qristeSobis brwyinvale dResaswauls qarTveli marTlmadideblebi 7 ianvars aRvniSnavT, Tumca viciT, rom ieso qriste iSva 25 dekembers. saSobao sagalobelic xom ase JRers: „ocda-xuTsa dekembersa qriste iSva beTlemsao“… . axal welsac zogierTebi 13 dRis dagvianebiT, 14 ian-vars aRniSnaven da mas „ZveliT axal wels“ uwodeben. es imitom xdeba, rom saqarTvelos marTl-madidebeli eklesia sargeblobs samoqalaqo kalendrisagan gansxvavebuli kalendriT. saekle-sio kalendars xSirad „Zveli stilis“ saxeliT moixsenieben, samoqalaqos ki „axal stils“ uwo-deben. sinamdvileSi, Cveni samoqalaqo kalendari im kalendris dazustebuli variantia, romli-Tac eklesia sargeblobs.

ratom gansxvavdeba „Zveli stili“ „axali stilis“ kalendrisgan?

dro Seiqmna samyarosTan erTad da dro aris yvelaferi materialuris aucilebeli Tviseba. araferi arsebobs drois gareSe, yvelaferi arsebobs droSi, yvelaferi xdeba droSi da, cxadia, am droSi cxovrobs adamianic.

drois codna da misi danawileba, anu kalendari, adamianisTvis yovelTvis sasicocxlo mniS-vnelobis iyo. maSinac ki, rodesac Semgrovebeli iyo da jer miwas ar amuSavebda, pirvelyofil adamians unda scodnoda, rodis damwifdeboda xili, romliTac ikvebeboda; rodis xdeboda im cxovelebis migracia, romlebzec is nadirobda; rodis amovidoda oraguli mdinareSi qviriTo-bisTvis. rodesac adamiani mwarmoeblur meurneobaze gadavida da daiwyo miwaTmoqmedeba da me-

iulon gagoSiZe

civilizacia

kalendari

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kalendari

saqonleoba, drois aTvla sruliad aucile-beli gaxda, radgan mosavali rom miiRo, Ta-vis droze unda daTeso da momka. mecxvarem unda icodes, rom doli gazafxulze garkve-ul dros iqneba, romlis gadacileba ar SeiZ-leba da misTvis momzadeba droulad unda daiwyos. mas Semdeg, rac Seiqmna saxelmwifo xelisufleba, drois aTvlam kidev ufro didi mniSvneloba SeiZina. drois am gansa-kuTrebuli mniSvnelobis maCvenebeli isi-caa, rom Zvel berZnebs drois RmerTic ki hyavdaT – qronosi, romelsac samyaros erT-erT sawyisad moiazrebdnen. swored am saxe-lidan modis sityva qronologia – mecniere-ba drois Sesaxeb.

iseve, rogorc manZils vzomavT sigrZis sazomi erTeulebiT, wonas ki – wonis sazomi erTeulebiT, drosac Tavisi sazomi sWirde-ba da aseTi erTeulebi Tavad bunebam mogv-

ca. drois sazomi yvelaze TvalsaCino buneb-rivi erTeuli cis kabadonze mzis moZrao-basTan aris dakavSirebuli. mze yovel di-liT amodis, mere Cadis da meore dilas xel-axla amodis. dRe da Rame regularulad cvlis erTmaneTs da rac ar udna moxdes, es cikli ar Seicvleba. mzis amosvlidan meore amosvlamde drois monakveTs dRe-Rame ewo-deba. ase gamoixateba bunebaSi dedamiwis er-Ti sruli Semobruneba Tavisi RerZis garSe-mo. marTalia, dRisa da Ramis xangrZlivoba icvleba, magram maTi jami yovelTvis ucv-lelia. swored amitom is mudmivi sazomi er-Teulia da masze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, Tu ra moxda ramdenime dRis win da ra – kidev ufro adre.

aRsaniSnavia, rom dRe-Rame sakmaod mci-re erTeulia drois xangrZlivi monakveTe-bis gasazomad. amisTvis arsebobs sxva, ufro grZeli erTeuli – weliwadi. dedamiwa saku-Tari RerZis garSemo brunvis paralelurad mzis garSemoc brunavs. swored amitom icv-leba gazafxuli zafxuliT, zafxuls Se-modgoma mosdevs, Semodgomas ki – zamTari. mzis garSemo dedamiwis erT srul Semobru-nebas tropikuli weliwadi ewodeba. es aris drois monakveTi mzis gazafxulis buniobi-dan Semdgom gazafxulis buniobamde, rome-lic 21 marts modis. am dros mze zustad ek-vatoris Tavze dgas da Tanabrad anaTebs de-damiwis rogorc CrdiloeT, ise samxreT na-xevarsferos; amitom dRisa da Ramis xangrZ-livoba yvelgan erTnairia.

arsebobs drois kidev erTi bunebrivi erTeuli, romelic dakavSirebulia mTvaris fazebis cvlasTan. mTvare cis kabadonze namglisebri formiT Cndeba, nel-nela ivse-ba, Semdeg kvlav Semcirebas iwyebs, bolos ki qreba. es cikli regularulad meordeba da swored mas ukavSirdeba iseTi erTeulis warmoSoba, romelsac Tve ewodeba. bevr ena-Si sityva Tvesa da mTvares saerTo saxeli aqvs. asea Zvel berZnulSi (μήνας), inglisur-Si (month/moon), rusulSi (месяц), megrulSi (TuTa). Zveli qarTuli sityvac – TTue – mTvaridan modis. Tavdapirvelad kalenda-ruli Tveebi swored mTvaris fazebis cvlasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. Zvel romsa Tu saberZneTSi qurumebi caze namgala mTva-ris gamoCenisTanave acxadebdnen axali Tvis dadgomas. Zvelbabilonuri da Zvelebrauli kalendrebic mTvaris fazebze iyo damyare-buli. muslimebis nawili dRemde mTvaris ka-lendars xmarobs.

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mTvaris kalendars erTi didi nakli aqvs: mTvaris erTi cikli 29 da kidev daax-loebiT naxevar dRe-Rames Seadgens. 12 ase-Ti Tve sul 354 dRes gvaZlevs. wliuri sezo-nebis cvalebadoba ki dakavSirebulia deda-miwis mzis garSemo moZraobasTan, romelic daaxloebiT 365 dRe grZeldeba. amitom ar-is, rom mTvaris kalendris axali weli moZ-ravia da sezonebSi gadaadgildeba. amis gamo Zveli babilonelebi iZulebuli iyvnen, ka-lendrisTvis drodadro me-13 Tve daemate-binaT, raTa kalendari sawyis wertils dab-runeboda.

Zveli egviptelebi iyvnen pirvelebi, ro-melTac Seqmnes kalendari, romelic mxo-lod mzis moZraobaze iyo damyarebuli. Zvel egvipteSi weliwadi sam Tanabar nawi-lad iyofoda, rac dakavSirebuli iyo nilo-sis wyaldidobasTan. mSrali havis gamo wvima egvipteSi didi iSviaTobaa, amitom mosavlis miReba damokidebuli iyo im wyalze, romel-sac nilosi moitanda. nilosma yovel zaf-xuls icoda adideba da, Sedegad, mTel te-ritorias wyliT faravda. Zvel egviptelebs zustad unda scodnodaT, rodis daiwyebo-da es wyaldidoba, raTa aeSenebinaT jebire-bi da es macocxlebeli wyali saxnav-saTesi miwebisken miemarTaT. sxvanairad isini mosa-vals ver miiRebdnen. swored amitom weli-wads isini sam nawilad yofdnen: axeti erqva wyaldidobis sezons, pereti – Tesvis, Semu ki – mosavlis aRebis peri-ods. amis garda, we-

liwadi Tormet 30-dRian Tved iyofoda. yo-veli 12 Tvis Semdeg egviptelebi kalendars 5 dRes amatebdnen, raTa 365-dRiani weliwa-di SeevsoT.

mzis garSemo erTi sruli Semobrune-bisas dedamiwa sakuTari RerZis garSemo 365-jer brundeba da kidev daaxloebiT 1/4 bruns – 5 saaTs, 48 wuTs da 46 wams aswrebs. amitom dReebiT daTvlili weliwadi, rome-lic 365 dRisgan Sedgeba, erTi dRis TiTqmis meoTxediT ufro moklea, vidre realuri, tropikuli weliwadi. swored es qmnis uxer-xulobas drois aTvlisas. yovel meore we-liwads sxvaoba kalendarsa da tropikul weliwads Soris ormagdeba, oTxi wlis Sem-deg ki kalendari tropikul weliwads TiTq-

mis erTi dRiT aris CamorCenili.

egvipturi kalendari

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kalendris es cdomileba didi xnis win SeamCnies. qristes Sobamde 46 wels (708 weli romis daarsebidan) iulius kei-sarma romauli kalendris reformis Casatareblad aleqsan-driidan moiwvia berZeni astronomi sosigene, romlis wina-

dadebiT, icodnen ra, rom dedamiwas mzis garSemo Semosabru-neblad daaxloebiT 365 dRe da 6 saaTi sWirdeboda, gadawyvi-

tes, rom tropikuli weliwadisgan sxvaobis Sesamcireblad yoveli meoTxe wlis TebervlisTvis erTi dRe daematebi-naT da 28 dRis nacvlad 29-dRiani gaexadaT. ase Seiqmna naki-ani weliwadi.

325 wels, nikeis pirveli msoflio saeklesio krebis dadgenilebiT, iuliusis kalendari savaldebulo gaxda

yvela qristianisTvis. im droisTvis iuliusis kalen-dari gacilebiT ufro zusti iyo, vidre iqamde arse-

buli romauli an romelime sxva kalendari. Tum-ca, is ar iyo da arc SeiZleba yofiliyo bo-lomde zusti.

kalendari

iulius keisari

nikeis pirveli msoflio saeklesio kreba

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pirveli msoflio saeklesio kreba moiwvies 325 wels nikeaSi, konstantine I didis sagangebo brZanebiT. krebis Zi-riTadi mizezi iyo qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad aRia-reba da amasTan erTad umTavresi dogmatikur-kanonikuri da ierarqiul-administraciuli sakiTxebis ganxilva. kre-bam dagmo arianeloba, SeimuSava `sarwmunoebis simbolos~ teqsti, daamtkica ama Tu im eklesiis mTavar warmomadge-nelTa ierarqiuli da administraciuli normebi.

am uzustobis mizezi dRe-Ramisa da weliwadis is Tvisebaa, romelic zemoTac vaxseneT. buneb-rivi drois sazomi erTeulebi, romlebzec aris damyarebuli kalendari – weliwadi da dRe-Rame – araTanabarzomieri erTeulebia, romlebic erTi meoreSi mTel erTeulebad ar eteva. tropikul weliwadSi dRe-Ramis raodenoba arc mTeli da arc raime wiladis saxiT gamoisaxeba. ariTmetikuli terminebi rom moviSvelioT, weliwadi ar aris dRe-Ramis jeradi. metic, maTi Sefardeba usasrulo periodul aTwilads iZleva. ase rom, maTi erTi da imave sazomiT zustad gazomva ar SeiZleba, ar gamodis. swored amitom uzustoba kalendarSi yovelTvis iarsebebs. ukeTesi ki is kalendria, ro-melSic es uzustoba ( anu kalendaruli weliwadis cdomileba tropikul weliwadTan mimarTebiT) naklebia.

iuliusis kalendaruli wlis uzustobam cameti saukunis Semdeg iCina Tavi. XVI saukuneSi SeamC-nies, rom gazafxulis bunioba, romelic 325 wels, rodesac nikeis msoflio saeklesio kreba Sedga, 21 marts emTxveoda, 11 marts modioda (iuliusis kalendris SemoRebis dros, qristes Sobamde 46 wels, bunioba 25 marts emTxveoda). anu kalendaruli weliwadi 10 dRiT iyo acdenili bunebis moce-mul, tropikul weliwads. saqme isaa, rom iuliusis kalendari dafuZnebuli iyo im gamoTvlaze, rom dedamiwas mzis garSemo Semosabruneblad 365 dRe da dRe-Ramis meoTxedi, 6 saaTi sWirdeboda. sinamdvileSi, es iyo ara 6 saaTi, aramed 11 wuTiTa da 14 wamiT naklebi – 5 saaTi, 48 wuTi da 46 wami, rac yovel meoTxe weliwads ar gvaZlevs erT srul dRe-Rames. amgvarad im erTi dRis damatebis

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romis papi grigorius XIII

Semdeg, romelic nakian weliwads emateba, iuliusis kalendari tropikul weliwadze yovel oTx weliwadSi, oTxjer 11 wuTiTa da 14 wamiT ufro grZeli iyo. am sxvaobis dagrovebis Sedegad, da-arsebis dRis Semdeg XVI saukunemde iuliusis kalendari ukve 10 dRiT scildeboda tropikul weliwads. swored es iyo gazafxulis buniobis 10 dRiT adre dadgomis mizezi.

1582 wels romis papma grigorius XIII-m iuliusis kalendris reformisTvis moiwvia jgufi, romelSic samRvdelo pirebis garda Sediodnen mecnierebic da maT Soris astronomebi. Sede-gad, papma gamosca bula, romelic adgenda, rom kalendridan erTjeradad unda amoegdoT 10 dRe, raTa kalendris cdomileba gasworebuliyo da gazafxulis bunioba kvlav 21 marts damTx-veoda. swored amitom 1582 wlis 4 oqtombris momdevno dRe, 5 oqtombris nacvlad, 15 oqtombrad gamoacxades.

magram es iyo erTjeradi aqti da mas xangrZlivi moqmedeba ar eqneboda, radgan wlebis man-Zilze kvlav dagrovdeboda wuTebi, romlebic TandaTan kidev gamoiwvevda tropikuli weliwa-dis CamorCenas kalendaruli weliwadisgan. vinaidan 360 wlis manZilze 11 wuTiTa da 14 wamiT Ca-morCena daaxloebiT sam dRe-Rames Seadgens, gadawyvites, rom yovel 400 weliwadSi sami nakiani weliwadi Cveulebriv weliwadad gamoecxadebinaT.

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amis gamosaTvlelad daadgines Semdegi wesi: iuliusis kalendarSi nakian weliwadad iTvleba is weliwadi, romlis wlis maCvene-beli ricxvi iyofa oTxze. yoveli meoTxe we-liwadi, cxadia, 4-ze gaiyofa. magram, grigo-riusis kalendris (am kalendars saqarTve-loSi grigorianul kalendarsac uwodeben) mixedviT, or nulze damTavrebuli weli, romelic aucileblad iyofa oTxze da iu-liusis kalendris mixedviT nakiania, mxo-lod im SemTxvevaSia nakiani, Tu misi aseule-bis maCvenebeli ricxvi iyofa oTxze. e.i. 1600 weli nakiani iyo, rogorc iuliusis kalend-risTvis, ise grigoriusis kalendrisTvis, magram 1700 iseve, rogorc 1800 da 1900 wlebi iuliusis kalendris mixedviT nakiania, gri-goriusis kalendris mixedviT ki – ara. ase rom, Tu 1700 wlamde or kalendars Soris sxvaoba 10 dRe iyo, XVIII saukuneSi sxvaoba 11-mde gaizarda, XIX saukuneSi ki man ukve 12 dRe Seadgina. 1900 wlidan dRemde es sxvaoba 13 dRes udris da ase iqneba 2100 wlamde. 2100 wlis Semdeg ukve 14 dRe gaxdeba da ase Sem-deg.

iuliusisa da grigoriusis kalendrebi, realurad, erTi da igive kalendaria. gri-goriusis kalendari, es aris dazustebuli iuliusis kalendari. papi grigoriusis re-formis Sedegad kalendaruli weliwadi is-ev dauaxlovda tropikul weliwads. Tumca, kvlav imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom arc erTi kalendari, romlis sazomi erTeulebi ara-Tanabarzomieria, ar SeiZleba iyos absolu-turad zusti. mTlad zusti arc grigoriu-sis kalendaria. grigoriusis kalendari da-axloebiT 27 wamiT ufro grZelia, vidre tropikuli weliwadi. es 27 wami daaxloebiT 3200 wlis Semdeg erT damatebiT dRe-Rames mogvcems da kalendari isev acdeba tropi-kul weliwads. Tumca es iseTi umniSvnelo cdomilebaa, rom dResdReobiT SegviZlia ugulebelvyoT.

papi grigorius XIII-is bula, rasakvirve-lia, savaldebulo iyo kaTolikuri saxelm-wifoebisTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom grigo-riusis kalendari danarCenma msofliom ad-vilad ar miiRo, nel-nela evropuli qveyne-

actekebis kalendari

romauli kalendari

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Sumeruli kalendari iaponuri kalendari

bi mis xmarebaze gadavidnen. Tumca ruseTi „axal stilze“ mxolod oqtombris gadat-rialebis Semdeg, 1918 wels gadavida leni-nis dekretiT.

am periodSi kalendris Sesworebis sa-kiTxi aqtiurad ganixileboda marTlmadi-deblur eklesiaSic. 1923 wlis marTlmadi-debel eklesiaTa msoflio krebam miiRo Cas-worebuli iuliusis kalendari, rac yvela marTlmadideblisTvis savaldebulo unda gamxdariyo. nel-nela marTlmadidebelma eklesiebma daiwyes „axal stilze“ gadasvla, radgan saeklesio da saero kalendrebs So-ris sxvaoba garkveul sirTuleebs qmnis. ma-galiTad, iseTi saero dResaswauli, ro-goric axali welia, saeklesio kalendriT marxvas emTxveva.

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-pat-riarqis, wm. ambrosi xelaias locva-kurTxe-viT 1923 wlis 1 noembridan dadginda, rom uZravi sauflo dResaswaulebi axali sti-liT unda aRniSnuliyo, xolo aRdgoma da masTan dakavSirebuli moZravi dResaswau-

lebi Zveli wesiT unda gamoTvliliyo. maSin am cvlilebam didi winaaRmdegoba gamoiwvia da kaTolikos-patriarqi 1925 wels iZule-buli gaxda, rom droebiT isev Zvel stilze daebrunebina eklesia. „axal stilze“ gadas-vlis meore mcdeloba saqarTvelos marTl-madidebel eklesias 1927 wels hqonda. Tum-ca, Zveli stilis momxreTa mier eklesiaSi mowyobili didi areulobis gamo, 1928 wels saqarTvelos eklesiis sakaTalikoso si-nodma miiRo axali stilis droebiT SeCere-bis ganCineba. sakaTalikoso sinodi mRvdel-mTavrebs avalebda, rom momavalSi gaegrZe-lebinaT muSaoba axali stilis dasabruneb-lad.

dResdReobiT avtokefaliur marTlma-didebel eklesiaTa umetesoba „axal stil-ze“ – iuliusis kalendris Sesworebul vari-antzea gadasuli. jerjerobiT Zveli kalen-dris xmarebas ganagrZobs mxolod ramdeni-me marTlmadidebeli eklesia – ruseTis, serbeTis, saqarTvelos, aTonis mTis monas-teri da ierusalimis sapatriarqo.

skandinaviuri kalendari

kalendari

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