Ken SayreAgronomist - Conservation Agriculture-Based Crop Management

Potential for CA-Based Crop Management for Rice

MAIN CROP MANAGEMENT ISSUES FACING MOST RICE FARMERS USING IRRIGATION

• HIGH PRODUCTION COSTS GENERAL AND

UNSTABLE PRICES = LOW PROFITABILITY

•CHRONIC LABOR SHORTAGES LEADING TO RAPID INCREASES IN LABOR COSTS

• DEGRADATION OF PRODUCTION RESOURCES –ESPECIALLY SOIL PRODUCTIVITY POTENTIAL

WHEN SOILS ARE PUDDLED FOR RICE AND UPLAND

CROPS ARE GROWN IN ROTATION WITH RICE

• POOR WATER MANAGEMENT AND/OR REDUCED AVAILABILITY OF IRRIGATION

WATER

IRRIGATED RICE-WHEAT IN SOUTH ASIA AND CHINA

• THE RICE- WHEAT SYSTEM CURRENTLY INVOLVES EXTENSIVE TILLAGE INCLUDING PUDDLING FOR RICE

• BOTH RICE AND WHEAT ARE PLANTED ON THE FLAT WITH FLOOD IRRIGATION

• MOST CROP RESIDUES ARE REMOVED FOR FODDER OR FUEL OR ARE BURNED

TILLAGE FOR RICE

PUDDLING PRIOR TO RICE TRANSPLANTING

PUDDLING PRIOR TO RICE TRANSPLANTING

TRANSPLANTED, PUDDLED RICE

CONVENTIONAL, PUDDLED TRANSPLANTED RICE

IN SOUTH ASIA, THE FIRST STEP TO ADOPT CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE FOR RICE-

WHEAT HAS BEEN TAKEN

• ZERO TILL PLANTING OF WHEAT ON THE

FLAT AFTER TRANSPLANTED, PUDDLED

RICE IS BEING ADOPTED, ESPECIALLY IN

INDIA AND PAKISTAN

• PROGRESS TO DEVELOP THE TECHNOLOGIES

TO DIRECT SEED RICE ON THE FLAT \

WITHOUT PUDDLING WITH MINIMAL OR

ZERO TILLAGE THE PROGRESS HAS BEEN

SLOW DUE TO RESISTANCE FROM MOST NARS

INSTITUTES

ZERO TILL PLANTERS - INDIA

Existing Turbo-Happy Zero Till Seeder - INDIA

ZERO TILL WHEAT PLANTED

ON THE FLAT AFTER TRANSPLANTED RICE

Direct Seeding Rice with Minimum Tillage

Direct seeded Rice in India

INDIA – DIRECT SEEDED RICE ON THE FLAT WITH FLOOD IRRIGATION

Maturity -7-15 Days early in DSR

PTR DSR

COMPARISON OF PUDDLED TRANSPLANTED RICE WITH ZERO TILL DIRECT SEEDED RICE IN BIHAR

Grain yield of Rice Cultivars under DSR and PTR

3489277837663222Pusa 834(SD)

6755

-

3111

-

2978

-

3828

2422

BGS 07

6144

-

3289

-

3422

-

3778

2555

BGS 07

57865623Rajendra Mahsuri (LD)

Pusa 06Pusa 06

26112611Pusa Basmati-1(S)

25562667Sugandh 3(S)

28333589NP49(MD)

40563789Pusa 44(MD)

29443333Pant 10(MD)

37783667NDR 359 (MD)

21112389Prabhat (SD)

PTRDSR

Grain Yield (kg/ha)Cultivars

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

PTR-CTW

PTR - ZTW (-R

)

ZTR - ZTW (B

P+R)

ZTR - CTW (-R

)

ZTR - ZTW (-R

)

ZTR - ZTW (+

R)

CTR - ZTW (-R

)

WSR - ZTW (-R

)

Crop establishment methods

Pro

du

cti

vit

y(t

/ha

)

Wheat Rice Rice + Wheat

Effect of crop establishment methods on rice and wheat yields for a long term trial at Pusa, Bihar

(Data from Ravi Gopal Singh - CSISA Hub Manager - Bihar)

Effect of establishment sytems on Yield attributes of rice

(Data from Ravi Gopal Singh - CSISA Hub Manager - Bihar)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

ZTR-SB ZTR-res ZTR+ res Ses

fbZTR

CP fb ZTR PWSR UPTPR PTPR

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Grain Yd (t/ha) grains/ panicle Panicles /m2

CA-based Technologies can Increase the Profitability of Agriculture for

Farmers

$-

$200

$400

$600

$800

$1,000

Conventional till Zero till

US

D p

er

ha

Gross benefits

Costs that vary

Net benefits

Economics of Wheat Production in India

(Data from the Rice-Wheat Consortium)

•Cost saving ~ Rs 3000/ha .•Water Saving ~ 20-25cm of irrigation water.• In on-farm trials, DSR yield was similar or higher in 65% cases than PTR. •Basmati type and hybrid rice cultivars performed better under DSR.•Sesbania Co-culture with retained residues in DSR reduces weeds by half, and saves 15-20 kg N/ha. •DSR facilitates timely planting of wheat and helps in improving system productivity

Summary

New Strategy for RiceZero Till, Mechanical Transplanting

Mechanical Rice Transplanter Zero Till Mechanical Transplanted Rice

Mechanically Transplanted, Unpuddled Rice in Bihar, India

CAN RICE BE PLANTED ON RAISED BEDS INCLUDING

PERMANENT RAISED BEDS?

TRANSPLANTING RICE ON TILLED BEDS IN INDIA

TRANSPLANTED RICE ON TILLED BEDS IN INDIA

DIRECT SEEDED RICE ON PERMANENT BEDS AFTER WHEAT - INDIA

MUNGBEAN ON PERMANENT BEDS AFTER WHEAT AND BEFORE RICE

TRANSPLNTED RICE ON PERMANENT BEDS AFTER MAIZE - BANGLADESH

TRANSPLANTED RICE ON PERMANENT BEDS WITH RESIDUE REMOVED - BANGLADESH

Boro Rice Transplanted on Permanent Raised Beds in Bangladesh

TRANSPLANTED T AMAN RICE ON PERMANENT BEDS – DINAJPUR, BANGLADESH

TRANSPLANTED RICE ON PERMANENT BEDS AFTER WHEAT - BANGLADESH

Effect of Planting Method and N-levels on Grain yield of Aman Rice in Rajshahi,

Bangladesh (Dr. M. Ilias Hossain)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Gra

in yield

(t/ha)

Bed X

50N

Bed

X100N

Bed X

150N

Con X

50N

Con X

100N

Con X

150N

Planting Method and N-levels

Gra

in y

ield

(t/h

a)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Bed x

0% Straw

Conv x

0% Straw

Bed x

100% Straw

Conv x

100% Straw

Planting method options x straw levels

Tota

l S

yste

ms P

roductivity (t/ha) Rice Wheat Mungbean

Comparison of Total Productivity for the Conventional Puddled, Fooded Rice Versus Permanent Raised Beds with Different Straw Retention Levels for a Rice-Wheat-Mungbean System in Rajshahi, Bangladesh (Dr. M. Elias

Hossain)

Effect of Planting Method on Grain and Straw Yield for Boro

and Aman Rice In Bangladesh ( Dr. H M Talukder)

7.645.617.946.06Puddled,

Flooded

Flat

Planting

8.146.388.476.88Permanent

Raised

Beds

Aman Rice

Straw

Yield

(t/ha)

Aman Rice

Grain

Yield

(t/ha)

Boro Rice

Straw

Yield

(t/ha)

Boro Rice

Grain yield

(t/ha)

Planting

Method

Effect of Planting Method on Irrigation Water Application (mm) for Boro and Aman Rice In Bangladesh

( Dr. H M Talukder)

2930% Irrigation Water

Savings with

Permanent Raised

Beds

2681187Puddled, Flooded Flat

Planting

192827Permanent Raised

Beds

Aman Rice

Irrigation Water

Applied

(mm)

Boro Rice

Irrigation Water

Applied

(mm)

Planting Method

Effect of Planting Method on Grain and Straw Arsenic

Content for Boro Rice In Bangladesh ( Dr. H M Talukder)

10.930.65Puddled, Flooded Flat

Planting

1.550.25Permanent Raised Beds

Boro Rice Arsenic

Content

(ppm)

Boro Rice

Arsenic Content

(ppm)

Planting Method

INDIA – TRANSPLANTED RICE ON BEDS

INDIA – TRANSPLANTED RICE ON BEDS AFTER WHEAT

INDIA – TRANSPLANTED RICE ON BEDS AFTER WHEAT

TRANSPLANTED RICE ON BEDS - INDIA

DIRECT SEEDED RICE ON BEDS - INDIA

INDIA – HARVESTING BED PLANTED RICE

Effect of planting method and tillage on paddy rice yield

in India during the 2001 crop season*

5,020

5,620 5,6905,190 5,290

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

Direct seeded

On beds used for

wheat

Transplanted

On beds used for

wheat

Direct seeded on flat

Zero till after wheat

Direct seeded on flat

Reduced ti ll after

wheat

Transplanted on flat

Normal tillage with

puddling

* Average yie lds from 14 ha (22 farmers) direct seeded on beds

Average yie lds from 12 ha (20 farmers) transplanted on beds

Average yie lds from 12 ha (10 farmers) zero til led after wheat

Average yie lds from 1.6 ha (7 farmers) reduced ti ll after wheat

Planting method

Tillage

Effect of planting method and tillage on irrigation water requirement for rice grown in India during the

2001 crop season*

250

216

146153

205

125

145

165

185

205

225

245

265

285

Direct seeded

O n beds used for

wheat

Transplanted

O n beds used for

wheat

Direct seeded on flat

Zero till after wheat

Direct seeded on flat

Reduced till after

wheat

Transplanted on flat

Normal tillage with

puddling

To

tal

irri

ga

tio

n t

ime

(ho

urs

/ha

)

* Average from 14 ha (22 farmers) direct seeded on beds

Average from 12 ha (20 farmers) transplanted on beds

Average from 12 ha (10 farmers) zero tilled after wheat

Average from 1.6 ha (7 farmers) reduced till after wheat

Planting

method

Percent savings in irrigation water for rice compared to the transplanted rice with normal tillage and

puddling in India during the 2001 crop season*

39

42

18

13

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Direct seeded

O n beds used for wheat

Transplanted

On beds used for wheat

Direct seeded on flat

Zero till after wheat

Direct seeded on flat

Reduced til l after wheat

Per

cen

t w

ate

r sa

vin

gs

* Average from 14 ha (22 farmers) direct seeded on beds

Average from 12 ha (20 farmers) transplanted on beds

Average from 12 ha (10 farmers) zero t illed after wheat

Average from 1.6 ha (7 farmers) reduced t ill after wheat

Planting

method

Comparison of Crop Establishment of Maize after Different Rice

Seeding Systems in Pusa, Bihar, India

After Puddled Transplanted RiceAfter Zero Tiil Rice on the Flat

After Direct Seeder Rice on Permanent Beds

THANKS