Juvenile Delinquency and Rehabilitation Services in · PDF filecauses of delinquency and rehabilitation services provided ... offences are related to drug abuse and excessive ... delinquents

International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR) ISSN: 2319-4421 Volume 4, No. 8, August 2015

i-Explore International Research Journal Consortium www.irjcjournals.org

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Juvenile Delinquency and Rehabilitation Services in Eritrea

Dr. Bimal Kanta Nayak, Associate professor in Social Work, College of Arts and Social Sciences, Asmara University, Eritrea ( Africa). ABSTRACT Juvenile Delinquency is defined as a minor who acts against the law. Crime committed by children and adolescents under statutory age is called juvenile delinquency. Juvenile delinquency is one of the most serious problems of our times. It basically means anti-social behavior. The different forms of delinquent behavior include loitering, loafing, pick-pocketing, stealing, gambling, sexual offences like eve teasing, etc. The rate of delinquency is rising very fast all over the world and one of the main suspected reasons could be the negligence of parents. The age limit and also the meaning of delinquency vary in most countries, but it is always below 18 years. Generally, any person between the ages 7 to 18, who violates the law, is considered as delinquent and persons above this age are considered as criminals. The incidence of delinquency is rising amongst the girls also. This study was conducted on the social problem of juvenile delinquency in Eritrea. In this study main focus was on causes of delinquency and rehabilitation services provided to them. Further the study illustrated the causes, the severity and the availability of rehabilitation services in that area. It was explored as to what can be done to correct/ treat them. It was assumed that there are many causes which initiate the problem and there are factors which contribute to the fact that some children are delinquents. The participants of the study are the delinquents themselves, parents/guardians, police officers who work at the Underage Police Station and the judges of the special court. The data was collected through interviews, questionnaires regarding juvenile delinquency, its causes and rehabilitation services. The collected data was analyzed qualitatively. The findings of the study revealed that there are many factors which cause juvenile delinquency, directly or indirectly. The delinquents lack the proper rehabilitation services. As a result they commit the same offence again and again and it becomes a habit of them. INTRODUCTION: For many young people today, traditional patterns guiding the relationships and transitions between family, school and work are being challenged. Social relations that ensure a smooth process of socialization are collapsing; lifestyle

trajectories are becoming more varied and less predictable. It is not only developed countries that are facing this situation; in developing countries as well there are new pressures on young people undergoing the transition from childhood to independence. Rapid population growth, the unavailability of housing and support services, poverty, unemployment and underemployment among youth, the decline in the authority of local communities, overcrowding in poor urban areas, the disintegration of the family, and ineffective educational systems are some of the pressures young people must deal with. Statistical data indicate that in virtually all parts of the world, with the exception of the United States, rates of youth crime rose in the 1990s. In Western Europe, one of the few regions for which data are available, arrests of juvenile delinquents and under-age offenders increased by an average of around 50 per cent between the mid- 1980s and the late 1990s. The countries in transition have also witnessed a dramatic rise in delinquency rates; since 1995, juvenile crime levels in many countries in Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States have increased by more than 30 per cent. Many of the criminal offences are related to drug abuse and excessive alcohol use. The majority of studies and programmes dealing with juvenile delinquency focus on youth as offenders. However, adolescents are also victims of criminal or delinquent acts. The continuous threat of victimization is having a serious impact on the socialization of young men and on their internalization of the norms and values of the larger society. Young people who are at risk of becoming delinquent often live in difficult circumstances.(UN Report on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Vienna 2000 ) Children who for various reasons—including parental alcoholism, poverty, breakdown of the family, overcrowding, abusive conditions in the home, the growing HIV/AIDS scourge, or the death of parents during armed conflicts—are orphans or unaccompanied and are without the means of subsistence, housing and other basic necessities are at greatest risk of falling into juvenile delinquency. The number of children in especially difficult circumstances is estimated to have increased from 80 million to 150 million between 1992 and 2000. (Organization of African Unity and UNICEF “Africa’s children, Africa’s future”, 1992)



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The problem of juvenile delinquency is becoming more complicated and universal, and crime prevention programmes are either unequipped to deal with the present realities or do not exist. Many developing countries have done little or nothing to deal with these problems, and international programmes are obviously insufficient. Developed countries are engaged in activities aimed at juvenile crime prevention, but the overall effect of these programmes is rather weak because the mechanisms in place are often inadequate to address the existing situation.On the whole, current efforts to fight juvenile delinquency are characterized by the lack of systematic action and the absence of task-oriented and effective social work with both offenders and victims, whether real or potential. Analysis is further complicated by a lack of international comparative data. Types of offenses…crimes, whether committed by adults or juveniles, are classified by the seriousness of the offenses as follows: a felony is the most serious offense, punishable by a sentence to a state institution (youth authority facility or adult prison). Felonies generally include violent crimes, sex offenses, and many types of drugs and property violations. Today, all countries set age limits that determine whether a person accused of a crime is treated as an adult or as a juvenile. In most states, young people are considered juveniles until age 18. However, some states set the limit at 16 and 17. In most countries, a juvenile charged with a serious crime, such as robbery or murder, can be transferred to criminal court and tried as an adult. Sometimes prosecutors make this decision, or some states that allow transfers require a hearing to consider the age and record of the juvenile, the type of crime, and the likelihood that the youth can be helped by the juvenile court. As a result of a get-tough attitude involving juvenile crime, many states have revised their juvenile codes to make it easier to transfer youthful offenders to adult court. Increase crime by juveniles Recent years have seen an increase in serious crime by juveniles. This has included more violent acts, such as murder, which are often related to drugs, gangs, or both. Consequently, there has been a movement in congress and in a number of states to further reduce the age at which juveniles can be tried as adults. Some people believe all juveniles should be tried as adults if they commit certain violent crimes. The root causes of crime are many and diverse. Any hope of addressing those causes successfully requires multi-faceted strategies, bits and pieces of which can be implemented by neighborhoods, communities and various levels of government. There is no silver bullet no simple,

expedient answer that can be imposed from above. Any solution to juvenile crime must involve all sectors of society: individuals, families, schools, churches, community groups, governments and businesses. While the scope of effort involved should be as broad as all of society. What Prompts Juvenile Delinquency? Although the roots of youth crime may be quite different from one youth to another, recent research has helped focus much more sharply on major underlying issues that often cause or are related to delinquent behavior. Blumstein (1995) attributes recent dramatic upturns in youth violence to the "deadly nexus" of three primary factors: • Availability of drugs. • Availability of guns. • Juveniles recruited into illicit drug trade.

In addition to the availability of drugs and guns, OJJDP (1997a) describes several other factors that contribute to delinquency, including: • Too much idle time for children and adolescents. • Lack of positive adult supervision. • Scarcity of positive role models. • Child abuse and neglect. • Parents who lack needed parenting skills. • Children with unmet needs for special education

and mental health care. Several conditions, attitudes, and behaviors increase the likelihood that a young person will engage in delinquent behavior. Many of these factors also are related to other adolescent problem behaviors, including substance abuse, teenage pregnancy, dropping out of school, and violence. Causes of Juvenile Delinquency Some of the causes of juvenile delinquency include the following: 1. Family – Almost all research workers have accepted that families of delinquents are characterized by discords, desertions and divorces. Such families have been pointed out as one of the main causes of delinquency. 2. Peer Group – To those in sore need of a substitute for family love and group-belongingness, the peer group or the gang presents itself as a kind of close knit unit that will solve the purpose. 3. Neighborhood – The immediate environments of a child also affect the trend he will adopt in connection with his personality. It has been seen that more delinquents come from slums and thickly populated areas. 4. Educational Curriculum – Although schools and educational institutes are playing an increasingly important role in the training and upbringing of future citizens, they are also contributing towards many cases on



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juvenile delinquency. Delinquents are typically non-bookish and non-academic individuals who take studies like a burden. When they fail in exams and get scolded by their family, they tend to indulge themselves in delinquent acts. 5. Economic and social factors-- Juvenile delinquency is driven by the negative consequences of social and economic development, in particular economic crises, political instability, and the weakening of major institutions (including the State, systems of public education and public assistance, and the family). Socio-economic instability is often linked to persistent unemployment and low incomes among the young, which can increase the likelihood of their involvement in criminal activity. 6. Poverty and Democracy – Poverty and democracy are also the major contributing factors towards juvenile delinquency. People indulge themselves in delinquent acts in order to meet and satisfy the primary wants of their life. Democratic orders also increase delinquency. 7. Urbanization-Geographical analysis suggests that countries with more urbanized populations have higher registered crime rates than do those with strong rural lifestyles and communities. This may be attributable to the differences in social control and social cohesion. The ongoing process of urbanization in developing countries is contributing to juvenile involvement in criminal behaviour. The basic features of the urban environment foster the development of new forms of social behaviour deriving mainly from the weakening of primary social relations and control, increasing reliance on the media at the expense of informal communication, and the tendency towards anonymity. 8. Migration-Differences in norms and values and the varying degrees of acceptability of some acts in different ethnic subcultures result in cultural conflicts, which are one of the main sources of criminal behaviour. 9. The media-Media bring an individual to violence in three ways. First, movies that demonstrate violent acts excite spectators, and the aggressive energy can then be transferred to everyday life, pushing an individual to engage in physical activity on the streets. Second, television can portray ordinary daily violence committed by parents or peers As a result, children are continually exposed to the use of violence in different situation. Third, violence depicted in the media is unreal and has a surrealistic quality; wounds bleed less, and the real pain and agony resulting from violent actions are very rarely shown, so the consequences of violent behaviour often seem negligible. How to control Juvenile Delinquency Following are some of the suggestions for the prevention of juvenile delinquency:

1. Accept the delinquent as a person in his own right, and give affection and security.

2. Watch for the signs of maladjustment; early treatment may prevent this maladjustment from taking a delinquent trend.

3. Providing the child with a variety of experiences like music and dance, art and craft, etc. can serve the purpose.

4. Attempt to build-up a stable system of moral and social values.

5. Reject the delinquent behavior without rejecting the delinquent.

6. Encourage the child to talk about and admit the existence of anti-social tendencies.

7. Change the conditions of home, school and community that seem to give rise to such behavior.

8. Give a potential delinquent some post of special responsibility, such as task of preventing other children from committing delinquent acts.

9. Once a delinquent act has been detected, never pass it over. Make clear to the child that he has done something wrong, but do not punish him harshly.

10. Minimize the chances of a child’s going wrong by putting the smallest possible number of temptations in his way.

What are the Four Main Types of Juvenile Delinquency?. Howard Becker (1966: 226-38) has referred to four types of delinquencies: (a) individual delinquency, (b) group-supported delinquency, (c) organised delinquency, and (d) situational delinquency. (a) Individual delinquency: This refers to delinquency in which only one individual is involved in committing a delinquent act and its cause is located within the individual delinquent. Most of the explanations of this delinquent behaviour come from psychiatrists. (b) Group-supported delinquency: In this type, delinquencies are committed in companionship with others and the cause is located not in the personality of the individual or in the delinquent's family but in the culture of the individual's home and neighbourhood. The studies of Thrasher and Shaw and McKay talk of this type of delinquency. (c) Organised delinquency: This type refers to delinquencies that are committed by formally organised groups. These delinquencies were analysed in the United States in the 1950s and the concept of 'delinquent subculture' was developed.This concept refers to the set of values and norms that guide the behaviour of group members encourage the commission of delinquencies, award status on the basis of such acts and specify typical relationships to persons who fail outside the groupings governed by group norms. (d) Situational delinquency: The above-mentioned three types of delinquencies have one thing in common. In all of them, delinquency is viewed as having deep roots. In individual delinquency



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(according to the psychogenic explanation), the roots of delinquency lie primarily within the individual; in group-supported and organised delinquencies (the sociogenic explanation). Symptoms Some symptoms commonly associated with juvenile delinquency include: • Overt defiance towards authority figures • Lying consistently • Aggression • Antagonism • Ruthlessness

These causes may be classified into four broad categories. First, juvenile delinquency is the result of broken families; second is the pressure of peer group, third is the economic problems in the family or household and the last and fourth category are the environmental factors that encourage the involvement of juveniles in illegal activities. Furthermore, the types of rehabilitation services and their effectiveness will be examined in correcting the delinquents. OBJECTIVES: The main aim of the study is to determine the basic causes of juvenile delinquency and rehabilitation services. More specifically objectives are:

1. To discover the causes of juvenile delinquency 2. To evaluate the severity of juvenile delinquency in

recent times 3. To unveil government rehabilitation or any special

care for the delinquents 4. To boost public awareness on this area 5. To forecast future trends depending up on the

present study METHODOLOGY: Area of study: The present study was conducted at Asmara, the capital city of Eritrea. Basically the research is conducted in under age police center located in the Comisariato Hamsien in the central region of Asmara. The center has twenty-six delinquent children at the time when the study was carried on. Study Population: The populations for this study are children who are imprisoned at Comsaratio Hamsien for the under age, parents of the children, law enforcers at the center, judges, and generally the people around those juvenile delinquents. The researcher has chosen ten parents, three judges, three law enforcers and twenty juvenile

delinquents from whom the data were collected. The criteria including in this study were children who were considered to be juvenile delinquents, all males and their age range was from eleven to sixteen years. The total number of the juvenile delinquents in the center is twenty six in which two of them are females and the rest are males. Unfortunately the researcher could not reach the female delinquencies because he was not given an opportunity to interview them. Sampling technique: In this study, simple random sampling has been used to collect data from twenty juvenile delinquent children between the ages of eleven to sixteen in the police under age center. Random sampling has the advantages of canceling out biases and providing a statistical means for estimating sampling errors. This method of randomly drawing a sample need not restrict the researcher to a single sampling frame. Logic of ongoing inclusion underlies the sampling process. (Glaser and Strauss: 1969). Data analysis and interpretation: The data have been collected and by employing the interview guide from different sources. The data pertaining to the subject matter was collected from a face to face interview from concerned respondents. Analysis and interpretation of the data were based on the response obtained from the respondents and also the data obtained from the documents of government department. The interview schedule was administered to summarize the problem juvenile delinquency and rehabilitation in Eritrea. Characteristics of responses: Description of the characteristics of the target population gives some basic information about the sample population involved in the study, thus the following tables, contains the details of adoption process in the study. Data presentation, analysis and interpretation This interpretation contains the discussions, and presentation of data gathered, through interviews with judges of special court, police officers of the underage police station, and parents, and through questionnaire from the delinquents, through observation and document analysis. It clearly states the causes of delinquency and rehabilitation services to juvenile delinquents. Here the researcher has used the term guardian instead of parent because not all of the children who commit offence live with their parents.



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Socio-economic background of delinquents

Table 1 Age wise distribution of the delinquents

The above table illustrates the age of the delinquents and their percentage the largest percentage is that of the 14 year old children which are 30 per cent .the delinquents are spread over the age group between 11 and 16 years of age.

Table 2 Ethnicity of delinquents

Table two, expresses the number and frequency of delinquents ethnicity-wise. 19 (95 per cent) of the total population belong to Tigrinya ethnic group, and 1(5 per cent) belong to Tigre ethnic group.

Table .3 Educational backgrounds of delinquents

Table three shows the educational background of the delinquents. Most of the delinquents (40 per cent) are 6th grade students. All of the delinquents are not the students of the same age. This means, they are older than their classmates. It is because of the fact that the delinquents have been dropouts from school either because they are bad in their study, or because they have been arrested and brought to the station more than one time.

Figure .1 Educational background of guardians Figure one reveals the educational status of guardians. This is to know whether the educational status of the guardians have an impact on the lives of their children. The educational background of the parents is mainly junior level (35 per cent), from the remaining 25 per cent reached high school and 10 per cent are illiterate and also 10 per cent reached 12th grade.

Figure .2 Economic background of delinquents

The above figure presents the economic statues of the total population among them 6 (30 per cent ) are of low economic statues, 10 (50 per cent) have middle or average economic statues and the remaining 4 (20 per cent) are rich. The researcher differentiates them into three categories based on their monthly payment. The 6 (30 per cent) of the respondents are paid only 750 nakfa monthly and they do not have any external supports. The 10 (50 per cent) having a middle economic statues are paid more than 1500 nakfa and they have some external support from Diaspora. And the third categories are those with high economic statues who paid more than 2500nakfa monthly and have external support from Diaspora and having their own source.

Age No. of respondents

Percentage

11 2 10 12 - - 13 5 25 14 6 30 15 4 20 16 3 15 Total 20 100

Sl.N0 Ethnicity No. of respondents

Percentage

1 Tigrinya 19 95 2 Tigre 1 05 Total 20 100

Sl.N0 Grade No. of respondents

Percentage

1 3rd 1 5 2 4th 1 5 3 5th 4 20 4 6th 8 40 5 7th 4 20 6 8th 2 10 Total 20 100



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Table .4 Family structure of delinquents

The above table indicates presents the family structure of delinquents. Most of them 45 per cent lives with both parents. 25 per cent of respondents live with their mother (single parent). And 30 per cent live with other persons (it may be with their siblings or their grandparents).

Table .5 Occupational status of guardians

In the above table 40 per cent of the delinquents have guardians who are economically well off. 35 per cent of the total population have guardians who are not paid enough but have stable jobs. The delinquents who face a serious problem of guardian’s unemployment are 15 per cent of the total population. 10 per cent guardians are workless which are divided into two categories. The first category is of the disabled guardians (who are old to work). The delinquents from these families are engaged in work for the whole day and they don’t go to school. The second category is the guardians who are old and are not working but they have means of economic income through their siblings and children (aunts and uncles of the delinquents). Criminal Records and Type of Offences committed by the Delinquents

Figure.3. Type of offences committed by delinquents The above figure presents, that most delinquents of the total population committed theft (which was 45 per cent), 25 per cent of the offences were violence (engaging in fight, verbal abuse and property damage). 15 per cent of the total population committed in rape (case of group rape). 10 per cent were drug addicted. And the remaining offences included gambling which consisted 5 per cent of the total population.

Figure .4 Frequencies of offences committed by the delinquents

The above figure shows that more than 60 per cent of the total delinquents committed offences more than two times. Only 30 per cent or 6 delinquents were arrested for the first time. DISCUSSION: Discussion, based on the responses of the participants (through questionnaire and interview).Majority of delinquents (30 per cent) is 14 years old. 95 per cent of the total population belongs to Tigrinya ethnic community. The educational background of the parents is mainly junior level (35 per cent).And Most of the delinquents (40 per cent) are 6th grade students. 30 per cent of delinquents are of low economic statues. The study also reveals that most of them (45 per cent) live with both parents. 40 per cent of guardians are economically well off. The study shows that majority (45 per cent) of delinquents commit the type of offences is theft

Sl.N0 Family structure

No. of respondents

Percentage

1 Living with both parents

9 45

2 Living with one parent

5 25

3 Living with others

6 30

Total 20 100

Sl.N0 Occupational status

No. of respondents

Percentage

1 Permanent and well-paid

8 40

2 Permanent but low-paid

7 35

3 Unstable and not enough wage

3 15

4 Not working

Disabled

1 5

5 Others helping

1 5

Total 20 100



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In addition to the delinquents and the guardians, judges and police officers were also interviewed in order to have clear and holistic view. Guardians’ perspectives: 90 per cent of the guardians did not know what juvenile delinquency is. They came to know about them only when their children committed offence. More than 50 per cent of the guardians claimed their economic problem was the cause. And all of the guardians were aware of the services provided in the station. Majority of the guardians (70 per cent) think that the services are not appropriate enough for the children’s rehabilitation and correction even though the government is doing all it can do. Police Officers’ Perspective: Police Officers’ Perspective, causes of juvenile delinquency are, Family breakdown( death and divorce of parents),Economic problems, Peer pressure, Psychological problems(undiscovered),Carelessness in raising and rearing a child . The delinquents are educated morally and are sent for more education and correction to Dongolo or Molober boarding school. They are also provided training in some skills which keeps them away from committing offences. Judges points of view: According to Judges, delinquents are also classified into three categories according to their age, 12 and below delinquents are not even coming to the court or to the station. Their guardians are asked for their offence,12-15 delinquents- their case is held by special court but then their guardians are to be asked for their offence,15-18- these delinquents are held responsible for their offence by criminal law but their punishment is soft. There is no juvenile court in the whole country. Therefore, juveniles are forced to accept their sentence for their offence in the special and military court Mai-Temenay. Rehabilitation: The kind of rehabilitation and correctional services provided by the government is not understood by Majority of the delinquents. Delinquents are accommodated in boarding schools located at Mai-Habar, Dongolo, and Solomuna where they get facilities like education (academic and moral ethics), skills for different jobs. Besides this, Delinquents are sent for frequent psychological checkups in order to examine the state of their psyche and determine if there are any abnormalities if so delinquents are provided with psychological therapy to improve their mental health. RECOMMENDATION: On the basis of the present study- a number of recommendations can be made, these are;

1. There must be enactment, policy and law enforcers at government level that ensure the care and protection of the delinquents.

2. Should be given vocational training according to their inclination, ability and interest that can help them to lead independent life in the future.

3. There is need to perform at national level research to understand extent of the juvenile delinquents, this in turn, will help in taking appropriate measures towards the solution of the problem.

4. Offer training to personals and police officers who work in the area so as to discover the children’s interest, needs and help them accordingly.

5. Open boarding school to help children with social, economic problems and children who live in remote areas.

6. Creating recreational centers for children, lacking recreational centers could also be a reason for children to engage in other unneeded activities.

7. Problems regarding juvenile delinquents are not much acknowledged in our country, the community is not informed as well as the governmental offices we have come to question, therefore Public awareness is very important factor in reducing juvenile delinquents.

CONCLUSION: The present study examines the causes of and rehabilitation service to juvenile delinquency in Asmara. According to the findings of the study, the severity of the problem is not that large in scope, when compared to other African nations, though it needs a special and effective attention in preventing and averting it. However the study shows that the severity is increasing from time to time and the causes vary accordingly. These causes should be prevented at the early stages so that they won’t be vast and unavoidable problems. It is important through effective preventing strategies, developing effective rehabilitation services, and putting more rational policies toward the issue parallel to the increasing offence and crime. The future wealth of a nation is the young generation, therefore attention, care, nurture, love, affection and proper rearing should be granted, so that the young offenders will not be criminals. REFERENCES:

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delinquency

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Juvenile Delinquency and Rehabilitation Services in · PDF filecauses of delinquency and rehabilitation services provided ... offences are related to drug abuse and excessive ... delinquents