KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE Indian Minerals ...ibm.nic.in/writereaddata/files/12182015101402IMYB-2014_Kaolin(Adv).pdf · KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE Indian

29-1

KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE

Indian Minerals Yearbook 2014 (Part- III : Mineral Reviews)

53rd

Edition


(ADVANCE RELEASE)

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

MINISTRY OF MINES INDIAN BUREAU OF MINES

Indira Bhavan, Civil Lines,

NAGPUR – 440 001

PHONE/FAX NO. (0712) 2565471 PBX : (0712) 2562649, 2560544, 2560648

E-MAIL : [email protected] Website: www.ibm.gov.in

December, 2015

29-2


29 Kaolin, Ball Clay, Other Clays and Shale

1. Kaolin (China Clay)

Kaolin, also known as china clay, is a natural clay

formed by chemical weathering of aluminium

silicate minerals like felspars through a complex

sequence of events. It is relatively pure clay

predominantly consisting of kaolinite (Al2Si

2O

5(OH)

4),

associated with other clay minerals like dickite,

halloysite, nacrite and anauxite. Kaolin is commercially

valued for its whiteness and fine particle size which

distinguish it from other clays, such as, ball clay and

fireclay. Other physical characteristics that influence

commercial utility include brightness, glossiness,

abrasiveness and viscosity. It often contains small

amounts of impurities in the form of rock fragments,

hydrous oxides and colloidal materials. Kaolin is

produced and consumed in the country in crude &

processed forms. The major use of crude china clay in

is in Cement Industry and of processed china clay is in

Ceramic Industry. The insitu clay deposits in India is

often soft and easily extracted with no blasting required.

RESOURCESChina clay resources in the country as per

UNFC system as on 1.4.2010 have been placed at

2,705.21 million tonnes. The reserves constitute only

about 7% of the resources at 177.16 million tonnes. Out

of the total reserves, 70% (about 124 million tonnes)

reserves are under proved category whereas 30% (about

53 million tonnes) reserves fall under probable category.

The resources are spread over in a number of

states of which Kerala holds about 25%, followed

by West Bengal and Rajasthan (16% each) and

Odisha and Karnataka (10% each).

Out of total resources, about 22% or

608 million tonnes fall under ceramic/pottery grade,

4% are classified under chemical, paper filler and

cement grades and about 73% or 1,980 million tonnes

resources fall under mixed grade, others, unclassified

& not-known categories. The details of reserves/

resources are given in Table - 1.

EXPLORATION & DEVELOPMENTDMG, Kerala carried out exploration for kaolin

in the districts of Kannur and Kollam,Kerala state.

The details of exploration carried out during

2013-14 are furnished in Table-2.

PRODUCTION, STOCKS &PRICES

The production of kaolin at 4,753 thousand tonnes

in 2013-14 increased by 12% as compared to previous

year.

There were 158 reporting mines during 2013-14 as

against 145 mines in the previous year. Besides, the

production of kaolin was also reported as an associ-

ated mineral by seven mines in the year 2013-14 and

ten mines in the previous year. Nine principal

producers accounted for about 66% of the total output

of kaolin in 2013-14. The private sector mines reported

almost the entire production of kaolin, nominal pro-

duction was reported by 5 public sector mines. The

contribution of natural and processed kaolin in 2013-

14 was 99% and 1%, respectively.

During 2013-14, thirty eight kaolin mines and

three associated mines each producing more than 25,000

tonnes annually accounted for 89% of the total pro-

duction of kaolin (natural) while 18 kaolin mines and

one associated mines each in the annual production

range of 10,000 to 25,000 tonnes accounted for

6 % and the remaining production of kaolin (natural)

was shared by ninety three kaolin mines and three

associated mines producing up to ten thousand tonnes

annually.

Contribution of four kaolin mines along with one

associated mines producing more than 5,000 tonnes of

kaolin (processed) was about 65% and remaining 35%

production of kaolin (processed) was shared by twelve

kaolin mines.

Gujarat was the leading producing state of kaolin

accounting for 65% of the total production in 2013-14

followed by Rajasthan (17%), Kerala (15%) and West

Bengal (2%). The remaining 1% was shared by Andhra

Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh.

Mine-head stocks of kaolin at the end of 2013-14

were 1,067 thousand tonnes as against 900 thousand

tonnes in the beginning of the year.

The average daily employment of labour during

2013-14 was 2,431 as against 2,818 in the preceding

year.

Domestic prices of kaolin are furnished in the

General Review on Prices.

29-3


Ta

ble

–1

: R

ese

rv

es/

Reso

urces

of

Ch

ina

Cla

y a

s o

n 1

.4.2

01

0

(By

Gra

des/

Sta

tes)

(In

'0

00

to

nn

es)

Res

erv

esR

emai

nin

g

reso

urc

es

To

tal

Pro

ved

Pro

bab

leT

ota

lF

easi

bil

ity

Pre

-feasi

bil

ity

Mea

sure

dIn

dic

ated

Infe

rred

Rec

on

nai

ssan

ceT

ota

lre

sou

rces

ST

D1

11

(A)

ST

D2

11

ST

D3

31

ST

D3

32

ST

D3

33

ST

D3

34

(B)

(A+

B)

ST

D1

21

ST

D1

22

ST

D2

21

ST

D2

22

All

In

dia

: T

ota

l1

24

11

81

10

34

42

00

61

77

15

82

45

43

22

98

07

12

70

28

47

81

41

28

52

16

51

28

66

03

38

25

28

05

02

70

52

08

By

Gra

des

Ch

emic

al-

--

--

60

0-

--

33

94

5-

34

54

53

45

45

Cera

mic

/Po

ttery

48

02

82

94

81

95

64

70

54

05

95

71

08

37

34

69

51

00

84

62

12

83

33

78

34

25

78

85

37

24

06

07

78

0

Mix

ed G

rad

e7

92

65

25

13

30

97

81

25

61

78

42

72

58

84

60

71

99

35

51

83

73

22

39

84

23

37

65

Fil

ler

57

93

18

12

89

28

86

62

69

99

92

36

71

11

66

53

00

35

28

04

40

87

74

97

43

Cem

en

t1

42

75

43

24

29

81

21

58

01

21

13

21

46

37

73

01

28

62

56

54

09

11

15

93

27

39

Oth

ers

17

79

61

56

31

02

34

29

59

39

46

46

60

61

36

51

18

01

95

27

58

41

70

96

76

25

50

59

28

46

52

Un

clas

sifi

ed2

29

24

50

61

80

12

52

31

38

88

11

61

38

20

85

06

83

38

30

64

41

28

91

09

99

01

35

22

1

No

t-k

no

wn

73

76

98

73

20

51

15

68

10

68

67

78

07

11

26

43

17

91

59

75

19

91

10

00

13

15

19

41

32

67

62

By

Sta

tes

An

dh

ra P

rad

esh

25

24

33

92

20

55

06

86

83

14

90

11

47

12

66

91

61

88

33

08

86

91

08

74

17

6

Ass

am-

--

--

13

1-

39

2-

35

20

-4

04

34

04

3

Bih

ar

--

--

--

-1

04

39

12

96

-1

43

91

43

9C

hh

att

isg

arh

83

4-

34

41

17

84

80

76

51

07

6-

-1

15

12

-1

38

33

15

01

1

Delh

i-

--

--

--

85

76

30

38

02

-5

28

95

28

9G

oa

--

--

--

16

--

--

16

16

Gu

jara

t3

42

90

24

06

23

24

07

62

46

54

85

62

41

35

-8

78

40

90

4-

71

42

71

12

18

9H

ary

an

a-

--

-2

36

77

89

33

77

13

34

54

85

-1

20

65

12

06

5

Jam

mu

& K

ash

mir

--

--

--

--

-2

81

22

-2

81

22

28

12

2

Jhark

han

d8

55

43

25

87

31

17

61

02

09

20

31

15

65

19

36

73

63

14

99

57

18

01

91

81

08

01

98

69

0K

arn

ata

ka

94

38

35

28

02

05

88

19

73

83

39

02

20

36

04

43

24

68

56

03

02

56

46

52

58

52

3

Kera

la3

35

27

92

-4

14

42

44

74

63

29

85

43

93

02

04

39

56

92

26

20

20

06

59

69

06

63

83

4M

adh

ya

Pra

des

h-

--

-9

42

-6

1-

41

51

17

41

-1

31

59

13

15

9

Mah

ara

shtr

a-

--

-4

18

25

68

56

11

18

45

52

3-

72

48

72

48

Man

ipu

r-

--

--

--

25

20

--

-2

52

02

52

0M

eg

hala

ya

--

--

--

-1

41

06

26

67

60

32

51

67

88

87

58

88

75

Od

ish

a2

37

67

15

81

13

90

2-

12

52

24

76

22

33

53

93

23

64

21

12

59

27

70

24

28

09

26

Pu

du

cher

y-

--

--

--

--

29

40

-2

94

02

94

0

Raja

sth

an

70

01

27

60

32

24

97

10

01

12

11

52

41

40

08

29

48

31

26

04

06

72

71

31

47

49

33

24

05

43

25

17

Tam

il N

adu

--

--

--

--

32

75

65

70

-5

68

97

56

89

7

Utt

ar

Pra

desh

--

--

--

-1

16

00

34

47

10

01

8-

25

06

52

50

65

Wes

t B

eng

al1

23

21

85

90

62

32

3-

20

27

03

38

33

22

36

80

33

55

82

64

19

34

04

21

66

3

Fig

ure

s ro

un

de

d o

ff.

Gra

de

/ S

tate

29-4


Agency/ Location Mapping Drilling

State/ Area/ Sampling Remarks

District Block Scale Area No. of Meterage (No.) Reserves/Resources estimated

(sq km) boreholes

Table – 2 : Details of Exploration Activities for Kaolin and other Clays, 2013-14

DMG

China Clay

Kerala

Kannur Ulloor - - 16 376 -

Taluk: Taliparamba

Objective of exploration was investigation

for china clay by core drilling. The

average thickness of variegated clay was

found out to be about 11 m. The clay

thickness varies from 6.5 m to 15 m.

Tentative resources were estimated at 13

millon tonnes.

Vaipiriyam - - 02 45 -

Taluk: TaliparambaChina clay occurs as sedimentary as well

as residual deposits. The average thickness

of overburden was 0.5 m followed by

lateritic clay, greyish yellowish, yellowish

white variegated clay. The estimation of

resources will be made after completion

of drilling & chemical analysis.

Koram - - 05 167.5 -

Taluk: TaliparambaChina clay occurs as a sedimentary as well

as residual deposits. Resources will be

computed after completion of the

investigtion and receipt of chemical

analysis report. The average thickness of

clay is about 12 m.

Eramom - - 11 223.5 -

Taluk: Taliparamba

Objective of exploration was to assess

the china clay potential for the

development of mineral-based

industries.The average thickness of china

clay/variegated clay is about 7 m.

Estimation of resources will be computed

after receipt of chemical analysis report.

Kollam Kanjoracode area - - 11 223.5 -

Taluk: Kollam

Objective of exploration was to assess

the china clay potential of the area for

the expansion of mines. Area is partly

covered with laterite which are underlain

by sedimentary formation of cross bedded

ferruginous sandstone variegated clay to

sandy clay, pinkish clayey sand, pale white

clay, dull white clay, yellowish white sandy

clay, black carbonaceous clay. The residual

clay varies in colour from dull white to

yellow and occasionally with pink garnet

specks of parent crystalline charnockite/

leptynite. A tentative resource of 0.73

million tonnes of dull white to slightly

greyish sandy clay were estimted.

29-5


Table – 3 : Principal Producers of Kaolin, 2013-14

Location of mineName & address of producer

State District

Vinod P. Solanki, Gujarat KachchhMain Bazar, Junavas,P.O. Madhapar,Taluka Bhuj-370 427,Distt. KachchhGujarat.

EICL Limited, Kerala Thiruvanantha-TC -79/4, Veli, puramThiruvananthapuram-695 021,Kerala.

Satish Valji Chhanga,& Gujarat KachchhHarilal Hira Jatiya,Village-Mamuara,Taluka Bhuj - 370 020Distt. Kachchh, Gujarat.

H.D. Enterprises Pvt. Ltd, Gujarat Kachchh101, Pooja Complex 'A',Above ICICI Bank Ltd.,P.O. Bhuj - 370 001,Distt. Kachchh,Gujarat.

Gopal Savabhai Dangar, Gujarat KachchhNear Ramdevpir Temple,Nadapa,Distt. Kachchh- 370 020Gujarat

(Table - 3 Concld.)

Location of mine

Name & address of producer

State District

Manoj P. Solanki, Gujarat KachchhNear Thakar Mandir, Junavas,Madhapar -370 020,Distt. Kachchh, Gujarat.

Shree Ram Minechem International, Gujarat Kachchh

G.I.D.C Area, Madhapar,

Bhuj- 370 020,

Distt. Kachchh,

Gujarat.

Mohd. Sher Khan, Rajasthan Chittorgarh

Khwaja Bagh,

P.O - Sawa,

Distt. Chittorgarh-312 613,

Rajasthan.

Laherchand Gangaram Thakkar, Gujarat Kachchh

D.B.Z.S.-157

Zanda Chowk,

Gandhidham-370 201,

Distt. Kachchh,

Gujarat.

(Contd.)

Table – 4 : Production of Kaolin (Total) 2011-12 to 2013-14

(By States)

(Qty in tonnes; Value in ` '000)

2 0 1 1 - 1 2 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14 (P)

State

Quant i ty Value Quant i ty Value Quant i ty Value

India 3076795 652368 4258697 1157392 4752643 1159135

Andhra Pradesh 75115 11775 53057 8945 51957 9381

Gujarat 1517504 278365 2656099 496079 3080729 578880

Jharkhand 122412 61210 66235 31363 600 119

Karnataka 3214 8678 2836 7657 2540 7112

Kerala 747307 149883 708257 187628 712291 161427

Madhya Pradesh 6950 621 11790 1114 8200 492

Rajasthan 512145 104587 662362 355559 806189 344070

West Bengal 92148 37249 98061 69047 90137 57654

29-6


Ta

ble

– 5

: P

ro

du

cti

on

of

Ka

oli

n,

20

12

-13

an

d 2

01

3-1

4 (

P)

(By

Secto

rs/

Sta

tes/

Dis

tric

ts/G

ra

des)

(Qty

. in

to

nn

es;

Val

ue

in `

’00

0)

20

12

-13

20

13

-14

(P)

Sta

te/D

istr

ict

No

. o

fN

atu

ral

Pro

cess

ed

To

tal

No

. o

fN

atu

ral

Pro

cess

ed

To

tal

min

es

min

es

Qty

Val

ue

Qty

Val

ue

Qty

Val

ue

Qty

Val

ue

Qty

Val

ue

Qty

Val

ue

Ind

ia1

45

(10

)4

15

73

43

85

78

71

10

13

54

29

95

21

42

58

69

71

15

73

92

15

8(7

)4

68

60

45

96

75

71

66

59

81

91

56

44

75

26

43

11

59

13

5

Pu

bli

c se

cto

r5

45

94

68

98

53

93

80

37

13

13

33

87

26

54

99

75

73

33

33

41

57

83

23

34

90

Pri

vate

secto

r1

40

(10

)4

15

27

49

85

71

82

92

81

52

61

48

44

24

55

64

11

18

66

61

53

(7)

46

85

54

69

67

49

65

92

65

15

81

49

47

44

81

11

12

56

45

An

dh

ra

Pra

desh

11

53

05

78

94

5-

-5

30

57

89

45

95

19

57

93

81

--

51

95

79

38

1

Adil

abad

--

--

--

-1

--

--

--

Cu

dd

apah

24

43

80

72

94

--

44

38

07

29

42

42

83

07

29

6-

-4

28

30

72

96

Eas

t G

od

avar

i8

86

77

16

51

--

86

77

16

51

59

12

72

08

5-

-9

12

72

08

5

Wes

t G

od

avar

i1

--

--

--

1-

--

--

-

Gu

jar

at

54

(3)

26

20

89

84

43

85

73

52

01

52

22

22

65

60

99

49

60

79

57

(3)

30

51

60

35

40

31

22

91

26

38

56

83

08

07

29

57

88

80

Kach

ch

h4

0(3

)2

54

02

30

42

54

28

--

25

40

23

04

25

42

84

3(3

)2

94

83

19

51

65

97

--

29

48

31

95

16

59

7

Mah

esa

na

43

14

88

72

42

16

62

92

40

97

48

11

73

13

39

41

42

07

34

57

12

10

81

72

32

26

31

52

06

89

Pa

tan

53

01

90

68

19

--

30

19

06

81

95

79

29

01

79

93

--

79

29

01

79

93

Sab

ark

an

tha

51

89

90

43

68

18

57

22

81

25

37

56

23

24

93

59

78

72

26

51

70

18

21

33

62

68

05

23

60

1

Jh

ar

kh

an

d6

(1)

53

12

15

14

81

311

42

62

15

66

23

53

13

63

26

00

11

9-

-6

00

11

9

Sah

ebg

anj

3(1

)5

26

21

45

98

12

87

92

56

48

65

50

03

02

46

26

00

11

9-

-6

00

11

9

Sin

ghbhum

(W

est)

3

50

05

50

23

55

67

73

51

11

7-

--

--

--

(Co

ntd

.)

29-7

KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALET

ab

le -

5 :

(C

on

cld

.)

20

12

-13

20

13

-14

(P)

Sta

te/D

istr

ict

No

. o

fN

atu

ral

Pro

cess

ed

To

tal

No

. o

fN

atu

ral

Pro

cess

ed

To

tal

min

es

min

es

Qty

Val

ue

Qty

Val

ue

Qty

Val

ue

Qty

Val

ue

Qty

Val

ue

Qty

Val

ue

Ka

rn

ata

ka

1-

-2

83

67

65

72

83

67

65

71

--

25

40

71

12

25

40

71

12

Has

san

1-

-2

83

67

65

72

83

67

65

71

--

25

40

71

12

25

40

71

12

Ke

ra

la2

1(1

)7

02

55

41

57

24

95

70

33

03

79

70

82

57

18

76

28

20

(1)

70

74

98

13

51

24

47

93

26

30

37

12

29

11

61

42

7

Kan

nu

r2

--

42

00

23

80

14

20

02

38

01

2-

-3

50

02

06

69

35

00

20

66

9

Kas

arag

od

1-

-1

50

36

57

81

50

36

57

81

--

12

93

56

34

12

93

56

34

Ko

llam

14

59

46

89

--

45

94

68

91

49

97

5-

-4

99

75

Th

iru

van

an

tha-

pu

ram

17

(1)

69

79

60

15

65

60

--

69

79

60

15

65

60

16

(1)

70

69

99

13

50

49

--

70

69

99

13

50

49

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29-8


Table – 6: Production of Kaolin (Natural), 2012-13 and 2013-14 (P)

(By Frequency Groups)

(Qty in tonnes)

No. of Production for Percentage in total Cumulative

Production Group mines the Group production percentage

2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P) 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P) 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P) 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P)

All Groups 143(9) 149(7) 4157343 4686045 100.00 100.00 - -

Up to 500 48(3) 42 1980 2645 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.06

501-1000 5(2) 7(1) 5712 6047 0.14 0.13 0.19 0.19

1001-2000 14(1) 6(1) 24650 12260 0.59 0.26 0.78 0.45

2001-3000 7 14 17724 34572 0.43 0.74 1.21 1.19

3001-4000 6 5(1) 19633 20313 0.47 0.43 1.68 1.62

4001-5000 5 4 22589 16665 0.54 0.36 2.22 1.98

5001-10000 8 15 56879 109983 1.37 2.35 3.59 4.33

10001-25000 15 18(1) 233607 302889 5.62 6.46 9.21 10.78

25001 & Above 35(3) 38(3) 3774569 4180671 90.79 89.22 100.00 100.00

Figures in parentheses indicate the number of associated mines.

Table – 7: Production of Kaolin (Processed), 2012-13 and 2013-14(P)


(Qty in tonnes)

No. of Production for Percentage in total Cumulative

Production Group mines the Group production percentage

2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P) 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P) 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P) 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P)

All Groups 19(1) 16 101354 66598 100.00 100.00 - -

Up to 500 4 1 647 220 0.64 0.33 0.64 0.33

501-1000 - 1 - 960 - 1.44 0.64 1.77

1001-2000 4 5 6125 7564 6.04 11.36 6.68 13.13

2001-3000 5 4 13068 10209 12.89 15.33 19.57 28.46

3001-4000 1 - 3805 - 3.75 - 23.32 28.46

4001-5000 1 1 4504 4099 4.45 6.16 27.77 34.62

5001-10000 3 3 24054 19848 23.73 29.80 51.50 64.42

10001 & Above 1(1) 1 49151 23698 48.50 35.58 100.00 100.00

( ) : Figures in parentheses indicates no. of associated mines

29-9


MINING, PROCESSING &

MARKETINGChina clay deposits worked in India are mostly of

pocket-type. Opencast manual mining is followed in

most kaolin mines. The most common practice is to dig

trial pits for locating clay pockets or beds which are

gradually enlarged into pits of various dimensions.

China clay is often soft and easily extracted with no

blasting required. Clay and overburden are quarried in

benches. In few mines, bulldozers and excavators are

used to remove the overburden which is then

transported through trucks/tractors/trailers.

Crude china clay is normally processed. Almost,

all the china clay user industries except cement,

insecticide and refractory units consume processed

china clay. The natural china clay is processed in the

country mostly by conventional method of levigation/

washing. In addition, hi-tech processes, such as,

Mozeley hydrocyclone separator, high-intensity

magnetic separator, bleaching (chemical

decolourisation), spray drying and calcination are in

practice. There is a need to use more sophisticated

processing techniques like ultra froth-flotation, cryo-

filter, etc.

The recovery percentage of processed china clay

from raw china clay ranges from as low as 14% to as

high as 56%, depending upon the quality of china clay

available in different states. Large number of levigation

plants are installed in the country mostly in Kerala,

Gujarat, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Rajasthan. Kerala

has become a hub for India's processed kaolin

production. The important plants in the country are

English Indian Clays Ltd (EICL) (240,000 tpy capacity),

Veli, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala; Kerala Clays and

Ceramic Products Ltd, (10,000 tpy capacity) Payangadi,

Kannur district, Kerala; 20 Microns Ltd, Mamuara, Bhuj

district Kachchh, Gujarat (80,500 tpy capacity; a new

plant of 33,600 tpy is also installed); Amrapali China

Clay Washing Plant, Nadapa, Bhuj, district Kachchh,

Gujarat; Mokdumnagar China Clay Processing Plant

of West Bengal Projects Ltd, Mohammad Bazar,

Birbhum district, West Bengal and Hindalco's

Beneficiation Plant at Bagru Plateau in Lohardaga

district, Jharkhand. EICL has capacity to produce

240,000 tpy paper coating and filler grades of processed

china clay (hydrous), besides 60,000 tpy of calcined

clays. Popular Minerals are reported to be developing

its mine and plant in Chittorgarh, Rajasthan. Ashapura

is also establishing new production unit in

Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala with a 180,000 tpa kaolin

capacity of various grades - air floated, lumps, hydrous

and hydrous calcined kaolin reserves with 96%

kaolinite content. It also has china clay processing plant

at Bhujodi,taluka & district Bhuj, Gujarat.The new

facility is the company's second facility after the one

operational in Kerala, and make Ashapura one of the

largest producer of kaolin in Asia. Ashapura has

already acquired new mines having reserves of about

2.5 to 3.0 million tonnes in Kerala to meet high demand

for kaolin. Satish Minerals is also leading manufacturer

and processor of china clay with 18,000 tpy capacity

plant at Kachchh,Gujarat.Uma group of kaolinlocated in district, Gujarat engaged in mining,processing & trading of china clay. It possessmin ing a rea in Dagara & Mamuara . Koa tmanufacturing company is engaged in processingof hydrous kaolin, calcined kaolin & metakaolin,having plant of capacity 1000 mtpm at Kachchh,Gujarat. Hydrous Kaolin, Vadodara manufacturersLevigated/Water Washed/Deaminated/spray driedkaolin products available from 75% to 84%(ISO)brightness. Particle size 2 Micron-49% to 93%

Table – 8 : Mine-head Stocks of Kaolin (Total), 2013-14 (P)

(By States) (In tonnes)

State At the beginning of the year At the end of the year

India 900058 1067264

Andhra Pradesh 15242 20105

Gujarat 313762 287871

Jharkhand 18762 23702

Karnataka 13175 13270

Kerala 36573 32137

Madhya Pradesh 5126 3904

Odisha 12915 23792

Rajasthan 460253 641223

West Bengal 24250 21260

29-10


(packing options available - 25 kg/50 kg/500 kgjumbo bags). China clay powder manufacturers:Shree Umia Sales Corpn. in GIDC Ahmedabad areexporters, suppliers Indian china clay powder, ballclay.

Processed kaolin is presently marketed

under various trade names mostly in levigated

and spray dried forms. A small quantity of

crude kaolin is also marketed. The various trade names

under which the levigated kaolin is marketed are

Highest brightness calcined clays for coated paper,

excellent partial replacement for TiO2. Zeta-

balanced kaolin, highest brigntness calcined clays

for a rch i tec tura l decora t ive and indus t r ia l

coatings/inks. High brightness finer hydrous claysfor a l l k inds of acqueous paints , excel lentfunctional clays for all paints formulations.Calcined lumps for refractory grade materials non-calcined lumps for refractories. Highly reactivepozzolan, Meta kaolin for RMC and cementapplication; kaolin for Agrochemicals, Rubber &Plastics, soaps & detergents, Fibre glass &ceramics. Improved processing techniques couldincrease further the prospects of Indian kaolin inthe international markets.

USES AND SPECIFICATIONS

China clay (kaolin) is used in a numberof industries in both crude and processed forms.The major use for crude china clay in India isin the Cement Industry, whereas Ceramic Industryaccounts for consumption of a major share ofprocessed form of china clay. Besides ceramics,processed china clay finds use in other industriesin the country, such as sealants, paper coatings,as extender in fibre glass, paint and as a filler forpaper, rubber, plastic, cosmetics, pharmaceuticalsand textiles. Crude china clay also finds use inInsecticide and Refractory Industries. Otheruses of china clay are in ink, ultramarine, syntheticzeolite, catalyst, water filter candles, soaps &dete rgen ts and exp los ives & pyro technicindustries. Some of the areas where use ofchina clay is gaining importance are in themanufacture of plastic film, video and audio tapeswhere clays are used as anti-blocking agents, andin the field of biotechnology, where ceramics arewidely in use for its light weight & high strengthproperties. EICL has been producing Metakaolinfor the concrete industry for over a decade andnow exporting regularly to the UAE, Kuwait andGermany for the durability of concrete by limefixation and arresting of deterioration of concreteby weathering. Himacem has high chemical

resistance which makes the product suitable forconstruction of high span bridges, under-waterstructures and chemical plants.

The Bureau of Ind ian S tandards (BIS)has prescribed specifications for china clay to beused in different industries. They are IS:505-1995(Third Revision, Reaffirmed 2011) for papercoating and f i l ler for paper, rubber, text i leindus t r i es , IS :1463-1983 (Thi rd Revis ion ,Reaffirmed 2000) for cosmetics and IS:7589-1974(Reaffirmed 2011) for Explosive & PyrotechnicIndustry. BIS has revised the specifications forchina clay for Ceramic Industry to IS:2840-2002(Second Revision, Reaffirmed 2008) and forpaint industry to IS:68-2006. The whiteness,particle size, plasticity, contents of alumina, ironand titanium are some important factors whichcontrol the specif icat ions of china clay fordifferent end-uses. China clay for ceramic andrefractory applications is analysed for gri t ,brightness, green and dry strength, fixed colour,iron and alumina contents. For filler and extenderappl ica t ions , i t mus t mee t very r ig idspecifications, such as, particle size, colour,b r igh tness and v i scos i ty (Tab le - 9 ) . Thereplacement of kaolin as a filler with precipitatedcalcium carbonate (PCC) and ground calciumcarbonate (GCC), results in lowering consumptionof kaolin in paper industry.Now they are usingGCC due to a switch over by paper makers froman acid-based processing route to an alkali-basedroute for production.

CONSUMPTION

The main consuming indust ry for rawchina clay is the china clay processing/refiningplants . The china clay processed by theseplants in turn is consumed by various industriesexcep t cement , r e f rac tory and pes t ic ideindus t r i es . The da ta on raw ch ina c layconsumption by various china clay processingplants are not readily available. However, theconsumption of china clay by various industriesis given in Table-10.

Consumption of china clay decreased slightlyto 1,432 thousand tonnes in 2013-14, from1,455 thousand tonnes in 2012-13. CementIndus t ry accounted for 47% consumpt ionfollowed by ceramic (39%), the major consumer ofraw china clay. Pesticide, paint, refractory, paper,cosmetic, rubber, abrasive, asbestos products,chemical, dry cell batteries, textile, electrical,electrode and glass industries together accountedfor the remaining 14%.

29-11


Table – 9 : Specifications of China Clay Required in Different Industries

Filler inPaper paper,

Sl. Characteristics coating rubber, Cosmetics ExplosivesNo. Grade I textile

Grade II

1. Bureau of Indian Standard Specification No. 505 505 1463 7589(1995) (1995) (1983) (1974)

2. Fineness (by weight % material retained on:)45 microns sieve – – 2.0 –53 microns sieve 0.8 1.0 – –63 microns sieve – – – 1.090 microns sieve – – 0.1 –

3. Larger than 10 microns in diameter (% by mass, max) 5.0 15.0 – –

4. Smaller than 10 microns in diameter (% by mass, min) 75.0 60.0 – –

5. Grit (% by mass, max) – – – 0.001

6. Loss on Drying (% max) 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5

7. Loss on Ignition (% max) 14-15.5 14-15.5 15 14.0

8. Water Plasticity (%) 14.0 – – –

9. Shrinkage lineara) Dry shrinking – – – –b) Fired shrinking – – – –

10. Relative/Bulk density 2.5-2.9 2.5-2.9 * 0.65-0.90(BD)

11. Colour reflectance to blue light (%) 80-85 * – –

12. Chemical (% by mass, max) – – @ –Fe

2O

30.6 0.75 0.5 –

Matter soluble in HCl 0.5-1 1.5-2.5 2.0 1.5CuO – 0.007 – –MnO – 0.013 – –Heavy metals (as Pb) – – 5 ppm –As

2O

3– 10 ppm 2 ppm –

pH value of aqueous extract 4.5-7.5 4.5-7.5 7.5 6.0-7.5

13. Oil absorption (ml/100 g) – 50 (min) – 35-45

14. Water soluble matter (%, max) – 0.5 – 0.5

* As agreed.@ To pass test for iron and carbonate as well.

Table -10: Consumption of Kaolin (China clay)*, 2011-12 to 2013-14(P)(By Industries)

(In tonnes)

Industry 2 0 1 1 - 1 2 2012-13(R) 2013-14(P)

All Industries 1425100 1454800 1432700

Cement 665300(8) 695200(9) 672300(9)

Ceramic 559900(237)(e) 561500(237)(e) 561500(237)(e)

Cosmetic 2300(6) 2300(6) 2300(6)

Glass 700(3) 700(3) 700(3)

Paint 111300(26) 111100(26) 111100(26)

Paper 21700(23) 21700(23) 21700(23)

Pesticide 24800(21) 24800(21) 24800(21)

Refractory 34700(30) 32800(31) 33600(31)

Rubber 2400(31) 2400(31) 2400(31)

Others 2000(40) 2300(42) 2300(43) (abrasives, asbestos-products, chemical, dry cell battery, electrical, electrode and textile).

Figures rounded off.Figures in parentheses denote the number of units in organised sector reporting consumption.* Includes reported consumption and/or estimates wherever required.

29-12


TRADE POLICYAs per the Foreign Trade Policy (FTP)

2009-2014, there are no restrictions on exports andimports of china clay (kaolin).

WORLD REVIEWThe world production of kaolin remain steady at

26.4 million tonnes in 2013 as compared to the previous

year. Seven countries, namely, USA, Germany, China,Brazil, Iran,Turkey and UK accounted for about 74%

world production. The share of USA in total worldproduction was about 23%, followed by Germany

(16%), China (12%), Brazil (8%), Iran (6%), Turkey (5%)and UK (4%) (Table-11).

Table – 12 : Exports of Kaolin(By Countries)

2012-13 2013-14Country

Qty Value Qty Value(t) (` '000) (t) (` '000)

All Countries 191953 736848 276165 1053487

UAE 135125 172294 205898 313147

Bangladesh 24254 107418 29010 134187

Germany 4549 63901 4753 78775

Iran 4817 48818 6349 68271

Egypt 1265 30252 1938 51468

Sri Lanka 1315 18687 1896 31877

Indonesia 810 17065 1244 27220

Malaysia 1311 24342 1356 26409

Sweden 228 3846 1506 23694

UK 498 11885 1446 23426

Other countries 17781 238340 20769 275013

Table – 11 : World Production of Kaolin(By Principal Countries)

(In '000 tonnes)

Country 2011 2012 2013

World : Total 27500 26400 26400

Belgium(e)

300 300 300

Brazil 2200 1800 2100

China 3200 3200 e 3200 (e)

Czech Republic 660 624 609

Egypt 304 300 (e) 300(e)

France 310 308 300 (e)

Germany 4899 4399 4349

Iran 1500 (e) 1503 1500 (e)

Korea, Rep. of 1052 797 847

Malaysia 443 439 293

Mexico 373 515 670

Portugal 322 322 246

Spain 384 402 393

Turkey 1229 1300(e)

1300(e)

UK(e)

1290(e)

1150(e)

1110

USA 5950 5980 5950

Vietnam(e)

650 650 650

Other countries 2434 2411 2283

Source : World Mineral Production, 2009-2013.

FOREIGN TRADEExports

Exports of kaolin increased substantially to 276,165

tonnes in 2013-14 from 191,953 tonnes in 2012-13. UAE

(75%) and Bangladesh (11%) were the major importing

countries in 2013-14 (Table - 12).

Imports

Imports of kaolin decreased marginally to 80,204

tonnes in 2013-14 from 87,867 tonnes in 2012-13. Major

suppliers were USA (55%), China (14%), Ukraine (11%)

and France (6%) (Table - 13).

United Kingdom

Imerys, the world’s leading kaolin producer, completed

the purchase of the kaolin operations of Goonvean Ltd.

in Cornwall. Goonvean sold kaolin primarily for ceramics

and performance minerals markets. The sale was

approved by British authorities contingent upon price

controls for certain kaolin products sold in the United

Kingdom.

BulgariaQuarzwerke GmbH, with kaolin operations in

Germany, Poland, and Ukraine, acquired Kaolin AD,

with kaolin operations in Bulgaria.

USA

Imerys, a leading U.S. kaolin producer,

purchased PyraMax Ceramics, LLC, which completed

construction of a 225,000-metric tonne per year ceramic

proppants plant in Wrens, GA. The $235 million

purchase included kaolin reserves needed to produce

the proppants. Ceramic proppants are used to enhance

nonconventional gas and oil extraction.

29-13


FUTURE OUTLOOKIndia has abundant resources of kaolin which

can easily meet both the internal and the external

demands. The processing of kaolin in the country

is done mostly by conventional methods like

levigation and washing. New capacities for High-

tech processing have to be establ ished and

existing capacities in the country have to be

augmented to meet the demand of processed

kaolin in the future.

In the Indian kaolin market, good growth is

expected both for hydrous and calcined clay

particularly in paint, cables, plastics, rubber and

ceramics. The apparent demand of china clay is

estimated at 4.61 million tonnes by 2016-17 and

that of ball clay at 1.82 million tonnes by 2016-17

at 9% growth rate by the Planning Commission of

India.

2. Ball ClayBall clay commonly consists of 20-80%

kaolinite, 10-25% mica & 6-65% quartz. Ball clay

and china clay differ only in the degree of

plasticity. China clay is less plastic than ball clay.

Ball clay is a highly plastic variety of kaolin having

high b ind ing power, t ens i l e s t reng th and

Table – 13 : Imports of Kaolin(By Countries)

2012-13 2013-14Country

Qty Value Qty Value(t) (` '000) (t) (` '000)

All Countries 87867 1095336 80204 1420872

USA 37248 653735 44271 878669

China 12391 128700 10955 158652

France 4611 80307 4740 91538

Ukraine 1969 18162 8863 91287

Bulgaria 2594 41546 3123 64582

UK 1373 20720 2093 38112

Germany 977 14093 1058 18785

New Zealand 630 20707 399 15289

Iran 1873 10304 1918 12142

Brazil 130 892 1040 9870

Other countries 24071 106170 1744 41946

shrinkage. It is utilised generally after mixing

with non-plast ic clay to impart the desired

plasticity in pottery, porcelain and refractory

materials. It also helps in the preparation of glaze,

enamels and for imparting a dense vitrified body.

RESOURCESDeposits of ball clays are relatively scarce

due to the combination of geological factors

needed for their formation.The total resources of

ball clay as on 1.4.2010 in the country are placed

at 83.39 million tonnes. Out of these resources,

the reserves are about 16.78 million tonnes and

the remaining resources are 66.61 million tonnes.

More than 62% resources are in Andhra Pradesh,

followed by Rajasthan with 38%. Resources in

Gujarat are nominal. Out of the total resources,

ceramic/pottery grade constitutes 89%. All India

reserves/resources of ball clay are given in

Table-14.

PRODUCTION, STOCKS &PRICES

The production of ball clay at 1,874 thousand

tonnes in 2013-14 increased by 7% as compared to that

in the previous year.

During the year under review, there were 49

reporting mines as against 48 in 2012-13. Besides,

production of ball clay was reported as an associated

mineral by eleven mines during 2013-14. Eight principal

producers accounted for about 71% of total produc-

tion. The share of public sector mines in the total

production was nominal as compared to about 1% in

the preceding year.

Rajasthan continued to be the leading state in

ball clay production accounting for 92% of the total

production followed by Andhra Pradesh with 7%. The

remaining one percent production was from Gujarat and

Tamil Nadu.

Mine-head stocks of ball clay at the end of the

year 2013-14 was 1,111 thousand tonnes as against

1,046 thousand tonnes in the beginning of the year.

The average daily employment of labour in

2013-14 was 594 as against 527 in the previous year.

Domestic prices of ballclay are furnished in the

General Review on 'Prices'.

29-14


Ta

ble

– 1

4 :

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of

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ll C

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as

on

1.4

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(In

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ST

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11

(A)

ST

D2

11

ST

D3

31

ST

D3

32

ST

D3

33

(B

)(A

+B

)

ST

D1

21

ST

D1

22

ST

D2

21

ST

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22

All

In

dia

: T

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l1

22

92

82

03

50

83

24

13

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40

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89

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29-15


Table – 15 : Principal Producers of Ball Clay,2013-14

Location of mineName & address of producer

State District

Shanta Sales Corporation, Rajasthan Bikaner

House of Mohanlal Mathur,

Behind Rajasthan Pan Bhandar,Rani Bazar, Bikaner-334 001,

Rajasthan.

Jaichand Lal Daga, Rajasthan Bikaner1st Floor, Labhuji Ka Katla,

Kotegate, Bikaner - 334 001,

Rajasthan.

Harish Clays, Rajasthan BikanerHarasar House, P.B.No. 57,

Near M. N. Hospital,

Bikaner-334 001, Rajasthan

Tahlaram & Sons, Rajasthan BikanerRamnath Sadan,

Rathkhana Colony,

Bikaner-334 001, Rajasthan

Location of mine

Name & address of producer

State District

(Table - 15 Concld.)

Sunder Lal Daga, Rajasthan Bikaner

Bagree Mohalla,

Bikaner - 334 001.

Distt. Bikaner, Rajasthan

Narendra Kumar Devra, Rajasthan Bikaner

C/o Harish Clays, Harasar House,

Near M.N. Hospital,

Bikaner - 334 001, Rajasthan

Anirudh Mines & Minerals, Rajasthan Bikaner

Near Ramdeo Park,

Outside Nathusar Gate,

Bikaner – 334 004, Rajasthan

Sampat Lal Daga, Rajasthan Bikaner

Labhu Ji ka Katla 1st Floor,

Bikaner 334 001, Rajasthan

.(Contd.)

Table – 16 : Production of Ball clay, 2011-12 to 2013-14 (P)(By States)


2 0 1 1 - 1 2 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14 (P)

State


India 1646516 693714 1750559 780732 1874049 902647

Andhra Pradesh 276799 88705 184345 99828 138702 71471

Gujarat 13527 1488 10900 1853 8600 1462

Rajasthan 1351705 598843 1541981 665585 1722103 826463

Tamil Nadu 4485 4678 13333 13466 4644 3251

Table – 17 : Production of Ball clay, 2012-13 and 2013-14 (P)(By Sectors/States/Districts)

(Qty in tonnes; Value in `’000)

2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14 (P)State/Distr ict

No. of Quant i ty Value No. of Quant i ty Valuemines mines

India 48(11) 1750559 780732 49(11) 1874049 902647

Public Sector 2 14293 13529 1 4644 3251

Private Sector 46(11) 1736266 767203 48(11) 1869405 899396Andhra Pradesh 13(1) 184345 99828 13(1) 138702 71471

Chittor 1 715 127 1 360 199

West Godavari 12(1) 183630 99701 12(1) 138342 71272Gujarat 2 10900 1853 2 8600 1462

Kachchh 1 350 60 1 200 34 Patan 1 10550 1793 1 8400 1428

Rajasthan 32(10) 1541981 665585 33(10) 1722103 826463

Bikaner 31(10) 1533935 664217 32(10) 1717778 824478Pali 1 8046 1368 1 4325 1985

Tamil Nadu 1 13333 13466 1 4644 3251

Cuddalore 1 13333 13466 1 4644 3251

Figures in parentheses indicate associated mines of ball clay, clay (others), fireclay & kaolin.

29-16


Table – 18 : Mine-head Stocks of Ball Clay

2013-14 (P)

(By States)

(In tonnes)

State At the beginning At the end

of the year of the year

India 1 0 4 6 6 4 3 1111405

Andhra Pradesh 1 4 1 5 7 2 1 5 6 8 4 3

Gujarat 3 9 5 1 5 1 2 6 7 7 0 7

Rajasthan 4 9 9 0 8 8 6 7 9 2 5 1

Tamil Nadu 10832 7 6 0 4

SPECIFICATIONSThe specifications for plastic clay and washed

plastic clay for use in Ceramic Industry are

prescribed vide IS:4589-2002 (Third Revision,

reaffirmed 2008 ).

CONSUMPTIONConsumption of ball clay decreased slightly

from 585,000 tonnes in 2012-13 to 582,500 tonnes

in 2013-14 . About 97% consumpt ion was

accounted for by the Ceramic Industry. The

remaining consumption was reported by the

Refractory and Abrasive industries (Table - 19).


Exports of ball clay increased marginally to

35,694 tonnes in 2013-14 from 29,497 tonnes

in the previous year. Exports were mainly to

Bangladesh (76%) (Table - 20).

Imports

Imports of ball clay decreased considerably

to 130,804 tonnes in 2013-14 as compared to

156,527 tonnes in the previous year. Imports were

mainly from Ukraine (40%), Malaysia (35%), UK

(14%) and China (8%) (Table -21).

Table – 19 : Consumption* of Ball clay

2011-12 to 2013-14(P)

(By Industries)

(In tonnes)

Industry 2011-12 2012-13 (R) 2013-14(P)

All Industries 579600 585000 582500

Abrasive 100(3) 100(3) 100(3)

Ceramic(e)

565000(222) 565200(222) 565200(222)

Refractory 14500(28) 19700(30) 17200(30)

Figures rounded off.

Figures in parentheses denote the number of units in the

organised sector.

* Includes actual reported consumption and/or estimates

made wherever required.

Table – 20 : Exports of Ball Clay

(By Countries)

2012-13 2013-14

Country

Qty Value Qty Value

(t) (` '000) (t) (` '000)

All Countries 29497 131329 35694 158847

Bangladesh 26123 108649 27248 125715

Oman - - 6902 23088

Malaysia 702 3533 420 3555

Kenya 151 696 240 1597

Kuwait ++ 4 252 1452

UAE 2322 17196 380 1183

Ethiopia - - 100 880

Mauritious - - 17 386

Nepal 94 432 35 316

Sri Lanka - - 26 222

Other countries 105 819 74 453

29-17


3. Clay (others)Clay under this category includes aluminous,

ferruginous and tile & brick making clays.

PRODUCTION, STOCKS &

PRICES

The production of clay (others) at 2,361 thousand

tonnes in 2013-14 decreased by about 12% as compared

to that in the previous year.

There were 54 reporting mines in 2013-14 as against

51 mines in the previous year. Besides production of

clay (others) was reported by 32 mines as associated

mineral. About, 58% of the total production of clay

(others) was reported as an associated mineral. Entire

production of clay (others ) was contributed by private

sector. About 67% of the total production was contrib-

uted by eight principal producers.

Gujarat, the major producing state, accounted for

about 67% of the total production during the period

under review, followed by Madhya Pradesh (18%),

Andhra Pradesh (6%) and the remaining 9 percent was

reported from Kerala and Rajasthan.

Nineteen mines and thirteen associated mines

having annual production more than 10,000 tonnes con-

tributed about 96% of the total production.

Mine-head stocks of clay (others) was 197thousand tonnes at the end of 2013-14 as against 233thousand tonnes in the beginning of the year.

The average daily employment of labour was 588during 2013-14 as against 461 in the previous year.

Domestic prices of clay are furnished in theGeneral Review on 'Prices'.

Table – 21 : Imports of Ball Clay

(By Countries)

2012-13 2013-14

Country

Qty Value Qty Value

(t) (` '000) (t) (` '000)

All Countries 156527 1044148 130804 915231

Ukraine 104835 684369 52554 400319

UK 14422 163496 18267 226682

Malaysia 23867 74482 45363 145379

China 9946 79504 9995 80512

Thailand 134 1337 1960 20440

Portugal 1216 11438 1508 16887

USA 161 1646 518 11548

Germany 605 13859 263 6795

France 204 2579 236 3081

Japan 260 6352 100 2565


Table – 22 : Principal Producers of Clay

(Others), 2013-14

Location of mine

Name and address of producer

State District

Bhupndra Reva Sankar Gor, Gujarat Kachchh66, Devkrupa Limbda Street,Bhuj, Kachchh - 370 001Gujarat

*The ACC Ltd. Madhya- Katni‘Cement House’, Pradesh121, Maharshi Karve Road,Mumbai – 400 020Maharashtra.

*Sampat Lal Daga, Rajasthan BikanerLabhuji ka Katla,1st Floor,Bikaner-334 001Rajashtan.

*Shankarlal Gangaram Thakkar, Gujarat PatanDBZ South-157,Zanda Chowk,Gandhidham-370 201Distt. Kachchh,Gujarat.

Ishwarlal Nanjibhai Bhavani, Gujarat Kachchh113-114, Pooja-B,B/h ICICI Bank, Station Road,Bhuj-370 001, Distt. Kachchh,Gujarat.

Ratanbhai Dalabhai Gohil, Gujarat KachchhBhimasar,Rapar-370 160,Distt. Kachchh,Gujarat

Kissan MInerals, Gujarat KachchhMate Building, Salari Naka,Rapar-370 165,Distt. Kachchh,Gujarat.

Raju Mahadeva Chaudhary Gujarat KachchhC/o Kissan MineralsMate Building, Salari Naka Road,Rapar-370 165,Distt. Kachchh,Gujarat.

* Producing clay (others) as an associated mineral

29-18


Table – 23 : Production of Clay (Others), 2011-12 to 2013-14 (P)(By States)


2 0 1 1 - 1 2 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14 (P)State


India 1417684 128017 2680726 353628 2360871 407713

Andhra Pradesh 99919 8502 158674 18029 136295 14644

Chhattisgarh 720 86 - - - -

Gujarat 877579 85588 1928419 256099 1572439 248640

Karnataka 12900 3019 - - - -

Kerala - - - - 78703 9439

Madhya Pradesh 426256 30776 436329 44447 433136 53817

Rajasthan 50 12 152534 34361 140298 81173

Tamil Nadu 260 34 4770 692 - -

Table – 24: Production of Clay (Others), 2012-13 and 2013-14(P)

(By Sectors/States/Districts)


2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14 (P )

State/District No. of Quantity Value No. of Quantity Value mines mines

India 51(32) 2680726 353628 54(32) 2360871 407713Private Sector 51(32) 2680726 353628 54(32) 2360871 407713

Andhra Pradesh 12(7) 158674 18029 12(7) 136295 14644Adilabad 2 82100 8380 2(1) 73245 7597Anantapur (5) 13176 2067 (3) 9843 1121Cuddapah 3 14583 2152 3 4319 786Godavari East - - - 1 673 135Krishna (1) 15200 775 (1) 14100 916Kurnool 5(1) 33615 4655 6(2) 34115 4089

Visakhapatnam *2 - - - - -

Gujarat 27(15) 1928419 256099 29(16) 1572439 248640

Amreli 2 70471 9864 1 34071 5110

*Bhavnagar 1 - - 1 - -

Jamnagar 1 43278 4761 - - -Kachchh 23(12) 1597580 217594 27(13) 1413718 224227Patan (3) 217090 23880 (3) 124650 19303

Kerala *1 - - 2 78703 9439Thiruvananthapuram *1 - - 2 78703 9439

Madhya Pradesh (7) 436329 44447 1(7) 433136 53817

Jabalpur (3) 15350 3328 (2) 13600 3331Katni (2) 417007 40450 (3) 416345 49959

Satna (2) 3972 669 1(2) 3191 527

Rajasthan 8(2) 152534 34361 8(2) 140298 81173

Bikaner 6(1) 148394 32515 6(1) 132911 77849 Jaisalmer - - - *1 - -

Karauli (1) 4050 1823 (1) 7387 3324

Nagaur 2 90 23 *1 - -

Tamil Nadu 3(1) 4770 692 *2 - -

Cuddalore (1) 4770 692 - - -

Perambalur* 1 - - - - -

Tiruchirapalli* 2 - - 2 - -

Figures in parentheses indicate number of Associated mines of Clay (Others) with ball clay, dolomite, kaolin, laterite,laterite,limestone, ochre & steatite.* only labour or production of associated mineral reported.

29-19


Table – 25 : Production of Clay (Others), 2012-13 and 2013-14 (P)


(Qty in tonnes)

No. of mines Production for Percentage in total Cumulative

Production the group production percentage

group

2012-13 2013-14(P) 2012-13 2013-14(P) 2012-13 2013-14(P) 2012-13 2013-14(P)

All Groups 51(32) 54(32) 2680726 2360871 100.00 100.00 - -

Upto 5000 29(17) 29(15) 58465 37112 2.18 1.57 2.18 1.57

5001 to 10000 1(2) 6(4) 27880 68656 1.04 2.91 3.22 4.48

10001 to 20000 6(2) 2(3) 124966 72350 4.66 3.07 7.88 7.55

20001 to 30000 4(1) 4(3) 110832 179950 4.13 7.62 12.01 15.17

30001 & above 11(10) 13(7) 2358583 2002803 87.99 84.83 100.00 100.00

Figures in parentheses indicate number of Associated mines of Clay (Others) with laterite, limestone, steatite &

ochre.

Table – 26: Mine-head Stocks of Clay (Others), 2013-14

(By States)

(In tonnes)


India 232982 197161


Gujarat 96449 81016

Karnataka 6001 6001

Madhya Pradesh 69598 38712

Rajasthan 32105 45326

West Bengal 1633 1633


Exports of clay (others) decreased to

19.60 thousand tonnes in 2013-14 from 22 thousand

tonnes in 2012-13. Exports were mainly to Bangladesh

(22%), Saudi Arabia (20%), Malaysia (19%), Nepal (13%)

and Sri Lanka (6%) (Table- 27).

Imports

Impor t s o f c lay (o thers ) inc reased to

17,016 tonnes in 2013-14 from 14,638 tonnes

in 2012-13. Ukraine (55%), USA (16%) and Belgium

(7%) were the main suppliers (Table - 28).

29-20


4. ShaleShale is a fine grained, clastic sedimentary rock

comprised of mud that is a mixture of flakes of

clay minerals and tiny fragments of minerals like

quartz and calcite. The ratio of clay to other

minerals is variable.

Shale which occurs with limestones as parting

is rich in alumina content. Hitherto, shale was

considered as implacable substance that reduced

the quality of limestone due to presence of clay

minerals. Now, with advancements and better

knowledge, it is utilised as a source of alumina in

cement making.

RESOURCESThe resources o f sha le were p laced a t

15.9 million tonnes as on 1.4.2010, comprising

15.3 million tonnes reserves and 0.6 million tonnes

remaining resources. All the estimated resources

are located in Andhra Pradesh (Table - 29).

Table – 27 : Exports of Clay (Others)

(By Countries)

2012-13 2013-14

Country

Qty Value Qty Value

(t) ( `'000) (t) ( ` '000)

All Countries 22019 179317 19604 172389

Saudi Arabia 6611 35104 3990 28624

Bangladesh 3739 29483 4355 25322

Malaysia 648 3951 3799 23341

Nepal 2828 19832 2503 19054

Kenya 2655 31593 719 8581

Sri Lanka 1072 7586 1125 8097

Uganda 21 56 125 6826

Mozambique 182 3064 382 6715

UK 142 2085 115 5395

UAE 1112 8447 689 5139

Other countries 3009 38116 1802 35295

Table – 28 : Imports of Clay (Others)

(By Countries)

2012-13 2013-14

Country

Qty Value Qty Value

(t) ( `'000) (t) ( `'000)

All Countries 14638 194203 17016 256640

USA 2298 80817 2656 89382

Ukraine 7997 55210 9424 67704

Japan 2 1518 306 32132

Spain 580 16815 1003 25481

China 3093 28008 1194 12878

Belgium 1 42 1213 9240

Netherlands - - 151 9110

UK 142 2598 486 6152

France 87 1971 67 1935

Italy ++ 112 22 1524


PRODUCTION & STOCKSProduction of shale, primarily used in manufactur-

ing of cement, at 2,991 thousand tonnes in 2013-14

decreased by 3% over the previous year. There were 10

reporting mines as against 8 in the previous year. About

97% of total production of shale was reported as an

associated mineral by 31 limestone mines in 2013-14.

The share of public sector was only 1% in both the

years.

As regards to State-wise production, Himachal

Pradesh contributed 48% of the total production of shale

followed by Karnataka 22%, Madhya Pradesh 15%,

Maharashtra 9% and Andhra Pradesh 6%.

Mine-head stocks at the end of 2013-14 was

85 thousand tonnes as against 71 thousand tonnes in

the beginning of the year.The average daily employ-

ment of labour in shale mines in 2013-14 was 52 as against

32 in the previous year.

29-21


Ta

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29-22


Table – 30: Principal Producers of Shale, 2013-14

Location of mine

Name and address of producer

State District

*The ACC Ltd, Karnataka Gulbarga

Cement House Himachal Pradesh Bilaspur

121, Maharshi Karve Road, Maharashtra Yavatmal

Churchgate, Mumbai – 400 020

*Jaiprakash Associates Ltd, Himachal Pradesh Solan

Sector-128, Noida-201 304, Madhya Pradesh Rewa

Uttar Pradesh.

*Ambuja Cements Ltd, Himachal Pradesh Solan

Elegant Business Park,

MIDC Cross Road B Off, Andheri Kurla Road,

Andheri East, Mumbai- 400 059

*Ultratech Cement Ltd, Maharashtra Chandrapur

'B'Wing, 2nd floor, Ahura Centre,

Mahakali Caves road, Andheri(E), Mumbai-400 093

Rain Cements Limited Andhra Pradesh Nalgonda

No.34, Rain Centre, Srinagar colony,

Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh-500 073

T. Ramalingeswaram Andhra Pradesh Kurnnol

H-No.6-181, Bavipalli, Peapully,

Andhra Pradesh-518 221

Cement Corp. of India Ltd, Andhra Pradesh Rangareddy ,

Core-5 Scope Complex,7

Lodhi Road, New Delhi -110 003

* Producing as an associated mineral with limestone.

Table – 31 : Production of Shale, 2011-12 to 2013-14 (P)

( By States)

(Qty in tonnes; Value in `'000)

2 0 1 1 - 1 2 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14 (P)

State


India 3439775 139066 3067718 165924 2990579 162793

Andhra Pradesh 115998 8833 142617 12628 157373 15916

Himachal Pradesh 1535493 49648 1512161 77717 1430233 82014

Karnataka 825027 42901 546026 37730 670137 31496

Madhya Pradesh 543481 6321 519521 5514 452235 4629

Maharashtra 419776 31363 347393 32335 280601 28738

29-23


Table – 32 : Production of Shale, 2012-13 & 2013-14

(By Sectors/States/Districts)


2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P)State/Distr ict

No. of mines Quant i ty Value No. of mines Quant i ty Value

India 8(26) 3067718 165924 10(31) 2990579 162793

Public Sector 1 39000 3276 1 24100 2042

Private Sector 7(26) 3028718 162648 9(31) 2966479 160751

Andhra Pradesh 6(15) 142617 12628 7(20) 157373 15916

Anantpur 1(7) 19897 2620 1(10) 24292 3580

Guntur 2 2086 440 1 700 140

Kurnool (8) 31634 3347 2(10) 73281 8337

Nalgonda 2 50000 2945 2 35000 1817

Rangareddy 1 39000 3276 1 24100 2042

Himachal Pradesh (3) 1512161 77717 (3) 1430233 82014

Bilaspur (1) 404100 28287 (1) 493000 28542

Solan (2) 1108061 49430 (2) 937233 53472

Karnataka (1) 546026 37730 (1) 670137 31496

Gulbarga (1) 546026 37730 (1) 670137 31496

Madhya Pradesh 2(5) 519521 5514 3(5) 452235 4629

Mandsaur 2 2145 858 3 1290 570

Rewa (5) 517376 4656 (5) 450945 4059

Maharashtra (2) 347393 32335 (2) 280601 28738

Chandrapur (1) 37450 3820 (1) 33552 3096

Yavatmal (1) 309943 28515 (1) 247049 25642

Figures in parentheses indicate associated mines with Limestone.

Table – 33 : Mine-head Stocks of Shale, 2013-14(P)(By States)

(In tonnes)


India 70696 85153


Karnataka 25668 25668

Madhya Pradesh 1 1 5 8 0

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