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Junfeng (Jim) Zhang, PhDJunfeng (Jim) Zhang, PhDProfessor of Environmental and Occupational Professor of Environmental and Occupational
Health Health UMDNJ- School of Public HealthUMDNJ- School of Public Health
Presented at Presented at NJ Clean Air Council NJ Clean Air Council
April 14, 2010 Public HearingApril 14, 2010 Public Hearing
Daytime in London, December 19521952
Source: National Archives
Particle levels – 3,000 g/m3Particle levels – 3,000 g/m3
2.0 -
1.5 -
1.0 -
0.5 -
Sm
oke
an
d s
ulp
hu
r d
ioxi
de,
mg
/m3
November December15 20 25 30 5 10 15 20
- 1000- 900- 800- 700- 600- 500- 400- 300- 200- 100
Dea
ths
per
die
m
Greater London, 1952Greater London, 1952
SmokeSulphur dioxideDeaths
mg/m3 not ug/m3
U. Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh in 2009Pittsburgh in 2009
NYC NYC ““ThanksgivingThanksgiving”” Smog Smog EpisodeEpisode
Coal Burning Banned in NYC
EPA formed by Nixon
SO2 Concentrations in NYC
Major improvement since the 1960’s
1975 – post CAA
Sulfur Dioxide Concentrations Sulfur Dioxide Concentrations in New Jerseyin New Jersey
1975-20061975-2006Second Highest Daily AverageSecond Highest Daily Average
Smoke Shade as and indicator of Particulate Matter – 10X Reduction
CAA
Figure 11Figure 11Long Term Trend in Particulate LevelsLong Term Trend in Particulate Levels
State AverageState Average1967-20061967-2006
Middle of proposed revision
• NJ has substantially improved Air Quality and reduced unhealthy levels of Air Pollution Criteria Pollutants
Reductions to meet the original standards Reductions to meet mandates of Revised
Standards Reasons
Sound implementation Plans Regional and Local strategies
VerdictVerdict
Contact with pollutant (Exposure)
Dose
Poison (Health Effects)
Historically – Just about anywhere Outdoors – very high pollution levels – An important
consideration since:• Houses were not well insulated – High AER led to high
indoor levels from outdoor air• No Air Conditioning increased Outdoor Air Pollution
indoors and increased exposure to outdoor air pollution• More Urban living in NJ• Less Travel
Contact with Air PollutionContact with Air Pollution
Currently Outdoors is still dominant for some pollutants but
at much lower levels Indoors -- especially for VOCs and SVOCs, the
levels will be higher than measured outdoors Transportation
More suburban living More in-transit time
Contact with Air PollutionContact with Air Pollution
Challenging Issues Healthy Communities and Environmental
Justice Identifying problems , e.g . invisible sources
under “blue sky” “Smoking gun”– “new pollutants” Air toxics: little actions on them Pollution hot spots
Within a community Living near roads
Contact with Air PollutionContact with Air Pollution
Future Types of Sources Outdoors – for the foreseeable
future most will be the same Energy sources may change if the country finally gets
focused on energy independenceEnergy conservation and efficiencyRenewable energy and nuclear power Fuel-efficient vehiclesElectric cars – Not environmentally neutral – may
shift the pollution sources Science, technology, public awareness, and policy
Contact with Air PollutionContact with Air Pollution