KALYAN SIR_ THE SOLAR SYSTEM.pdf

8/14/2014 KALYAN SIR: THE SOLAR SYSTEM

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THE SOLAR SYSTEM

KALYANSIR.COM

THE SOLAR SYSTEM

o

What is solar system?

o Planets

Mercury

Venus

Earth

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Mars

Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus

Neptune

o The Sun

o The Moon

What is Solar system?

ü The Sun +

ü The Nine Planets (Now 8) +

ü The satellites of the Planets +

ü The Asteroids +

ü The Meteoroids +

ü The Comets +

ü The interplanetary dust +

ü Plasma (The electrically

charged gases)

The 8 (9) planets are

ü Mercury

ü Venus

ü Earth



ü Mars

ü Jupiter

ü Saturn

ü Uranus

ü Neptune

ü Pluto

(Note: The planet PLUTO lost the status of a planet in the year 2006. This is

announced by International Astronomical Union. Now, the Pluto has been named as a

dwarf planet).

According to the new definition given by InternationalAstronomical Union in the year 2006, a planet is a celestialbody that

v is in orbit around the sun

v as sufficient mass for its self gravity to overcome rigid body

forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium i.e. nearly

round shape

v Has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit

ü The Planets have no light of their own.

ü They take the light from the Sun.

ü All the planets move on their axis from West to East direction.

ü Venus and Uranus rotate on East to West direction. (Remember this).



ü The planets revolve around the Sun in elliptical orbit.

ü Each planet takes different time to complete the orbit round the Sun.

ü Satellites revolve around the planets.

ü Jupiter has 63 satellites. (Highest number of satellites for a planet).

ü Earth has only one satellite i.e. Moon.

ü Do all the Planets have satellites?

ü No, the two planets that are nearer to the Sun

have no planets.

ü They are Mercury and Venus.

ü Mercury and Venus have no satellites. (These are the first two planets from the

Sun).

ü The Sun is at the center of the Solar system.

ü The Sun is the largest body in the solar system.

ü The distance of the Sun from the earth is 150,000,000 km.

ü The Mercury and the Venus that are near to Sun are called inferior planets.

ü All other planets are at a greater distance from the Sun than the earth are called

superior planets.

Celestial Bodies:

v The Sun, the Moon and all objects that shine in the sky are

called celestial bodies.



v They are made up of gases and emit heat and light in large

amount.

v These are called stars.

v The SUN is a star.

v The celestial bodies that do not have heat and light and are lit

by the light of the stars are called planets.

v The word planet means Wonder.

v Billions of stars put together is called galaxy.

v Millions of such galaxies are called Universe.

v Our solar system lies in the Milky Way

v Earth is present is a galaxy is called Milky Way or

Akashaganga.

v Constellations: Group of stars is called constellations.

v The most easily recognizable constellation is the small bear

or saptarishi.

v North Star or Pole star indicates the north direction.

Inferior Planets: Mercury and Venus

Superior Planets: Mars, Jupiter,

Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

Inner Planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth



and Mars.

Outer Planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus

and Neptune.

Now let us know more about each planet.

MERCURY:

ü This is the nearest planet to the Sun.

ü This is also the smallest planet in the Solar system.

ü Mercury has no satellites.

ü The Mercury has no atmosphere.

ü Mercury is also called inferior planet.

ü Mercury is one of the inner planets.

MERCURY

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-m1JCl6HzrwA/Uw4dVjHtf8I/AAAAAAAAAzE/T2lz351Vo_A/s1600/MERCURY.jpg



ü The Mercury rotates from West to east direction.

ü The Mercury takes the least time to complete the orbit round the Sun.

ü The Mercury completes the orbit in 88 days.

ü This means 1 year on Mercury is 88 days.

ü The Mercury has craters.

ü The longest crater of the Mercury is Carolis Basin.

VENUS:

VENUS

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-K-NzIIEPeNk/Uw4hQbr2IOI/AAAAAAAAAzY/nLpqsb-5cjo/s1600/VENUS.jpg



ü This is the second nearest planet to the Sun.

ü Venus has no satellites.

ü Venus is considered to be the Greek God.

ü The Venus is the nearest planet to the earth. (Remember).

ü This rotates in the East to West direction. (Uranus also rotates in the East to

West direction and the remaining planets in West to East direction).

ü Venus is considered to be earth’s twin.

ü Venus is also called inferior planet.

ü The Venus is one of the inner planets.

ü This is also called Morning and Evening star.

ü This is the brightest of all the planets.

ü Venus is the hottest planet. (The surface temperature is 4000 C).

ü Venus has 98% of Carbon dioxide in its atmosphere.

ü The revolution of the Venus is faster than the rotation.

ü Due to this Venus has long day than the years.

EARTH



ü This is the 3rd nearest planet to the Sun.

ü The earth is also one of the inner planets. (Others being Mercury, Venus and

Mars).

ü The earth contains 2/3rd of water. Hence it looks blue from the top.

ü The earth is called living planet.

ü This is also called blue planet.

ü This is the only known planet where the life exists.

ü This is the only planet with plate tectonic observations. (What is this? We come

to know in the later chapters).

ü The earth has one satellite, the Moon.

ü The Sun is the nearest star to the earth.

ü The brightest star near to the earth is Sun.

THE EARTH

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bx5lnN0POuc/Uw4i0BrWFHI/AAAAAAAAAzk/xYaxT6mpEGI/s1600/EARTH.jpg



ü The “Proxima Centuari” is the brightest star near to the earth after the Sun.

MARS:

ü This is also called Red planet.

ü The red colour comes with the presence of Iron oxide in the soil.

ü This is one of the inner planets.

ü This is one of the superior planets. (Others being Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and

Neptune).

ü The atmosphere contains mostly Carbon dioxide.

ü The Mars has volcanoes. Tharsis and Olympus mons are the most important

volcanoes of the Mars.

ü The Mars has two satellites.

ü They are

ü Deimos

MARS

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MFZtGL1PXGo/Uw4juKHtGyI/AAAAAAAAAzs/Bo43UNP_iWs/s1600/MARS.jpg



and

ü Phobos.

ü The first spacecraft to visit Mars was Mariner 4 in 1965.

ü In 2008, Phoenix was sent and it landed in the northern plains to search for water

Asteroids:

v These are also called planetoids.

v These are fragments of planets.

v Asteroids revolve around the Sun.

v Asteroids are present between the Mars

and Jupiter.

v Ceres is the largest body in the asteroid

belt.

JUPITER:

JUPITER

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NOEKpRvdDgM/Uw4lNkz1FFI/AAAAAAAAA0A/MlNdIDXygDw/s1600/JUPITER.jpg



ü The Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system.

ü The Jupiter has 63 satellites.

ü The 4 important satellites of the Jupiter are Ganymede, Callisto, Lo and Europa.

ü The Ganymede is the largest satellite in the solar system.

ü The Ganymede is larger than the planet Mercury.

ü The Jupiter is mainly composed of Hydrogen and Helium.

ü Jupiter is the least rotating planet in the solar system.

ü NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) sent an artificial satellite

called Galileo on to Jupiter.

ü The rotation time of Jupiter is 10 hours and this is the shortest of all the planets.

SATURN:

SATURN

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ALjqbcAJACc/Uw4mAb2BAtI/AAAAAAAAA0M/7T6hGQn7OGo/s1600/SATURN.jpg



ü This is the second largest planet in the solar system.

ü The Saturn is distinguished by extensive ring system.

ü This is also called ringed planet. (This consists of golden rings around it).

ü This is also called beautiful planet.

ü The rings are made up of small ice and rock particles.

ü The Saturn has 61 satellites.

ü The two important satellites are Titan and Enceladus.

ü The Titan is the only satellite with substantial atmosphere.

ü Galileo Galilei was the first person to turn the Telescope towards the Saturn in

the year 1610.

URANUS:

URANUS

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6P0qAumq-f4/Uw4mo_Pd2-I/AAAAAAAAA0U/0pVGTdZZ8GE/s1600/URANUS.jpg



ü This is called the green planet.

ü This is the coldest planet.

ü The Uranus has 27 known satellites.

ü The Uranus rotates in East to West direction.

ü The important satellites are Titania, Oberon, Umbriel, Ariel, Miranda.

ü The Titania is the largest satellite of Uranus.

(Note: Only Venus and Uranus rotate in East to West direction. Remaining planets including

earth rotate in West to East direction.)

NEPTUNE:

ü This is the farthermost planet from the Sun.

ü This is the coldest planet.

ü This has 13 known satellites.

ü The largest satellite is “Triton”.

NEPTUNE

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jr1PRG4DvdA/Uw4nLCsmN6I/AAAAAAAAA0c/XP-WWa6uzPo/s1600/NEPTUNE.jpg



THE SUN:

ü The Sun is also a star.

ü The Sun is the major source of energy in the World.

ü The time taken for the Sun rays to reach the earth is 8 minutes.

ü The Sun is divided into three layers.

· Photosphere (Outer most layer, the temperature is 60000 C).

· Chromo sphere (Intermediate layer, the temperature is 320000 C).

· Corona (The innermost layer, the temperature is lakh0 C).

· The core of the Sun is 2,700, 0000 C.

ü The Corona is visible during eclipses.

THE SUN

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bGRI-ciHPZA/Uw4oFVHPSCI/AAAAAAAAA0k/dotYYK8Irek/s1600/SUN.jpg



ü The major gas constituents of the Sun

· Hydrogen (71 %)

· Helium (26.5 %).

ü The Sun accounts for 99.8 percent of the total mass of the Solar system.

ü The Sun is 109 times bigger than the earth.

ü The weight of the Sun is 2 * 10 ̂27 tonnes.

ü The Sun rotates and revolves.

ü The Sun rotates on its own axis in 25 days.

ü The Sun revolves in 250 million years.

ü The nearest star to the Sun is “Alpha Centauri”. This is located 4.25 light years

away from the Sun.

ü The expansion of the gases away from the Sun is called Solar wind.

ü The distance between the Sun and the earth is called Astronomical Unit.

ü Aphelion is the maximum distance of the earth from the sun. This is 152,000,000 km.

ü Perihelion is the minimum distance of the earth from the Sun. This is 147,000,000

km.

ü Quasars: These are the stars that emit more light and more energy.

ü Pulsars: These are the stars that emit less light and less energy.

ü Comets: These are formed by dust particles and hot gases. (Halley comet appears



every 76 years. It was last appeared in 1986).

THE MOON:

ü This is the satellite of the earth.

ü The Moon is the only satellite of the earth.

ü The Moon revolves round the earth.

ü The moon also rotates on its own axis.

ü The diameter of the Moon is 3480 km.

ü The mass of the Moon is about 1/81th that of the earth.

ü There is no atmosphere on the moon.

ü There is also no gravitational pull on the Moon.

ü The Moon light reaches the earth in 1.03 sec.

ü SYNODIC MONTH: The Moon’s period of revolution with reference to the Sun is

about 29.53 days. This period is called Synodic month.

THE MOON

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nEwkjR4h_6M/Uw4pH_tMksI/AAAAAAAAA0w/rv5-R-iAovQ/s1600/MOON.jpg



ü SIDEREAL MONTH: The Moon’s period of revolution about the earth with respect to

stars. This takes about 27 ½ days.

ü As we discussed the Moon also rotates on its own axis. The time taken by the Moon to

rotate on its own axis is also exactly one sidereal month.

ü The person from the earth always sees the same face of the Moon.

ü Only 59 percent of the total surface of the moon is seen from the earth.

ü APOGEE: This is the farthest distance of the Moon from the Earth. This is 407,000 km

ü PERIGEE: This is the nearest distance of the Moon from the Earth. This is 3, 56, 00

km.

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• Reply •

sandeep • 3 months ago

sir there is a discrepancy in ur notes regarding "coldest planet"

both uranus and neptune are mentioned as coldest planet.

4

• Reply •

Gowtham Gs • 6 months ago

Sir Once again Awesome note

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KALYAN SIR_ THE SOLAR SYSTEM.pdf