem Jl. M To-JI08lleeoii, 83R8weii Ha ce6R mpyo npo'lecmb pyKonucb u coe-!lamb pRo none3HblX 3aMe'laHuii, u KaHouiJamy cjJuno!l. ltaYK A. B. HeMUp08CKOU, MHOcO cooeiicmeo6Q8Uleu noocomo8Ke pyKonucu K ne11amu.

Bse)J;euue ( 1-4)

1. Po,lJ,CTBeHHble CBHlH aKKa,lJ,cKoro HlbiKa

ll l. AKKa,lJ.cKHH 3hiK - .n.peBHeiiwHi:f H3 nHChMeHHo Ja!jJHKCHposaHHhiX CeMHTCKHX H3h!KOB. CeMHTCKHe H3h!KH o6pa3yiOT CeMHTCKYIO BCTBb a!jlpa-3HHCKOH CeMhH H3b!KOB.

6 2. A!jJpa3HHCKaH CeMbH H3h!KOB BKJIIO'IaeT CJie,lJ.yiOUlHe BeTBH (o6mea!jJ-pa3HiicKHH H3h!K OKOJIO lO 000-8500 JieT ,ll.O H. 3.):

0 M 0 T C K a H BeT B b (o6meoMOTCKHH H3biK 8500--7500 JICT ,ll.O H. 3.). 11Hor.n.a C'IHTaCTc Jana.n.Hoi:f no.n.seTBhiO KYlliHTCKoi:f BCTBH. - 3!jJHonH.

K y lll H T C K a H B e T B b ( o6rneKylllHTCKHH H3biK 7000-6000 JieT .no H. 3.)- Cy.n.aH, 3!jJHonHH, ,a)JUJ6yTH, CoMaJIH, KeHHH, TaHJaHH.

q a ,lJ. C K a H BeT B b ( o6mel.Ja,li.CKHH H3hiK 6000-5000 JieT ,ll.O H. 3.) -Cy.n.aH, 4a.n., HHrep, HHrepH, KaMepyH, Toro, EeHHH, faHa.

C eM H T C K a H BeT B b ( 06llleCeMHTCKHH H3blK 6000-5000 neT )J.O H. 3.)- oT Cpe.n.Hei:f AJHH u MeconoTaMHH .no AnmHTH'IeCKoro oKeaHa.

II H B H i:f c K o-r yaH 'I c K a BeT B h ( o6menHBHHCKo-ryaH'ICKHii H3hiK 4000-3000 neT .no H. 3.)- ErHneT, fiHBH, Tymic, MapoKKO, An-JKHp, KaHapcKHe o-sa (3hiKH a6opHreHOB BhiMepnH B XV-XVII BB.), MaspuTaHH, CeHeran, ManH, HHrep. fiHBHHCKYIO no.n.BCTBh HaJbiBaiOT TaKJKe 6ep6epo-JIHBHHCKOH.

E r H n e T C K a H B e T B b ( npOTOenmeTCKHH H3blK 4000-3000 JieT JlO H. 3.). flocJie,lJ.HHH npe,ll.CTaBHTeJib BeTBH- KOllTCKHH H3hiK- B Ha-CTOIIUlCe BpeMH HCnOJih3yeTCH B 6orocJiyJKeHHH KOllTCKOH uepKBH.

A!jJpaJHi:fcKHe IIJhiKH .n.enTCII Ha H3hJKH .n.pesHei:f, cpe.n.Hei:f H no3.n.Hei:f CTyneHH no CTeneHH HX OT,UaJieHHOCTH OT o6mero npa3biKa TOH HJIH HHOH BCTBH.

IL 3. HHJKe npHBe,lJ.eHa KJiaCCH!jJHKaUHSI CeMHTCKHX H3b!KOB, JaHMCTBOBaH-IIaH c HeKOTOphiMH .n.ononHeHHHMH H3 pa6oThl: Hetzron R. La division des langues semitiques II Actes du Premier Congres International de Lingui-stique Semitique et Chamito-Semitique. Paris 16-19 juillet 1969 I Eds.: Andre Caquot, David Cohen. The Hague; Paris; Mouton, 1974. P. l81-llJ4.

CeMHTCKaH oeTBb n p a C 8 M M T C K Mit (0 6 '"8 C 8 M M T C K Mit n p a Jl3 bl K)

I I ----- I 3ana,QHOC8M11TCI

BIII!.LJ.EHI1E 13 --------

r 4. CeMHTCKHe 113hlKH, IJ>neKTHBHbie no csoeil rpaMMaTH'IeCKOH CTJ>YK-rype, OTJIH'JaiOTC11 TeM, 'ITO B HHX JieKCH'IeCKOe 3Ha'leHHe CJIOBa CB113aHO C TBep.noil nocne.nosaTeJibHOCTbiO (T. H. t

14 r. X. KAnJIAH. 04EPK rPAMMATI1KI1 AKKAJlCKOro ~3biKA

(Akkadfl(m))- Ha.JBaHHe, 6biTOBaBrnee cpeJlH CaMHX HOCHTeJJeH ~3b!Ka. TipOH30lllJIO OHO OT r. AKKa)l(e)- CTOJIHL{bl rocy.napCTBa AKKa)l (XXIV-XXII BB . .no H. 3.), TO"'HM JJOKaJJH3aUH~ KOToporo .no cHx nop He ycTaHoB-neHa.

B 3. HaH6onee paHHHe aKKa)lCKHe TeKCTbi OTHOC~Tc~ K XXIV B . .no H. 3. (aKKa)lCKHe HMeHa co6CTBeHHbie BCTPelfalOTC~ B rnyMepcKHX TeKcTax XXVI B . .no H. 3.), caMbie n03JlHHe OTHocnc~ K I B. H. 3. KoJJH"'eCTBO reK-cTo'B HC"'HCJI~eTC~ COTH~MH TbiC~"' H npO.llOJI)I(aeT yBeJJH"'HBaTbC~ no Mepe

pa3BepTbiBaHH~ apxeonorH"'eCKHX pa6oT. r 4. BpeM~ HC"'e3HOBeHH~ aKKaJlCKoro KaK )I(HBoro ~3biK~ onpenenHTb

TPY.llHO. Y)l(e c Ha"'ana I TbiC . .no H. 3. B aKKa)lCKHX TeKcTax npocJJe)I(HBa-eTc~ B.J'IH~HHe apaMeiicKoro ~3biKa, cTaBrnero K cepe.nHHe 3Toro TbiC~"'eneT~ iflaKTH"'ecKH pa.JroBopHbiM ~3biKOM MeconoTaMHH. O.nHaKo eme B KOHUe III-Ha"'ane II B . .no H. 3. "'aCTHbie nHCbMa nHCaJJHCb Ha aKKa)lCKOM ~3biKC. A cy~ no rpeKO-BaBHJIOHCKHM Ta6JJH"'KaM, B KOTOpbiX aKKa.llCKHH TeKCT JanHcaH KJJHHOnHCblO H .naHa ero TPaHCKpHnUH~ rpeqecKHMH 6yK-BaMH, aKKa)lCKHH ~3biK 6b!JJ fiOH~TeH eme B KOHUC 11-HalJaJJe I B . .!10 H. 3. 8 .llaJibHCHlllCM Ha MHOrHe CTOJieTHH aKKa)lCKHH H3biK 6b!JI 3a6b!T H 3aHOBO OTKphiT B XIX B. nocne .nernHiflpoBKH aKKaJlCKoii KJJHHOnHcH (eM.: rap-doH C. r. 3a6biThie nHChMeHa. CaHKT-TieTep6ypr, 2002) .

.n 5. B HacTo~mee BpeMH Bhi.lleJJHlOT HeCKOJJhKO cryneHeii pa3BHTHH aK-Ka.ncKoro ~3hiKa, B uenoM coBnanawmHx c onpeneneHHhiMH 3TanaMH no-JJHTH"'ecKoii HCTOpHH MeconoTaMHH. ,lijleBHeiirnM cryneHh- cTapoaK-Ka)lCKHH .nHaneKT (250{}-1950 rr. no H. 3.). TioJ.nHee Ha6nwnaeTCH 6biTO-BaHHe .nByx JlHaJJeKToB: BaBHJJOHCKoro H accHpHiicKoro. BaBHJJOHCKHH .nHaneKT .neJJHTC~ Ha "'eTbipe cryneHH, accHpHHCKHH - Ha TPH. B Hay"'HOH JJHTeparype 3TH cryneHH TaK)I(e HaJhiBalOT .nHaneKTaMH. BbiJleJJ~lOT 1t oco6hie JJHTeparypHhie .llHaJJeKTbi.

e 6. AKKa)lCKHM KaK filtCbMeHHbiM ~3biKOM MHOrHe CTOJieTH~ fi0Jib30Ba-JIHCb .naneKo Ja npe.nenaMH co6cTBeHHO BaBHJJOHHH H AccHpHH: B MapH, 3naMe, HyJH, MHTaHHH, YrapHTe, 3Mape, Ananaxe, XerrcKoM uapcTBe, Ypapry H .np. TipH 3TOM aKKa)lCKHH ~3hiK o6bi"'HO no.nBepranc~ 3Ha"'H-TeJJhHOMY B03.lleHCTBHlO MeCTHbiX ~3hiKOB, 'ITO BeJIO K o6pa.30BaHHlO MHO-rD"'HCJieHHbiX nepHiflepHHHbiX aKKa.llCKHX .llHaJJeKTOB.

B cepe.nHHe 2-ro ThiC . .no H. 3. JHa"'eHHe aKKa)lCKoro H3hiKa KaK ~3hiKa Me)I(JlyHapo.nHoro o6meHHH 6hmo oco6eHHO BeJJHKO. TipaBHTCJJH BaBHJJo-HHH, MHTaHHH, xaHaaHCKHX ropo.noB-rocy.napCTB Ha TeppHTOpHHX CHpHH, HHHKHH H TianecTJ.:JHhi o6manHch c ernneTCKHMH iflapaoHaMH XVIII .llH-HaCTHH (158{}-1314 rr . .no H. 3.) AMeHxorenoM III, AMeHXorenoM IV (3x-HaTOHOM) H HX 6JJJ.:J)I(aHlllHMH npeeMHHKaMH Ha aKKa)lCKOM ~3biKe. 06 3TOM CBHJleTCJibCTBYlOT fiHCbMa H3 .llHllJIOMaTH"'eCKOrO apXHBa emneTCKHX ifla-paOHOB B r. AxeTaToH (HhiHe ropo.nHme 3nh-AMapHa).

HaJaaaae flepHOJI

JIHBJJeKTB

I. CTBpo- OK. 2500-1950 IT. JIO H. 3. aKKa)ICKHH (cTAKK)

l. Crapo- OK. 1950--1530 IT.JIO H. 3. 8aBHJIOHCKHH (JIO KOHI.IB (cr8) I 8a8. JIHHaCTHH)

2. Cpe)IHe- OK. 1500-1000 IT.JIO H. 3. 8a8HJIOHCKHH (B OCH08HOM npHXO)IHTC.II (cp8) Ha nepHOll npa8JJeHHll

KBCCHTCKOH !1HH8CTHH 8 8a8HJJOHe)

3. Hoao- OK. 1000-625 IT. !10 H. 3. B8BHJIOHCKHH (H8)

Ocuoouble aKKallCKHe llHa.aeKTbl

OcHOBHble BHllbl TeKCTOB

MHOrO'IHCJJeHHLie aKKa.llCKHe HMeHa C06CTBeHHble 8 W)'MepcKHX TeKCTBX; X03liHCT8eHHble, 3,llMHHHCTpaTH8-HLie, npa808Lie JIOK)'MeHTLI; QapCKHe H3,llfiHCH, Hanp. 06enHCK MaHHurrywy; nHCbMa; WKOJJbHbie TeKCTbJ; fiOC8liTHTeJJbHble Ha.llfiHCH; peJJHrHOJHble TeKCTLI; JJHTe-pa1)'pHble naMIITHHKH,_!_TOM 'IHCJJe_JIIQ608Hall neCHb.

II. 8 a 8 H JJ 0 H C K H e ll H a JJ e K T b1 IlHCbMa; liOKYMeHTbi; JJHTepaTypHLie npOHJ8e)le-

HHII; 1.13pCKHe HB)IfiHCH; 33KOHO)IaTeJJbHLie TeKCTbl: 3a-KOHLI HJ 3WHYHHLI, 33KOHOJiaTeJJbHall 'IBCTb 3aKOH08 XaMMypanu; TeKCTLI npeJICKaJaHHii (omina).

IlHCbMa; JIOKyMeHTbl; H3,llfiHCH Ha MelKe8biX KaM-H.IIX (Ky!lyppy); 1.18pCKHe H3,llfiHCH (8 TOM 'IHCJie cpe)l-HeaccupHiiCKHX uapeii, 8 qacTHOCTH Turnarnanacapa I, 1115-1077 IT. !10 H. 3.); JIHTeparypHbie TeKCTbl ('18CTO 8 6oJJee fi03)1HHX 3CCHpHHCKHX KOfiHIIX).

IlHCbMa, KOHTp8KTbl, a)IMHHHCTpBTHBHbie !IOKY-MeHTbl.

06mae 38Me'IBHHR

HeKOTOpble HCCJJe)I08aTeJJH nonarBIOT, 'ITO CTAKK JaKaH'IH8aeTCll C 3fiOXOH )IHHa-CTHH CaproHa 1 (2316-? IT. )10 H. 3.), a aK-K3,llCKHH IIJLIK 8peMeHH III JIHHaCTHH Ypa (2112-1997 rr. 110 H. 3.)- :no ap-xaH'IeCKHH CT8.

8LI)IeJJlleTCll Pllll reppHTOpHaJJbHLIX ,llHa-JieKTOB - Ce8epHOBaBHJIOHCKHii, IOlKHOB38H-JIOHCKHH H ,llHaJJeKT p-Ha p. ,l{HaJJLI,- HMe8-WHX HeJHa'IHTeJJbHLie paJJJH'IHll. Cr8 C'IH-TaJ!Cll 8 6oJiee fiOJ,llHHe nepHOJILI liJbiKOM KJI3CCH'IeCKOrO o6p331.13, 8 KOTOpoM COXpa-HHJJHCb Hau6onee

4. Oo3,liHe-oaoHJIOHCKHii (nB)

I. CTapo-3CCHpHHCKHii (CTA)

2. Cpe,liHe-aCCHpHHCKHH (cpA)

3. Hooo-aCCHpHiiCKHH (HA)

J. rHMHO-3llH'IeCKHH (r-3n)

2. Mna,11o-B3BHJIOHCKHii I CT3H,llapTHbiH B3BHJIOHCKHH (MJI8)

OK. 625 r. ,110 H. 3.-Ha'laJIO I B. H. 3. (nepHO.ll npaone-

HHll ,liHH3CTHH XaJI,lleeB, nepcoo,CeneBKH.liOB

H ApwaKH,liOB)

OK. 1950-1750 rr .110 H. 3.

OK. 1500-1000 IT. ,110 H. 3.

OK. 1000-600 IT. ,110 H. 3.

UapcKHe Ha,llnHCH, nHCbMa, X03liHCTBeHHbie .liOKY-MCHTbi, 3CTPOJIOfH'ieCKHC TCKCTbl.

III. A c c H p H ii c K H e .11 H a JI e K T bl flHCbMa H ,liOKyMeHTbl H3 aCCHpHHCKHX TOpfOBbiX

KOJIOHHH B Manoii A3HH, B OCHOBHOM H3 KaHHWa (CO-opeMeHHoe ropo.liHIUe K!OJib-Tene B Kanna,liOKHH, BoCTO'IHall TypUMll; OKOJio 21 TbiC. TeKCTOo); 33KJIMHa-HHC H HCCKOJibKO uapCKHX Ha,llllHCeii H3 r. Awwypa.

OHcbMa; .liOxyMeHTbl; Cpe.liHeaccMpMiicKMe 3aKOHbl; .liBopuooble H rapeMHbie yKa3bl cpe,liHeaccMpHiicKHX uapeii; PHTYaJibHbie TeKCTbl ( OCHOBHal! '13CTb uapCKHX Ha,llllHCeii H3llHC3Ha Ha cpB).

0HCbMa; comaweHHll; uapcKHe Ha,llllHCH pll.lla npe.ll-weCToeHHHKOB CaproHa lJ (721-705 rr .110 H. 3.), Ha-npHMep, Awwyp-HaUHp-allJIH II (883-859 IT .110 H. 3.); HeKOTOpble JIHTep3TypHble H peJIHfH03HbiC TeKCTbl.

CHJibHoe BJIHliHHe apaMeiicKoro ll3biKa. rpaHHUbl MelK,lly HB H nB pa3MbiTbl. B uap-CKHX H3,llllHCliX, oco6eHHO XaJI,liCeB, H3llpH-M6p, Haoyxo.liOHocopa II (605-562 rr .110 H. 3. ), Ha6JIIO,li3IOTCll TIUeTHble llOllbiTKH 803-pO,liHTb ll3biKOBble H CTHJIHCTH'ICCKHC HOp-Mbl ,llpeBHHX TCKCTOB.

He3Ha'IHTCJibHbie .liHaJieKTHbie pa1m1-'IHll MClK.liY ll3biKOM TCKCTOB H3 f. Awwypa H ll3biKOM TeKCTOB H3 ero KOJIOHHH.

l>oJiee KOHCepBaTHBCH, '!eM cpB; npo-CJielKHB310TCll He3H3'1HTeJibHbiC B3BHJIO-HH3Mbl.

OOCTeneHHoe na,~~eHHe lla,llelKHbiX OKOH-qaHMii; c VII o. .110 H. 3. npoCJielKMBaeTcll BJIHliHHe apaMeiicKoro ll3biKa, npelK.lle scero B .liOxyMeHTaX; HA xapaKTepH3YeTCll MHOro-'IHCJieHHbiMH HHHOBaQHliMH.

IV. J1 H Tepa T y pH b1 e .ll H a JI e K T b1 ( OTHOCl!TCll K BaBHJIOHCKHM .liHaJieKTaM) CoopeMeHeH cTB Oo3TH'IeCKHe npoH3Be,lleHMll; BBO.liHal! H 3aKJIIO'IH- MHoro'IHCJieHHbie rpaMMaTH'ICCKHe ap-

(1950-1530 IT. ,110 H. 3.) TeJibHal! qacTH 3aKOHOB XaMMypanH. XaH3Mbl; Ha6JIIO,llaiOTCll npHMepbi npe,liHaMe-peHHOH apxaH33UHH.

2-ll llOJI. II TbiC.- MHoro'IHCJieHHbie JIHTepaTypHble TCKCTbl H3 BaoH- .lJBH3li"OpHeHTaQHll Ha CT8, HHOf,lla H3 I TbiC. ,110 H. 3. JIOHHH H AccHpHH; uapcKHe H3.llllHCH H3 AccHpHH, llpelK.lle r-3n. OpocnelKMBaeTcll BJIHliHHe pa1rooop-

ocero uapeii H3 .liHHaCTHH CaproHa II (VIII-VII DB. HbiX aKKa,liCKHX .liHaJieKToo (cpB, HB, nB, .110 H. 3.); MHoro'IHCJieHHble WKOJibHbie TCKCTbi. Ha MJIB cpA, HA). .liOWJIH no3Ma Eniima eli~ Kor,lla Haoepxy>> H HaH6o-nee noJIHal! oepcHll 3noca o rHJibraMewe, o6HapYlKeH-Hbie o 6H6JJHOTeKe accHpHiicKoro uapll Awwyp6aHMna-Jia (668-635/27 IT. ,110 H. 3.).

-----

.-

8BE,llEHI1E 17

3. fiHCbMO

a 1. AKKa.D.Llhi 3aHMCTBOBaJIH nHCbMeHHOCTh H nHC'IHH MaTepuan y my-Mepos. Hau6onee y.uo6HbiM H .uocrynHhiM MaTepuanoM .unR nHChMa 6hinli Ta6nH'IKii li3 CblpOH rJIHHbl, pa3Mepbl KOTOpblX Bapb11pOBaJIIiCb OT 2X2 ,llO 30x30 eM. Tiocne HanucaHHR TeKcTa Ta6nH'IKa Bhlcymusanacb H, ecnu npe.unonaranoch .unuTenhHOe xpaHeHue, o6)1{Hranach. Tiucanu 3aocTPeH-HOH TpocTHHKOBOH unu .uepeBRHHOH naJIO'IKOH. Ha .upesHeiim11x Ta6nH'I-Kax (O,llHa 113 CaMbiX ,llpeBHI1X HaXO,llliTCR B focy.uapCTBeHHOM 3pMHTa)l{e) nHCbMeHHbie 3HaKH eme 11MeiOT Bli.ll p11cyHKa. Tipe.uMeTbi snonHe Y3Ha-saeMbi: pbi6a, ronosa 6biKa, pyKa, Hora, KOJihiiiieK, nnyr u T . .u. 3HaKH BCKope YTPaTHnH csoii nepsoHa'laJihHhiH o6n11K: TaK, KpHBM ni1HHR cTana 3aMeHRTbCR .llBYM npMb!Mii, CTORIIIIiMii llO.ll yrnoM. 3HaKH CTaJIIi He p!i-COBaTbCH, a OTTiiCKHBaTbCH yrnOM llaJIO'IKii, o6pa3yH Ha rni1He KOM6HHa-Lllili KJIIiHOBii,llHbiX yrny6neHHH (T. e. KJIIiHbeB)- OTCIO,lla Ha3BaHHe KJIHHOnHCh. K Ha'lany 2-ro ThiC .uo H. 3. 'IHcno KnHHOnHCHhiX 3HaKoB COKpaTHJIOCb npH6JI!i31iTenbHO )lO 600.

flpznte'IGIIUR: 1 OpelmonaratoT, 'ITO wyMepbl, B CBOIO O'lepe.D.b, 3aHMCTBOBanH llHCbMeHHOCTb

y Hapo.na, Hacem1owero )loype'lbe .no HHX. fnHHliHble KJIHHOllHCHble .li.OKyMeHTbl MOrnH TaKlKe HMeTb !jlopMy LlHnHHD.pa,

llpH3Mbl, KOHyca, fiO'IOHKa. J 06HapylKeHbl KJIHHO!lHCHble TeKCTbl, BbiCe'!eHHble Ha KaMHe, BblrpaBHpOBaH-

Hble Ha MeTanne, OTTHCHYTble Ha H3D.enHliX KepaMHKH, npOpHCOBaHHble Ha .nepeBliH-HbiX .li.Ollle'!KaX, llOKpblTbiX BOCKOM. 8 cp/n8 3aCBHD.eTenbCTBOBaH TepMHH mi!Ji.ytu, milzis/1111 ( 20.11.) '(BbiCe'leHHbiH Ha KaMHe(?). KJIHH006pa3Hb1H) llHCbMeHHbiH 3HaK'.

-

4 l{Hpbl nepooHa'lanbHO HMenH BHD. 6onbWHX H ManbiX KPYlKKOB 11 nonyKpylK-KOB. B .nanbHel!weM nonyKpylKKII CTanll JaMeHliTb oepTHKanbHblMH KJJIIHbliMH. Manble KPYlKKII- yrnoBbiMH KniiHbliMII, 6onbwlle KPYlKKII- KOM6HHaUHliMII 113 3--4 'Ia-llie ocero KOCbiX KJJHHbeB, eM. o6oJHa'!eHI!ll 'll!cen I, 60. 10, 3600 ( 47).

6 2. BHemHHH

18 f. X. KAnJIAH. 04EPK IPAMMAT11KM AKKA~CKOIO .R3biKA

TaHI-ti;{, JaHMCTBOBaHHbiX H3 O.ll,HOIO HJJH HeCKOJlbKHX 3By'laHHH onpe~eneHHOH nororpaMMbl, HO 6e3 BCKOH CB3H CO 3Ha'leHHeM CJJOB, Bblpa)J(ae-MbiX 3TOH JJOrorpaMMOH, HHalJe fOBOp, TaKHe 3HaKH MOIJJH ynorpe6AATbC He TOJlbKO B Ka'ieCTBe JJOrOrpaMM, HO H B KalJeCTBe C H Jl Jl a 6 0 f paM M. Cunna6orpaMMa Morna nepe.ll,aBaTb cotJeTanue o~uoro unu .D.Byx cornac-HbiX c rnacHbiMH (C+f, r +C, C+f +C, C+f +C+C HO mme Bcero C+f) HJJH )J(e O.ll,HH rnaCHbiH (f).

r 4. AKKa.li,Uhi, 3aHMCTBOBaB wyMepCJCYIO nucbMeHHOCTb, .ll,o6aBunu He-KOTOpbie HOBbie npuuuunhJ. TaK, n106oe rnyMepcKoe cnoBo,unu Bbipa)J(e-HHe (T. H. illy Me p 0 f paM M a) MO)J(eT HCllOJlb30BaTbC B aKKa.li,CKOM TeKCTe, HO 'lHTaTbC He llO-lllyMepCKH, a llO-aKKa.li,CKH, BAACb r e T e p 0 -r paM M o i1 aKKa.D.CKoro cnoBa ( cnoBocpopMbi).

IVIHHO- WyMepc1we CJJOBO CJJoroaoe

OHCHblii (HlleorpaMMa, JIO AKKallCKoe CJJOBO JleKCH'feCKOe 1HB'fe11He rorpaMMa) (renporpaMMa) 1H3'feuae ( CHJIJIB60 1H3K

rpaMMa)

~ AN samu ue6o an DINGIR ilum 6or B OTJJH'lne OT rnyMepcKoro nHChMa B aKKa.li,CKOH KJJHHonucu cunna6o-

rpaMMbi HCllOJJb3YIOTC .D.JJ nepe.ll,a'IH He TOJlbKO rpaMMaTH'leCKHX llOKa-JaTenei:f, CJJy)J(e6HbiX H HH03bllJHbiX CJJOB. Jll06hie CJIOBa MOryT H 06bi'-IHO nurnyTc cpoHeTH4eCKH, T. e. O.D.HHMH cuJJJJa6orpaMMaMu. Bbipa6aTbiBa-IOTC HOBble CHJJJJa6orpaMMbl KaK Ha OCHOBe ruyMepcKHX lJTeHHH JJOrO-rpaMM, TaK H Ha OCHOBe HX aKKa.li,CKHX lJTeHHH, B03HHKaiOlllJ.IX npu HX re-reporpacpH'leCKOM ynorpe6neHHH B aKKa.li,CKOM TeKCTe, HanpHMep, ~ rnyM. KUR (' ropa', 'qy)J(a crpaHa') nonyqaeT ue TOJlhKO cJ.tnna6orpacpuqecKoe 'ITeHJ.te kur, HO H sad/(/t, mad/{/t B COOTBeTCTBHH C aKK. sadu(m) 'ropa', matu(m) 'crpana'. noBJJIOTC cJ.tnna6orpaMMbi M cneuucpJ.t'lecKJ.t aK-Ka.D.CKHx cpoHeM. J.h nororpacpuqecKux '!TeHHH see wupe BbiBO~Tc cun-na6orpaMMhi, nepe.D.atOruue 3aKpbiTbiH cnor Tuna ag/q/k, idlt/t, uz)$/s u T. ~ . a TaK)J(e TJ.tna dal, sar, diblp, gub/p u T . .!1,. B JaKpbiTbiX cnorax Ko-HelJHbie 3BOHKMe, 3McpaTH'IeCKHe H rnyXHe COrJJaCHble He pa3JJJ.t'la!OTC. npu 3TOM cymecTByiOT cne~y10mHe npaBHna:

1) Cnor. Ha'IHHatOmHi:fc c cornacnoro H JaKaH'lHBatOmHi:fcg cornac-HbiM, MO)J(eT nucaTbC nu6o O.D.HHM JHaKoM - cunna6orpaMMOH (Hanpu-Mep, da/, sar), JIH60 .D.BYM (da-af, Sa-ar). qTeHHe B 060HX CJJy'laX TO)J(.ll,e-CTBeHHO.

2) Cnor c .D.onruM rnacHbiM BhlllHCbiBaeTc nu6o TaK ))(e. KaK u cnor c KpaTKHM rnaCHbiM, T. e. O.ll,HHM 3HaKOM mu = (mu], (mil], ba = [ba], [ba], nu6o c .D.06asneuueM 3HaKa .D.AA cooTBeTCTBYtOmero rnacHoro: mu-u = [mii], ba-a= [ba].

13BE)U!HHE 19 ------

3) flepeJJ. lWH llOCne reTeporpaMMhl JIH60 CHnna6orpaMMhl MOJKeT 6hiTh BhlllHCaH T. H. -- ~. 4) ("'JJaCHhiH CJJora, KaK npaBHJJO, He OTPhiBaJJC.II OT ero COfJJaCHOfO, a

llloiiiiiCI>IHaJJC.II BMCCTC C HHM O.UHHM 3HaKOM. 3TO npaBHJJO HHOrJJ,a Hapy-IIIUJIOCI>, uanpHMep, npH HallHCaHHH cy

20 r. x. KAmiAH. OI.JEPK rPAMMATHKH AKKA.D.cKoro.H3bJKA

TpaHCJUITepauml nepe.D.aeT 'iTeHHe 3HaKOB KJIHHOmtCHOfO TeKCTa. re-TeporpaMMbl llHIIJYTCH nponHCHbiMH 6yKBaMH JUIH Bbi.IJ.enli!OTCR OC06bJM llipH$TOM. Me)I(Jly JHaKaMH O.D.HOH rereporpaMMbi cTaBRTCR TO'iKH. CHJJ-JJa6orpaMMbi nHlliYTCR crpo'iHbiMH 6yKBaMH. CHJJJJa6orpaMMbi O.D.Horo CJlOBa COe.D.HHHIOTCH .D.e$HCaMH. 0.D.Ha H Ta :liCe CHJJJJa6orpaMMa MOrJJa o6o-3Ha'iaTbCH pa3JJH'iHbiMH KJIHHOllHCHbJMH 3HaKaMH. qT06bi 6b1Jl0 RCHO, Ka-KOH 3HaK HMeeTCR B BHJJ.y, l1CnOJJb3yeTCH CHCTeMa rpaHCJIHTepaUHH Bbi.D.a-!OiuerOC.ll pauuyJcKoro accnpnonora H wyMeponora . Twpo-.lJ.au:JKeua (1872-1944). 3Ta CHCTeMa CBO.IJ.HTCH K CJJe.IJ.YIOIUeMy. KJJHHOnHCHble 3Ha-KH, 0603Ha'ia!OIUHe O.D.HY H TY :JKe CHJJJJa6orpaMMy, pacno~araiOTCH B no-PHJJ.Ke 'iacTOTbi HX ynorpe6neHHH B .D.aHHOM

111lEAEHI1E 21

y dis. I. m, p (DIS WyM. 'IHCnHTenbHOe 'OliHH', m OT naT. masculinum, p OT naT. persona) nepe.n HMeHaMH MYlK'IHH ~ dug (wyM. 'ropwoK', 'cocy.n') nepe.n Hli3BaHHl!MH cocy.noa ~~ gi (WyM. 'TpOCTHHK') nepell Hli3B3HHl!MH ,TpoCTHHKOB H H3lle-nHl!MH H3 TpOCTHHK3

~ gi~ (WyM. '.nepeao') nepe,n Ha3B3HHl!MH .nepeBliHHbiX npe.nMeTOB HnH 06'beKTOB, CBl!33HHbiX C .nepeBbl!MH ~w bi-a I ba (WyM. 'CMeW3HHbJ!I', 'pli3Hblli', 'pli3HOfO COpT3 ') YKll3b183eT Ha TO, 'ITO npeliWeCTBYJOWee HMll CTOHT B

22 f. X. KAnJIAH. 04EPK fPAMMATHKH AKKA.ll.CKOro .)]JbiKA

~ u (WyM. 'paCTeHHe') nepeJJ. HaJBaHHHMH paCTeHHH M udu (wyM. 'osua') nepeJJ. o6o3Ha'!eHHHMH paJHOBHJJ.HOCTeii oseu H K03 ~ uru, iri (wyM. 'ropoJJ.') nepe.11. HaJBaHHHMH noceneHHH

~ urudu (WyM. 'Me.!lb') nepeJJ. HaJBaHHHMH H3JJ.eJJHH H3 MeTaJJJJa ~K uzu (wyM. 'Teno', 'nJJOTb', 'MHCO') nepeJJ. Ha3BaHHJIMH '!acTeii Ten a

4. lh6pauuaH 6u6nuorpacJnH

a l. rpaMM8THKH /(bJIKOH0611. M. RJMKH JlpeBHeii nepeJlHeH AJHH. M., 1967. rn. VI. c. 263-328. /(bJIKOHO 11. M. BBeJleHHe (AcppaJHHCKHe liJbiKH. I: 06ulHe coe)leHHll); AKKan-

CKHH JIJbiK II 51JbiKH AJHH H AcppHKH. IV/I. M., 1991. C. 5-16,70-109. JlunuH Jl. A. AKKMCKHH HJbiK. M., 1964. Huehnergard J. A Grammar of Akkadian II Harvard Semitic Studies. 45. Atlanta,

Georgia, 1997. Reiner E. A Linguistic Analysis of Akkadian. London; the Hague; Paris, 1966. Riemschneider K. K. Lehrbuch des Akkadischen. Lpz., 1969. Soden W., von. Grundriss der akkadischen Grammatik. 3, ergiinzte Auflage unter

Mitarbeit von W. R. Mayer II Analecta Orientalia. 33. Roma, 1995 (GAG). Ungnad A. Grammatik des Akkadischen. Mit Obungsbuch (in Transkription). 3. Auf-

lage. Miinchen, 1949. Ungnad A. Grammatik des Akkadischen. Vtillig neubearbeitet von L. Matous. 5.

Auflage. Miinchen, 1969; 1979. 6 2. CJiooapu

The Assyrian Dictionary. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago; Gliickstadt, 1956 ff. (CAD).

Soden W., von. Akkadisches Handwtirterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1958-81 (AHw). Black J., George A., Postgate N. A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. Wiesbaden, 2000.

B 3. CBO.Ilbl KJIHHODHCHbiX 1H8KOB Borger R. Assyrisch-baby1onische Zeichen1iste II Alter Orient und Altes Testament.

33. Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1978; OH :J/Ce. Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon II Alter Orient und Altes Testament. 305. Miinster, 2004.

lAbat R. Manuel d'epigraphie akkadienne. 5 erne edition par F. Malbran-Labat. Pa-ris, 1976.

r 4. XpecToMaTHH JlunuH Jl. A. AKKMCKHH (oaoMnoHo-accMpHHCKHH) H3biK. Bbm. I. XpecTOMaTHll c

Ta6n11uaM11 JHaKOB. 113.n-oo JleHMHrpancKoro yH-Ta, 1957 (Ta6nMUbJ 3HaKoB yCTapenM).

Borger R. Babylonisch-assyrische Lesestiicke. H. I-III. Roma, 1963.

I. ci>ouoJiorHH ( 5-25) 5. 11 8aB. o6bi'IHO inum, s ace. enum 'rna3'; CM. TaK)I{e 398; 816, r): CO'IeTa-IIHe aw no'I.TH HHKOr}:{a He coxpaHHeTCH (cy.D.H no rpe'l.. nepe}:{a'l.aM, am HIIOr.D.a 'I.HTaJIOCb KaK aw ) ; CO'I.eTaHHe aj H3pe}:{Ka COXpaHHeTCH, Hanpu-MCp, B KalJeCTBe lJaCTHUhl BeTHTHBa, HO H :na 'laCTHUa '!aCTO nepeXO.lJ.HT B e ( 60.n.).

flpuue'laHue. B rnaronax lw *aw > u, ii ( 80). 5) EcnH Ha6JIJO}:{aeTCH Ha nHChMe nocJie.n.osaTeJibHOCTh }:{Byx pa3HO-

poJlHbiX rJiaCHhiX, :no lJaiQe BCero 03Ha'laeT, 'ITO OHM 6biJIH pa3}:{eJieHbl CJIO-

24 f. X. KAnJIAH. 04EPK fPAMMATHKH AKKAJICKOro .i13h!KA

ropa3.n:emneneM (mafu:l;oM) ', j, w. 3To He OTHOCHTCH K nocne.n:osaTeJihHO-cniM i-e, e-i. B 3THX c.ny'lallx no JJeKCHKO-rpBMMaTWieCKHM coo6piDKeHH-HM cne.n:yeT nnan. nn6o i, nn6o e.

B 2. CorJJacH&Ie

.

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fy6Hbie

3y6Hbie

Harl3y6Hbie (3Jib-oeonllpHbie) nepe,UHett1!6Hble

He6nbie ( cpeAHell3bl'lHbie) BenllpHbie (3MHell3bi'IHbie) Y oy !lit pH bte (113bllJKOBble) fopTaHHble (nap11Hra.Jll>Hbte)

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>:0: :0: :.: = Q

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p

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Do cnocoiiy oiipalooatma

WYMIIble

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(cjlpttKaTHBHble) I nnao-

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q

1 .[{nil aKKai\CKOrO, KaK 11 J\J]II .Upymx CeMHTCKHX 113b!KOB, xapaKTepHO H3JIH'llle

TpOII'lHbiX rpynn COr!laCHbiX (TpHaJ\): 3BOHKIIe-rnyxHe-JMQJaTII'leCKIIe. fpaQJH-'leCKII OHII He scerAa pa3JJII'l3JIIICb, oco6enno o KOHI.le cnora: '3(1. MOlKeT o6o3Ha-'!aTb sad, sat, sat.

2 B cTAKK ~oxpaHIIJIIICb ropTaHHbie h (11\eJJeooll napHHra.JlbHbtll) 11 I] (rnyxoll Q>apHHr3JibHbTH), nepeJiaoaowllec!l Ha nHCbMe 3HaKoM E. Bo3MOlKHO, coxpaHJtJIHCb TaKJKe II JlpyrHe ropTaHHbJe: '(3BOHKHH

I. OHOJ!Ofllil 25

KoM6uuaTopuoe H3Meueuue 3BYKOB ( 6-23) rJiaCHhle ( 6-11)

6. lhMeHCHUC rJI3CHbiX DO.Z:. BJIUHHUCM rJiaCHbiX

a 1. B sas. H ace. Ha6mo~aeTcil yiTo~o6neHHe macHhiX ~pyr ~pyry ( = ac-CHMHJIHU:IUI) BHYTPH o~Roro crrosa. AccHMHIIHU:HH macHhlMH coce~HHX rrraCHbiX ITO HaiTpasJieRHIO MOrJia 6biTb ITporpeCCHBHOH H perpeCCHBI-IOH.

6 2. flporpeCCHBRaH aCCHMHJIHU:HH xapaKTepHa ~JIH BaB a > e fiOCJie e: epesum < epiisum ~enaTb', ellet < ellat 'oRa 'IHCTa', beletum < beliitum 'rociTmKH' (MR. '!.).

B sas. HRor~a Ra6rriO~aeTcH II perpecCHBHaH accHMHIIHUHH. a > e ne-peJl e: eSteme < astame '51 CJibllllaJI', testeme < tastame 'Tb! CJibiiUarr', ITO aHarrOfllll C e~. lJ. e MO)f(eT COXpaRIITbC51 H BO MR. '!., r~e ReT oReTIIlJe-CKHX ycrrosHii ~II51 TaKoro ITepexo~a: tdtemli 'sbi CJibiiUarrH' (ITepeKT I 1 OT *fm'4 , 836).

B cpB (pe)f(e s H!ITB) Ra6rriO~aeTC51 lJaCTH'IRM perpeccHBHaH acCHMHJI51-UH51. a > e ITO,ll BJIH51HHeM i s opMax ITopo~ II, III: cpB ureppis I urappis 'OH paCIUIIPIIJI'' useknis I usaknis 'OH ITO KOplin'; B ITpe3eHCe I I: cpB igenni[t I iganni!J 'OR KaiUJI51eT'; B ITpe3eHce I3 rnarorros II I( 82r).

B 3. PerpeccHBRaH acciiMIIII51UH51 xapaKTepRa ~II51 ace. (T. H. aeeiipHiieKaH rapMOHI151 rnaeHbiX): iflptLHe

26 f. X. KAruiAH. 0LfEPK rPAMMAH1KH AKKAli.CKOrO R3biKA

6 2. B 8a8. 'laCTO a > e no.n 8JIIDIHHeM coce.nuux r H l, npe)I(Jle 8cero npH CO'IeTaHHH c 3M$aTH'IeCKHMH, ry6HhiMH HnH cH6HnRHTaMH: Lemnum (ace. Lamnum) '3Jioif', cpB kudurretu 8MeCTo kudurriitu 'Me)J(e8hie KaMHH', qeberum (cp/uA qabiiru) '3apb18aTh, xopOHHTh', MnB, HA qerdu I qeradu '8hllltHDaHHaR UiepCTb'.

B 3. i' > i 8 8a8., e 8 ace.: 8as. "ipus, ace. epus < *i'pus 'oH c.nenan'; 8a8. ikul, ace. ekul < *i'kul 'ou CDen' ( 746).

r 4. qaCTO i > e no.n 8JIHRHJfeM lJ, r: utammelJ 'ou cx8aTHn', ukammer 'ou HaKonHn', 8aB. uter 'ou 8epuyn' < utir(acc. uta"er) .

.ll 5. 0KOH'IaHHe po.nHTenhHOro na.ne)J(a -im > -i 8 838., -e 8 ace. nocne OTna,n;HHJI MHMaUHH ( 39)1(), COOT8eTCT8eHHO, cy$$HKCanbHOe MeCTO-HMeHHe -nim > -ni 8 8a8., -ne 8 ace.( 28, 586, 87.n).

8. BMnaJJ,euue rnacubiX B cepeJJ,uue cnosa

a I. EcnH uaxo,ngmeMYCJI 8 cepe.nHue cno8a OTKphiTOMY cnory c KpaT-KHM rnaCHhiM npe,nUieCT8YeT aHanOrH'IHbiH CJIOr, KpaTKHH rnaCHhiH 06b1Lf-HO 8hma,naeT: rapsum < *rapaJum 'o6UIHpHbiH', CTB (Cy3bi) af.z-ma-!J.a-am < *alzam-alzam '.npyr .npyra'.

llpu.'ole'IQHUe. 3ToT Kp3TKHH rnaCHbiH HepeJJ.KO COXpBHlleTCll, ecnH eMy npeJJ.-wecTBYeT HnH 3B HHM cneeyeT COHBHT: zikarum 'MYlK'IHHa', /abirum 'CTapblH', mal(l)kum 'npaaHrenb, uapb', ak(a)lum 'xne6', CTA Iu-ku-nam/ :fu-uk-nam 'nocrnab MeHll'( 63a).

6 2. ECJIH HaXOMuteMYCJI 8 cepe,nHHe CJI08a OTKpbiTOMY cnory C KpaT-KHM rnaCHbiM npe,nUieCTByeT OTKphiThiH cnor C .AOJirHM rnaCHbiM HJIH 33-KphiTbiH cnor, KpaTKHH rnacHhiH o6bi'IHO coxpaHJ~eTCJI: .yii!J.itum '8bJ)J(HMa-IOutHH (Macno, 8HHO)', assatum ')J(eHa'.

9. _CoKpameuue rnacuhiX H OTnaJJ,euue Koue~HbiX rnacubiX

a I. KoueLfHLIH 6eJy.napHLIH rnacHLIH, .nonrHH no npHpo.ne, a He 803-HHKUIHH 8 pe3yJibTaTe CTJI)J(eHHll, KaK npa8HJIO, COKpamaeTCll:

I) -fi, OKOHLf3HHe MH. Lf. y HMeH ( 39r): sarru 8MeCTO sarrii 'uapH'; 2) nep8ouaqanbHhiH .nonmu rnacHbiH y rnarono8 c nocneli,HHM cna-

6LIM KOpHe8biM ( 83): ibni 8MeCTO ibni'OH DOCTPOHJI, C03,nan'; npH npH-COe.AHHeHHH KaKHX-JIH60 .AOllOJIHHTeJibHbiX OKOHLf3HHH, eCJIH Ha 3TOT rnacHLIH nepexo.nHT y.napeuHe, ero .nonrOTa 80CCTaHa8JIH8aeTcll: ibnf-su 'ou co3.nan ero'.

6 2. ,LJ,onrHH rJiaCHLIH, 803HHKUIHH 8 pe3yJibTaTe CTli)J(eHHll, 8 3aKpbiTOM cnore TaK)J(e MO)J(eT coKpamaTLCJI: liprus < *ZU iprus 'nycTL oH OTPe)J(eT' ( 60a).

I. oHonorwB 27

B 3. KoHe'iHbie KpaTKHe 6e3y.[lapHble rnaCHbie MOryT OTna.L{aTh: KOHe'i-Hbie rJiaCHbie JIH'iHbiX cyQ!qlHKCaJibHLIX MeCTOHMeHHH ( 28); KOHe'iHbie rnacHbie npe.nnoro8 an(a), in(a), ad(i), el(i) ( 888, r); na.L{e)I(Hhle OKOH'ia-HIDI (HA lGmu-sar-kis, HeKHH OQJHUepcKHH 'iHH, 123H); OKOH'iaHIDI CTaTH8a ( 526), cy6biOHKTHBa ( 598), npH'iaCTHB He.[IOCTaTO'iHblX rJiarOJI08 ( 83r) 8 cTaryce KOHCTPYKryce.

10. CTH~euue rnacnbiX. Kpacuc

11 1. ,l1;8a rnaCHblX, pa3.neneHHbiX 'lwlj ( 12-14), CTPeMBTCB CTBHYTbCB 8 O.[IHH .[IOJirHH rJiaCHbiH. 3TOT npouecc ropa3.[10 paHbiiie npOB8HJICB 8 Ba8. (IIIHpOKO npe.ncTasneH y)f(e B cTB), l.feM B ace. (erne 8 HA qacTO OTCYTCT-8yeT CTB)KeHHe). )1;8a O.[IHHaK08hiX rJiaCHbiX, 3a HeKOTOpbiM HCKJIIO'ieHHeM, nOCTOBHHO CTBfHBaiOTCB 8 O.[IHH. Pa3Hble rJiaCHhie CTBfH8aiOTCB .[laJieKO He 8Cer.na. llpH HX CTB)KeHHH 06Hapy)f(HBaiOTCB CJie.[lyiOIUHe 8apH3HTbi:

1) f 1 + t 2 > f 2: rabium > rabum (HM. n.) '6onhrnoii', rabiam > rabam (8HH. n.). CTB)KeHHe MO)KeT He npoHcxo.nHTh: cTB (3X) rabitm I rabium; HA anniu ':nu', qibia 'cK3)f(H MHe'; cTB (3X) irdiam, HB irda 'oH npHsen'; cTB (MapH) qacTo i+a>e, Ho CTB)f(eHHe MO)KeT He npoH30HTH kern I ki'am 'TaK'.

2) f 1 + f 2 > qame t 2, pe)f(e f 1: CTB, eTA anniiitum > cpB, HA annutu '3TH'; ace. duiikum, HO sas. dakum 'y6HB3Tb' (HHQJHHHTHB 11 rnarono8 co cpe.nHHM cna6biM, 828); CTB simeii, a B 6onee D03.[1HHX 8aB . .[IHaJieKTax H HA sima 'cnyrnaHTe'; B CTAKK, CTicpA be'iilum, HOB Ba8. belum 'rocno.n-CTBOB3Tb'; CTB (MapH) 'i3CTO i+ii > e, HO CTB)f(eHHe MO)f(eT He DpOH30HTH: annetim I anniiitim '3THx' (MH. 'i. )1(. p.).

3) r. + tz > f'z: CTAKK, CTicpA rubii'um, HO Ba8., HA rubu(m) 'KHB3b'. HHKor.na He npoHCXO.[IHT CTB)f(eHHe B npH'iaCTHH 11 rnarono8 co cpeJlHHM cna6biM: dii'iku(m) 'y6HBaiOIUHH' ( 82s).

4) ft + f2 > f'z: samii>ii > samu (MH. "1.) 'He6o'; CTAKK, CTicpA qabii'i > 8aB., HA qabe 'MoH peqH' (6yKa.: 'Moe roaopeHHe' . HHQJHHHTHB 11 OT *qbi, 83). ~ 2. HaH6onee pacnpOCTPaHeHHhiH cnyqait KpacHca (CTB)f(eHHe KOHel.fHoro

I'JiacHoro cnoaa c Ha'iaJibHhiM macHbiM cne.nyiOIUero cnoaa) Ha6niO.naeTCB B npeKaTHBe ( 60a). l1Hor.na BCTPel.faeTcB cpameHHe OTPHUaTeJibHOH qacTHUbl Iii c nocne.nyiOIUHM cnoaoM: ace. lassu 'HeT'< *Iii 'iSu (6yKa.: 'oH He HMe-eT'); MJIB lamiitu

28 f. X. KAnJIAH. 0lJEPK fPAMMA 111KI1 AKKA)lCKOfO ~3f;,JKA

11. 06JieP.IHTeJibHbiH rJiaCHbiH a l. IlpH CKOOJieHHH .llBYX COfJiaCHblX B HaK-

.llY HHMI1 06b!'IHO BCTaBJIS!eTCSI o6Jier'IHTeJibHbiH rJiaCHbiH, KOTOpbiH '!aCTO COOTBeTCTByeT rrraCHOMY COCe)lHero CJIOra:

l) HMnepaTHB 11 ( 63s): $abat Ke) H JHaKaMH c b HJIH m (H3pe.uKa B cTapbiX .uwaneKTax, a peryn.~~puo noJ:>Ke; nna ace. xapaK-TepHbl 3HaKH c b): CTB, CTA awatum; 11HOr.!Ia CTB, cplnB amatu; cpAIHA abutu (c aCC!ipHHCKOH rapMOHiieH rnaCHbiX, 6s) 'cnoso'.

6 2. w s ua cplnB, cpluA tilidu 'pO.!IHBliiHH, pO.!IHTeJib'. B ace. wa- > u- liHor.ua y:>Ke B eTA, a perym1puo no3:>Ke: eTA warad I urad, cpluA urad 'pa6' (cT. K.).

B 3. B HHTepBOKaJibHOM nono:>KeHHH (Me:>K.uy rnacHbiMH) HHor.na BMe-cTo W OOSIBJIS!eTC.II ': cpA (CA3) a-i-fa (a>l/a) BMeCTO awi/a 'qeJIOBeKa' (BHH. n.). 0 co'leTaHH.IIX iwa, uwa B rnaronax I w CM. 80.

r 4. B nopo.ne IV1 y.nsoeHHbiH w B rnarone '"lbabiilum o60JuaqaeTC.II Ha nHChMe KaK bb: ibbabil 'ou 6bm npHHeceu', a B rnarone waliidum OH co-xpaHaeTca: cTB iwwalid, MJJIHB ww nHliieTC.II qepe3 mm (immalid) HJIH mm>" (i"alid) 'ou 6bm po)!()leH' ( 80) .

.!I 5. JlpuMe'laHUe. W MOr OO.IIBHTbC.II BTOpH'IHO KaK rnaH.U BO H36e:>KaHHe 3HSIHHSI Me)!()ly .llBYMSI rrraCHbiMii: CTA kuati I kuwati 'Te6.11'' nB sutiti I suwiiti 'ero' ( 27).

I. OHOJIOrlUI 29

13. lloJiyrJiaCHhtiij 8 l.j B Ha'laJie CJIOBa BCT])e'laeTCR B MeCTOHMeHIUIX 1 Jl. e~. 'I. (jflti,

jlisim, ja'um. 27, 29). fnaronbHbie rrpeqmKCbl 3 n. *ja- > i-, *ju- > u-( 52s). Y rnaronos Ij *ja- > e-: *janaqum > sas. enequm, ace. enaqum 'cocaTb (rpy~b)', HO cp.: 816.

Ilpu,we'lanue. B CTAKK rnaroJJI>HI>IH npeHKC I JJ. u- (< *'u-) o603Ha'laJJCII 3Ha-KaMH U, 0, a rnarOJJI>HI>Jli npeHKC 3 JJ. u- ( < *ju-)- 3HaKOM U, 'ITO C8H.UeTeJJI>CT-8yeT 0 COXpaHeHHH 8 CTAKK npeHKCa 3 Jl. ju-; ji-, 8 TOM 'IHCJJe rJJarOJJI>HI>IH npe-HKC 3 JJ. o603Ha'laJJCII 3HaKOM 1: i-lJu-uz ljr!Jud 'OH 8311!1', i-du-um ljiduml 'pyKa'. cp.: 1-/um /'iluml '6or'.

(j 2. j B cepe~HHe CJIOBa MeiK.lly ~BYMSI rnaCHbiMH rrepe.uaeTCSI TOJibKO B cy$$nKcanbHOM MeCTOHMeHHH 1 n. e.u. '1. -ja ( 28): beli-ja 'Moero rocno-~nHa'. nocne .uonrnx rnacHbiX, oco6eHHO ii-. qacro -ja > -'a: belii'a 'Mon rocno.ua'.

B 3. KopHesoii j rnaronos I j accHMHJJHpyeTCSI rrpe.urnecTBYJOIUeMy n B rropo.uax IV ( 8l.u). CoqeraHHe -mj- (pe3y1lhTaT rrpHcoe.unHeHnH K rroKaJa-TenJO JlOKaTHBHOfO IT~e)f(a -Um ( 44) CYtPtPHKCaJlbHOfO MeCTOHMeHHJI -ja) > -"-: *sepum-ja > sepu"a > sepii'a 'K MOHM HOraM' (6yKB.: 'K MOeH HOre').

r 4. flpUMe'laHue. j KaK n w ( 12) MO)f(eT BblczyrraTb s KatiecTBe maii~a: HA an-ni-(i)-u I an-ni-'u-u I an-ni-ju-u ':noT' ( 3la).

CorJiaCHLie ( 14-23) 14. ropTaHHhiH (')

a 1. B Ha'lane CJIOBa rOpTaHHbiH B3pb1B '( 5B) MOf OTMetiaThCll 3HaKOM Mll rnacHoro: a-al-su 'ero ropo~, i-in-su 'ero rnaJ', u-ul (o-rpm.l.aTeJlhHaH 'laCTHUa, 986).

Ilput~e'laHue. B Ha

30 r. X. KAnnAH. QqEPK rPAMMATI1KI1 AKKA.[lCKOro Jl3biKA

r 4. Tiocne cornacHoro '8e)leT ce6 no-pa:moM)': 1) y rnarono8 I' 8 nopo.Lle IV 1 coqeTaHHe -n'- > qame -nn- ( 746), pe-

)Ke ": *in'amer > innamer 'oH 6hm Y8H.LleH', *in'abit > i"abit 'oH 6bin YHHqTo)KeH';

2) BTOpOH KOpHeBOH 'MO)KeT Bbma,llaTb, Y.LlllHH nocne)lyiOIUHH rnac-HbiH: ace. Wal Ba8. ifiill if'al'oH cnpocHn';

3) TPeTHH KOpHesoif ' B HMeHHblX o6pa308aHHx Hepe.LlKO Bbma)laeT, npH -3TOM Y.LlllHHJieTC rnacHblH npe.LlmeCTByiOmero cnora. B MnlnB, cp/HA 803HHKma )lonroTa rnacHoro qacTo JaMeHl!eTCSI Y.LlBOeHHeM nocne.nyiO-mero cornacHoro (T. H. KOMneHcaropHoe y.nsoeHHe, CM. 228): *~i{'um > ~i{um > ~ltu I ~ittu 'rpex'.

llpu.we'laHue. TpeTHj:i KOpHesoii ' ( illik 'oH ymen'.

15. 3y6ubJe (d, t, t) 8 I. d aCCHMHJIHpyeTC:

1) nocne.LlyiOmeMy t noKaJaTen )1(. p.: cTB ki-si-it-tum < *kisidtum '3a-soesaHue'; MJIB ma'attu < *ma'adtu (HA ma'attu > ma'assu) 'MHOfO'IHcneH-Ha';

2) HHor.na nocne.ny10meMy s: essum < *edsum 'H08biif'; 3) nocne.nyiOmeMy n B cpB u 6onee noJ.nHHX .nHaneKTax: idnii > innii

( *ndn) .nanTe'. 6 2. t rnaronbHbiX HHqmKcos -ta-, -tan- (57, 67-70) no.nsepraeTc cne-

.z:lYIOIUHM H3MeHeHHM: I) t > d nocne g, d: igdamrii < *igtamrii ( 73s) OHM Jasepmmm',

idduk < *idtuk ( 82) 'oH y611n'; 8 noJ,nHHX sao . .nHaneKTax mt > md > nd (> tt 8 HA): amda!Jas < amtabas ' cpaJHJic' ( 67a); HB undab/Ji-5u, HA uttablzi-5ii < umtalzlzisu 'OHH paHHnH';

2) t > t nocne t: attardam < attardam ' nocnan'; 8 cp/HA t > t nocne q ( 216): iq{ibi < iqtabi (BaB.) 'oH CKaJan';

3) t aCCHMHJIHpyeTCJI npe.nmeCTBYIOIUeMy CH6HJISIHTy, KpOMe S ( 2Qe): as-5abat < *astabat ' cxsaTHn', izzakar < *iztakar 'oH HaJBan' ( 73s);

4) t aCCHMHJIHpyeTC nocne,nyiOIUeMy Jy6HOMY HJIH CH611JIHry: mindudii ss: isseqe < ilteqe (*lq') 'oH BJn'.

I. OHOJIOrrut 31

IJ 3. llOKa3aTeJlh :lK. p. t llO.!I,BepraeTCll CJle.li.)'IO~HM H3MeHeHHliM: 1) t + s cyuKCanhnoro MeCTOHMeHHll ( 28s) > ss: CTB ti-il-la-as-su

'ero noMOUlh ', HMll co6CTsennoe P Amur-da-an-nu-su (dannussu < danniit-su) '.H YBH.D;eJJ ero cHJJy';

2) B cp/nB mt > md, nd ( 18s): MJJB tamdu < tamtu 'Mope'; 3) B HA It> ss: batussu < batultu '.D.eByliiKa'.

llpUMe'lauue. B HA npoCJJelKH&aeTCll HeKOTOpCill CKJIOHHOCTb K 03BOH'ICHHIO t: gallltum, HA gallidu 'nyraTbCll'; a MJIB HHor.na cUt: cVtu'u 'nocraMeHT'.

r 4. d, t, t + s cyHKCanhnoro MeCTOHMeHHll > ss: ikSussu < *ikSud-su 'on 3axBaTHJJ ero', baliissu < *balii{-su 'ero :lKH3Hh', uk-te-te-eb-bi-is-su-nu-ti < *uktetebbit-sunuti (nepeKT Ih. *kbt, 70) 'll nocTOliHHO OKa3hiBan HM llO'ITeHHe'.

16. 3y6HOH HOCOBOH n

n 1. n B naqane cnoaa oTna.n.aeT: n, Kopneaoii rnaronoa In ( 78) B HM-nepaTHBe, unHHHTHBe, CTaTHBe nopo.D. 12, 13 (unor)J,a nopo.ll 112, ITI2): itabbu!J < *nitanbu{J 'naii noCTOliHHo' (HMnepaTHB h); n, nOKa:laTeJJh no-PO.llhi B HMnepanme, HHHHHTHBe, CTaTHBe nopo.D.hl IV3 ( 70): itapras < *nitapras (HMnepamB IV3).

6 2. B cp/nA nepe.llKO Me:lK.lly rnaCHhiMH u nepe.ll t n > ': cpA (CA3) da-'a-a-ne (HHHHHTHB I 1 po,ll. n., *dnn, 7.ll) 'cuna', cpA bi'tu < bintu )J,O'Ih . B HA HHOr)J,a nn > ": mas-sur-da-in-an-ni (Assur-da"inanni) Alll-wyp, yKpenH MeHll'.

" 3. n, 3aKphiBaiOmuii cnor, o6hi'IHO accHMHJJupyeTCll nocneey10~eMY co-rnacnoMy: n, Kopneaoii rnaronoa In: iddin < *indin 'on )J,an'; n, noKa3aTenh nopO.ll IV: ipparis < *inparis '(nyTh) 6hm OTPe3an' (no: 14r); n alflHKCa -tan-, noKaJaTenll HTepaTHBHhiX nopo.!l,: iptarras < *iptanras (npeTepHT I3).

1 4. n, cpe,nHHH KOpHeBOH, 06hi'IHO He aCCHMHJJHpyeTCll nocne,nyiO~eMy cornacHoMy: sunqu(m), HHOr.!l,a ace. sumqu, suqqu 'rono,ll', cpA ku-unlum/ uk-ka (HMnepaTHB I .. *knk) 'oneqaTaifTe'.

Jl 5. nocne)J,HHH Kopneaoii n accuMHJJHpyeTcll nocneeyiO~eMy cornacno-My, 'ITO ne scer.na OTMe'laeTCll na nuchMe: a) noKa3aTeJIIO * p. t ( 386): libittum < *libintum 'Kupnuq'; 6) m 3HKJIHTHKH -ma ( 97a): CTB luJkum-ma < luskun-ma 'nyCTh ll nono:lKY u .. .'; B) comacHOM)' cyuKCaJJhHoro MecTouMeHHll ( 28): eTA uzas-su < uzan-su (sas. uzun-su) 'ero yxo', sas. ln-Ju 'ero rna3', ramiin-ka 'Thl caM'; cTB idis-su < idin-su (uMnepaTHB I 1, *ndn) 'npo,llaH ero'; r) Ha'lanhHOMy cornacaoMy nocneey10~ero cnosa ( 73Jl).

llpiLwe'lm/Ue. n npe.IUioroa an(a), in(a) noCJJe oTna.neHHll KOHC'!Horo rnacHoro '!aCTo accHMHJJHpycrrcll Ha'laJJbHOMY cornacHOMY nOCJJCJIYIOUiero cnoaa: crA a~~er < ana !ier 'K', i!i!ier

32 r. x. KAniJAH. O'IEPK rPAMMATHKH AKKA.LlCKoro ~3biKA

e 6. Tipe!{IJOJiaraeTCB, lJTO B aKKMCKOM 6biJI eme He6HhiH HOCOBOH n, He HMeBml1i:f cneu.HaJihHOro rpaqm napl;arum 'coBOKJrrHoeTh'. TipeopMaTHB mu- eoxpa~eTesr H rrepe.u. ry6-HhiMI1, HeKJIIO' ( 166): sa'tu < siintu < siimtu 'YTPeHH.IIli 3ap.11'.

r 4. B KOHU.C eJIOBa m MHMaUHH ( 40)1(, 44), MeeTOHMCHHli, ,!l.aTCJihHOrO na.u.eJKa ( 27, 28) H BeHrnBa (58) B cTB 11 eTA Ha

I. s nepe.n t " k: sipistu < sipirtu coo6-weHHe', usku < "l,.rkCi '6orree I103.1{HHH'. J1 Ha060pOT, HHOr.l{a S > r (20M). l13pe.nKa r accHMHrrHpyeTCH nocrre.nywweMy corrracHoMy: cpiMJIB arnabu I annabu '3MU'.

20. Cu6HJIHHTbi (z, s, ~' S) 11 l. HeKOTOphie yqeHhie norraraiOT, 'ITO z. s, .y Mornu npoHJHOCHThCH KaK

acl>cl>PHKaThi [dz] [ts] [!$] Ha npOTH)I(eHMH scero cTAKK " B03MO)I(HO, cTB nepuo.nos. s OTMe"'aJJCH s cTAKK qepe3 rpynnhi 3HaKos S+f (s < npa-ceMHTCKHH I) " S+r (s < npaceMuTcKHii s, S), s cTB- S+r (S < npace-MHTCKHH 1. s, S). Ilo3TOMY B TPaHcKpHnUHHX cTAKK TeKCTOB ucnorr~>JyeTcH

rpaoHeMbi s B cTAKK y)l(e He 6biJIO. 6 2. 8 HalJaJJe CJIOBa S B ace. MO)I(eT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb Z B BaB.: HA

siqqurrutu sas. ziqqurratu(m) '3HKKyppaT, BbiCOKHH xpaM'. 4epe.nosaHHe s/z BHYTPH Bas.: suqtu(m) I zuqtu 'no.n6opo.noK'. l1Hor.na sl.y nepe.n n, l: sas. pasiimu(m), ace. pa.yiinu(m) 'YKYThiBaTb', cTB sullum > MrriHB, HA .yullu 'D3brBaTb'.

11 3. Bas. s > s s cpiHA o6bi"'HO nepe.n b, p: sas. (w)asbat, cpiHA usbat 'OH8 )I(HBeT ', saplu(m) > HA sapfu 'HH)I(HHH CTOpOHa', HO TaiOKe cpiHA

1 'In .14S2

34 r. X. I lz: cTB u!ziz. MJIB uuor.na, cplnB o6bi'IHO ulziz 'on ycmuoaun'; ss > ss, Is: crB, crA. cpiMllB issi I issi, cplnB 'facTo ilsi 'on KpHKHyn'. Cu6HJUIHThl, KaK u Jy6uble ( 15a, r), c s cyq,q,uKCaJib-noro MeCTOHMeHH.II ( 28) > ss: imbassu < *imba~-su 'on y.napwn ero', no ss a eTA nocroxuno, a a crB qacTo coxpaH.ReTC.II: crB ulabbissu 'oua o.nena ero , no: i-pu-us-su-um-ma < *ipus-sum-ma 'on c.nenan eMy u ... ', ressu < res-su 'ero ronoaa'.

Jl 5. TiepeJl t, noKaJaTeJieM :lK. p. ( 386), a crB cH6nnxnTLi z. s, .y o6bi'.J-no > s: CTB marustum (*mr~) '3no'. YlcKJIIO'IeHue: z > t B zittum < *zfztum '.non.11 (npu pa3Jlene)'. B cplnB, cpA, KaK npaaUJio, z, s, ~ > 1: cplnB ribiltu I ribi~tu '3aTonneuHe', cpB rikiltu I rikistu I rikistu (*rks) '.noroaop'.

e 6. Cu6nJI.IIHThi, KpoMe s, accHMunupyiOT t rnaroJibHOro wnqm:Kca -ta-( 156).

* 7. B cTB uuor,na, a cplnB, cpA, KaK npaaUJio, s > l nepe.n aceMH Jy6-HbiMu: cTB iltiinum 'ceaepHbiH aerep', cplnB, cpA il{ur < is{ur 'on nann-can', MJIB ildudii < isdudu 'OHU T3ll(HJIH'.

3 8. Yluor.na cH6HJI.IIHTbi > J nepe.n cornaCHhiMH b, p. I, b. q: cplnB naspantu I naspantu (*spn) 'onyCTornenue'.

u 9. B HA ss < lt nz: nB sinzerii < sinserii ' 11,2'. ns > ns, ss: MllB kidissu < kidin-su 'ero JamuTa'; HlnB iddinsu I iddinsu I iddissu 'on JlaJI eMy'.

JJ 11. B nA ecTL npHMepbl c nepexo.noM Is> ss ( 196). M 12. Yluor,na s > r nepe,n d, t, k: MJIBinA arkun < askun 'x nOJIO:lKHJI',

nB is-du-du I ir-du-du 'ouu Tamwnu'.

21. 3MIJl3THqeCKHe ((, ~' q) a 1. I13 ,nayx 3M!l>aTH'IeCKUX COrJiaCHbiX, KOTOpbie B ,npyrnx CeMHTCKHX

.113biKax MOryT BCT}leTHTbC.II B O,L{HOM KOpHe, B 3KKa.LlCKOM O)lHH 06bi'InO

.L{UCCUMUJIHpyeTC.II (T. H. 33KOH rupca): ~abiitum (apa6. {jb() 'XB3T3Tb', ka-~arum (eap. q.yr) 'cB.II3biBaTJ>, qatnum (eap. qtn) 'roHKUH'. B crB qaqqaduml kaqqadum 'ronoaa', qaqqarum I kaqqarum '3eMJI.II', B MJIB zuqal;qipu I zu~l;qfpu 'cKopnwou'.

llp!LIIe'lauue. Geers Frederick W. The Treatment of Emphatics in Akkadian II Journal of Near Eastern Studies. Vol. IV/2. Chicago, 1945. P. 65-67.

fi 2. TipH KOnTaKTe C 3M4>3TH'IeCKHMU COrJI3CHbiMH B CJie.L{yiOlUHX CJIY'I3-XX t >{:

1) t Kopueaoe: nB ki iq{upu (*qtp) 'Kor)la on copaan'; 2) t noKaJaTeJI.II :lK. p. ( 386): MnB niiril{u < *niiri{tum '6onOTo';

35

3) t rnaroJJbHOro HHHKca -ta- (57) B cpluA: HA aq{ibi < aqtabi 'g CKII:)aJJ' (C aCCHpHHCKOH rapMOHHeH maCHbiX, 6a).

II 3. 0 pa:mHqHbiX H3MeHeHHSIX ~ CM. 20. I' 4. 8 BaB. a > e llO,ll BJlHSIHHeM r qacTO npH HaJJHqHH B KOpHe 3MaTH-

4CCKOf0 cornacuoro ( 76).

22. Y.z.soeuue cornacnbiX 1 I. Y .naoeuue comacHbiX qacTo He OTMeqanocb, oco6euuo a cTAKK H

eTA. B no3,nHHX TeKcTax HHor.na B03HHKaJJO HeMOTHBHpoaauaoe y.nsoeHHe cornacHbiX.

1\ 2. Y.nsoeHHbiH cornacHbiH B03MO)I(eH 6biJJ TOJJbKO Me)l(,lly rnaCHbiMH, H IIO:lTOMY B KOHUe CJlOBa OH 06biqHo ynpOIUaJJCSI: dannum 'CHJlbHbiH', diin '011 CHJleH' ( 79a). Y,nsoeHHbiH COrJJaCHbiH coxpaHS!JlCSI B KOHUe CJlOBa, CCJIH CJJe,nyiOIUee CJJOBO HaqHHaJJOCb C rJiaCHOrO, a o6a CJlOBa HMeJJH O,llHO YJtapeHHe: CTB sa li-ib-ba-Ii-im (< libbi iilim) 'ropo)l(aHuH' ( 25r, 4la).

" 3. Y.naoeHHe comacHoro Momo 6LITb MoponomqecKHM HJIH oueTu-'ICCKHM.

MoponomqecKoe y.nsoeuue ua6niO,naeTC npH o6pa3oaauuu HeKoTo-phlx HMeHHbiX opM ( 37) u uenoro p.na rnaroJibHbiX opM (55, 64).

oHeTnqecKoe y.naoeuue Momo 6LITb perynpHbiM u ueperynpHbiM. PerynpHoe y.naoeuue- pe3yJILTaT acCHMHJIUHH o.nuoro cornacHoro

JlpyroMy: iddin < *indin 'oH .nan'. Heperynpuoe y.naoeaue: I) 3aMeH.liiOll\ee .nonrory npe.nrnecTByiOmero rnacuoro: CTB kii~um I ku~~um '3nMa';

2) Hap.ny c y,nnHueuneM KpaTKoro macuoro s OTKpbiTOM y.napuoM cno-rc uo3MO)I(HO y.naoeuue nocne.ny10mero cornacuoro: cpA na-si I na-a-si I na-as-si '(oTBeTCTBeHHOCTb) oH .non)l(eH uecTn' (cTaTHB 11 rnaronos c no-CJtCf\HHM cna6biM, 83); oco6eHHO qacro BCTpeqaeTc npH nepeHoce y.na-peUHSI ( 25s): CT8 lispurram 'nyCTb OH MHe HanHilleT'.

1 4. Y.nsoeHHbie 3BOHKHe comaCHble bb, dd, gg, zz s aaa. qacTo pacno-JioGJUUIHCb qepe3 m H!IH n (.llHCCHMHJI.liUH.ll qepe3 Ha3aJJH3aUHIO): ina"'lndin < imuidin 'oa .naeT', ambi < abbi '.ll Ha3san', inanziq < inazziq 'ou cep,nHT-CM'. 1pe,nnonaraeTCH, qTo B 3THX CJiyqax HMeJI MeCTO He6HbiH HOCOBOH n, KOTOpbiH He HMeJI cneUHaJJbHOrO rpaHqecKoro Bblp~eHH.ll.

Jl 5. 0 nepexo.ne tt > ss CM. 15a.

23. MeTaTeJa 11 I. Ha6n10,naeTCR MeTaTe3a HHHmpoaauuoro t H Kopaeablx d, z. s, s. a

TIIK'lKC S B CTA: I) a 6ecnpeHKCHbiX opMax nopo.n 12, lh, 13 ( 73s): cTB tidiikum <

ditiikum '6oii';

36 f. X. KAnJIAH. 0'-IEPK rPAMMATHKH AKKA.UCKOro.H3h!KA

2) B npunaraTeJibHhiX, o6pa30BaHHhiX no Mo.uenu pitrlJs ( 37)1(): tizqiirum (< *zitqiirum) 'so3BhiiiieHHhiH'.

6 2. HeKOTOphie .upyme npuMepbi MeTaTe3hi eornaeHhix: 1) S H d: qadiisum, qasiidum '6b!Th, eTaHOBHTbeg 'IHeTbiM'; 2) s u !r MJIB lasbu I la!JSu '.ueeHa'; 3) s H k: askuppu(m) I HA aksuppu '.usepHOH nopor'; 4) 'us: eTAKKper'iisum I persa'um '6noxa'; 5) pHs: epiHA, epiMnB kupsu I kuspu 'oTPy6u'.

B 3. Ha6mo.uaeTeg MeTaTe3a rnaeHoro u eomaeHoro: 1) B HMnepanme, HHcpHHHTHBe H eTaTHBe nopO.Ubl 12 ( (,7a, napa,n.

XVI), B03MO)I(H0, no.u BJilfjJHlfeM nepeHoea y.uapeHug: eTB atlakam, eTA atalkam 'yxo.uu npo%'; eTB litbusum, eTA litabSum 'Ha.uesaTh';

2) B npunaraTeJibHhiX, o6pa3osaHHhiX no Mo.uenu pitriis ( 37)1(): epiHB sitriiyu, MJIB sitarbu 'O'leHb rop.UbiH'.

CJior u y.r.apeuue ( 24-25) 24. Cnor

a 1. Cnom a aKKa.ueKoM jJ3hiKe 6biBaiOT TPex mnos: 1) KpaTKHH: OTKpb!TbiH e KpaTKHM maeHhiM (-a, -ba); 2) .UOJirHH: 3aKpb!TbiH e KpaTKHM rJiaeHhiM JIH60 OTKpb!TbiH e .UOJirHM

maeHbiM ( -ak; -bak; -ii; -bii); 3) caepx.uonmM:: 3aKpbiThiH, co.uep)l(amuM: .uonruM: HJIH caepx.uon-

mM: (56) rnacHhiH (-iik; -biik, -dak), n116o OTKphiThiH co caepx.uonmM rnaeHhiM (-a, -ba).

25. Y.LJ.apeuue

a 1. flo MHeHHIO pg.ua HeeJie.l{OBaTeJieH, aKKa.l{eKHH jj3biK OTJIH'IaJieg eHJihHbiM 3KenupaTOpHbiM y.uapeHHeM. 3-fo npHBO.l{HJIO K pa3JIH'IHOrO po-.ua eTg)l(eHlfjJM, eoKpameHHjjM, Bbina.l{eHHjjM rJiaeHhiX ( 8-10). C .Upyroi:f eTOpOHbl, B KpaTKHX y.uapHbiX eJIOrax, oeo6eHHO TCX, KOTOpbiC CTaHOBH-JIHCb y.uapHhiMH H3-3a nepeMemeHHg y.uapeHgg, y.unuggnueb maeHbie HJIH y.usausanHeb noene.uyiOmue comaeHhie.

6 2. Y .uapeHue na.uaeT: 1) Ha nocne.uHuM: enor, eenu OH esepx.uonmu: sao. rubU(m) (eT/cpA

rubt1'um) 'KHjj3b'; eplnB iqb/i 'OH eKa3aJI MHe'; idfik 'OH y611n'; 2) B npoTHBHOM enyqae y.uapeHue na.uaeT Ha npe.unoene.UHHH enor, ee-

JIH OH .uonmM: {ipdrras 'oH OTPe)l(eT') unu esepx.uonmu (it&r-sum 'oH sep-HeTe K HeMy');

I. Cl>OHOJIOB1.SI 37

3) y,ZJ,apemt:e na,ZJ,aeT Ha TPeTHif error oT KOHUa, eemt: npe,ZJ,noerre,ZJ,HHH error KpaTKHH: f.ybatu (BaB.) 'oHH exaaTHrrH'.

B 3. EerrH K erroay npueoe,ZJ,HH.HIOTe.ll 3HKJIHTHqeeKHe qaeTHUhi (-rna, -mi, 97a, B), llOKa3aTerrH ey6'hiOHKTHBa (-u, -ni, 59B) HrrH llOKa3aTerrh BeHTHBa ( -ni(m), 58), y,ZJ,apeHHe na,ZJ,aeT Ha error, npe,ZJ,llleeTBYIOlllHH 3THM Mopcpe-MaM: sarrum-ma 'TorrhKO uaph,. B erryqae npHeOe,ZJ,HHeHHH eycpcpHKeaJih-HOro MeeTOHMeHHH K HMeHH y,ZJ,apeHHe na,ZJ,aeT Ha llOKa3aTerrh pO,Zl,. ll. -i, OKOHqaHHe ,ZJ,B. q, HrrH MH. q, ( 42): miirf-ka 'TBOero ebJHa', miiro-ka 'TBOU ehiHOBh'. Eerru O,ZJ,Hoerro:>KHoe eycpcpuKeanhHoe MeeTOUMeHue npueoe,ZJ,u-HHeTe K rrrarony, y,ZJ,apeHue nauaeT Ha error, npe,ZJ,liJeeTBYIOlllHH eycpcpHK-eanhHOMY MeeTOHMeHHIO: aspur-ka ' noerran Te6SI' . .[{ayx- "TPexerrO)J(-Hhle eycpcpHKeaJihHhie MeeTOHMeHUH .HBrrHIOTe.ll y,ZJ,apHhiMH.

lJptLwe

II. MopclloJioruH ( 26-99)

MecTOHMeuue ( 26-35) 26. Pa3pHJJ.bl MCCTOHMCHHH

a B aKKa,ucKoM ll3hiKe cymecTBYIOT caMoCTOliTeJihHhie 11 cyTiocne cTB 11 eTA uap.H.ny c IX MeCTOI1MeHI1H cTapi>IX .[(11aJieKTOB nOliBJiliiOTCll HOB006pa30BaHHll ( CM. HH)I(e npHMeqaHI1ll K Ta6-JI11Ue).

II. MOPOJIOfWI 39

--------

naneliC '-:IHCJJO JIHttO, POA

E.n.'l.

MH.'I.

HM.D, pOJIJBHH. n! ABT. n.1

1 II. M.,lK. p. anllku jlili jlisi(m)3 2II. M.p. atta' klih.5 kli.fim 6

2II.lK. p. attf klili8 kasi(m) 3 II. M.p. s;l suti111,. 10 suiisim II 3 Il.lK. p. 5112 suiili 13 siiisim 14

1 II. M.,lK.p. nlnu15 niiili 16 niliSim 11

2II. M.p. anunu 18 kuniili 19 kuniisi(m)20 2II.lK. p. attina21 kiniili22 (kiniisi(m)f3 3 II. M.p. sunu suniili24 suniisi(m)25 3 Il.lK. p. sina sioo1i26 (.l'inii.l'i(m)f1

llpUMe'laHim: 1 8 eTA H .!IJill .naT. n. 2 Her B eTA. 3 flociie cr8 oao.ja.'t/". 4

40 r. X. KAmiAH. O'IEPK rPAMMATHKH AKKA.UCKoro 113bJKA --------------------------

28. JIH'-IHbiC cyrJ>IJ>uKCaJibHbiC MCCTOHMCHHSI

a 1. Cy

ll. MOPOJJOr11.11 41

HbJi1: tuppaknu '8awa Ta6nH'IKa', libbasnu '11x eepaue' ( 428). 7 !l>opMbl 6eJ oKoH-'IaHHii H3peaKa ua6ntOD.atOTell 8 CT8 11 eTA. 8 8 u/n8 TaKlKe ua6ntOD.atOTell eme -ani, -anu, -nu, -na. 9 8 eTA -niati (8 8a8. TOnbKO D.nll BHH. n.) TaKlKe D.nll D,aT. n., 8 MapH -n2ti, -nUim, noene CT8 " eTA -nati, -nasi. 10 8 eTA -kunu, T. e. eyHK-eanbHbJe MeeTOHMeHHII BHH. 11 poD.. n. eosna.uatOT. 11 8 eTA -kuniiti. 12 8 eTA -kina. 13 8 eTA -kiniiti. 14 8 eTA -sunu. 15 8 CTA -suniiti. 16 8 eTA -sina. 17 8 CTA -Iinati.

29. CaMOCTOHTCJibHbiC npHTH~aTCJibHbiC MCCTOHMCHHH a 1. B Ka'leCTBe npHTlnKaTeJJoHbiX MeCTOHMeHHH o6oi'IHO HCnOJihJOBa-

JIHCh cycpqmKCaJihHbie MeCTOHMeHHll pO)l. n. ( 28). 0r HHX o6pa30BaJIHCh CaMOCTOl!TeJihHbie npHTll)l(aTeJibHbie MeCTOHMeHHll nyTeM )lOfiaBJieHHll HMeHHhiX na)le)l(HbiX noKaJaTeJieH: ( 40e), noKaJaTeJill )1(. p. -t ( 386) u OKOH'I3HHH MH. '1. npHJiaraTeJihHhiX ( 39r). PO)l MeCTOHMCHIUI COrJiacyeT-Cll c po)lOM onpe)leJil!eMoro o6oeKTa.

Mecro- 06beKT(poa,'lucno) uMetme

Q Q 5 =-= =

M. p .;a.'l. lK. p. ea. '1. M,p,MH.'I. lK, p.MH, '!, :r ~

1 n. jii'um jattu"'ln jii'iitun jattun 'Moil.' 'MoM' (eTA jii>iitum) (.eTAjlitum)

'Mot!' 'MoH' :r 2n. kum kattum (eTA (eTA

42 r. x. KAfUIAH. OtJEPK rPAMMArnKH AKKA,ncKoroRJbtKA

B 3. BhlnOJIHRIOT B npe,nno)Keuuu um bissu 'ero ,noM'. MecTOHMeuue c oTpuuauueM CTOHT nocne onpe.nen.ReMoro: cTB (3X) IR (wardim) Ia se-e-em 'ue CBoero pa6a';

2) CKaJyeMoro: bltum sii ja'um 'TOT .noM MOH'. B CTA npHTli)KaTeJibHOe MeCTOHMeHHe 1 JI. e,n. '1. BCTpetJaeTCll B CTaTHBe ( 54a): i-a-at (CTaTHB 3 JI. )K. p. e.n. tJ.) 'oua (ecTh) Moll', i-a-u (CTaTHB 3 n. M.p. MH. tJ.) 'ouu (ecn,) Mou';

3) no.nne)Kamero HJIH .nononueuull: cTB HMll co6cTseuuoe,/a-u-ku-um 'Moe- TBOe', cTB (Mapu) ina ni-i-ia-tim 'c uarneu'.

30. Bbtpa~euue BOlBpaTuocTu u BJaHMHOCTH a 1. CneuuanhHhie B03BpaTHble MeCTOHMeHHll OTCYTCTBYJOT. ,Anll Bbipa-

)l(eHHll 3HatJeHHll CaM ucnoJihJyeTCll cymecTBHTenbuoe ramanu(m) (ace. ramunu(m) ( 6s), uB/uA TaK)Ke ramannu): sas. ana ramanz-su ',nnll ne-ro caMoro'. Pe)Ke npuMeHliiOTCll cymecTBHTeJihHhte pagru(m) 'Teno'. napistu(m) 'ropno, )I(HJnh': CTB pagarka u~ur 'xpauu ce6ll'. B cTAKK, eTA ucnom,3yeTcll uuor.na qaqqadum 'ronosa'. B 3uaqeuuu B03BpaTuoro Me-CTOHMeHHll ynoTpe6JiliiOTCll TaK)Ke cy

II. MOPOJJOfllil 43 -----------------------

2) aga (< apaM. hiik?, TOJibKO B HlnB): agfll agaja, :>K. p. aglitu I agliti; 'J3CTO paClliHpHeTCH 3a C'JeT annu: agannu, MH. 'I. M. p. agannutu, MH. 'I. :>K. p. agann%tu; B nB HHOr,lla pacnmp:eTCH 3a C"'eT MeCTOHMeHHH SU ( 27a): M.p. agiisu, :>K. p. agiisija, MH. 'I. M.p. agiisunu; ace q,opMbi He CKJIOHHIOTCH.

6 2. L(IIH Bhlpa:>KeHHH 3H3"!eHHH TOT>~ HCllOJJb30BaJIHCb: 1) aaa. ullu(m), :>K. p. ullftu(m), MH. "'M.p. ullutu(m), MH. "' :>K. p. ulliatum

(n03:>Ke ullatu) ; HCllOJib3yeTCH ,liJIH o6pa30BaHHH Hape'IHH ( 91 B, 92r); 2) ace. ammiu(m) (HA TaK:>Ke ammiju), :>K. p. ammitu(m), MH. "!. M.p.

ammiutum (noJ:>Ke ammutu), MH. 'I. :>K. p. ammiiitum (no3:>Ke ammatu); BCTpe-qaeTc: s sas. TeKcTax H3 AccHpHH KaK accHpH3M; HcnoJIL3yeTc: JlJIH o6pa-30BaHHH Hape'IHH ( 90a, 9Js).

B 3. YKaJaTeJibHble MeCTOHMeHHH, KaK H npHJiaraTeJILHbie, 06bi'JHO Bbl-c-rynaiOT s IPYHKuHH onpe.z:~eneHHH.

32. 0THOCHTCJibHOe MCCTOHMCHHe sa

a I. MeCTOHMeHHe sa HBJIHeTCH HeH3MeHHeMblM OTHOCHTeJILHbiM MeCTO-HMeHHeM, KOTOpOe BBO)J.HT onpe,lleJieHHe, Bblpa:>KeHHOe HMeHeM B po,ll. n. HJIH npH)J.aTO"'HhlM npeJlJIO:>KemieM, K cyiUeCTBHTeJihHOMY JII060rO 'JHCJI3 H po)J.a. 0rHOCHTeJJbHOe MeCTOHMeHHe BCer)J.a CTOHT B CTa-ryce KOHCTpyK-ry-ce ( 40B) KaK nepe.z:~ HMeHeM B pO)J.. n., TaK H nepell OTHOCHTeJILHhiM (on-pe)J.eJIHTeJILHb!M) npH,li3TO"'HhiM. 0THOCHTeJILHOe MeCTOHMeHHe ynoTpe6-JIHeTCH, eCJIH onpe,lleJI:eMOe cylUeCTBHTeJihHOe, OT KOTOpOrO 3aBHCHT HMSI B pO,ll. ll. HJIH OTHOCHTeJILHOe npH,llaTO'JHOe npeJlJIO:>KeHHe, He CTOHT B CTa--ryce KOHCTpyK-ryCe HJIH B006IUe OTCYTCTByeT. flo 3H3'JeHHIO B ueJJOM CO-OTBeTCTByeT pyccKOMy OTHOCHTeJJLHOMY MeCTOHMeHHIO KOTOpblH, HO npH ynoTpe6neHHH c HMeHeM B po.z:~. n. o6Lt"'HO He nepeBO.liHTC:: sarrum sa miitim = sar miitim 'uapb CTp3Hb1' ( 103, 115).

6 2. TIOJIHOe CKJIOHeHHe OTHOCHTeJILHOrO MeCTOHMeHHH M. p. e)].. 'I. 3a-CBH,lleTeJibCTBOBaHO TOJlhKO B CTAKK: SU (HM. n.), sa (BHH. n.), Si (pO,ll. n.). si ewe 'I3CTO BCTpe'laeTCH B 06eJIHCKe MaHHW"fYllly. SU BCTpeB 3. B CTAKK, CTB H CTA BCTpeqaeTCH OTHOCHTeJihHOe MeCTOHMeHHe :>K. p., B OCHOBHOM B OpMe 6e3 na,lle:>KHhiX OKOH'J3HHH sat (H3pe,l1Ka B r-30 HM. n. siitu, B CTAKK pO,ll. n. siiti). 3TO MeCTOHMeHHe 33CBH)J.eTeJibCTBOBaHO npeHMymecTBeHHO B HMeHax co6cTBeHHbJX: Siit-Assur 'KoTopM (6ora) Awwypa', Siit-Ajja 'KoTopM (6orHHH) AiiH'. Tio3,liHee oHo BCTpe'IaeTCSI s 33CThlBWHX CJIOBOCO'JeTaHHHX: HA sat urri (> satturru) 'yTpeHHSIH CTpa:>Ka'.

44 r. X. KAmiAH. QqEPK rPAMMATI:IKH AKKA,LlCKOro Jl.3biKA

r 4. opMa MH. '1. 06. (M. H IK.) p. SUI COXpaHJJ.JiaCb B r-:m, H3pe)J,Ka B CTB H B CTA, II03/Ke YII01-pe6JlliJiaCb B IIO:lTH

11. MOPOJJOrW! 45

6 2. Or mannum 'KTo?' o6pa3ytoTCR: I) mamman < manman 'KTo-mr6o', c OTPnuanneM ( 98) 'mrKTo'; qac-

TO ynoTPe6JJReTCR s OTPHUaTeJJhHhiX u ycJJOSHhiX npe.lVIO)KeHHRx; s cTAKK H eTA Henom.3yeTeR S 3Ha'leHHH 'KTO 6hi HH (6hiJI), JII06oii';

2) mamma < *man-ma; s CTB HHOr~a. no3)Ke noCTORHHO ynoTPe6JljJeTCR SMeCTO mamman. B Ka'!ecTse npuno)KeHHR scer~a ucnonh3yeTeR mamman;

3) napaJineJihHhie opMhi mammiina I mammiinan (cTAKK, eTA, eTB); ma(n)niima (MeTaTe3a 3JieMeHTOS, S eTAKK, eTIMJIB); Bhlpa)KeHHe manama (u) mamma (MJIB) 'Ka~hiH '; me-me-ni, mi-e-mi-i-ni, me-e-me-e-ni, e cy-nKeaJihHhiM MecronMeHneM mdm-ma-nu-su, mu-mu-nu-su-nu, me-me-ni-su, mdm-ma-ni-su (HA).

J1pUMe'IQHUe. 8 HA mannu KaK o6o611.131011.1ee OTHOCHTeJihHOe MeCTOHMeHIIe scTpe'!aeTCII a Bblpallmimma Iii teppus 'Hn'lero He ~enaii', HJIH 'He ~enaii HH s KOeM cJJyqae'; 6) 'see' (O'IeHh '!aCTO B Bhipa)KeHHH mimma SUJnSU 'see S03MO)KHOe').

BMcrynaeT B Ka'lecTBe npwno)l{eHH11.- KO'Fopoe MO)KeT cne~OBa:Th 3a onpe-~eJIReMLIM cymeCTBHTeJibHhiM, HO 'larue I11Jle~IIIeCTBYeT eMy: cpA sarta mimma 'KaKoii-nu6o npoerynoK', eTB (3X) mi-im-ma bi-sa-am (b!Sam} 'scR-Koe HMyiUeeTBO'. B 3Ha'leHHH 'see' MO)KeT ynpaBJIRTh HMeHeM HJIH MeCTO-HMeHHeM B po~nTenLHOM n~e)Ke: mimma annf(m) 'see 3To'. KaK o6o6-matoruee OTHOCHTeJihHOe MeeTOHMeHHe 06hi'IHO BhlcrynaeT B Bhipa)KeHHH mimma sa (eooTBeTCTBeHHO, mimma mala, ace. mimma ammar), B sas. mimma unor~a 03Ha'laeT 'see, 'ITO'. mimma TaK)Ke ucnonh3yeTell KaK ua-peque ( 936);

2) qacTH'IHO cKJioH.HeMoe mimmu (po~. n. mimme. sun. n. mimma), ynoTPe6J]jJeTCR B OCHOBHOM B craryce KOHCTPYKTYCe unu B craryee npono-MHHaJince ( 40s) co 3Ha'!eHneM 'He'ITO I ace I HMywecTso ('1Le-nw6o)': cTB mimme a!Jiit!-ja 'nMyruecTBO Moeii ceCTPhl'. 06hi'IHO y)Ke s CTB He H3MeHReTCR B CTaryce npOHOMHHaJIHCe: mimmu-ja 'see MOe HMyiUeCTBO'. B cpA ne H3MeH.HeTCR u B eTaryce peKryee ( 406): (CA3) EN (bel) mim-mu-u 'X03RHH HMyrueCTBa'. B BaB. Hepe~KO HCllOJih3yeTeR KaK 6onee llOJI-HM opMa ~JIR mimma.

llpUMe'laHue. 8 HA memen;l,. I menimeni (< minu c penynJIHKaUHei:t) ynoTpe6-JiliJIOCh K3K B CMblCJie mamma(n) (CM. n. 2.), T3K H mimma. 8 HA minll- BOnpOCH-TeJibHOe H Heonpe!!.e!leHHOe MeCTOHMeHHe. 8 cp8 mlnumma 'see. 'ITO'.

r 4. Or ajjum 'KaKou?': ajjumma (snH. n. ajjam-ma, )K. p. ajjltum-ma, MH. "M.p. ajjutum-ma, MH. '1. )!(. p. ajjiitum-ma) 'KaKOH-HH6y~h. Ynorpe6-JljJeTCH B OCHOBHOM KaK npHJiaraTeJihHOe (sarru(m) ajjumma 'KaKOH-HH6y~h uaph'), qacTo KaK cyweeTBnTenhHoe (oco6eHHO s cTB). C orpHI.(aHHeM 03Ha-

46 r. X. KAnJJAH. O'IEPK rPAMMAHIKH AKKA.L\CKOro ~3b!KA

tJaeT 'HHKaKOH'. KaK 0606UlaiOUlee OTHOCHTeJlbHOe MeCTOHMeHHe BCT})e-qaeTC}I B ajjumma Ia (cpB) H ajju Ia (r-3n) 'KIDK.UbiH, KTo'.

JlpUMe'IGHUH.' 1 B cp/HA HHorn.aja'umma. J B 3H8'1eHHH 'KaKoii-HH6yD.b' B crB, CTA ynOTpe6JJlleTCll HHOrD.a sum-su

(6yKB.: 'ero HMll'): simam sum-su 'K8KJIO-HH6yD.b UeHy'.

~ 5. Or yKa3aTeJlhHbiX MeCTOHMeHHH nyTeM pe.L\ynJlHKaUHH o6pa3yJOTC}I: 1) annanna, )K. p. annanitu 'TaKoif-To' (annanna mar annanna 'TaKoif-

TO CblH TaKOrO-TO'); 2) ullalla (BaB.) 'TOT H TOT'; HCll0Jlb3YeTC}I .1\Jl.SI o6pa30BaHH.SI Hape'IH}I

( 926); 3) ammann/1 (cpB) 'ToT HJlH .1\pyroif'.

e 6. B Ka'leCTBe o6o6maJOUlHX OTHOCHTeJlhHhiX MeCTOHMeHHH HCllOJlh-3YIOTC}I Bhip~eHHR: mala (mal) I cp/HA ammar (mar) 'CKOJlhKO (6hi HH)' (cp.: 88r): cpA (CA3) am-mar iz-bi-lu-u-ni ... i-laq-qe 'cKOJlhKO ou npn-uec ... OH MO)KeT B3RTh'.

35. MecTOHMeuuu-qucJJHTeJJbHbie

a 1. B cTaphlx .1\HaJleKTax B 3Ha'leHHH BCb> ynoT})e6mieTcR mimma ( 34s); KpOMe TOrO, HCfl0Jlb3YIOTCR HeKOTOphie cymeCTBHTeJlhHhie, o6o-3Ha'laiOUlHe coBOKYllHOCTh: kalu(m), nap!;zaru(m), gimru(m), n03.1\Hee gabbu H.L\p.

0 2. ll03)Ke llOMBHJlHCh HOB006pa30BaHHM: 1) B cpB/cpA attamannu 'Ka)l\.1\hiH, see' (6yKs.: 'KTo Thi (eCTh )'); 2) B cpAjamattu, uAjamuttu (< ajju/ja'u mutu 'qeJloBeK I

11. MOPOJIOfWI

37. Ba,tmeiiwue THDbl nepouqubrx u npou3BO.llHbiX HMCHHbiX OCHOB

llepBH'IHble HMeHHble OCHOBbl

47

a 1. flepBH'IHbie HMeHHble OCHOBbl MOI)'T COCTOBTb H3 KOpHa C O)lHHM HJIH HeCKOJibKHMH KOpHeBbiMH rnaCHbiMH, npeqmKCOB H cyHKCOB.

6 2 . .LJ:oyCOI'JIRCHble KOpHH (MB napa)lHI'Mbl HCnOJib3YeTCB nocne)lOBa-TeJibHOCTb p-s).

1) C KpaTKHM KOpHeBbiM rnaCHbiM: pas: (> B HalJane cnosa, KaK npaBHJIO, He o6o3Ha1Janca, 14a) abum

'oTeu', a!Jum '6paT'; pas-t: saptum 'ry6a'. sattum (

48 r. X. KAniiAH. O'IEPK rPAMMATHKH AKKA.ltCKoro fl3blKA

B 3. TpexcorJiaCHble Kopuu (.nmt napa.nnrMhi ucnoJih3yeTCfl nocne.nosa-TeJJhHOCTh p-r-s).

1) C K paT K H M (H) K 0 pH e B hl M (H) r JI a C H hiM (H): pars: kalbum 'co6aKa' (M.p.), qarnum 'por'; pars-at: kalbatum 'co6aKa' ()K. p.); paras-t: salamtum 'TPyn', salastum 'TPu'; pers: eqbum 'nHTKa', eqlum 'none'; pers-et: er$etum '3eMJIH'; peres-t: e$emtum 'KOCTh'; pirs: isdum '

II. MOPct>OJIOfYUI

r 4. qeTbipex- H DSITHCOrJI3CHble KOpHH. l)Pe.nynJIHUHpOBaHHble KOpHH: paspas: kakkabum '3Be3.na', qaqqadum 'ronosa'; puspus-t: bubutum 'rono.n'; paspass: MJIB laqlaqqu, raqraqqu 'ancT' ( 196); paspass-at: kamkammatum (kakkammatum) 'KOJibUO'; pespess: serJer(r)um '3BCHO (B uenn)'; pespess-etl-at: serserl'letum (ace. sarJarratum) 'uenb'; pispiss: Jib/ibbi 'nOTOMOK'; puspuss-(at): gulgull(at)um 'qepen'.

49

2) K 0 pH H C lJ e T bl p b M g p a 3 H bl M H C 0 r Jl a C H bl M H (.UJI}I napa.unrMbi ncnoJibJyeTcg nocne.uosaTeJibHOCTb p-r-s-d):

parsad: amabum (cp/MnB annabu) '3agu', MJIB aqrabu 'cKopnnou'; pursld: !;unNJru 'Mbilllb'; pursid-t: MJIB kurmittu '6a6o'!Ka (?)'. 3)H11THCOfJiaCHbie KOpHH: parsadidd: kurk"/;zannum 'nopoceuoK'; MJJ8 ast"l;ki"'"\,u 'rpbi3yu',

(/;)urbabillu 'xaMeneoH (?)'.

flpOH3BO.l{Hble HMeHHble OCHOBbl .!1 }. flpOH3BO.l{HbiC HMeHHbiC OCHOBbl ( OTbJMeHHbiX H OTrJiafOJibHbiX

HMeH) o6paJyiOTcg no onpe.neneHHbiM Mo.uengM.

OcnoBHhle MO.lleJIH

e 2. Mo.neJIH fie3 BHeWHHX acJUJ)HKCOB (K KOTOpblM He OTHOCHTC}I noKa-3aTeJib )1(. p. -t, 386):

pis-t, pus-t, pis: HMeHa OT rnaroJIOB I w siptum '3aKJIHHaHne' (*wsp), subtum 'MeCTO, )KHJIHlUC' (< wasiibum 'cn}leTb'), /ldum 'pe6eHOK' (< waliidum 'po.UHTb');

paspass: npnnaraTeJibHbie co 3Ha'leHHeM npesocxo.uuoi1 cTeneuH: cp/uB, uA dandannu 'cHJibHeHUJHH' (< dannu(m) 'cHJibHbiH');

pispis: npmt3BO.UHbie HMeua, o6pa30BaHHbie c noMOlllbiO pe.uynnnKa-UHH: lillidu(m) '.neTeHbilll'( < waliidum 'po.UHTb ');

pars: npe.nMeTbi H a6crpaKTHbie nougn1g: aklum 'xne6' (< akiilum 'ecTb'), malkum 'coseT' (< maliikum 'coserosaTb');

pirs: HM.!I .l{eHCTBHR, '!aCTO o603HalJaiOlUee KOHKpeTHbiH npe.l{MeT HJIH }IBJieHHe: sip rum 'nOCJiaHHe', '}leJIO' ( < sapiirum 'llOCbiJiaTb' ), ri!J$Um 'uaso.uueune, JaTonneuue' (< ra!Jii$Um '3aTonngTb');

piris-t: HM}I .uei1CTBH}I: !Jidutum 'pa.uocTb' (< !Jadum 'pa.uosaTbcg'), dlktum 'cpa)KCHHe, H36HeHHe' (< dakum 'y6HBaTb, y.napgTb');

purs: 1) a6crpaKTHbie nougTnR: nurum 'cseT' (nawiirum '6biTb cseT-JibiM, CHRTb'), 2) HMH .l{CHCTBIIH: /;ubtum 'rpa6e)l(' (< !Jabiitunz 'rpa61ITb');

4 3aK. 3452

50 r. X. KAilliAH. O'IEPK rPAMMATHKH AKKAD.CKOro }13b!KA

purus-t: I) a6c-rpaKTHble ROIDITHll: suqultum Bee' ( < saqiilum B3BeUIH-BaTb'), 2) HMll .u.encTBHll: nukurtum 'spa)J(.!{a' (< nakllrum '6btTb Bpa)J(.!{e6-HbtM'), 3) pe3yJibTaT .u.encTBHll: butuqtum 'nponoM' (< batiiqum 'o-rpe3aTb, OTCeKaTb');

paras: npunaraTeJibHbte oT rnaronos coCTOliHH.II: kabtum ( 8a) 'TlliKe-Jibtu' (kabiitum '6b1Th TlliKeJibiM'), $e{}rum ( 66, 76, 8a) 'ManeubKHH' ($eiJerum '6btTh MaJieHbKHM');

paris: caMaJI pacnpoc-rpaueuua.11 Mo.u.eJib orrnarOJibHbiX npHJiaraTeJib-Hbtx: damqum 'xopowuu' (damiiqum '6b1Tb xopowuM');

parus: 1) npunaraTeJibHbie OT rnaronos COCTOliHIDI: mar$um '6onbuoif" (marii$Uffl '6biTb 60JibHbiM'), 2) UOpli.U.KOBble l{HCJIHTeJibHbie ( 48);

paras-t, paris-t, parus-t: iK. p. K paras, paris, parus, qacTo cy6cTaHTH-supyiOTCll: {Jasaf.llum 'no-rpe6uocTb', damiqtum 'y.u.aqa', marustu(m), maru$tU (Mn/nB marultu, 20.u.) '3110, rope';

pariis: uu

II. MOPOJIOrH.SI 51

pmss: 33Meua MO,ll.enu pirs: gimillum 'pacnono)l(euue, B03HarpiDK.ne-uue' (< gamiilum 'oKa3biB3Th npe.D.nO'ITenue, 6epe%');

pirrussat: 33CBHJJ;eTeJibCTB083H3 MO,ll.eJib TOJibKO B cyrneCTBHTeJibHOM ziqqurratum '3HKKYPpaT, xpaMOB

52 r. X. KAnJIAH. 0\IEPK fPAMMATHKH AKKAJJ.CKOro Jl3biKA

H 5. Mo.!leJJH c cycJlcJmKcaMu: purus-a': pacnpenemneJihHhie 'IHCJIHTeJihHhie no 3-10 ( 506); purussG': JanJiaHnposaHHaJI perynllpHaJI .n.eliTeJihHOCTh, IOpn.n.nt~ecKne

TepMHHhJ: CTB ukullam (cpA ukulla'u) 'o6ecneqeune, paunou' (6yKs.: 'KopMJieHHe (3a pa6ory) ') (< akalum 'eCTb'), rugummam 'TPe6osaune, HCK, TH)K6a' (< ragiimum 'KpH'IaTb, 3BaTb, )KaJIOBaTbCH B cy.n.e6HOM nO p.n.Ke'), nudunntim '6pa'!HbJH .n.ap, npn.n.auoe' (< nadanum '.n.asaTb'):

parras-i: nocTOHHHoe Ka'!ecTBo: nakklJptim '6o.n.nnBbiii' (< naklJpum 'TOJIKaTb, TbiKaTb'),

0 C H 0 B H bl e C JI 0 B 0 0 6 p a 3 0 B aTe JI b H bl e C y cp cp ~ K C bl: -iu(m) ()!(. p. -it-um, MH. 'I. M. p. -iiitum > -atu(m), )!(. p. -iatum > -dtu(m),

ace. -itt~(m), -uttu(m), 22s): a) T. H. Hnc6a (< OT apa6. TepMHHa nisbat"" 'OTHOUieune, nponcxo)K.lJ.eHHe' ): o603uaqeune nnua no nponcxo)K.lJ.eHHIO, o6pa30BaHHoe, KaK npaBIUIO, OT Ha3BaHHll MeCTHOCTH: assurium > assurtim 'accnpneu', assuritum 'aCCHpHHKa'; 6) OTHOCHTeJibHOe npHJiaraTeJibHOe: mabrtim 'nepBbiH' (< mabrum 'nepe.D.HHH CTOpOHa'), MJI!HB, HA ekallitu '.ll.BOpUOBaJI (.n.aMa)' (< ekallum '.ll.BOpeu').

-aj/'-u(m), -ajja, )!(, p. -ajfit-u(m): unc6a tegarama'um 'nrapaMeeu'. #dunnajja 'cHJJ.OHeu' (< Sid(d)unnu r. Cn.n.ou), gublajjitum ')KHTeJibHHUa r. lin6na' (< Gublu r. lin6n).

-Gnu(m): a) HMll JJ.eliTeJill ('!aCTO OT npH'IaCTHH): nGdinGnum 'npo.n.a-Beu'; 6) HMeHa C pa3H006pa3HbiMH 3Ha'leHHHMH: cpA su[mGnU 'no.n.apoK' (< su[mum '6JiaronOJIY'IHe, npHBeTCTBHe'), mi/erQnum, n03)Ke miiranu 'IUe-HOK' (yMeHbUIHTeJibHO-JiaCKaTeJibHOe HMJI OT miirum 'MOJIO.D.Oe )KHBOTHOe'); HHOf.ll.a -Gn+i: remenum (

II. MOPOJIOfi1.Sl 53

rnyMepCKOM, cp. aKK. saknum 'nOCTaBJieHHbiH, HaMeCTHHK' (OTfJiarOJibHOe npHnaraTeJibHOe It OT sakiinum 'cTaBHTb, KJiaCTb', 63B), a JaTeM npOH30-lllJIO BTOpHqHOe JaHMCTBOBaHHe H3 WyMepCKOfO B aKK3,llCKHH); iSJiakkum 'rpa.noHaqan&HHK, 3HCH', 'apen.naTop' (< rnyM. ENSI 'npaBHTen&').

B HeKoTop&Ix rnyMepHJMax ocHoaa OKaHqHaaercgT JIH6o Ha y.naoeu-HhiH cornacH&Ii1: kisallum 'nepe.nHHH .naop' (< rnyM. KISAL), JIH6o ua y.n-aoeHHbiH COfJiaCHbiH + a (-a, rnyMepCKHH OOKaJaTeJib HOMHHaJIHJaQHH, KOTOpbiH CTjifHBaeTcg C aKKa.LlCKHM na.ne:>KHblM OOKaJaTeJieM B O.llHH rnac-HbiH): gerseqqflm 'cnyra (npu .naopQe HJIH xpaMe)' (< rnyM. GtR.SIG5,J SE(.GA), KI.IR.SI.GA).

M 3. K JaHMCTBOBaHHhiM cnoBaM MOryT npHcoe.nHHj!Tbcg aKKa.LlCKHe cyl!>-l!>nKChi -f, -iin, -ut ( 37u).

CocTaBHble HMena u 1. CocTaBH&Ie HMeHa (KoMnOJHTbi) MOryT npe.ncTaBJigTb co6oi1 KBa.JH-

reHeTHBH&Ie KOHcrpyKI..lHH, o6na,naJOmHe npH3HaKOM uen&Hool!>opMneHHO-cTu: 1) e.llHHOe (e.llHHOe rJiaBHOe) y.napeHHe; 2) CJIOBOH3MeHeHHe ocyme-CTBJigeTCg no BTOpOMY KOMDOHeHry, HCTOpHqecKH HeHJMeHgeMOMY HeCO-rJiaCOBaHHOMY onpe.neJieHHIO B po.n. n. ( 103a): samassammu (MH. q.) 'ceJaM' (< *saman-sammf 'pacTuTeJI&Hoe Macno').

)loaon&uo pacnpocrpaHeHHhiM cnoco6oM cnoaoo6pa:maaHug gangeTcg noceccuaHag KOHcrpyKI..lHg c sa( 104r).

Pe:>Ke BCrpeqaJOTCg JaCTbiBlllHe coqeTaHJig H3 HMeHH H npHJIO:>KeHHg K HeMy: MJIB nittamflelu 'rpa6uTen&' (< nittu+amflelu 'rpa6HTen&-qenoaeK'). I1 Kpai1He pe.llKO BCrpeqaJOTCg COCTaBHbie CJIOBa H3 .llBYX HMeH, O.llHO 113 KOTOpbiX B CTaryce a6COJI!OryCe ( 40r): asaredum 'nepaei1rnui1' (< asrum 'MeCTO'+(w)edum 'e.llHHCTBeHHbiH').

0 2. BcrpeqaJOTcg H TaKHe HeOObJqH&Ie COCTaBHbie HMeHa, KaK: imbur-esrii 'KaKoe-To noJIJyqee pacTenue' (npeTepHT It ( 63a) OT mabiirum 'nony-qaT&' + qucJIHTeJI&Hoe 20 ( 47)), ittil-imiit 'coaa' (.naa nperepuTa It OT i/,tiilum H matum ( 82B, 856), 6yKB.: 'Jief (H) yMep').

38. Po.z. a 1. CymecTBHTeJI&Hoe u npHnaraTeJI&Hoe pa.JnuqaJOT .nsa po.na - MY:>K-

CKOH H :>KeHCKHH. TipHJiaraTeJibHbie :>K. p. MOryT cy6cTaHTHBHpOBaTbcg H Bbipa:>KaTh a6crpaKTHbie nougTug: kittum < *kin-t-um ( 16.n) 'ucTuna' (< kfnum 'HCTHHHbiH').

6 2. My:>KCKOH po.n HMeeT HyJieBOH OOKaJaTeRb, :>KeHCKHH po.n- DOKa.Ja-TeJib -t-, -at- (B BaB. -et-, eCRH rnaCHblH OCHOBbl e, 66). EcnH OCHOBa oKaHquaaercg Ha O.llHH cornacHhiH, K uei1 npucoe.nuHgercg -1-, ecnu ua y.naoeHHbiH cornacHbiH- -at-, ecnu Ha .nsa pa3HbiX cornacH&IX- -at-

54 r. X. KATUIAH. O'!EPK rPAMMATHK~-t AKKAJJ.CKoro J~3biKA

HJIH -t-, uo 8 nocneJJ.HeM eJI)"lae Me)l(,!zy eornaeHbiMH BCTa8AAeTCll o6ne:rqn-TenhHhiH rnaeHhiH, 06hi'IHO eooTBeTeTBYIOll{HH rnaeHoMy oeHOBbl ( lla), HnH BOeeTaHaBnnsaeTe.ll BbinaBIIIHH KpaTKHH rnaeHbfii: ( 8a): mar-t-um

~o'lb', !arr-at-um 'uapuua', er~-et-um '3eMn.ll', uo: e$em-t-um 'KoeTb', HA !akin-t-u I !akit-t-u 'npaBHTenhHHUa' (M.p. saknu).

8 3. B eTAKK, B sas. no3TH'IeeKHX TeKeTax, B yMeHhWHTenhHO-naeKa-TenhHhiX nMeHax u noene o~uoro KOHe'IHoro eornaeHoro oeHOBhi qaeTo

no.s~~n.lleTea -at- (-et-): lzTratum BMeeTo lzlrtum 'eynpyra', beletum BMeCTo be/tum 'roeno)Ka'.

flpUMe'laHue. B HMeHax a!Jutum 'cecTpa', iiarum 'oroHb', emetwm 'yema' sce-rJta -ar- (-er- ).

r 4. C!)rnaeHble OeHOBbl (3y6Hble, en6HAAHTbl, eoHOpHbie /, r, m, n) npn eTOnKHOBeHI-IH e OOKa3aTeneM )1(. p. -t- nO~BepraiOTell pa3nH'IHbiM H3Me-HeHHli.M ( 15s; 166, ~; 18s; 19s; 20~) .

.ll 5. Muorue eymeeTBHTenhHble )1(. p. B e~. '1. He HMeiOT eOOTBeTeTBYIO-ll{ero noKaJaTen.s~:

1) o~wesneHHhie eymeCTBHTenhHhie )1(. nona: ummum MaTb', atiinum 'oennua', enzum 'Ko3a';

2) eymeeTBHTenbHhie, o603Ha'laiOmne napHbie (u HeKOTopoxe Henap-HLie) qaeTn Tena: Inurn 'rna3', idum 'pyKa', qiitum (t- KopHesoii) 'pyKa (KHCTh)', sepum 'Hora', uznum 'yxo', sinnum '3y6', ubiinum 'naneu';

3) miitum 'crpaHa' (t- KopuesoH), niirum 'peKa', Ha3BaHHll crpaH H peK; 4) pll~ eymeeTBHTenbHbiX, KOTOpbie TPY~Ho erpynnnpo8aTb: abullum 'ropo~eKne 80poTa', eleppum 'no~Ka', barriinum ~opora', lzattum 'cKn-neYp', eTBieTA muS(um, no3)Ke multu 'paeqeeKa, rpe6eHL', nariiqu(m) I naruqqu 'Ko)KaHbiH MewoK', eTA Iuqlum 'rpy3' n ~p.

e 6. HeKOTOpLie, npHTOM sechMa ynoYpe6nrenLHLie, cymecTBHTenLHhie MOryT cornaeoBLIBaTLca no o6onM po~aM: abnum 'KaMeHL', ekallum ~sopeu', eqlum 'none', gerrum 'nyTb, KapasaH, (aoeHHhlii) noxo~. kussum 'eryn, YpOH', lisiinum '.113LIK' (KaK qaeTb Tena- )1(. p., KaK epe~eTBo o6-meHH.II- M.p.), nisii (ronLKo MH. '1.) 'niO.llH' ('lame )1(. p.), tuppum 'ya6-nn'IKa', urlJum nyTh'.

39. qHCJIO a 1. HM.II pa3nH'IaeT YpH qnena: e,nnHeTBeHHOe, .ll80HCTBeHHOe, MHO)Ke-

CTBeHHoe. 6 2. E,nnHeT8eHHoe queno nMeeT uynesoii noKaJaTenL. Huor.na 8hlpa)Ka-

eT MHO)KeeTBeHuoe co6nparenLHoe: $enum 'o8ua', 'MenKnii: poraTbiH eKOT'; eTA $Ulzrum 'ManbiWH'.

8 3. ,[(BOHeTBeHHOe 'IHCnO o6pa.3yeTe.ll npH OOMOll{H OKOH'IaHHH -linl-'f,n ( < *ajn, 56), KOTOphie npueoe,nHH.IIIOTe.ll Henocpe,nCTBeHHO K OeHOBe HMeHH B M.p. H K OOKa3aTeniO -t- B )1(. p. (no,np06Hee 0 eKnOHeHHH eM. 40K).

II. MO!'(I)()JIOnfjj 55

TonbKO B CTAKK .ns. '1. perynllpuo npHMeHliJIOCb ,nJill mo6Lix .nayx npe,nMeTOB H HX onpe.neneHHH (~a-al-mi-in an-ni-in '3TH .nse cTaryH'), ue-pe,nKo B eTA (2 [s]u-ri-in dam-qf-in '2 (KYCKa) xopomeif qepuoif TKaHH'), HHOrlla B CTB (qarriidiin Jenii '.nsa repoll').

Y)l(e B eTA .ns. '1. qacTo 3aMeHliJIOCb MH. '1.: e-na-tum na-ad-a 'rnaJa noJio)l(eHbi'.

B CTB B ocHOBHOM, a B nocne.nyiOIUHX .nmtneKTax KaK npaBHJIO .ns. '1. npHMeHjjJlOCb ,nJlll cymecTBHTeJibHbiX, 0603Ha'laiOlllHX:

1) napHbie ( 'leTHbie) 'laCTH Tena: CTB sep-iin .nse HOfH'' MJIB i-na-a-ka 'TBOH (M.p.) rnaJa' (COOTBeTCTBeHHO: di-ma-a-su 'ero CJle3bi'), CTB si-in-na-su 'ero 3y6hi'. EcnH o6o3Ha'leHHll 'laCTeif TeJia ynorpe6Jlj!JIHCh B nepe-uocuoM CMbiCJie, ,nB. '1. MOrJIO COXpaHl!TbCll: CTA 2 e-ne-en '2 HCTO'IHHKa' (Hcxo.nuo '2 rnaJa'); cTB isdiin .pyu,naMeHT' (Hcxo.nuo '2 llro.nHUbi (?)');

2) napHbJe npe,nMeTbi: CTB sen-lin '.nse TYtPJJH'. Ha'IHHall co cTB, onpe.neneHHll K cymecTBHTeJihHbiM B .ns. '1. CTOliT so

MH. '1. )1(, p., B03MO)I(H0 llOTOMy, 'ITO CaMH onpe,neJilleMbJe B OCHOBHOM )1(, p. ( 38.n).

,[{B. '1. HCTIOJib30BaJJOCb H KaK BapHaHT MH. '1., uanpHMep npH ue60Jlb-IIIOM KOJlH'IeCTBe npe,nMeTOB (T. H. pJuraJis paucitatis): CTA 4 si-ip-re-en (BHH. n.) '4-x rouuos'; res-ii(n) (6yKs.: '.nse ronoBbi') B 3Ha'leHHH sepmH-Hbi (rop H coop~eHHif) ynorpe6MJIOCb o6hNHO BMeCTo MH. '1. (cp.: 52s).

r 4. MHO)I(eCTBeHHOe 'IHCJlO HMeeT 4 BH,na OKOH'IaHHH (no_npo6HO 0 CKJIOHeHHH CM. 40JI):

1) -ul-r 06bJ'IHO y cymecTBHTeJlbHbiX M.p.: sarr-ii 'uapH' (HM. n.), sarr-i 'ua-

peif' (po.n.lsHH. n.). McKJIIO'IeHHll pe,nKH: nis-ii 'niO.nH' (nisii = ~almiit qaqqadim 'JIIO,nH' = 'qepuoronoBbie ), ~en-ii 'OBUbi'.

Y uenoro pR.na cymecTBHTeJibHbiX, ynorpe6nlleMbiX TOJibKO so MH. '1. (pJuraJia tantum) HJIH npeHMymeCTBeHHO BO MH. '1.: mu < CTA mii'-ii, MJIB miiw-ii 'so.na ; dadm-u 'noceneuHR'; namrirr-ii 'crpamHhiH, 6o)l(eCT-BeHHbiH 6JieCK'; nis-ii 'JIIO,nH'; USS-ii .pyu,naMeHT'; samu < samii'-U, MJIB samiiw-ii 'ue6o';piin-ii 'JIHUO' .

.[{onroTa -u/-i, KaK npasuno, coKpamaeTcll ( 9a). flpu.we'IQHUe. Y HeKOTOpblX '!aCTO ynOTJle6nlleMblX cymeCTBHTenbHbiX OKOH'Ia-

HHe MH. '1. -ul-e (

56 r. X. KAfiJIAH. 04EPK rPAMMATHKH AKKA.l{CKOrO ~3hiKA

flpu.we'laHue. BoJMOlKHO, -anu < -lin+ii. Ha6mo.D.aeTcll 'lepe.D.oaamte -linul-linu: cTB a-la-nu I a-la-nu-u 'ropo.D.a'. 3) -iitu(m)l-iiti(m) Y npHnaraTeJlhHbiX M.p.: sarr-ii damq-iitum 'xopoum:e uapH'.

flplL\te'IQIIUe. Y cyfiCTaHTHBHpOBaHHbiX npHnaraTeiTbHbiX, a TaKlKe npH'IaCTHH ( 6la), 0603Ha'lafOWHX ITHL{a no po.D.y JaHIITHH, '!aCTO BCTpe'laiOTCII OKOH'IaHHII MH. '1. -ii/-1, -linu/-lini: Ilb-iitum 'cTapei:iwHHbl', fTb-il 'cBH.D.eTenH' (Sibum 'cTapblH, Ce,ll.OH'), MnB, HA munda[z.y-e/i 'cpalKaiOWHeCII' (npH'IaCTHe hOT *m{J.Y 'y.D.apiiTb', 'l8a, 67), MnB lli mligir-I'HenocnywHble', HA rabiinu (< rabi-linu) 'aenHKHe'. 4 }.-iitu(m)/-iiti(m) Y cymecTSHTenbHbiX w npwnaraTenbHbiX iK. p. npwcoe,nHHHeTc~ Heno-cpe,ncTs~HHO K OCHOSe, npH 3TOM nOKa3aTeJlb )1(, p. -(a)t- onycKaeTCH: sarr-at-um damiq-t-um 'xopOIIImi uapwua', MH. "!. sarr-iitum damq-iitum, sattum (

II. MOPOJ!Onl}l 57

40. CTaTycbi. CKJioueuue HMeu B cTaTyce peKTyce

a 1 .[{ml aKKa,zJ,CKOrO HMeHH xapaKTepHa rpaMMaTwqeCKa}l KaTeropH.ll CO-CTO.liHHll (cTaryc). BbiJJ;errHIOT rpw cTaryca: cTaryc peKryc (status rectus, CKJIOH.lleMoe cocTOliHHe), cTaryc KOHcrpyKTyC (status constructus, conpH-)I(eHHOe COCTOMHHe), CTaTyC a6COJIIOTyC (status absoJutUS, a6COJIIOTHOe CO-CTOliHHe). CTaTyCbl pa3JIHqaiOTCll npe)I(JJ:e BCero CKJIOHeHHeM.

6 2. B nonHOCTbiO CKJIOH.lleMoM cTaryce peKTyce HMll He ynpaBJI.lleT cy-mecTBHTeJibHbiM B pOJJ:. n. H He onpeJJ;eJI.lleTC.ll 6eCCOI03HblM OTHOCHTeJib-HbiM npHJJ;aTQqHbiM npeJJ;JIO)I(CHHCM ( 116)1().

B 3. B qacTwqHo CKJIOHMeMoM cTaryce KOHcrpyKTyce ( 41) HM.ll ynpaa-JilleT cymecTBHTeJibHblM B po.a:. n. HJIH cy$$HKCaJJbHbiM MeCTOHMeHHeM pOJJ:. n. ( 28) HJIH onpe.a:en.lleTC.ll 6eCCOI03HbiM OTHOCHTeJibHbiM npHJJ;a-TOqHbiM npeJJ;JIO)I(eHHeM.

opMbl CTaryca KOHCTPYKTyCa C cy$$HKCaJJbHbiMH MeCTOHMeHHMMH OTJIHqaiOTC.!l OT $opM CTaryca KOHCTPYKTyCa 6e3 HHX, 003TOMY MO)I(HO JJ;OOOJIHHTeJibHO Bb!JJ:CJIHTh OC06h!M CTaTyC npOHOMHHaJJHC (status pro-nomina1is, npeJJ;MCCTOHMeHHOC COCTOMHHC, 42).

r 4. B onpeJJ;eJieHHhlX crryqa}IX 11MM CT011T B HCCKJIOHHeMOM CTaryce a6-COJIIOTyCe ( 43).

)); 5. I1M.R CKJIOHJIJIOCh, T. e. 113MeHHJIOCh 00 Oa,zJ,C)I(aM. Y BCeX BHJJ;OB HMeH 6h!JII1 lla,zJ,C)I(H: HMeHHTeJihHhiM, pO.UHTCJlhHhiM, BI1HI1TeJILHbiM. I1MeJICM 3Ba-TeJibHblM na,n,e)l(, Bhlpa)l(aBUIHMCH CTaTyCOM a6COJIIOTyCOM. flpe11Myll(eCTBeH-HO B CTapbiX .U11aneKTaX BCrpeqanHCb Cll(C .UBa na,n,e)l(a, JIOKaTHB Ha -u(m) ( 44) 11 TepM11HaTHB Ha -is( 45), .llJI51 KOTOphiX $OpMbl CTaryca peKryca 11 CTaryca KOHcrpyKTyca COBila,zJ,aJJH.

e 6. B e.U11HCTBeHHHOM q11cne na.UC)I(Hb!H rnaCHhiH ( -U B HMCHHTeJihHOM na.ue)l(e, -i B pO.lli1TeJJhHOM na,n,e)l(e, -a 8 BHHI1TeJJbHOM na,n,e)l(e) np11COe-.lli1HliJIC.ll K 11MeHHOH OCHOBe, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, K nOKa3aTeJJIO )!(. p. -(a)t-( 386) 11JJH $opM006pa3yiOUleMy cy$$HKCY ( 37). EcnH OCHOBa OKaHqH-BaJJaCh Ha rJJaCHbiH, B CTAKK, QTqacnt B CTB H B UeJIOM B ace. OH COXpa-HliJIC51, B .UpyntX .UHaneKTaX CT51rHBaJJCll C na,n,e)I(Hh!M rnaCHbiM B COOTBeT-CTBHH C npaBHJiaMH CT.!l)l(eHHll ( lOa, napa,n,. V-VJ).

flpu.we'laHue. 8 ace. na.n.elKHblii rnacHbiH o6bi'JHO ynollo6nJJeT ce6e npe)lwecT-BYIOlllllii rnaCHblii ( 6s, napa.n.. II-III). 8 cT8 -a BHHHTenbHOro na.n.elKa HHOrlla yno)lo6nHeTcJJ npe.uwecTBYJOllleMy -e- ( 66). ~ 7. M H M aU 11.!1. B CTaryce peKTyCe HMCHa B C.ll. q, H HMeHa BO MH. q, C

OKoHqaHH}lMH -iituml-iitim, -iituml-iitim ( 39r) B CTAKK, cTB 11 eTA, KaK npaBHJIO, OKaHqJ1BaJJHCh Ha -m (T. H. MHMaUH.ll), TaK qTQ na.ue)I(Hhle OKOH-qaHH.!l BhlrJili.UeJIH KaK -um, ~im, -am. MHMaUHM HC HMerra OTHOllleHHll K TOMy, 6b!JIO JIH HM.ll onpe.ueneHO HJIH HeT: sarr-um '(onpe.ueneHHhiH I He-KHH) uapL'. -m MHMaUHH accHMHnHposanocL cornacHoMy cy$$HKCanhHO-ro MeCTOHMeHH.ll HJIH 3HKJIHTHKH -ni ( 18r). Y)l(e B cTAKK, cTB 11 eTA MHMaUHll HHor.ua oTna.uaeT: eTA HM.ll co6CTBeHHOe Da-nu-mi-il5 I Da-nu-

58 r. x. KAnnAn. O'IEPK rPAMMATHKH AKKA.AcKoroa3biKA

DINGIR 'Moryqun (ecTL) 6or'. Co cpB u cpA -m oma.naeT nocTORHHO, npH 3TOM OKOH'laHHe pO,AHTeJibHOro lla;J,e)l(a -im > -i B BaB., -e B ace. ( 7.n). MuMaUHR 'laCTo soccrauasnusaercR nepe.n cycpqmKCaJILHLIM Me-cTonMeuueM H 3HKnHTHKaMH, oco6euuo -ma ( 97a), scne,ncTBHe nepeuo-ca y.napeHHR ( 25s).

flpUMe'IOHUe. HapliJIY C MHM8UHeH HHOfJ18 8CTpe'18eTCll HYH81.1Hll, 8 '18CTHOCTH. 8 npHTlllKaTenbHLIX H YKaJ8TenhHbiX MeCTOHMeHHIIX ( 29a, 3Ja).

3 8: lla;J.e)I(H - HMeHltTeJibHhiH, pO,AHTeJibHbiH H BHHHTeJibHbiH - crpo-ro pa3nH'laJIHCL B cTAKK, CTB, eTA H B ocuosuoM B cpB u cpA. B MnB u uA suuurenLnLin na.ne)l( CTan JaMeHJITLCR HMeHnTenLHLIM. B uB ( c cepe-.AHHbl VII B . .no u. 3.) H no1.nneM uA ua6mo.naeTcH y)l(e nonnLIH npoH3B011 B uanucaHHH ll3,lle)I(Hb!X OKOH'laHHH, BepOHTHO, H3-3a HX OTlla;J,eHHR B pa3-rOBOpHOM H3LIKe (BH..ll.HMO, .li.OJILrne scex coxpammcH -i pOJlHTeJILHoro na-)le)l(a). B u/nB 'laCTO, B HA pe)l(e ll3,lle)I(Hble OKOH'IaHHH B006rne ue BblllH Ch!BanncL ( 9s). B u/nB Jla)l(e )lonme na.ne)I(HLie rnacuLie nepeJl cycp-cpuKcanLHLIMH MeCTOHMeHHHMH ( 26) CTaJIH llyTaTbCJI, a cpopMbl CTaryca peKryCa H CTaryca KOHcrpyKryca Ha'laJIH COBll3,llaTb.

flpUMe'IOHUe. 8 HB HHOfJ18, 8 nB '18CTO H8 MeCTe na)lellCHOro OKOH'I8HHll nOll8-nllnCll noCTn03HTH8HLIH apaMeHCKHH 8pTHKnb -ii, KOTOphiH HepeJIKO BblnHCblBMCll 'lepe3 3H8K )lnll '( 146), K8K B apaMeHCKOM.

H 9. O.nuotJneHHLie HMeua co6CTBeHHLie B CTapLIX .nuaneKTax, KaK npa-suno, CKnOHHnHCL: crB Subartum, -tim, -tam Cy6apry, no ~e B 06eJIHCKe Mauumryrny (cTAKK) B nOJl06HLIX HMeuax HMeHHTenLHLIH na.ne)l( no-Tecnun pO,AHTeJibHbiH H BHHHTeJibHbiH. 11MeHa-npe,AnO)I(eHHH (Sfn-eribam 'CHH B03MeCTHJI MHe (yMepmero CbiHa)') H HMeHa C06CTBeHHbie HBHO HHOCrpaHHOrO npOHCXO)I()leHHR He HMeJIH lla;J,e)I(Hb!X OKOH'laHHH.

K 10. B .lJ.BOHCTBeHHOM IJHCJie ( 39B), KaK H BO MHO)I(eCTBeHHOM, pa3JIH-'IaJIHCb TOJILKO .11.8a na.ne)l(a, HMeHHTeJILHLIH H pO.li.HTeJILHLIWBHHHTenL-HLIH. 0KOH'IaHHR HM. ll. -iin, pOJl.fsHH. ll. B BaB. -in, B ace. -en(< *ajn, Cp.: 56). B MnlnB ('laCTH'IHO y)l(e B cpA u cpB) ua6mo.naeTca cMemeuue na-.ne)I(HLIX OKOH'laHHH, H, K3K npaBHJIO, -ii(n) 3aMeHHeTCR -i(n)/-e(n).

flpUMe'IOHUR: 1 B CTB, cpA kilalliin I kilal/iin (HM. n.) 'o6a'. 2 0KOH'I8HHe JIB. '1. -en HH0f)l8 BCTpe'l8eTCll H 8 888.

Jl 11. Bo MHO)I(eCTBeuuoM 'IHcne ( 39r), KaK B .li.BOHCTBennoM, pa3JIH'la-nncL TOJibKO ,ABa lla;J,e)l(a, HMeHHTeJILHblH H pO.AHTeJILHhiWBHHHTeJILHbiU:

11M. n. -ii -iinu (-iinu) -iitu(m) -iitu(m) (-etu(m), 66, 76) PoJI./ -r(acc. -e) -iini (-tine) -iiti(m ), cp/HA -iite ati(m) (-eti(m)), cp/HA -iite 8HH. n.

B Mn/nB, uA BO MHO)I(eCTBeHHOM 'IHCJie HMeHHTeJibHbiH ll3,lle)l( BbiTe-CHJieTCH po,AHTeJibHbiMfBHHHTeJibHbiM, npH 3TOM ace. -e npOHHKaeT B Ba8.

II. MoPwnoriD! 59

41. C1moueuue HMeu B cTaryce KOIJCTJ)yKTyce

8 1. l1Mjj B CTaTyCe KOHCTJ)YKTyCe ( 40B) HeCeT Ha ce6e BTOpOCTeneHHOe ynapeHHe HJIH He HMeeT ero BOBCe ( 25r). l1~UI TepgeT MHMaQHIOIHyHa-QHIO, a B en. q, H MH. q, C OKOHqaHHjjMH -iinu, -iitum, -iitum, KaK npaBHJIO, TepgeT H nane:lKHhle oKoHqaHHjj (oKoHqaHHe ponHTellbHoro nane:lKa -i co-xpaHjjJIOCb B CTAKK, oTqacTH B crA H crB; oKouqauue HMeHHTeJibHoro na-ne:lKa -u coxpaugnocb B cTB s no:nuqecKHX TeKcrax, a s 6onee no3nHue nepuonbi- B JIHTepaTypHbiX TeKCTax H B QapCKHX Ha.llOHCjjX; OKOHqaHHe -U HCOOJib30BaJJOCb H nm1 HMeH B BHHHTellbHOM Oa.lle:lKe). J1Mg B ns. q, H MH. q, C OKOHqaHHeM -U B CTal)'Ce KOHCTJ)YKl)'Ce COXp8HjjeT CKJIOHeHHe.

opMa HMeHH B CTal)'Ce KOHCTJ)yKTyCe en. q, 3aBHCHT OT THna OCHOBbl nauHoro HMeHH.

llpUMe'IOHUe. 8 CT8, a 8 HMeHaX C06CT8eHHblX 8 CT8 H MJI8, nepe.n cy~~teCT8HTeJibHbiM 8 po.nHTeJibHOM na.nelKe HnH 8 craryce a6comoryce Hap11.ny c ljlopMaMH 8 craryce KOHCTJlYKT)'Ce 8CTpe'laiOTCll cjlopMbl c OKOH'IaHHeM -a(m): rapsam umim 'o6wHpHbiii paJyMOM'; cTB Atram-~asis, MJIB Atra-luzsis 'OrpoMHbiii MY .npOCTbiO'.

0 2. EcJIH OCHOBa OKaHqHB8eTCjj Ha OJlHH cornaCHbiH, CTal)'C KOHCTJ)YKl)'C He HMeeT HHKaKux oKoHqaHun: bel oT belum 'rocno.nuu'; iilik oT iilikum 'u.nymun'.

11 C K JI 10 q e H H e: I) HMeHa c ocHOBOH H3 nsycornacHoro KOpHjj c KpaTKHM rnacHbiM

( 376), y KOTOpbiX CTal)'C KOHCTJ)YKl)'C 06biqHO I qacTO OKauqusaeTCjj Ha -i: abi (eTA uuorna abu) OT abum 'oTeQ', abi (crA uuorna a!J.ii) OT a!J.um '6paT', idi I id OT idum 'pyKa', sumi I sum OT sumum 'uMg';

2) HMeua Tuna pars, pirs, purs ( 37e) OT Kopuen c nocnenHHM cna-6biM, y KOTOpblX B CTaTyCe KOHCTJ)YKl)'Ce HHOr}la BOCCTaHaBJIHBaeTCjj Bbl-naBWHH rnaCHbiH OCHOBbl B BH}le -i: biisi I bus OT biisum 'uMy!QeCTBO' (*bJi), tibi I tib oT tibum 'soccTauue' (*tb'4);

3) qiiti I qiit OT qiitum 'pyKa', miiri I miir (crA mera I mer) OT miirum (CTA mer'um, cpluA mar'u) 'cbiH'.

B 3. B CTal)'Ce KOHCTJ)yKTyce HMeHa :lK. p. C OCHOBOH, OKaHqHBaiOIQeHCjj Ha -at ( -et, 386), -it, -iit ( 37H), He HMeiOT OKOHqaHHH: assai OT aSJatum ':lKeHa', piinit OT piinitum 'npe:lKHee (speMg)', beliit OT beliitum 'roc-noncTBO'. CTaryc KOHCTJ>YKTYC npuqacrun :lK. p. OT rnaronos c nocnen-HHM CJia6biM ( 83) KaK HOT CHJibHbiX rnarOJIOB (CM. HH:lKe 0. 6.) OKaHqH-BaeTCjj Ha -at (mullitum 'B03Bbicuswag': mulliat > n03:lKe mullet).

r 4. Ecnu ocHosa OKaHqnsaeTcg Ha ynsoeHHbiH cornacHbiH: 1) MHOrOCJIO:lKHble HMeHa 6e3 OOKa3aTeJill :lK. p. B CTal)'Ce KOHCTJ)yKTy-

ce He HMeiOT oKoHqauun, a ynsoeHHbiH cornacHh!H ynpomaeTcll: kunuk OT kunukkum 'neqaTb', parak OT parakkum 'CBjjTHJIHme';

2) K HMeHaM C onHOCJIO:lKHbiMH OCHOBaMH HJIH K HMeHaM C OOKa3aTe-JJeM :lK. p. B CTaryce KOHCTJ)YKl)'Ce no6aBJijjeTCjj -i (B03MO:lKHO, 0603uaqaeT HeonpeneneHHbiH rnacHh!H a, 56): tuppi OT {uppum 'm6nuqKa', $ibitti OT

60 r. X. KAnJIAH. 04EPK rPAMMATHKH AKKAJ{CKOro fl3biKA

~ibittum 'Ja,uep:n

II. MOPOJIOnUI 61

3) HMeHa c ocHosoii Ha -a (npeJK,Ue scero HHcpHHHTHB 11 oT rnaronos c nocne.nHHM cna6hiM ( 83) H cymecTBHTeJihHhie THna purussa' ( 37M)):

a) B BaB. CTaryc KOHCTPYKT)'C Ha -e, JfHOr.[la Ha -e, -i, -a; qabe OT qabum (ace. qaba'um) 'rosopHTh, rosopeHHe', rugumme oT rugummum (cTAKK, eTA rugumma'um) ')lum) '3a.Aep)f{a-HHe', purusse (peiKe purussi, purussa) 'pememte'.

llpue'laHue. B MnB y HHmHHTIIBa 11 oTrnaronbHOro npHnaraTenhHOro npoH3 BO}lHbiX nopoll rnaronoa c nocnellHHM cna6biM Hap11ey co CTarycoM KOHCTPYK'I)'COM Ha -il no aHanOrHH C OCHOBHOil nopOllOH BCTpe'laeTCll CTBTYC KOHCTpYKTYC Ha -e: susqe/u OT susqum 'HaltBbiCWHil';

6) B ace. cTaryc KOHCTPYKTYC Ha -ii: laqa oT laqa'um (sas. l'laqum) '6paTh';

B) JfHOr.[la rJiaCHhiH OTlla.[laJI: kas OT kasQm 'CBH3hJBaTb'. 3 8. CTaryc KOHCTPYKTYC cpopM MH. l.J. Ha -atu(m) (-etu(m), 40JJ) oKaH-

l.JHBaeTc Ha -at ( -et), npH 3TOM -t MOIKeT OTTia.[laTh: narat matim 'peKJf CTPaHbi', .ina eqlet sarrim 'cpe.[IJf uapCKJfX noneii', MJIB ekallatmd-albi-da-a-ti na-sa-a ljengalliu '.nsopuhi pa.AOCTH, HecymHe H3o6nnHe'.

u 9. CTaryc KOHCTPYKT)'C lj>opM MH. l.J. Ha -iitu(m) ( 40n) oKaHl.Jl'IBaeTC Ha -fit (cp. n. 10), npH 3TOM -t MOIKeT OTna.[lan: danniit iilim 'cHJihHble r6po.na'.

K 10. CTaryc KOHCTPYKTYC cpopM e.n. l.J. '!aero ynoTPe6meTc BMecTo CTa-ryca KOHCTPYKT)'Ca cpopM MH. l.J. Ha -ii H -iitum: cTB bel !J.ubullfsu 'ero Kpe-.[IHTopbi' (6yKB.: 'sJia.[leJibUbl ero .[IOJiros'), CTB sib Zilim 'cTapeffiuJfHhl ro-po.na'' MJIB iisib parakki I asibiit parakki IKHBYll.lJfe BO .[IBOpJ,(aX'.

JJ 11. B HlnB, HA, l.JaCTHl.JHO MJIB OKOH

62 r. x. I u'a, 13B, 28&): r-Jn (3X) refU'a 'MOH noMOWHHK'.

B 3. EcnH OCHOBa (C llOKa3aTeJieM )1(. p. -t HnH 6e3 Hero) OKaH'IHBaeTC.II Ha Y.li.BOeHHLIU cornaCHLIR, Me)I(.LJ.y OCHOBOU H cy$$HI

II. MOPCl>OJIOriDI 63

CTAKK, CT/cpA, CTB (BHH. II. B OCHOBax Ha -e) rJiaCHbiH OCHOBbl H na-.Ue)J(HblH rJiaCHLIH He CTllfHBaiOTCM ( lOa).

/lpu,we'IGI/Ue. 8 CTAKK, 8 r-30 H DOJlKe 8 D03TH'teCKHX TeKCTax cyiUeCT8HTenb-HOe pum (j>HKCanbHOe MeCTOHMeHHe -ja (-'a), KOTOpoe npHCOe.!lHHllflOCb K na.nelKHbiM OKOH'I3HHliM: CT8/cTA abi, cp8 abii-ja 'Moii oTeu'; MnB blinu-'a 'Moii COJllaTenb'. -ja TaKlKe Morno npHCoeii.HHliTbCll ueno-cpenCT8eHHO K OCH08e: CTB pi-ja (8HH. n.) 'Moii poT'.

e 6. YKopo'leHHhle cy!lJ!lJHKCaJILHbie MeCTOHMeHHM e.u. Lf. k H s ( 28) npH-coe}lHHMIOTCM K mme)KHLIM OKOH'IaHHMM: CTB awiitak (BHH. n.) 'Tsoe cnoso'.

)I( 7. lla.ue)I(HbiC OKOH'IaHH)I MH. Lf. Ha -iinu, -iitu(m), -iitu(m) llO 3HaJIOrHH c MH. Lf. na -ii nepe.u cy!lJ!lJnKcaJILHbiM MeCTOHMeHHeM YMHHM