July 2015 - Ribble Valley

Little Snodworth Solar Field

Volume I: Environmental Appraisal

July 2015

© Green Cat Renewables Ltd

Volume I:

Environmental Appraisal

Prepared for: Mulbrick Clean Energy LLP

Prepared By:

Green Cat Renewables

Edinburgh Office Stobo House

Midlothian Innovation Centre Roslin

EH25 9RE

Tel: 0131 440 8150


Checked By: Graham Donnachie Date: 07/07/2015

Approved By: Stephanie Ewing Date: 13/07/2015


Executive Summary This Environmental Appraisal assesses the local environmental impacts and benefits of a proposed solar farm to be located at Little Snodworth, Blackburn, Lancashire. The report has been prepared following a Screening Opinion from Ribble Valley Borough Council (Council Ref: CS/CMS/3/2015/0337/P). Under the terms of the Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (England and Wales) Regulations 2011, the proposed development is of a type listed under Schedule 2. The proposal required screening for EIA purposes to which Ribble Valley Borough Council stated that “The Local Planning Authority is of the opinion that the proposed development is not likely to have significant effects on the environment and as such, is not EIA development within the meaning of the Regulations.” This Environmental Appraisal has identified and assessed all environmental impacts associated with the proposed 5MW peak capacity solar PV array at Little Snodworth Solar Field. It is clear from current national and local renewable energy policy that the Government is committed to tackling climate change by moving towards an efficient and renewable energy powered United Kingdom. It is the opinion of the applicant that the proposed development at Little Snodworth Solar Field is consistent with local and national planning policy; that the generation of renewable energy via means of solar photovoltaic panels will result in local benefits such as the diversification of farming practises and national benefits that come in the form of helping to meet renewable energy and emission reduction targets. These benefits all come at minimal cost to the environment, as demonstrated within the body of this report. In terms of landscape character, Little Snodworth does not lie within any special landscape designations, however, is situated within the Green Belt. The Green Belt covers almost the majority of the areas surrounding and is predominantly to prevent the coalescence of settlements. Furthermore the proposed development is not considered inappropriate in this location. The site is currently used for horse paddocks for the Little Snodworth Livery. The land owners are in the process of reducing the scale of the livery business from its current size, and would continue to utilise the fields for grazing smaller livestock during the operation of the development. The environmental assessments have found no adverse impact predicted as a result of the proposed development. The applicant believes that the scheme has been carefully and methodically designed and is sensitive to the local surroundings and environment of the site. Given the site’s irradiation resource afforded by the location, and the proximity to existing grid connection capacity and infrastructure, the applicant is of the opinion that this site is ideally located for the proposed solar farm.


Table of Contents

1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 2

2 The Proposed Development .................................................................. 4

3 Planning and Environmental Policy Context ........................................ 16

4 Ecology ............................................................................................... 22

5 Landscape and Visual .......................................................................... 23

6 Glint and Glare Assessment ................................................................ 42

7 Cultural Heritage/Archaeology ............................................................ 48

8 Surface and Groundwater Hydrology .................................................. 54

Accompanying Documents:

Volume II: Design and Access Statement

Volume III: Technical Drawings

Volume IV: Landscape Figures

Volume V: Ecology Assessment

Volume VI: Environmental Management Plan

Little Snodworth Solar Field Environmental Report

© Green Cat Renewables Ltd Page 2

1 Introduction

1.1 The Applicant Mulbrick Clean Energy LLP Mulbrick Clean Energy LLP (MCE) is a partnership that has been established between two renewable energy developers, Mulbrick Limited and Engineered Energy Solutions Limited (EES). The partnership was formed as both companies, operating in the renewable energy sector, agreed that by working together, the best of their skill sets could be brought together effectively to build a proposition with a stronger market presence. Mulbrick Limited Mulbrick Limited was founded in 2012 and is engaged in the business of development of renewable energy projects in Europe and India, with its affiliates, and has a successful track record of developing projects in Germany, Italy, UK and India. Mulbrick Limited also have links to European Investment Funds based in Denmark and the USA. Engineered Energy Solutions Limited Engineered Energy Solutions Limited (EES) was established in 2014, to provide a wide range of renewable energy solutions to clients looking to maximise the outputs from their assets from supporting renewable technologies. Working predominately with farmers, as well as large corporate firms, EES has a pipeline of over 500MW across the UK and is also currently involved in a variety of renewable sectors, such as solar PV, hydro and onshore wind turbines. MCE have identified Little Snodworth Solar Field as a potential solar PV opportunity through contacts within the local farming communities and widespread feasibility assessments to identify suitable sites. Proximity to viable grid connections is a major concern throughout the renewable energy sector and MCE have developed extensive experience in this area, allowing them to take forward and progress sites with the knowledge of a viable development. Little Snodworth Solar Field is considered to be a good example of how a solar PV scheme can utilise land which can still be used for agricultural purposes but will yield benefits for the environment providing clean, renewable electricity to the local grid. MCE have chosen to work alongside Green Cat Renewables Limited, who have extensive experience and knowledge of solar and renewable planning projects. MCE believe that with their help, MCE can develop a coherent and compliant scheme that will have a nominal impact on the local environment whilst providing much needed renewable power source, harvesting the natural energy of the sun. If supported by the Local Planning Authority, it is the ambition to have the development generating electricity by the end of 2015, with minimal disturbance to the local residents and boosting the renewable energy statistics of Ribble Valley Borough Council.



1.2 The Development

Given the current drive for renewable, sustainable energy sources, and the proximity of the site to a suitable grid connection, the applicant considers that there is a viable opportunity to take advantage of and utilise the natural resources afforded by the site’s location. The proposed development site is currently used for horse paddocks for Little Snodworth Livery. A significant benefit of a solar PV development is that the project would also allow the landowner to go on utilising the land for agricultural purposes. Although horse grazing is not compatible with the solar use, grazing use by smaller animals will be possible during the operation of the development; thus providing a diverse, secure and stable additional income stream to the land owner. It is the current intention of the landowner to reduce the capacity of the livery business, irrespective of the proposed solar development. The proposed development would allow the landowners to do this in a financially stable and secure method, as the development would bring in a steady income stream and still utilise the land from grazing. Additionally Little Snodworth Solar Field presents a well suited site for Solar PV as it sits within a landscape already modified by the presence of three wind turbines and as such has only a limited impact on the landscape baseline. Whilst being apparent from close range, the development does not have significant impacts on the openness and permanence of the Green Belt designation due to the low lying nature of solar developments, proximity to settlements and position below a rolling ridgeline. The introduction of a solar farm can also improve the overall biodiversity of the area as the panels create a shaded habitat where various plants and animals may find shelter to flourish in a way that wouldn’t be possible from the otherwise exposed surroundings.

1.3 Scope of the Report

This report assesses the likely environmental impacts resulting from the installation of the proposed 5MW peak Solar PV array at Little Snodworth, Blackburn, Lancashire. The report aims to demonstrate that the proposal is consistent with the Government’s renewable energy policies which include the specific objective of promoting the interests of the rural economy. It also provides a level of detail appropriate to the scale of the development, has been produced in line with relevant environmental policies and planning guidance, and has been informed by a screening exercise undertaken with Ribble Valley Borough Council.



2 The Proposed Development

2.1 Location and Project Layout The site proposed for the development of Little Snodworth Solar Farm lies on land belonging to Little Snodworth Livery, approximately 1km south of Langho and 1.7km east of Wilpshire in the Ribble Valley Borough of Lancashire, as shown on Figure 2.1 below.

Figure 2.1 – Proposed development location The project will comprise the installation and operation of a 5MW ground mounted solar photovoltaic (PV) array split across three separate fields, as shown in Figure 2.2. The designated fields are currently used as paddocks as part of Little Snodworth livery. It is anticipated the current usage of the fields as paddocks for grazing horses will be unable to continue due to the risk horses present within the solar farm, both in terms of potential injury to themselves and damage to equipment. However, it is the ambition of the land owner to reduce the current capacity of the livery business but continue to utilise the field for grazing smaller livestock, such as sheep or chickens. The current capacity of the livery is approximately 20 horses and it is the intention to retain a significant part of the land holding as paddocks for the livery business, with enough land to hold approximately 10 to 15 horses.




Figure 2.2 – Proposed site boundary in context of surroundings

The fields are currently low grade agricultural land, Grade 4, used as grass paddocks. A significant benefit following the installation of a solar farm is that the land can provide a dual purpose; the generation of clean energy from a renewable source and the land itself can continue to be used for grazing, albeit for smaller livestock such as sheep or poultry. The solar panels will be arranged in racks of panels which will be installed in rows, and will cover approximately 10.7 hectares (26.4 acres). The development will utilise existing infrastructure as far as possible, however, there will be a requirement for the addition of short sections of access tracks within the site boundaries to the inverter stations which are located in the centre of the developments. These tracks will allow the provision of access and movement of plant and delivery of panels as well as other associated infrastructure such as transformer and substation housing and security features, as shown in Volume II: Technical Drawings.

= Site Boundary



Note: this image has been produced using 3D computer modelling for representation purposes only. This view will not be possible or

experienced by any receptors, and should only be used to help visualise the site in the context of its surroundings.

Figure 2.3 – Aerial image of the development

The site is located within the Green Belt designation. The impact upon the Green Belt is assessed within Section 3, Section 5 and Volume II: Design and Access Statement. Overall it is considered that a solar development is not inappropriate within the Green Belt in this location, as the proposal does not interrupt the openness or permanence, which are the Green Belts two signature features. It is also considered that the primary function of the Green Belt is to prevent the coalescence of settlements, and not to prevent development, something in which the proposed development does not contribute to.

Figure 2.4 – View from the site looking north, towards the Ribble Valley



Figure 2.5 – View from the site looking east, towards Little Snodworth farmhouse

Figure 2.6 – Current land use, southern fields

Adjacent to the proposed development, three 46m tall wind turbines, each rated at 50kW, are in operation. It is understood that wind turbines are considered to be inappropriate development within the Green Belt as the tall structure can impact on the openness of the the designation. The wind turbines were approved planning permission in this instance as it was deemed that very special circumstances were demonstrated as the turbines would be providing electricity to an insufficient grid connection at Carr Hall Garden Centre. It was also considered that the turbines would reduce the reliance on diesel generators which can have an adverse impact on business due to the ‘seemingly ever increasing supply of electricity’ and this was sufficient to outweigh any negative impacts on the Green Belt. In the case of this proposal, a modest solar PV array is not considered to be inappropriate development within the Green Belt as the development will be low lying at approximately 2.9m above ground level, and will not impact on the openness of these Green Belt nor will



the development cause significant impact to public rights of way, the landscape or the ecology. An assessment on the impact of the Green Belt is provided in Section 3, Section 5 and Volume II: Design and Access Statement, however, it is important to note specifically:

The Little Snodworth Livery is also dependant on diesel generators, albeit the business has a modest requirement for electricity. Similarly to wind turbine development, the proposed solar development would have the significant benefit of mitigating the reliance on diesel generators and would instead provide clean and sustainable electricity to the livery.

The proposed solar development has a peak capacity of 5,000kW, which is over 33 times the capacity of the wind turbine development which is 150kW, providing enough electricity to the equivalent of approximately 1,000 homes. Approximately 100 of the same wind turbines would be require to generate the same amount of electricity as the proposed solar development.

The proposed solar development is not considered to impact upon the openness of the Green Belt due the low lying, unobtrusive nature of solar schemes in comparison to wind turbines.

Carr Hall Garden Centre is now closed, and used as offices.

Figure 2.7 – Proposed site boundary in context of surroundings



2.2 Description of the Proposed Solar Farm & Associated Infrastructure Candidate Solar Panel Yingli Solar 280W Monocrystalline Module has been chosen as the candidate panel for this development. This is indicative at this stage and is subject to change as the project progresses, particularly following the due diligence and financial close procedures. The panel’s dimensions are approximately 1640mm in length by 990mm in width and will appear similar to industry standard solar PV panels, such as those shown below in Figure 2.8. Each solar panel installed will have a rated peak capacity of 280W. The total number of panels expected to be installed is approximately 17,842, giving a total installed peak capacity of the site to be approximately 5MW. Each section of the solar farm will consist of a varied number of rows of panels, dictated by the field topography and boundary shape, details of which can be found in Volume II: Technical Drawings.

Figure 2.8 – Example of Ground Mounted Solar PV Farm Panel Mounting Structure The panels will be mounted on racks, fixed at an angle of 30°, with 48 modules per rack arranged in landscape orientation. It is expected that approximately 406 racks will be distributed throughout the development site. The panels will rise from 0.8m at their lowest point to approximately 2.9m at their highest point, as shown in Figure 2.4. This arrangement is designed to fully optimise the potential sunlight resource afforded by the sites’ location, maximising the efficiency and performance of the development. A separation distance between the rows of panels will be implemented so as to reduce inter row shading and consequent losses in efficiency. This separation will vary according to the topography of the field and the presence of features such as access tracks or component housing units. It is expected that the separation distance will vary between 6m and 10m throughout the development. Figure 2.9 shows the dimensions and layout of the proposed solar panels and mounting structures to be used on this development. See in Volume II: Technical Drawings for further details.



Figure 2.9 – Solar Panel Mounting Structure Elevation

The mounting structure has also been designed to allow for smaller livestock to graze underneath and between the rows of panels. This creates a dual benefit and fully maximises the use of the land by allowing for the current land use to continue as well as being utilised for the generation of clean, renewable electricity. The livestock will also provide a means of ground maintenance as they graze on the grass and prevent the ground becoming overgrown. To ensure that the ground conditions remain suitably maintained, it is proposed that annual checks be carried out on any undergrowth beneath the panels and that it is suitably managed so as to maintain maximum performance of the panels. This type of structure has been carefully selected in order to minimise the impact on the ground beneath the panels. It requires only eight poles per rack to be pile driven to a maximum depth of 2m. This results in a very small footprint on the ground, keeping the environmental impact to an absolute minimum, and allowing the land to return to its original condition almost immediately following decommissioning of the development. The simple design concept also allows for a faster and more efficient installation than other construction methods and avoids the use of concrete and other construction materials which would cause a greater long term detrimental impact on the local environment.



Figure 2.10 – Solar farm featuring similar panel mounting structure at an early stage in development.

Further to the generation of clean, renewable energy solar farms have also been found to promote and attract a significant increase in the biodiversity of developed sites throughout the UK. It is considered that the ground mounted panels provide an excellent source of shelter, creating a niche for a wide range of insects, birds and small mammals, resulting in a significant enhancement of biodiversity.

Figure 2.11 – Example of space under panels for grazing/generation of new habitats

Onsite and Delivery Access

The panels, mounting structures and other associated infrastructure will be delivered via existing roads and tracks leading to the site and will enter the site through existing field gates.



A new access track will be constructed within each of the fields to allow suitable access for the delivery, installation and maintenance of the PV panels and associated plant; details of these tracks can be found within site layout plans in Volume II: Technical Drawings. The access track will be composed of crushed stone and gravel and will be floated on top of the existing topsoil, meaning there will no requirement for significant ground breaking construction works. The track will be approximately 3m wide and extend the length of each of the installations. Construction Compound A temporary construction compound will be created to the north of the central field, partially enclosed by its’ extents. The construction compound, which will be removed following completion of the construction phase, will be comprised of; storage containers, toilets, security cabin, offices, parking spaces and a turning circle. The layout of the compound, including a detailed drawing, can be found within the Volume II: Technical Drawings. Inverter Stations Each panel will be connected to an inverter (converts electricity from direct to alternating current for compatibility with the grid) via cables running along their underside to the end of each row, and then via buried cable to the nearest inverter station. The inverter stations have been located so as to minimise the cabling required to interconnect the entire development, as seen in Volume II: Technical Drawings these locations are the centre of the western and central field and the north-eastern tip of the central field. A total of six inverters will be used, 2 rated at 720kWac, 3 at 800kWac and 1 at 550kWac output. The inverter housing units will safely store the inverters, transformers, switchgear and components for measuring, monitoring and communicating data. The dimensions of the inverter housing units will be subject to discussions with suppliers and manufacturers. However, an indicative unit of 3m by 6m by 2.5m tall has been used for the purpose of this application. The unit will appear similar to a small shipping container and will be painted sensitively to avoid becoming a prominent visual feature within the solar farm. Figure 2.12 is indicative of the likely final design.

Figure 2.12 – Example of Inverter Housing Unit



Site Electrical Works

From the inverter stations, cables will be run to the electrical substation, located at the north eastern tip of the central field, near the field entrance adjacent to Snodworth Road, see Volume II: Technical Drawings. The electrical substation will comprise two adjacent glass-reinforced plastic buildings, measuring approximately 3m in width by 3.8m in length and by 3.3m in height. These buildings will have a dark green finish. Cables will be run from western and eastern fields to the substations located within the central field, connecting the three separate holdings, allowing them to be integrated into a single substation and have one point of connection to the grid.

Figure 2.13 – Example of cabling running beneath panels

The trenching for the cable runs represents the most significant amount of excavation work required for the development. Excavated material from the trenches, constructed to house the underground cables, would be stored alongside the trench and replaced during back-filling. Topsoil would be stored separately and fully reinstated over the trench following construction. The applicant is currently in discussions with the Distribution Network Operator (DNO) regarding various options for the grid connection point. These details are yet to be finalised, however, an attractive and viable grid connection offer has been agreed in principle which will result in a suitable grid connection, something which is becoming increasingly rare. The work required to take the development from the substation to the grid connection point is expected to be undertaken by the DNO, which would carried out under their permitted development rights. Security Security measures will be implemented as a precautionary measure to prevent the theft or damage of panels and other equipment within the development. This will include the erection of a wooden-post wire mesh security fence approximately 1.5m high with a 3m buffer zone between the fence and nearest development for the provision of access. The



fencing will be installed as a security precaution, but also acts as a means of preventing deer, or other large wildlife from entering the site. The meshing of the fence will allow it to blend with surroundings becoming virtually invisible when viewed from larger distances. An example of the proposed fence type can be seen in Figure 2.14. Security cameras may be installed at sensitive locations around the site such as the site entrance, electrical substation and inverter housing units. They would act as a precautionary measure and are intended to act as a deterrent to potential theft or vandalism, they may only be necessary if stipulated within insurance demands. The proposed locations of these security cameras, should they be required, can be seen on layout plans presented in Volume II: Technical Drawings.

Figure 2.14 – An example of fencing for rural Solar Farms

Figure 2.15 – Model of development demonstrating fencing to be used



Development/Construction Traffic The vehicles used for the delivery of the solar panels, mounting structures and other infrastructure will be standard heavy goods vehicles; there is no requirement for abnormally long, wide or heavy loads. The existing road network will not need to be upgraded in any way to accommodate the increased traffic level. The traffic generated by the development will consist of:

HGV deliveries of solar panels;

HGV deliveries of solar panel mounting structures and machinery;

Deliveries of the gravel for access track (where onsite material is not available);

Deliveries of construction and material containers; and

Site personnel traffic – cars and light vehicles. In total it is estimated that approximately 100 HGV deliveries will be required over the construction period of between 8 and 12 weeks, for the delivery of the panels and the mounting structures. At this stage it is expected that there will be no more than approximately 5 deliveries per day, depending on various conditions such as the weather. As well as this there may be approximately 7 to 12 cars or vans visiting the site during the construction phase. Access of the HGV’s will be restricted to 7am to 7pm, Mondays to Fridays and 7am to 12 noon on Saturdays. These hours will also be applicable to any construction activity involving any audible noise. These vehicles will not cause any disruption to the local road network or users of the local roads. Beyond the construction phase, the solar farm will not require any personnel on site with the exception of occasional maintenance visits. Construction Programme The construction phase would involve approximately 8 to 12 weeks of onsite activity, from construction of the access tracks through to electrical connection and commissioning of the solar farm. Decommissioning At the end of the project’s operational life, the solar farm would be decommissioned, the principal elements removed, and the site restored leaving little, if any, visible trace on the landscape.



3 Planning and Environmental Policy Context An application for the development of a solar project should be assessed in the context of:

National policy and guidance;

The Local Planning Authority Development Plan; and

Supplementary Planning Guidance. The following section summarises the planning guidance and policies relevant to the determination of the Little Snodworth Solar Field proposal.

3.1 National Planning Policy National planning policy and guidance is principally set out in National Policy Statements (NPSs) and the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF). A brief summary of national policy is presented below. National Policy Statements The Planning Act of 2008 allowed for the production of National Policy Statements, which set out national infrastructure priorities across a range of policy areas. These documents are material considerations in the consideration of both nationally important infrastructure projects and for local authorities when determining smaller developments. Six NPSs relating to energy were published in 2011, of which EN1 and EN3 are of most relevance to this application. These are:

EN1 - Overarching NPS for Energy

EN3 – NPS for Renewable Energy Infrastructure

EN1 states that “an increase in renewable electricity is essential to enable the UK to meet its

commitments under the EU Renewable Energy Directive” and the proposed solar farm at

Little Snodworth Solar Field would help the UK achieve this target with minimal

environmental impacts.

EN3 opens by stating “electricity generation from renewable sources of energy is an important element in the Government’s development of a low-carbon economy.” National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) The NPPF (2012) sets out the Government’s planning policies for England and how these are expected to be applied. It is a material consideration in the determination of planning applications. Paragraph 7 within the policy states that, “The purpose of the planning system is to contribute to the achievement of sustainable development”, and NPPF sets out three dimensions to this; economic, social and environmental.



The presumption in favour of sustainable development is apparent in the 12 Core Planning Principles of the NPPF that should underpin both plan making and decision taking. These include:

Always seek to secure high quality design and a good standard of amenity for all

existing and future occupants of land and buildings;

Take account of the different roles and character of different areas, promoting the

vitality of our main urban areas, protecting the Green Belts around them, recognising

the intrinsic character and beauty of the countryside and supporting thriving rural

communities within it;

Support the transition to a low carbon future in a changing climate, taking full

account of flood risk and coastal change, and encourage the reuse of existing

resources, including conversion of existing buildings, and encourage the use of

renewable resources (for example, by the development of renewable energy);

Contribute to conserving and enhancing the natural environment and reducing

pollution. Allocations of land for development should prefer land of lesser

environmental value, where consistent with other policies in this Framework;

Promote mixed use developments, and encourage multiple benefits from the use of

land in urban and rural areas, recognising that some open land can perform many

functions (such as for wildlife, recreation, flood risk mitigation, carbon storage, or

food production); and

Conserve heritage assets in a manner appropriate to their significance, so that they

can be enjoyed for their contribution to the quality of life of this and future

generations.

NPPF also makes it clear that achieving renewable energy targets has the potential to present investment opportunities and jobs within the renewable energy sector and is not solely about preventing climate change and securing future energy supplies.

3.2 Local Planning Policy In terms of Local Policy, Ribble Valley Borough Council policy is very supportive of renewable energy development, and recognises the potential that exists within the area. Ribble Valley Core Strategy 2008 – 2028 (A Local Plan for Ribble Valley) Current local policy is contained in the Ribble Valley Core Strategy (2008 – 2028), which was adopted in December 2014. The most relevant policies to solar energy are: Policy EN3 – Sustainable Development and Climate Change which states “Proposals for the development of new renewable energy generation facilities, including onshore wind turbine technologies, will be considered. This will require the consideration of many factors including



the need to reduce the area’s carbon footprint whilst also recognising its exceptional environmental and landscape context”; Policy DM3 – Renewable Energy which indicates that the Council are supportive of renewable energy schemes “providing it can be shown that the developments would not cause unacceptable harm” to the local environment or amenity. Green Belt The location of the site within an area of Green Belt land is not seen as a major issue for concern as the Core Strategy Key Statement EN1 notes that the council will support the development of land uses which “do not conflict with the purposes of the designation”. The reasons for permitting Green Belt Development usually require ‘very special circumstances’ as to why it should be permitted, Given the Site’s Green Belt Location, it is necessary to demonstrate very special circumstances. It is considered that the following issues represent very special circumstances which demonstrate that the benefits of a solar development would outweigh any potential harm to the Green Belt: • Wider environmental benefits as a result of renewable energy generation The NPPF confirms that wider environmental benefits of renewable energy in terms of lower carbon emissions and the creation of a clean energy source increase in the Ribble Valley. UK government targets indicate the necessity of creation of 15% of energy from renewables by 2020. The proposed Little Snodworth Solar Field has the potential to generate enough power to generate electricity for approximately 1,000 homes (in accordance with the calculations provided by the Renewable Energy Association). The development also presents an opportunity to reduce the carbon footprint emissions of the local area by approximately 1,100 tonnes of Co2 per annum. • Land Use Little Snodworth is currently used as horse paddocks. During the time the PV panels are in operation it will not be possible to allow horse grazing to occur. However, it is intended to introduce small livestock grazing, such as sheep, to the fields, who can graze under and in-between the rows of panels, ensuring the land remains in agricultural grazing use. It is the intention of the land owner to reduce the scale of the livery irrespective of the solar development, however, the proposal provides a sustainable opportunity to do so, without impacting on other areas of the farm. • Farm diversification The NPPF identifies farm diversification as a priority of rural land use planning. The proposed solar farm proposal allows for the diversification of the landowners agricultural opportunities, preventing over reliance on grazing as the primary method of income. The solar development has formed a significant part of the land owners future business plans as the current capacity of the livery business is sought to be scaled down sustainably.



The solar scheme would allow the business plans to be achieved sustainably and provide a secure and steady income which is diverse and independent of the livery business. • Economic benefits The proposed solar farm will help create employment opportunities in the local area during the construction, on-going maintenance and decommissioning of the site, thus contributing to the rural economy. It is generally considered that income generated by the farming business from renewable technologies is reinvested into the farm itself, providing a significant boost and an opportunity to secure the farming business for future generations. • Landscape Extensive LVIA assessments have been undertaken in order to assess the landscape impact of the proposal on the Ribble Valley landscape and its character. As a result of the sites elevated location as well as screening from shelterbelts and foliage, only a limited number of views of the site will be visible to members of the public, preventing any negative visual impacts. • Ecology National Planning Policy and the Ribble Valley Core Strategy both emphasise the need to protect bio-diversity in rural Lancashire. Little Snodworth Solar Field helps achieve this aim via the provision of rough grassland beneath the PV array. Solar developments have been proven to have a positive benefit to biodiversity of the local area by providing shelter for habitats and wildlife, allowing them to flourish in areas that would otherwise be exposed. Over the project lifetime this has a significant positive benefit to the fields in which they are situated as the land and soils are given a break from often intense farming allowing the soils to rejuvenate and replenish. Furthermore, the scheme provides an opportunity for increased hedgerow screening, thus making the scheme compliant with Paragraph 109 of the NPPF. • Grid Connection Little Snodworth is located in close proximity to a viable grid connection point, thus removing the need for unsightly additional infrastructure and cabling which would negatively impact the surrounding natural environment. In a time where connections to the grid network are becoming increasingly strained, timely and costly, proximity to a viable grid connection is a crucial determining factor in the feasibility of a renewable development project. Therefore, it is considered that those projects in close proximity to viable grid connection opportunities should be supported. • Project Lifetime The solar farm would be a temporary development, which would be in place for approximately 30 years. After this time, all elements of the scheme would be removed, leaving little to no trace of the development, leaving behind significantly improved conditions for agricultural benefits, with healthier soil, remediated ground nutrients and greatly improved bio-diversity.



When considered together, these eight factors demonstrate that the benefits of the proposed development significantly outweigh the minimal impact that the development may cause to the Green Belt by reason of inappropriate development. Notwithstanding the potential benefits of the solar development as demonstrated above, a precedent for development with this area has been set by the installation of three 46m wind turbines. Adjacent to the proposed development, within the landholding of the now closed Carr Hall Garden Centre, permission was given by the Planning Inspectorate for a wind cluster development of three Endurance 50kW wind turbines, 46m to tip height (Appeal Ref: APP/T2350/A/13/2193882). The application was considered by the Ribble Valley Borough Council to be inappropriate development within the Green Belt as the turbines would be harmful to the openness and permanence of the Green Belt, and no special circumstances were demonstrated that would outweigh the harm caused. The Planning Inspectorate acknowledged that the turbines would constitute as inappropriate development within the Green Belt, however, it was the opinion of the inspector that very special circumstances had been demonstrated. As stated in paragraph 27 and 28 of the appeal decision notice, these very special circumstances were detailed as: “I heard that the existing electricity connection at Carr Hall Garden Centre is of insufficient capacity to serve all the equipment required to run the business. Further, that reliance on diesel generators has had an adverse impact on the business due to the seemingly ever increasing cost of fuel and the inability to offer potential franchises a reliable supply of electricity. The proposal would facilitate a three phase connection and, in addition to providing some renewable energy to the grid, would help secure and create local employment. 28. I consider that these matters amount to the very special circumstances necessary to justify the development in the Green Belt. For the reasons given above and having regard to all matters raised, I conclude that the appeal should be allowed”. The Applicant considers that for similar reasons as the wind turbine application, as well as the eight beneficial outcomes from the development as noted above, very special circumstances can be demonstrated in this instance. However, it is also considered that, unlike wind turbines, solar developments are not inappropriate development within the Green Belt. Due to the low lying and unobtrusive nature of the solar panel developments, which do not dominate or encroach on the skyline, little impact is predicted on the openness of the Green Belt. In addition, the purpose of the Green Belt in Ribble Valley is primarily to prevent the growth and coalescence of the Lancashire towns located to the south and west such as Blackburn. The construction of the solar farm at Little Snodworth in fact would aid this policy as the presence of a solar field would prevent residential or industrial development taking place on the landholding for the duration of the development (30 years). Once energy generation has



ceased the development will be removed and the landscape returned to its original condition, with almost no trace of the development having ever existed. In summary the proposed solar field at Little Snodworth does not affect the openness or permanence of the Green Belt in a manner which a wind development would and in fact supports the Green Belts purpose in preventing the inappropriate spread of development, such as housing developments, from urban areas into the countryside. In contrast to the Carr Hall Wind Turbine development, a solar field is far less visually intrusive and sympathetic to the goals of the Ribble Valley Green Belt. Other Local Policy Documents In the absence of specific guidance in relation to large scale ground-mounted solar PV development design in the Ribble Valley, the following guidance documents were considered:

Ribble Valley Borough Council (2012) – Core Strategy – various design guidance;

Cornwall Council (2015) Renewable Energy Planning Guidance for The Development of Large Scale (>50kW) Solar PV Arrays;

Maidstone Borough Council (2014) Planning Policy Advice Note: Large Scale (>50kW) Solar PV Arrays;

English Heritage (2008) – Enabling Development;

BRE National Solar Centre Biodiversity Guidance for Solar Developments;

BRE National Solar Centre Agricultural Good Practice Guidance for Solar Farms; and

BRE Planning Guidance for the development of large-scale ground mounted solar PV systems.

3.3 Conclusion

Renewable energy projects are supported at both the National and Local policy levels, provided that the environmental impacts of the development can be satisfactorily accommodated at the regional and local level. The Little Snodworth Solar Field will make a small contribution towards national renewable targets, and a significant contribution at the local level. The applicant contends that the development proposal is consistent with local and national planning policy and that the generation of clean energy as well as potential local benefits, effectively resulting from the creation of a viable local business diversification, will be greater than any negative environmental effects, which are predicted to be insignificant and temporary. The remainder of this document aims to demonstrate that the proposal is appropriate in terms of its size, scale and location and that it can be accommodated without any significant environmental impacts.



4 Ecology GLM Ecology Ltd were commissioned by Green Cat Renewables Ltd to carry out an Ecological Assessment including a survey for protected species and habitats survey at Little Snodworth Solar Field. The purpose of the Ecological Assessment was to determine if any protected species or habitats were present at the site. The overall aims of this assessment were:

To assess whether protected species, habitats, mammals or EPS were present on site;

If protected species are present, to assess local population status and usage of the site;

To recommend further survey work and mitigation if required; and

To propose possible ways of enhancing the sites ecological status if planning permission is granted via a Biodiversity Management Plan.

The surveys and assessments were undertaken by GLM Ecology, an experienced ecology consultancy with significant renewable energy development experience, and can be found in Volume IV: Ecology Assessment. A brief summary of the conclusions is given below.

4.1 Protected Species Surveys

The potential of the site for protected species of conservation interest was surveyed using standard methodology to establish if there was an ecological constraint to the development. The survey area has very limited potential to support protected species and species of conservation concern. No signs of badger were recorded in the grazing fields. There was a very poor species list recorded of potential breeding birds or Schedule 1 species on site in the grazing fields. An average variety of species were recorded in the woodland edges and hedgerows. No species were recorded breeding which are fully protected under Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981. No mitigation is deemed necessary with the exception of relevant mitigation procedures are proposed for badgers, details of which are found in Volume IV: Ecology Assessment.

4.2 Phase I Habitat Survey

The site walkover revealed the presence of a poor variety of habitats present within the survey area, the predominant habitat of which is grassland used for grazing. No nationally or internationally protected habitats were identified in this assessment. The habitat on site is considered very poor from an ecology viewpoint. No suitable habitat was present within the survey area for red squirrel, great crested newt, otter and water vole. The site offers great opportunity to enhance and increase biodiversity in the area. It is proposed that if the application is successful that a Biodiversity Management Plan is produced to investigate the optimum way to enhance the biodiversity and wildlife of the site in order to ensure an overall positive benefit to the site as a result of the development.



5 Landscape and Visual A Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (LVIA), has been undertaken for this project in accordance with the relevant guidance and best practice. The aim of the assessment process is to promote the best “environmental fit” for the development through consideration of the existing landscape resource, the potential landscape and visual effects, design alternatives and any mitigation that might be possible. The assessment process will refer to landscape value and in particular landscape designations and related planning policy, as well as landscape character and capacity for solar energy development at this site.

5.1 Guidance

The methodology for the landscape and visual impact assessment (LVIA) has been undertaken in accordance with the methodology set out below and conforms with The Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment, Third Edition (Landscape Institute and IEMA, 2013), and informed by the National Character Area Profile 35: Lancashire Valleys, Natural England, 2013. Further guidance has been obtained from the Natural England, National Character Profiles for in relation to Landscape Character and Guidelines on Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (GLVIA Third Edition), Landscape Institute and Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment, 2013.

5.2 Assessment Methodology

Defining the Study Area An overall Study Area of 5km radius from the site centre has been established using professional judgement, it is unlikely a development of this type would have any significant effects beyond 5km. The study area was further defined for each part of the assessment process as follows:

Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (LVIA) – the study area was restricted to the application site, access routes, and the potential Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) from where there may be a view of the development at up to 5km distance from the site.

A ZTV (Zone of Theoretical Visibility) was calculated using the ReSoft© WindFarm computer software to produce areas of potential visibility. This analysis was carried out by placing markers at the four corners of the development, including the highest elevated point of the development site. These markers were designed to be 2.9m tall to simulate the height of the panels from the ground. The ZTV however, does not take account of built development and vegetation, which can significantly reduce the area and extent of actual visibility in the field, particularly in a case such as this where the development is not a tall vertical structure, and as such provides the limits of the visual assessment study area.

Volume IV - Figure 5.4 illustrates the ZTV at 1:80,000 scale within 10km of the proposed development. Baseline Landscape and Visual Resource This part of the LVIA refers to the existing landscape character, quality or condition and value of the landscape and landscape elements on the site and within the surrounding area,



as well as general trends in landscape change across the study area. It includes a brief description of the existing landscape character and land use of the area which includes reference to settlements, transport routes, vegetation cover, as well as landscape planning designations, local landmarks, and tourist destinations. Assessing Landscape Effects Landscape effects are defined by the Landscape Institute as “changes to landscape elements, characteristics, character, and qualities of the landscape as a result of development”. The potential landscape effects, occurring during the construction and operation period, may therefore include, but are not restricted to, the following:

Changes to landscape elements: the addition of new elements or the removal of trees, vegetation, and buildings and other characteristic elements of the landscape character type;

Changes to landscape quality: degradation or erosion of landscape elements and patterns, particularly those that form characteristic elements of landscape character types; and

Changes to landscape character: landscape character may be affected through the incremental effect on characteristic elements, landscape patterns and qualities and the cumulative addition of new features, the magnitude of which is sufficient to alter the overall landscape character type of a particular area;

The development may have a direct (physical) effect on the landscape as well as an indirect effect or effect perceived from out with the landscape character area.

Landscape effects are assessed by considering the sensitivity of the landscape against the degree of change posed by the development. The sensitivity of the landscape to a particular development is based on factors such as its quality and value and is defined as high, medium or low. Examples of landscapes with high sensitivity may include areas which have been officially designated for their landscape value such as Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty or National Parks. The magnitude, or degree of change considers the scale and extent of the proposed development, which may include the loss or addition of particular features, and changes to landscape quality, and character. Magnitude can be defined as high, medium, low or negligible. The level of effect is determined by the combination of sensitivity and magnitude of change as shown in Table 5.1, below.



Table 5.1 - Magnitude and Sensitivity Matrix for assessing Overall Level of Effect

Magnitude of Change

Sensitivity

High Medium Low

High Major Major/Moderate Moderate

Medium Major/Moderate Moderate Moderate/Minor

Low Moderate Moderate/Minor Minor

Negligible Moderate/Minor Minor Minor

Assessing Visual Effects Visual effects are recognised by the Landscape Institute as a subset of landscape effects and are concerned wholly with the effect of the development on views, and the general visual amenity. The visual effects are identified for different receptors (people) who will experience the view at their places of residence, during recreational activities, at work, or when travelling through the area. These may include:

A change to an existing view, views or wider visual amenity as a result of development, or,

The loss of particular landscape elements or features already present in the view; and

The general principles adopted for the assessment of visual effects were taken from The Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment Second Edition, produced by the Landscape Institute, 2002. This guidance outlines the approach to define ‘sensitivity’ for a given view and a ‘magnitude of change’ that would be caused by the development in question over its lifetime. A matrix in the Guidance is then used to assess the overall ‘level of effect’. This matrix is the same format as used to understand landscape effects and can be seen in Table 5.1. In the context of this project, the effects during operation are always direct and long term (reversible at the end of the lifetime of the development). None of the visual effects relating to this project have been considered positive in order to present a worst case view of any effects. Visual Assessment of Settlements and Residential Properties All settlements within the study area have been considered with regards to the level of visual impact the development will have on them. The sensitivity for each of the settlements is considered to be high in accordance with Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment, 2002. Residential properties have been assessed from public roads and footpaths within the area and the assessment represents a ‘best estimate’ of the likely visual effects. In line with the guidance from the Landscape Institute1, the views from upper

1 Paragraph 7.30 page 90 in ‘Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment. Second Edition.’ Landscape Institute

and Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment. March 2002.



floor windows are considered as of less importance, but the garden and public areas are included as well as the visual context in which views are experienced.

5.3 Landscape Design Considerations

Project Description The Little Snodworth Solar Field would include the construction of 17,842 solar panels and associated infrastructure in the Lancashire Valleys National Character Area (NCA) within the Ribble Valley Borough Council Area. The solar farm would cover a 10.7 hectare section of this landscape. The site will be bound by a mesh wire, wooden post fence which would be approximately 2m tall. The fence has been selected as the design allows for good visibility through the mesh, helping to minimise visual impact. Section 2 provides further information regarding the description of the proposed development.

Landscape Capacity Although part of a Green Belt, the landscape is not considered significantly scenic and it does not carry any landscape designations, particularly when compared to the landscape to the east of the site, which is designated as a Special Landscape Area, and further north of the site, which is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). This illustrates that while this site forms part of the Green Belt, it would not be the highest sensitivity or most valued section of the Green Belt. The adjacent wind turbines are a strong vertical element, viewed across the local and wider area, whereas the proposed solar farm would sit much lower to the ground and have significantly less visual impact and less impact on the perceived’ openness’ of the Green Belt, and is therefore not considered as inappropriate development.

Figure 5a – Wind turbines on adjacent land holding

The landscape is characterised by the rolling hills, on top of which the site is situated, irregular field patterns, in which the development preserves, and the long distance views over the Ribble Valley, in which will remain unaffected by a low lying and unobtrusive solar development.





Figure 5b – 3D computer model of the site within the context of the landscape

Design Objectives

Scale - The location of the solar farm sits on the agricultural land, predominantly grassland for grazing, south of settlements such as Langho and Wilpshire and north of larger settlements such as Great Harwood, Rishton and the north eastern edges of Blackburn. Whilst generally the landscape is of a large scale and medium to low sensitivity the scale of the settlement is fairly small and the development should be limited to a suitable size which does not dominate the scale or character of the adjacent settlement;

Skylines – the development sits on undulating fields with a high elevation in comparison to the surrounding settlements and has good visibility to the north across the Ribble Valley. The ZTV predicts that the development will be theoretically visible in areas to the north but will not be visible in areas to the south of the site. However, the solar farm is unlikely to form part of the skyline due to its low elevation and the presence of shelterbelts in the area and skyline views will be limited to the immediate area; and,

Aesthetics – by their nature solar panels form a geometric shape, and locating them at a higher elevation on undulating land which significant patches of screening from shelter belts and foliage, combined with protecting the irregular fields patterns all amalgamates towards designing a well-balanced scheme, in character with its surroundings that does not become a dominant or prominent feature.

For a full description and details of the scheme and all its components, as well as further analysis of the site design, see Section 2.4 and Volume II respectively. Existing Landscape Resource Information on the existing landscape resource, or baseline landscape conditions, has been collected by reference to Local Plans, OS maps and relevant literature, including the Natural



England “National Character Area Profiles” document, as well as information gathered from field surveys. Construction Activities Temporary landscape and visual effects would occur during the construction period, these will be limited to ground preparation works and deliveries to site of the solar panels and infrastructure. The landscape effects would be of a negligible magnitude of change and not significant. During the construction period the visual effects would not be significant as despite movement and contrast of people and delivery trucks in this area, there would be no cranes or large scale machinery required to install the equipment. As such effects would be relatively localised affecting only the few receptors immediately adjacent to the site. Any effects would primarily be in relation to the delivery of the solar panels and the movement of workmen and vehicles during installation. These effects would be temporary and fully restored on completion. All disturbed areas resulting from the construction (around bases of the panels, access tracks and on site compounds will be restored upon completion of the construction period. Decommissioning All of the visible above ground structures (panels, rails and transformers) would be removed upon decommissioning, thus rendering most of the landscape and visual effects of the development reversible. There would therefore be no landscape and visual effects remaining after decommissioning.

5.4 Baseline Conditions

Broad Landscape Context The landscape character surrounding the proposed solar farm development, is defined in the Natural England landscape character assessment, as the Lancashire Valleys and is described below:

The Lancashire Valleys National Character Area broadly consists of the wide vale of the rivers Calder and Ribble and their tributaries, running north-east to south-west between Pendle Hill, the Bowland Fells and the Southern Pennines. Although similar in nature conservation terms to the Lancashire and Amounderness Plain and the Morecambe Coast and Lune Estuary NCAs, the landscape here has a contrasting, intensely urban character.

The Key characteristics include:

Broad valleys of the rivers Calder and Ribble and their tributaries run north-east to south-west between the uplands of Pendle Hill and the Southern Pennines;

A Millstone Grit ridge extends between the Ribble and Calder catchments (including the Mellor Ridge and part of Pendle Hill);

A broad trough underlain by Carboniferous Coal Measures provided the basis of early industrialisation;



Field boundaries are regular to the west and more irregular to the east. They are formed by hedges with few hedgerow trees and by stone walls and post and wire fences at high elevations;

Agricultural land is fragmented by towns, villages and hamlets, industry and scattered development, with pockets of farmed land limited to along the Ribble Valley, the fringes of Pendle Hill, the area to the west of Blackburn, and in the north around Skipton;

Farmed land is predominantly pasture for grazing livestock, with areas of acid and neutral grassland, flushes and mires. There is some upland heath and rough pasture on Pendle Hill and the higher land to the south;

Small, often ancient, broadleaved woodlands of oak, alder and sycamore extend along narrow, steep sided cloughs on the valley sides – for example, at Priestley Clough, Spurn Clough and south of Blackburn;

There are numerous large country houses with associated parklands, particularly on the northern valley sides away from major urban areas;

There are many examples of proto-industrial heritage, including lime hushings, important turnpike and pack-horse routes involved in the early textile trade, and rural settlements with handloom weavers’ cottages;

There is evidence of a strong industrial heritage associated with the cotton weaving and textile industries, with many common artefacts such as mill buildings, mill lodges and ponds, and links to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal;

The many towns, including Blackburn, Accrington and Burnley, which developed as a result of the Industrial Revolution give the area a strong urban character;

Robust Victorian architecture of municipal buildings contrasts with the vernacular sandstone grit buildings of the quiet rural settlements on the valley sides; and

Numerous communication routes run along the valley bottoms, including the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, the Preston-Colne railway and the M65 motorway.

In addition to this there is also another Landscape Character Area that is included within the study area. Table 5.2 summarises this Landscape Character Area and is illustrated in Volume III – Figure 5.2. Table 5.2 - Key Characteristics of Landscape Character Areas

Name Key characteristics

North West of England Character Assessment

Bowland Fringe and Pendle Hill

The Bowland Fringe and Pendle Hill NCA forms a transitional landscape between the dramatic upland core of the Bowland Fells and the flat Lancashire and Amounderness Plain NCA to the west, the Yorkshire Dales NCA to the east and the Lancashire Valleys NCA to the south-east. It lies mainly in Lancashire, but has its eastern edge in the Craven District in North Yorkshire. Over half of this NCA lies within the Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, which encompasses the Bowland Fells NCA.

Local Landscape Character The Little Snodworth Solar Field site is to be located on farmland at an altitude of approximately 210m AOD, situated in area of pastureland which forms part of the wider Lancashire Valleys NCA. The site is predominantly rough grassland, with areas of woodland



in the lower slopes towards Langho and Wilpshire. Fields tend to be bound by a combination of post and wire fencing, hedgerows and dry stone walls. The topography is rolling and gradually slopes down into the Ribble Valley to the north. In addition to a strong road network, other man made features in the area include telegraph poles, farmsteads and agricultural buildings, settlements and three wind turbines. All of these features give the area a rural, yet modified character which does not feel remote despite its elevated location above the more settlement and urbanised areas.



Figure 5c – Overview of the development site from the south



Figure 5d – Overview of the development site from the north



Landscape Elements and Features Landscape elements are the component parts of the landscape, such as trees, woodland and ponds that combine to form areas of landscape character. Often these characteristic elements may be distinctive to a particular regional area of landscape character or more localised area of landscape character type. The main elements of landscape character across the site include: rough grassland, dry stone walls, small sections of mixed woodland and wind turbines. The area does not have a remote feel due to a number of manmade elements and modifications which are present. Land use, Landscape Change and Visual Context The site and immediate area is rough grassland predominantly used as pasture although some of the adjacent fields are used for arable farming. Overall the area has a strong agricultural land use with a network of local roads and farm infrastructure. The site is fairly elevated with long range views over the Ribble Valley and a generally open feel. The primary focus of most views is down over the settlement of Langho.

Landscape Planning Designations The study area for the proposed development is located mostly within the Ribble Valley Borough Council area, however there are small parts within Blackburn and Darven Borough Council and Hyndburn Borough Council. The local development plans contain a number of policies which seek to protect landscape resources. The development plan includes a couple of designated landscapes that are relevant to this assessment. The key landscape planning designations are illustrated in Volume III – Figure 5.3. Landscape planning designations and policies are considered in the determination of the sensitivity of landscape and visual receptors as they provide an indication of value ascribed to the landscape or visual resource. Those designated landscapes that overlap the ZTV (and may potentially have views of the proposed development) have been considered as part of this assessment and are listed in Table 5.3. In this instance the development site is within a section of the landscape designated as Green Belt. Table 5.3 - Landscape Planning Designations

Designation Description

Blackburn Green Belt The development is located within this designation towards the northern edge. The Green Belt surrounds the settlements of Blackburn, Accrington, Rishton and Great Harwood. The primary function of Green Belt is to:

To check the unrestricted sprawl of large built-up areas;

To prevent neighbouring towns merging into one and other;

To assist in safeguarding the countryside from encroachment;

To preserve the setting and special character of historic towns; and

To assist in urban regeneration, by encouraging the recycling of derelict and other urban land.



Forest of Bowland AONB This designation is situated just outwith the 5km study area to the north west of the proposed development site. It covers a large section of landscape to the east and south east of Lancashire and consists of peat moorland and a series of wooded valleys.

Special Landscape Area This is a small section of landscape located within the Green Belt and situated to the east of the proposed development. The SLA surrounds the settlement of Great Harwood and the Dean Clough Reservoir consisting of a rolling ridge and small gorges and valleys.

5.5 Assessment of Landscape Effects

Landscape Effects are defined by the Landscape Institute as “Change in the elements, characteristics, character, and qualities of the landscape as a result of development.” These effects are assessed by considering the landscape sensitivity against the magnitude of change. A matrix is used to guide the evaluation or level of effect as illustrated in Table 5.1. The type of effect may also be described as temporary or long term/permanent, direct or indirect, cumulative and positive, neutral, or negative. Potential Operational Effects on Landscape Fabric Changes to landscape fabric can occur where there would be direct or indirect physical changes to the landscape. In this instance, direct changes to landscape fabric would only occur within the development boundary. The landscape has been assessed to be of medium sensitivity. Magnitude of Change During operation, the Little Snodworth Solar Field would occupy and directly affect a moderate extent of the local landscape character. The solar panels are pile driven into the ground to a maximum depth of 2m which highly limits the direct effects the development will have, as the land cover can remain relatively intact which also improves reinstatement once the life of the scheme is over. In addition to this the fields will also be able to continue to be used for livestock grazing. Whilst the direct would be limited and non-permanent indirect effect would also occur. The solar farm will occupy a section of the hillside and slightly alter the character of the local area. Despite this, the low lying nature of the panels would mean that this impact would only be experienced immediately around the site and not across the wider NCA. The magnitude of change for direct landscape effects as a result of the development on the local landscape character resource, would be medium, resulting in a moderate level of effect which would be long term (reversible) and negative but not significant. Potential Operation Effects on Landscape Character Lancashire Valleys NCA The Lancashire Valleys NCA covers an area of landscape to the north of Blackburn. The character area covers a rolling landscape which is situated between a number of large scale urbanised areas. Whilst rural in character, this NCA does contain a number of scattered settlements, mostly along the valley floors and a network of roads which cross the landscape. It is predominantly a rural landscape, however its close proximity to settlements, numerous manmade features and agricultural nature, mean that it never really feels remote or undeveloped.



In terms of landscape value, within the study area, the landscape is designated as Green Belt and part of it forms a Special Landscape Area, as and as such the overall landscape value is high. The overall sensitivity of the Lancashire Valleys LCA is considered to be high. Magnitude of Change Once constructed, the Little Snodworth Solar Farm would occupy and directly affect a minor to moderate area of the Lancashire Valleys NCA leading to a low overall magnitude of change with only minor losses of rough grassland. The development will be visible from parts of the NCA seen on the side of the hill, however the rolling nature limits a lot of views and coupled with a strong woodland presence throughout, visibility is fairly limited over the large area of the NCA. This NCA is well developed and the presence of the solar panels will not significantly detract from its character, scale or setting. The overall magnitude for change is considered to be low resulting in a moderate level of effect, which would not be significant, long term (reversible), direct/indirect and negative. Neighbouring Areas of Landscape Character The only neighbouring area of landscape in this instance is the Bowland Fringe and Pendle Hill NCA, to the north. This distinct area of landscape character would not be affected in terms of ‘borrowed’ landscape characteristics2. This area would not be directly affected by the solar farm and there would be no direct effects on the key physical characteristics that form the areas of landscape character or their quality and integrity. However, the solar farm may be visible from this area and as such could indirectly affect the landscape character where particular views or scenic qualities are noted as a key characteristic of the landscape. Alternatively, the solar farm could be frequently visible. However, it is unlikely to be particularly prominent in the landscape such that the addition of this new feature affects the character of the area. In this instance the solar farm is not located on a particularly prominent hill or distinctive skyline and will only appear as a prominent feature in the view from close range views and landscapes adjacent to the solar farm. Table 5.4 - Indirect Landscape Effects on Neighbouring Landscape Character Types

Name Assessment

North West of England Character Assessment

Bowland Fringe and Pendle Hill

There is a small section of this NCA along the northern edge of the study area and whilst the ZTV indicates that there will be visibility throughout this area the actual impact will be highly limited. Due to the distance and combination of screening features visibility from this NCA is unlikely, as such there should be no impacts on the character, setting or scale of the Bowland Fringe and Pendle Hill NCA.

The landscape is considered to be of high sensitivity and overall the magnitude of change is considered to be negligible, resulting in a moderate/minor level of effect, which is not significant.

2 Landscape character that due to similarities in key characteristics and patterns may appear as part of adjacent areas of landscape character and as a result new development may appear to physically affect adjacent, although separate, areas of landscape character.



Landscape Effects on Landscape Planning Designations

The site area is not designated and there would be no direct effects on this due to the introduction of the solar farm. Landscape effects would be limited to indirect effects on the views and visual character experienced from within this area, whilst viewing towards the development. The assessment below considers if these effects on the views would lead to an indirect effect on the landscape character and valued features and characteristics for which these areas are designated. The assessment of the overall indirect effects experienced by people viewing the solar farm from designated landscape areas is provided in Table 5.5. The sensitivity of all designated landscapes considered as part of this assessment has been considered as high. Table 5.5 - Indirect Landscape Effects on Landscape Planning Designations

Designation Assessment

Forest of Bowland AONB Although outwith the study area, there is predicted visibility from the southern end of this designation. At over ~5km the impact of the solar farm will not cause any significant impacts on either, the character, setting or views of the AONB. It may be possible to see the development either side of Hurst Green, however this would only be on clear days and the development would be difficult to make out. There would be a number of other man made feature visible and the development would not impact on the setting or the AONB, not views from within the AONB.

The magnitude of change is considered to be negligible, and the level of effect moderate/minor.

Green Belt The development would be situated within an area designated as Green Belt, which surrounds the urban areas of Blackburn and Great Harwood. Whilst there is presumption against development within the Green Belt the solar farm would not detract from its qualities of the protection it offers. The Green Belt is designated for four main reasons outlined in the baseline in Table 5.4 and an assessment of each of these follow:

The development would not be unrestricted sprawl from large built up areas and is not situated on the edge of a settlement, as such it does not constitute to a sprawl;

The solar farm is located in a fairly central section of the Green Belt, equidistant from settlements to the north, south and east. As it does not sit directly between two settlements and in a fairly open section of landscape away from most settlements it is not perceived as encouraging coalescence or merging. The site is assisted by the fact a rolling ridge runs across the landscape between the urban areas to the south and east, whilst the development is tucked beyond this ridge to the north west. As such the topography provides natural separation between these areas from the development; and

It is unlikely that there will be any impact on the special character and setting of any historic towns, due to the distance to the nearest settlements and the limited visibility from these settlements.

The magnitude of change is considered to be low, and the level of effect moderate.

Special Landscape Area To the east of the site there is a SLA and the ZTV predicts that there will be some visibility from the higher ground of the development. There would be no direct effects on this landscape and it is also highly unlikely that there will be views of the SLA and the development together from outwith the designation. When within the SLA any views are fairly minimal and whilst indicated by the ZTV that there will be visibility, actual views are unlikely due to the rolling nature of the topography screening significant portions of the development and vegetation screening it further. Even when occasional glimpses do occur, the development is a minor feature in the view and would not detract from the long range views over the valleys below, nor impact on the openness of the plateau.




5.6 Assessment of Predicted Visual Impacts and Effects

Visual effects are recognised by the Landscape Institute as a subset of landscape effects and are concerned wholly with the effect of the development on views, and the general visual amenity. The assessment has been conducted in periods of fine weather and assumes good visibility and limited seasonal leaf cover. Visual Effects during Operation

Post construction and during operation, the appearance of the Solar Farm site would recover a calmer visual character with negligible levels of maintenance activity visible on site from the nearest visual receptors, and no significant visual effects likely.

The visual effects of the Solar Farm on views and visual amenity whilst in situ are assessed in the following sections.

Viewpoint Analysis A selection of viewpoints has been included as part of the assessment and photomontages are presented in Volume II. These viewpoints are assessed below in terms of visual impact and described in Table 5.6.

Table 5.6 - Viewpoints Analysis

Viewpoint Assessment

1. York Road The Viewpoint is located on York Road to the south of the site and is representative of views experienced by road users in the area.

This will be where the development has its greatest impact as the road will run adjacent to the solar farm for a short section. The solar panels will appear in the field directly adjacent to the view on the opposite side of the dry stone wall where they will occupy a large extent of the horizontal view and a moderate extent of the vertical view. Being only 2.9m in height they will not be overbearing features not out of scale with the surroundings however they will partially obscure some long range views over the Ribble Valley from York Road. This is likely only to be a brief experiences along the road which has open views both to the north and south, the development only affecting views north.

Overall the magnitude of change is considered to be high, however, this is a direct result of the proximity to the viewpoint development and will only be experienced briefly.

2. Snodworth Road The viewpoint is located on Snodworth Road in between two section of the development and would be experienced by road users and walkers in the area.

Again being located directly adjacent to the field will see the solar panels of the eastern section appear in the foreground, however they will sit slightly lower in the view than the viewer and as such open views will still remain intact over the valley below, albeit with the solar scheme seen simultaneously. Slightly further afield on the slopes adjacent to the three wind turbines the western section will appear, however it will have much less impact due to the distance and partial screening by the topography. Whilst the solar farm will be an obvious feature in the view, the openness is maintained both to the north and to the west, and in addition to this the development will appear directly adjacent to a small wind farm, which provides some visual capacity and context.

Overall the magnitude of change is considered to be medium.

3. FP16

The viewpoint is located on Snodworth Road at the junction with FP16, which heads from the road and across the adjacent field. The view is representative of views experienced by walkers.

Located close to the previous viewpoint this image looks along the line of the Public Right of Way, where the solar panels will appear to the left of the footpath in the field. Seen at close proximity they will be an obvious feature in the view but as can be seen from the photography there is no real sense of openness in this direction with a relatively close horizon. As such the development will not interrupt long range views or have any effect on the openness of the location. And whilst they will occupy the majority of the horizontal view, they would not be overbearing or dominant features in the view.

Overall the magnitude of change is considered to be medium.



Viewpoint Assessment

4. FP15 East The viewpoint is located on the Public Right of Way FP15 after it departs Snodworth Road and Snodworth Cross and is representative of views experienced by walkers in the area.

With the eastern section to the rear of the viewer and illustrated in the previous two viewpoints this location focuses on the view towards the western section of the development. The solar panels are seen on the side of the hill adjacent to both farm infrastructure and the three wind turbines as such it has only a limited degree of contrast to the baseline. As the panels do not sit on the horizon the views remain open and the general openness of the scene remains intact. The development is both well contained by the topography and by the woodland which can be seen to the left and right of the view and would only occupy a minor extent of the vertical view and a moderate extent of the horizontal view.

Overall the magnitude of change is considered to be low.

5. FP15 West The viewpoint is situated on the Public Right of Way FP15 to the west of the proposed development and is representative of views experienced by walkers travelling north east.

As can be seen both the eastern and western sections are visible with the western section situated at close proximity to the left of the viewer. The solar panels would be backdropped by the topography and partially screened by vegetation, where they would not interrupt longer range views to the north and north west over the Ribble Valley. The eastern section appears on the horizon further in the distance at the summit of a small rounded hill. Although this section sits on the summit of the hill and may potentially interrupt longer range views, the hill forms the horizon in direction and as such the development does not impact on the openness of the view. As the panels only rise 2.9m in height they do not dominate views nor provide overbearing features, even although they are located above the viewer. The rolling topography provides some screening, which means that although in close proximity and seen in multiple directions the solar farm is not the dominant element of the view, which still remains the landscape itself.

Overall the magnitude of change is considered to be low.

6. A666 Located on the A66 adjacent to the entrance to Carr Hall, this viewpoint illustrates the impact on both road users and visitors to Carr Hall.

As can be seen the mature woodland heavily screens views of the development and no elements of the scheme will be visible. A number of locations were explored along this road and it was difficult to find an open view which the development would be seen due to local vegetation and woodland.

Overall the magnitude of change is considered to be none.

7. Copster Green A59 The viewpoint is located on the eastern edge of Copster Green on the A59 and was chosen to represent the views of the settlement and views experienced by road users.

As the visualisation illustrates the development will be heavily screened by both the topography and by intervening vegetation from this location. Only the western section is predicted to be visible, with the eastern section fully screened. Even the western section is heavily screened and the development will be an indistinct feature in the view. Being backdropped by the hillside will also mitigate its potential impact and at a distance of 1.6km the solar panels would not be particularly noticeable.

Overall the magnitude of change is considered to be negligible.

Settlements The following assessment considers the views from the nearest settlements, and the likely visual effects that could be experienced from the main living rooms and garden areas of residential properties, but excludes rooftops and upper windows. All settlements and residential properties have been judged to be of high sensitivity. The primary settlements in the area are Blackburn, Great Harwood and Langho, however, much of the settled areas are not within the ZTV coverage and as such are not predicted to have any visibility of the development. Other than these there are settlements dotted across the countryside such as Copster Green, Wilpshire and Brockhall Village.



Table 5.7 - Visual effect on settlements within the ZTV

Settlement Distance Visual Assessment

Settlement <5km from Little Snodworth Solar Farm

Langho 0.4km Langho is the closest settlement to the development and the ZTV indicates that there will be visibility across the northern part of the settlement. In reality most views from this section of Langho will have screening provided by the build environment of the settlement itself. A suitable location for a photomontage was explored, however no views were found and Viewpoint 6 illustrates the typical impact the development will have, where it is screened by woodland surrounding the settlement.


Wilpshire 0.4km The impact on Wilpshire is fairly similar to that of Langho, where the northern part of the settlement is predicted to have views of the solar farm. Again significant screening is provided by both the build environment and intervening vegetation. Viewpoint 6 is located on the A666 as it leaves Wilpshire and illustrates the typical impact on this settlement.


Blackburn 1.2km There will be no visibility of the development from the settlement of Blackburn.

Rishton 2.6km There will be no visibility of the development from the settlement of Rishton.

Great Harwood 1.9km There will be no visibility of the development from the settlement of Great Harwood.

Clayton-Le-Moors

3.7km There will be no visibility of the development from the settlement of Clayton-Le-Moors.

Whalley 3.5km Although visibility is predicted from this settlement on closer inspection no views were found and the magnitude of change was none.

Brockhall Village

2.5km Visibility is predicted throughout this settlement and while the solar panel will appear on the side of the hill at over ~3km distance they will not be particularly distinct from their surroundings. Views are more likely from the open area on the southern edge of Brockhall Green, although these will not be common or prominent. The development will appear alongside other man made features including the wind turbines which sit on the hill, although they will be much less prominent then these existing structures.


Copster Green 2.4km There are views predicted from much of the settlement, although it is likely due to vegetation that there will only be views possible form the eastern edge. Viewpoint 7 has been included to illustrate the impact on this settlement and it can be seen that the woodland offers significant screening and that it is likely only the western section would be visible.


Assessment of Transport Routes and Footpaths An assessment of the potential for visual effects from all major routes within the study area has been undertaken and includes the following routes:

Public Right of Way FP15 - Fish Moor to Parsonage Farm;

Public Right of Way FP13/15a - Carr Hall to York Road; and

York Road - Parsonage Farm to York.

Public Right of Way FP15 between Fish Moor and Parsonage Farm This footpath begins on York Road as it crosses Fish Moor immediately south of York. The path cuts across the side of the moor towards Snodworth Cross, Little Snodworth and then



across Wilpshire Moor. After which it turns south back up the hill towards Parsonage Farm and York Road. At its closest point the route is less than 100m distance away from the proposed Little Snodworth Solar Field. The ZTV indicates that approximately 1.5km of the route will have visibility of the proposed development and the views would begin as soon as the route departs York Road. As the route will pass directly by the site there will be some notable impacts, where to the left of the view the panels will occupy the entire field and this will continue for approximately 300m past Snodworth Cross until Little Snodworth. Whilst the development will be a prominent feature, they will sit to the left of the viewer and the open views over the Ribble Valley to the right will be unaffected. Continuing on there will be direct views of the western section of the development which sits slightly lower in the landscape. Although this part will be seen simultaneously with the Ribble Valley it will not affect its openness by virtue of being located below the viewer. After passing by the site for approximately 150m the development passes to the rear of the viewer and then turns south towards Parsonage Farm. When walking in the opposite direction there would be no visibility of the development predicted until the route passes over the small summit and joins with FP12. At this point views will be similar to those experienced in Viewpoint 5 where the western site appears slight down the hill to the left of the view and the eastern section on the horizon. Whilst obvious features the western section does not affect the openness and with the eastern section situated on a section of the landscape which already encloses views, there is little effect on the openness. Once the route passes Little Snodworth the solar farm would be directly to the right of the walker, however, again, the development would not affect the open views over the Ribble Valley to the west.

Overall the magnitude of change would be moderate. Public Right of Way FP13 between Carr Hall and York Road This footpath begins on the A666 at the entrance to Carr hall and continues up the side of the valley past Carr Hall, through a section of woodland before connecting with the FP15. The route then passes over the site itself connecting with York Road at the top of the valley. At its closest point the route is less than 100m distance away from the proposed Little Snodworth Solar Field. Although the ZTV indicates that there will be visibility for the entire length of the route the first approximately 200m will be screened by woodland as is illustrated in Viewpoint 6. The development will be tucked behind the mature trees which surround Carr Hall and only once out the other side of the woodland would the development come into view. At which point the solar panels would be a prominent feature, situated directly to the right of the viewer, although would not particularly affect the openness. During this approximately 300m stretch the eastern section will also be seen directly in front of the viewer. Once Past the property at Little Snodworth the route will be re-directed further to the west. It will follow the same alignment, albeit on the edge of the field as opposed to through the field, during which time the solar farm will be seen prominent to the left.



When walking in the opposite direction there would visibility right from the beginning of the route as the new route passes to the side of the development. Although a prominent feature at this point, views will be oblique and would not interrupt the long range views over the Ribble Valley, thus not impacting on the openness. Further down the hill this section would pass to the rear and the western section would be visible obliquely to the left of the viewer, again not impacting on the openness of views when walking north. Once at the woodland the development is to the rear of the viewer and screened by the trees.

Overall the magnitude of change would be moderate. York Road/Parsonage Road between Parsonage Farm and York This is the main road which runs along the ridge above the settlement of Langho and connects York in the north with Blackburn in the south. It crosses an undulating moorland landscape with hedgerows and stone walls providing borders to the route. At its closest point the route is less than 100m distance away from the proposed Little Snodworth Solar Farm. When travelling south west the development is not predicted to be visible until directly adjacent to the site, where there will be oblique views. At this point there will still be open views to the south west although the development will partially obscure views to the west briefly, for less than 150m of the route. The road then turns in a more southerly direction, limiting any visibility by making views more oblique. Once at the junction with Parsonage Road the development will pass to the rear of the viewer. During this journey there will be no visibility of the western section of the development. When travelling north east theoretical visibility would occur once Parsonage Road passes over the highest point of Wilpshire Moor, however at this point views are completely screened by vegetation which surrounds two roadside properties. Once past these properties views begin to open up and the eastern section of the development will be visible on the horizon. It would only occupy a minor extent of the view and not interrupt long range open views until the road merges with York Road directly adjacent to the development. For ~600m the development will appear slightly obliquely to the left of the viewer at close proximity. Whilst the solar panels would be an obvious feature, due to the height they would not be overbearing on the road users. Overall the magnitude of change would be moderate.

5.7 Summary of Assessment Conclusions

The project comprises a number of ground mounted solar panels, located on rough grassland on the northern slopes of a small ridge at Little Snodworth Farm. The methodology for the landscape and visual impact assessment (LVIA) adopted the guidelines set out by the Landscape Institute and the Institute for Environmental Management and Assessment, with assessment criteria being based on the Ribble Valley Borough Council Local Plan. Landscape Assessment



Due to the construction methods where the panels are pile driven into the ground there would be very little direct impacts on the landscape, with no foundations required. Indirect effects would be slightly more due to the visibility of the panels on the side of the hill, however, in most cases they appear in the distance and heavily screened by the rolling topography and woodland. The area is already characterised by the wind turbines at the site and as such the solar farm would not appear out of character within its surroundings. Effects on Designated Landscapes Although within the Green Belt, the development will not have significant impacts on the qualities and functions of the Green Belt. Generally the openness is maintained due to the position of the development just off the summit of a ridge. This helps contain any impacts to one side of the Green Belt (the north west) as such minimised any potential encroachment, coalescence or impacts on openness. Its location is far enough from settlements to be seen as expansion into the Green Belt and its location adjacent to wind turbines appears suitable. Impact on other designations such as AONBs and SLAs are even more minimal with no direct impacts and only negligible indirect impacts. Visual Assessment The viewpoint analysis indicates that significant visual effects are unlikely to occur out with the area immediately surrounding the proposed development. The conclusions from the viewpoint assessment have been used to form a view as to the level of overall visual effect within the study area. Visual Effects: Construction Period There will be no significant visual effects resulting from the construction period and visibility of the ground based activity. Views of concentrated areas of construction could however lead to a temporary and negative effect that in some cases may appear more disruptive than the finished development. Post construction, the appearance of the site would recover a calmer visual character with negligible levels of activity visible on site from the nearest visual receptors. Visual Effects: Operational Period Significant effects were found to be extremely limited, the nearest receptors using the local Public Rights of Way having the biggest impact. During walks on both FP13 and FP15 the solar farm would be a prominent feature for parts of the walk, however would not impact on the openness of views from these path, with the development never interrupting views over the Ribble Valley. The wider area is not predicted to experience any significant visual effects, and in particular views from residential areas and settlements were found to be particularly limited. This was as a result of the rolling topography often screening the development and local vegetation further screening it.

5.8 Conclusion

Overall the impact the Little Snodworth Solar Field would have on the landscape and visual resource would be low to medium. Generally, the impact is fairly well contained to the footpaths adjacent to the site and even when seen further afield does not constitute a dominant feature in views. The landscape is of a medium scale quality and characterised by farmsteads and wind turbines, into which the solar farm would fit with little contrast.



Visually the scheme never constitutes a dominant feature and always seems to blend into its surroundings fitting with the agricultural character of the area. Although located within Green Belt the development due to its position below a rolling ridgeline does not affect the openness of the landscape as views along the highest part are unaffected and views to the north west from further east of the ridge are already restricted by the topography.



6 Glint and Glare Assessment

6.1 Introduction

Glint and glare are both caused by the reflection of light from a surface, in this case the sun from a solar panel. Glare is caused by a continuous but less intense reflection of a bright dispersed light (known as diffuse reflection) whereas glint is caused by the direct reflection of light on a reflective surface (also called specular reflection). Figure 6.1 shows these two key ways in which sun light could potentially be reflected from a solar PV panel.

Figure 6.1 – Means by which light reflects from solar panels.

The potential for glint and glare from solar photovoltaic (PV) panels on the surrounding roads, residential properties and settlements should be fully considered when planning a solar farm.

6.2 Background Information

By their means of operation, it is beneficial for solar panels to capture as much light as possible; as such solar PV panels are specifically designed to absorb, not reflect, sunlight. Solar PV panels are therefore manufactured with anti-reflective coatings so as to be as absorbent as possible in order to maximise the amount of light captured and subsequently converted to electricity. This causes solar panels to exhibit very low levels of reflectivity, and consequently, solar PV panels are substantially less reflective than non-coated glass and in many cases standing bodies of water, such as lakes and ponds. This is demonstrated in Figure 6.2.

Figure 6.2 – Percentage of sunlight reflected by common surfaces (Federal Aviation Administration, 2010)



A study3 into the levels of glint and glare arising from solar PV panels made the following findings:

A panel with a single layer of anti-reflective coating reflects less than 10% of the sunlight striking it. By way of comparison agriculture vegetation reflects between 18% and 25% of solar radiation;

In order to maximise electricity production, panels are oriented toward the south and facing the sun, resulting in angles of reflection well above the built environment and nearby traffic corridors; and

Based on the geometric configuration of the panels relative to the path of the sun and the inherently low reflectivity of flat-plate photovoltaic modules it is highly unlikely that the proposed projects will result in hazardous glare conditions.

6.3 Methodology

Throughout the day the sun will track across the sky, therefore the angle at which the light is incident on the panel will vary. Figure 6.3 illustrates the two angles (azimuth and elevation) required to define the orientation of the sun with the solar panel and the path the light takes when incident on the panels’ face.

Figure 6.3 – Sun’s position relative to solar panel

The laws of reflection (specular reflection) state that the angle of reflection will be equal to the angle of incidence, as shown in Figure 6.4. A desk based assessment of Little Snodworth Solar Field was conducted using the values for azimuth and elevation angle of the sun and the consequent angles of incidence and reflection at extreme points in the year i.e. summer solstice when the sun is highest and winter solstice when at its lowest. During the summer months the sun rises north of east and sets north of west, at these times the sun will evidently not be incident on the panel as such these periods have been omitted from analysis of glint and glare impacts i.e. only azimuth angles between 90o (east) and 270o (west) have been considered.

3 Potential Impacts from Reflection of Proposed Calipatria Solar Farm I & II (ESA, March 2011)



Figure 6.4 – Light’s path as it is incident on solar panel at midday at yearly extremes

Table 6.1 displays the angles at which the sunlight will strike the panels as they are sited. The angle of incidence is the angle at which the sun strikes the panel; the angle of reflection relative to the ground is the angle the reflected light makes a line parallel to the ground; and the direction of reflection is the azimuthal position of the reflection i.e. North = 0o and South = 180o. These angles give a good indication of the likely impact from direct glare, as discussed below.

6.4 Assessment of Impact

The results presented in Table 6.1 were obtained by using the methodology outlined above. These results were then used to form the basis for the impact assessment presented below.



Table 6.1 – Glint analysis4 Time of Day

Azimuth Angle

Angle of Incidence (relative to panel)

Angle of Reflection (relative to ground)

Direction of Reflection

Elevation of Reflection at 1km from panel (km)

Winter Solstice

09:25:19 131 29 121 311 1.68

10:00:00 138 33 117 318 1.95

11:00:00 151 38 112 331 2.48

12:00:00 164 41 109 344 2.97

13:00:00 178 43 107 358 3.22

14:00:00 192 42 108 12 3.07

15:00:00 206 39 111 26 2.61

16:00:00 219 34 116 39 2.08

16:50:09 229 29 121 49 1.68

Summer Solstice

04:38:29 46 --- --- --- ---

05:00:00 50 --- --- --- ---

06:00:00 62 --- --- --- ---

07:00:00 73 --- --- --- ---

08:00:00 85 --- --- --- ---

09:00:00 97 65 85 97 12.40

10:00:00 111 73 77 111 4.27

11:00:00 128 81 69 128 2.62

12:00:00 149 87 63 149 1.98

13:00:00 175 90 60 175 1.76

14:00:00 201 88 62 201 1.86

15:00:00 225 83 67 225 2.31

16:00:00 243 76 74 243 3.42

17:00:00 258 68 82 258 7.14

18:00:00 270 --- --- --- ---

19:00:00 282 --- --- --- ---

20:00:00 294 --- --- --- ---

21:00:00 305 --- --- --- ---

21:44:36 314 --- --- --- ---

[N.B. Times at which the sun is not incident on the panel have been omitted from analysis and are represented by “---“]

From Table 6.1 it is clear that the most likely times for impact due to glint and glare are during the mornings and evenings in the autumn and winter, and at midday and early

4 Values taken from: http://www.sunearthtools.com/dp/tools/pos_sun.php?lang=en



afternoon in the summer months. At these times the sun experiences angles of incidence sufficient to create low angles of reflection and subsequently low elevations of glint and glare. However, at these times the elevation of glint and glare far exceeds that of the local built environment and is not expected to impact upon local observers. Presented below is an outline of sensitivities in the locality with the potential to be adversely affected by glare and reasons as to why the impact is predicted to be negligible. Impacts on Residents and Settlements The nearest settlements to the proposed development site are Langho, approximately 900m north, and Wilpshire, approximately 1km west. No glint and glare is expected for the following reasons:

Screening methods will be implemented around the site, blocking views and therefore glint and glare from local residences;

The times when glint occurs at low elevations to the west and east are when the sun is lowest in sky and creates a low angle of incidence with panel, therefore direct sunlight will dominate any glint effects; and

The nearest settlement, Langho, is located at a lower elevation and ~900m from the northernmost edge of the proposed solar farm, at this distance an observer would be required to be at an elevation much greater than that of the solar farm to be impacted by glare.

As such the impact of glint and glare on local residences is expected to be negligible. Impacts on Transport Corridors Using the same methodology as that used to predict the impact on residents and settlements it is expected that there will be minimal impact on nearby transport routes as a result of glint and glare. Snodworth Road, the nearest transport route to the site, passes adjacent to the site’s boundaries to the south and east and separates the eastern and central fields. Screening methods will be implemented to block views of the scheme from the road; this will also block any glint and glare that may adversely affect road users. As with local residences there will likely be no impact from glare due to the following reasons:

Screening methods will be implemented to reduce visibility and glare;

The road and scheme lie at approximately the same elevation; and

Direct sunlight will dominate any potential effects from glint at times when sun is low in the sky.

The nearest major road to the site, the A666, passes approximately 900m to the north of the proposed development. As the road is at a lower elevation than the site the orientation of the panel mounts means that the faces of the panels will not be visible, and as such there is considered to be no likelihood of impact from glint and glare on the road users.



Impact on Aerodromes and Aviation The nearest aerodromes to the proposed site are Manchester Airport, located approximately 50km south, and John Lennon Airport, 58km south west. Airports themselves have established the potential in installing PV arrays within their grounds or on rooftops to manage increasing energy costs and electricity demands of an airport. There are a significant number of solar projects operating at airports across the globe. In the UK, Birmingham Airport, London Southend Airport and Gatwick Airport have invested in Solar PV arrays, in some instances adjacent to runways. Figure 6.5 shows the 200 roof mounted panels adjacent to the runway at Birmingham Airport.

Figure 6.5 – Birmingham Airport Rooftop PV Array5

6.5 Conclusion

In conclusion, solar panels are specifically designed to absorb light rather than reflect it. The panels are coated with anti-reflective coatings in order to be as absorbent as possible and reflect a similar amount of light as is common from standing bodies of water. It has also been shown by a desk based geometric analysis of the sun’s path that there will likely be no impact on local residences, near-by airports or transport corridors due to glint.

5 http://thebirminghampress.com/2012/02/birmingham-airport-powers-up-with-solar-panels/



7 Cultural Heritage/Archaeology

7.1 Introduction

Cultural heritage is represented by a wide range of features, both above and below ground, which result from past human use of the landscape. These include historic buildings, many still in use, sub-surface archaeological remains and artefact scatters. These also include earthwork monuments as well as landscape features such as field boundaries and industrial remains.

7.2 Guidance

NPPF – Conserving and Enhancing the Historic Environment;

PPS 5 – Planning for the Historic Environment; and

The Setting of Heritage Assets (2011).

7.3 Methodology

In the preparation of this assessment, a range of historical and technical data has been collected and analysed. The following sources were consulted:

Historic Environment Record (HER) via www.heritagegateway.org.uk;

National Monuments Record (HER) via www.pastscape.org.uk;

Listed Buildings Online;

Historic Environment Local Management (HELM);

National Mapping Programme; and

Historic England’s database of; Listed Buildings, Scheduled Monuments (SMs), Special Areas of Conservation, Battlefields, World Heritage Sites and monuments proposed for scheduling.

A phased approach to the assessment was adopted:

Direct Impact: The area most at risk of direct impact was assessed to be all land within the application area, including the development footprint;

The indirect visual impacts on the setting and character of known cultural heritage sites have been considered within this assessment. Nationally significant features such as: Scheduled Monuments, Parks and Gardens, Grade I Listed Buildings, Battlefields, World Heritage Sites and regionally significant features such as Grade II and II* Listed Buildings and Special Areas of Conservation Area have been considered within 2km of the solar farm boundary (Figure 7.1).

Zone of theoretical visibility models (ZTVs) were used to assess what the potential indirect visual impact of the solar farm may be from cultural heritage sites within the 2km study area.



Assessment Criteria The following criteria presented in Tables 7.1 and 7.2 below have been used in the assessment of significance of any direct or indirect impact on sites of cultural heritage importance.

Table 7.1 – Sensitivity of built and cultural heritage features

Sensitivity Definition

High Grade I listed buildings; Scheduled Monument; Parks and Gardens; World Heritage Sites; Battlefields; Non-statutory List of sites likely to be of national importance.

Medium Grade II and II* listed buildings; Archaeological sites on the Sites and Monuments Record (of regional and local importance); Special Areas of Conservation.

Low Archaeological sites of lesser importance; Non-Inventory Gardens and Designed Landscapes.

Table 7.2 - Magnitude of built and cultural heritage effects

Magnitude Definition

High Any development and/or ancillary development that would result in:

the removal or partial removal of key features, areas or evidence important to the historic character and integrity of the site, which could result in the substantial loss of physical integrity; and/or

a substantial obstruction of existing view by the addition of uncharacteristic elements dominating the view, significantly altering the quality of the setting or the visual amenity of the site both to and from.

Medium Any development and/or ancillary development that would result in:

the removal of one or more key features, parts of the designated site, or evidence at the secondary or peripheral level, but are not features fundamental to its historic character and integrity; and/or

a partial obstruction of existing view by the addition of uncharacteristic elements which, although not affecting the key visual and physical relationships, could be an important feature in the views, and significantly alter the quality of the setting or visual amenity of the site both to and from.

Low Any development and/or ancillary development that would result in:

a partial removal/minor loss, and/or alteration to one or more peripheral and/or secondary elements/features, but not significantly affecting the historic integrity of the site or affect the key features of the site; and/or

an introduction of elements that could be intrusive in views, and could alter to a small degree the quality of the setting or visual amenity of the site both to and from.

Negligible Any development and/or ancillary development that would result in:

a relatively small removal, and/or alteration to small, peripheral and/or unimportant elements/features, but not affect the historic integrity of the site or the quality of the surviving evidence; and/or

an introduction of elements that could be visible but not intrusive in views, and the overall quality of the setting or visual amenity of the site would not be affected both to and from.

The level of an effect is determined by the combination of sensitivity and magnitude of change. The following matrix has been used to determine the overall significance of effect.



Table 7.3 – Significance of impact matrix

Magnitude Sensitivity

High Medium Low

High High High Medium

Medium High Medium Low

Low Medium Low Negligible

Negligible Low Negligible Negligible

7.4 Baseline Data

Direct Impact With reference to the historic records, it was found that there are no known historic features within the development footprint of the proposed solar farm. The closest known historic feature to the development is ‘Carr Hall’, located ~250m to the north-west of the proposed development at its nearest point. Carr Hall lies well outwith the proposed development footprint and therefore is not at risk of direct impact. Carr Hall appears on the Historic Environment Record, Monument Number: SD 63 SE 22. The historic records describe Carr Hall as a, ‘Two storey house on H-plan, probably early 17th century but drastically restored in the 1960s.’ Indirect Impact The historic records indicate that there are five features of historical significance within 2km of the proposed solar farm. The locations of these features, all of which are Grade II listed buildings, are shown in Figure 7.1 above; while brief descriptions of the five historic assets are given in Table 7.4 below. Table 7.4 – Historic features within 2km of the proposed Little Snodworth Solar Farm

LB no. EHBID. Distance Name Grading & Description

LB 1 1072068 ~0.8km Lower Woodcock Farmhouse II

Billington York Lane SD 73 SW Langho 6/15 Lower Woodcock Farmhouse 24-5-1983 - II House, 1671, extended 1764.

LB 2 1072066 ~1.8km Mytton Fold Farmhouse

II House, 1702. Watershot sandstone with slate roof and brick chimney caps. 2 storeys, 2 bays.

LB 3 1072067 ~1.9km Rileys Farmhouse II Billington Chapel Lane SD 63 SE 5/12 Rileys Farmhouse - - II House, early-to-mid C18.

LB 4 1239780 ~2.0km Upper Mickle Hey Farmhouse

II II Dated 1591 RHIH. Typical stone farmhouse in long low plan, 2 storeys.

LB 5 1072701 ~1.9km Windy Bank Farmhouse

II Farmhouse, probably early C17, altered, now dilapidated.



Figure 7.1 – Historic Features within 2km of proposed solar farm, showing area of theoretical visibility As indicated in Figure 7.1 above, Lower Woodcock Farmhouse (LB 1), Mytton Fold Farmhouse (LB 2) and Windy Bank Farmhouse (LB 5) do not have theoretical visibility of the proposed development. Both the Grade II listed Rileys Farmhouse and Upper Mickle Hey Farmhouse are show to have theoretical views of the proposed development. However, the ZTV is a bare earth model that does not take into account screening from either the natural or built environments. Consequently, although both LBs 3 and 4 will have theoretical visibility of the solar farm it is likely that the intervening landscape, foliage or the listed buildings current settings will at least partially mitigate these views. This is particularly relevant for developments such as a solar farm due to their low lying and unobtrusive nature.

7.5 Assessment of Impacts

Direct Impact The construction of the solar farm will involve minimal ground-breaking works as the fixing of the mounting structures only requires the piling of the steel poles into the ground, to a maximum depth of 2m. No foundations are required. The access tracks or other aspects of the development also do not require intensive ground disrupting works.



The site of the proposed solar farm will not directly impact upon any known features of cultural heritage or archaeological significance. The nearest feature, Carr Hall, lies outwith the site boundary and will not be at any risk of direct impact. Indirect visual impacts within 2km Five Grade II listed buildings were found within the 2km study radius of the proposed solar farm. As indicated in Figure 7.1, LBs 1, 2 and 5 were found not to have theoretical visibility of the development and consequently the proposed development will have no impact upon these historic features. The potential indirect visual impacts of the proposed solar farm upon the two grade II listed buildings found to fall within the development ZTV are considered within Table 7.5 below. Table 7.5 - Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Indirect visual impacts upon grade II listed buildings within 2km

Name Rileys Farmhouse (LB 3)

Distance ~1.9km

Sensitivity Medium

Magnitude Negligible

Significance Negligible

Comment The proposed solar farm is 2.9m at its maximum height and so it is not a dominant vertical feature in the landscape. The indirect visual impact with regards to the proposed solar farm is in relation to the extent of the horizontal views that will be occupied by the development. The immediate setting of Rileys Farmhouse (LB 3) is amongst its associated farm buildings. The orientation of the farmhouse is such that it lies on a north to south axis with the main façade facing in a southerly direction. The proposed development would lie to the south south-east of the farmhouse. Although the solar farm is predicted to be visible from Rileys Farmhouse, the intervening farm buildings associated with the farmhouse are predicted to restrict potential views of the development. No significant impact upon the current setting of Rileys Farmhouse (LB 3) is predicted.

Name Upper Mickle Hey Farmhouse (LB 4)

Distance ~1.8km

Sensitivity Medium

Magnitude Negligible

Significance Negligible

Comment The proposed solar farm is 2.9m at its maximum height and so it is not a dominant vertical feature in the landscape. The indirect visual impact with regards to the proposed solar farm is in relation to the extent of the horizontal views that will be occupied by the development. The current localised setting of Upper Mickle Hey Farmhouse (LB 4) is within modern agricultural farmland surrounding the urban area of Blackburn. The orientation of the house is to the north-east with the proposed solar farm being theoretically visible in views to the north north-east. Given the intervening distance ~1.8km, the proposed solar farm is expected to appear as part of the wider landscape. No significant impact upon the current setting of Upper Mickle Hey Farmhouse (LB 4) is predicted



7.6 Mitigation Incorporated into the Proposed Development

Current proposals indicate that the proposed solar farm will not directly or indirectly impact upon any known features of cultural heritage or archaeological significance. No mitigation is required. In the event that archaeological features are encountered, an appropriate program of archaeological works will be implemented to the satisfaction of the planning authority.

7.7 Conclusion

There are no known features of historical significance within the development footprint. Two Grade II listed buildings, Rileys Farmhouse (LB 3) and Upper Mickle Hey Farmhouse (LB 4) were found to fall within the theoretical visibility of the development, however, the development was found to be screened by surrounding buildings from Rileys Farmhouse. Given that the intervening distance between Upper Mickle Hey Farmhouse and the proposed development, the solar farm is expected to appear as part of the wider landscape. The overall indirect visual impact of the proposed solar farm upon the grade II listed buildings was assessed to be negligible. According to current proposals the Little Snodworth Solar Field would not directly or indirectly impact upon any known features of historical significance.



8 Surface and Groundwater Hydrology This section presents an overview of the baseline water environment at the site, including flood risk. Due to the unobtrusive nature of solar PV developments, all hydrological issues are likely to be relatively minor at this site.

8.1 Terrain Description

The proposed solar development is located within the land of Little Snodworth Farm, near Blackburn, within the planning remit of Ribble Valley Borough Council. The proposed site lies approximately 3.5km north of Blackburn and 1.7km east of Wilpshire in the Ribble Valley. The area is characterised by its use for rough grazing and arable and pastoral agriculture. The site consists of three grazing fields; sitting at an elevation of approximately between 180m AOD and 215m AOD.

8.2 Hydrology

The proposed site and the fields around are free draining, and only a relatively small amount of surface water is generated in heavy rainfall. Any runoff generated by rainfall on the area tends to flow towards the north-west and flowing into one of the field drains that flow towards Carr Hall.

8.3 Flood Risk

From the Environment Agency’s flood map for planning (available on the EA website) it can be seen that the area within which the site is located in, is not located within Flood Zone 2 or 3, therefore there is a very small probability of a flood occurring.

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Figure 8.1 - Flood Planning Map



All proposed mitigation that will be implemented during the construction of the solar farm has been laid out within the Environmental Management plan found in Volume V: Environmental Management Plan.

8.4 Conclusion

The majority of potentially significant negative impacts on water quality are only predicted to occur in the short term through potential increased sedimentation and pollution during the construction phase. It is anticipated that the adoption of best practice management and control procedures by all site personnel, and the implementation of the mitigation methods proposed in Volume V: Environmental Management Plan, will ensure these risks are kept to acceptable levels.