Kaila Cahoon and Melissa Soleimani

CHAPTER 20

THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

Otto of Saxony rose in Germany

Pope John XII had proclaimed him emperor in 962

THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

Investiture Contest: Imperial authorities appointed important church officials.

Pope Gregory VII ended the practice

Frederick Barbarossa (RED BEARD)- sought to absorb Lombardy in Northern Italy.

THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

Capetian France; Hugh Capet founded the dynasty

Normans were descendants from the VikingsEngland was invaded by Duke William of

NormandyPopes ruled good sized territory in central ItalyNormans conquered southern Italy

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND SOCIAL DEVELOPEMENT

Expansion of arable land; population pressures

Agriculture was improved; crop rotation, cultivation of beans, domestic animals

Tools and technology; watermills and heavy plow. Horseshoe and collar

New supplies of food. Different diets.Population increased.

CONTINUED Urbanization to cities and townsTextile production and Mediterranean tradeHanseatic League; an association of trading cities.Business techniques improved-letters of creditThe three estates; those who pray, fight, workChivalry- code of ethicsTroubadours Independent cities and guilds

CHRISTIANITY

Cathedral schools and universities.Influence of AristotleScholasticism; St. Thomas Aquinas

coordinated with ChristianityChristianity was very popular; sacraments and

devotion to saints.

CONTINUEDDominicans and Franciscans were urban-based

mendicant ordersPopular heresy-the movement of Waldensians and

Cathars

MEDIEVAL EXPANSIONLief Ericsson traveled to modern Newfoundland;

VinlandChristianity spread in ScandinaviaTeutonic Knights were most active in Baltic regionReconquest for Christianity in Spain and SicilyReconquista

CONTINUED

Pope Urban II called Christian knights to take up arms to seize the holy land

1st Crusade-Muslims were recaptured 5 had been launched4th- conquered ConstantinopleCrusades failed to take over Palestine from the

Muslims

Post-Crusades

Some states were establishedDemands for luxurious goods increased trade

with Muslims.Muslim ideas pass to Europe; science,

astronomy, numerals and paper.