Jung and The Neo-Freudians

Carl Jung (b. 1875)

Background on Carl Jung

• Born in Switzerland• Grandpa is illegitimate son of Goethe?• 1900: Medical degree U. of Basel• 1903: Married Emma Rauschenbach• Assistant to Bleuler (coined the term

"schizophrenia") in Zurich• Salpetriere

Early Work

• Word association • Complex - a group of

feelings in the unconscious with a defined theme

Jung and Sabrina Spielrein

• Admitted Zurich 1904• 1st patient Jung attempts

“talking cure”• 1911 thesis on

schizophrenia• Invited to Vienna Circle

Jung ‘N Freud Revisited

• Began corresponding with Freud in 1906

• They met in 1907 • Friendship ended in

1913

Differences with Freud

• Psychoanalytic insights to ancient myths and legends in search for the key to the nature of the human psyche

• Disagreed with childhood sexual trauma concept

• Made libido a general mental energy, just not a sensual drive

Jung’s Analytical Psychology

• Psychological Types • Introvert - tends toward

self-sufficiency• Extrovert - needs people

around

Personality Structure

• Ego • Personal Unconscious • Collective Unconscious

Archetypes

• Unconscious, inherited predispositions to respond in a certain way

• Primary archetypes:– Persona– Shadow– Anima– Animus– Self

Other Archetypes

• Birth, death, power, magic, God, hero, devil, earth mother, the old sage, child, trickster, father

• Revealed through myth, fables, dreams, visions, art

• Believed that symbol creation across cultures was the key to understanding human nature

Personality Development

• No detailed stages• We strive to go from less perfect to more

perfect, transform from a youthful passion into a wise, spiritual person

The Red Book

“To the superficial observer, it will appear like madness.”

• For the six years that his crisis endured, he decided to work on letting his conscious mind see what his unconscious wanted to show him. He allowed himself to become absorbed into his hallucinations.

• Recorded and analyzed his fantasies in what would become the Red Book.

• Concepts of collective unconscious, anima/animus, archetypes, individuation, art therapy, etc. developed during this time.

• The book took 16 years to complete.

• Jung made liberal use of symbols from different religions, myths, and legend in his illustrations (Tibetan mandalas, Celtic symbols, etc.). He also encouraged his patients to let symbols “flow” to their artwork (e.g., mandala painted by one of Jung’s patients).

What is Synchronicity?

• “Meaningful coincidences”

• An acausal synchrony between the mind and the phenomenal world of perception. Coincidences that cannot be explained in the normal manner.

Jung and Art

"The creative process, so far as we are able to follow it at all, consists in the unconscious activation of an archetypal image and elaborating and shaping the image into the finished work. By giving it shape, the artist translates it into the language of the present and so makes it possible for us to find our way back to the deepest springs of life."

“The artist is not a person endowed with free will who seeks his own ends, but one who allows art to realize its purposes through him. As a human being he may have moods and a will and personal aims, but as an artist he is a ‘man’ in the higher sense. He is ‘collective man,’ a vehicle and molder of the unconscious psychic life of mankind.”

Jung and The Symbolist Painters “The Head of Orpheus” - Redon

Jung and The Surrealists (Max Ernst)

Automatic Writing (Andre Breton)

Sit at a table with pen and paper; put yourself in a 'receptive' frame of mind, and start writing. Continue writing without thinking of what is appearing beneath your pen. Write as fast as you can. If, for some reason, the flow stops, leave a space and immediately begin again by writing down the first letter of the next sentence. Choose this letter at random before you begin, for instance, a 't', and always begin this new sentence with a 't'. Although in the purest version of automatism nothing is 'corrected' or re-written the unexpected material produced by this method can be used as the basis for further composition. What is crucial is the unpremeditated free association that creates the basic text.

Jung and Tarot

Jung’s Current Influence

• “Dune” – Bene Gesserit Sisterhood possessed a “collective memory”

• ‘Inception” trailer

Overall Impact of Jung

• Characterization of introverts and extroverts• Personality Theory• Effect on art, literature, film• Concept of “Synchronicity" (1951)• Jung Center – Houston• CG Jung Center

Comparisons to Freud

• Jung saw conflict everywhere, not just id vs. ego• Jung saw dreams as expression of any component of

personality that was not being expressed, not just the id

• Jung viewed therapy as putting the patient in touch with all facets of their personality not being expressed

• Jung made a lot more out of symbols than Freud

Women in the Movement

Anna Freud (b. 1895)

• Underwent analysis with Daddy

Child Analysis

• 1927 - series of lectures called "Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis"

• Better for the child therapist to be a caring adult, NOT another playmate, NOT a substitute parent

• Their problems are more "here and now."

Ego Psychology

• 1937 "The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence“

• Classic defense mechanisms– Rationalization– Reaction formation– Regression– Repression– Projection– Displacement– Sublimation– Denial

The Hampstead Clinic - 1947

• Later re-named the "Anna Freud Centre" - London - Psychoanalytic treatment of children and teenagers

• Standardized records for children with diagnostic profiles

• Encouraged longitudinal studies

Melanie Klein (b. 1882)

• 1932 "The Psychoanalysis of Children"

Klein's Views

• Emphasis on pre-Oedipal development and important of mother's early nurturing of the child

• Believed in importance of the "death drive“• Men experienced not only castration anxiety but

"Breast Envy"• Believed that same analysis technique could be used

for both children and adults• Believed that some analyses might take 10+ years!• Developed play therapies

Karen Horney (b. 1885)

• Analyzed by Karl Abraham; Berlin Psychoanalytic Clinic

• Moved from Germany to Chicago Psychoanalytic Institute

Horney’s View

• Objected to penis envy• Said that Freudian psychology was a

masculine psychology, did not explain women very well

• Disagreed with emphasis on sexual instinct on personality development

• Said that unresponsive parenting can cause child’s anxiety

Neuroses

• “The Neurotic Personality of Our Time” 1937• Neurotic needs come out of lack of

attachment, emotional conflicts during childhood, and later interpersonal problems in life

• Emphasized cultural factors in neurotic development

3 Groups of Neurotic Needs

• Moving toward people (need for affection and approval)

• Moving away from people (need for independence and self-sufficiency)

• Moving against people (need for power)

Goal of Psychoanalysis

• Reorient the direction and quality of a person's life

• Self-knowledge leads to self-realization

Other Neo-Freudians Erik Erikson (b. 1902)

• Analyzed by Anna Freud, became a child psychoanalyst as Vienna Institute

• 1933 – Harvard – became 1st child analyst in Boston

1950 - "Childhood and Society"

• Development functions by the "Epigenetic Principle“

• Personalities unfold over 8 psychosocial stages

• Believed that each stage had a crisis

Other Contributions

• Anticipated gerontology, pioneer of lifespan psychology

• Erikson's Ego Psychology – stressed personality development across the lifespan

• Popularized the "psycho-history“• His own identity crisis?

Alfred Adler (b. 1870)

• Many early patients were circus performers

• Defended Freud's dream book, became member of Vienna Circle

• After Adler presented his views, Freud critiqued them, Adler quit the circle

Adler's Individual Psychology

• “The Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology” 1923

• No theory applied to all people because we’re individuals

• De-emphasized sexuality, especially infantile sexuality

• Made the conscious, not the unconscious, the center of personality

• Stressed social urges and socialization

Theory of Inferiority

• Inferiority feelings result from a striving for superiority. The attempt to compensate causes problems. Said this striving is innate.

• The healthy person strives for a sense of completeness and self-actualization.

• The neurotic strives for personal recognition and power, selfish goals.

Adlerian Therapy

• Reorganize the person's style of life to become more adequate for solving the problems in the person's current life situation

Birth Order

• Oldest child - responsible, protective adults

• Middle child - ambitious, because always trying to compete

• Youngest - spoiled, more like to have problems because of inferiority

Neo-Freudians’ Contributions

• Social determinants of behavior• Uniqueness of personality• Deleting sex out of the situation• Focus on consciousness and the ego