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4/13/2021
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Impact of in-vivo and future social rejection on self-esteem
in borderline personality pathology
Julia R. Richmond, M.A.
Introduction• Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is associated with impairment in
interpersonal functioning and emotion regulation (ER; Gratz, Breetz, & Tull, 2010; Gunderson & Lyons-Ruth, 2008; Linehan, 1993)
• Adults with BPD report more negative emotional responses (i.e., anger, emptiness, sadness) to daily social interactions (Stepp et al., 2009)
• Individuals with greater BPD traits are more likely to interpret ambiguous social situations as more likely to end in rejection and anger (Lobbestael & McNally, 2016)
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Social Rejection in BPD
• Social rejection elicits greater emotional reactivity in those with BPD pathology compared to those without (Berenson et al., 2011; Tragesser et al., 2008)
• Social rejection paradigms are more powerful than other general negative emotion inductions in those with BPD (Limberg et al., 2011)
• Common outcomes of social rejection paradigms• Affect
• State emotion regulation
• Physiological responding
• Threat to social needs
Self-Esteem in BPD• BPD is characterized by low and unstable self-esteem (SE; Bungert et al., 2015; Lynum et
al., 2008, Santangelo et al., 2017, Zeigler-Hill & Abraham, 2006)
• SE deficits in BPD may not be domain-specific (Dyer et al., 2013; Roepke et al., 2011; Sansone et al., 2010)• Social skills• Performance• Appearance• Physical abilities
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The Present Study
• The present study aimed to examine the cumulative impact of two forms of social rejection (i.e., in-vivo and future) on state SE among adolescents and young adults with a range of BPD pathology
• We hypothesized that individuals with high BPD pathology would experience lower SE following exposure to future rejection following rejection in the group chat
Participants
• 141 undergraduate students
• 15-30 years old, Mage = 19.47, SD = 1.86
• 86% women
• Racial/Ethnic background:
• White 67.9%
• Black/African American 17.5%
• Hispanic or Latinx 7.6%
• Asian/Asian American 5.1%
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Measures
• Borderline Evaluation of Severity over Time (BEST)
• Symptom clusters: Interpersonal, Affective, Behavioral, Cognitive
• State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES)
• 2 timepoints
• Laboratory social rejection tasks
• Group Chat task (inclusion vs. rejection)
• Life Alone paradigm (misfortune vs. future rejection)
Baseline Questionnaires
(BEST)
Group Chat Task
Time 1 SSESLife Alone Paradigm
Time 2 SSES
Procedure
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Life Alone Paradigm• Participants first complete the 48-Item Eysenck Personality
Questionnaire Revised-Short Form (EPQR-S; Eysenck et al., 1985)
• Informed that the computer will calculate their score and provide their personality type immediately after finishing the questionnaire
Life Alone Paradigm• Misfortune condition
• You’re likely to be accident prone later in life — you might break an arm or a leg a few times, or maybe be injured in car accidents. Even if you haven’t been accident prone before, these things will show up later in life, and the odds are you will have a lot of accidents
• Future Rejection condition• You’re the type who will end up alone later in life. You may have
friends and relationships now, but by your mid-20s most of these will have drifted away. You may even marry or have several marriages, but these are likely to be short-lived and not continue into your 30s. Relationships don’t last, and when you’re past the age where people are constantly forming new relationships, the odds are you’ll end up being alone more and more
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Analysis Plan
• Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the main and interactive effects of group chat condition, life alone condition, and BPD symptom clusters on state SE following both rejection tasks
• 4 models were tested – one for each BPD symptom cluster (i.e., interpersonal, cognitive, behavioral, affective)• Controlling for SSES at time 1
Interactive Effects of Interpersonal BPD Symptoms, Group Chat Condition, and Future Alone Condition on Self-Esteem
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Future Alone Misfortune
Stat
e Se
lf-E
stee
m
Rejection
BPD Low Mean BPD High
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70
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76
Future Alone Misfortune
Stat
e Se
lf-E
stee
m
Inclusion
BPD Low Mean BPD High
Three-way interaction: t = 2.16, B= 1.54, p = .03
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Interactive Effects of Affective BPD Symptoms, Group Chat Condition, and Future Alone Condition on Self-Esteem
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Future Alone Misfortune
Stat
e Se
lf-E
stee
m
Rejection
BPD Low Mean BPD High
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Future Alone Misfortune
Stat
e Se
lf-E
stee
m
Inclusion
BPD Low Mean BPD High
No significant interactions
Interactive Effects of Behavioral BPD Symptoms, Group Chat Condition, and Future Alone Condition on Self-Esteem
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Future Alone Misfortune
Stat
e Se
lf-E
stee
m
Rejection
BPD Low Mean BPD High
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Future Alone Misfortune
Stat
e Se
lf-E
stee
m
Inclusion
BPD Low Mean BPD High
Two-way interaction: t = 2.24, B = 5.18, p = .03
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Interactive Effects of Cognitive BPD Symptoms, Group Chat Condition, and Future Alone Condition on Self-Esteem
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Future Alone Misfortune
Stat
e Se
lf-E
stee
m
Rejection
BPD Low Mean BPD High
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Future Alone Misfortune
Stat
e Se
lf-E
stee
m
Inclusion
BPD Low Mean BPD High
Two-way interaction: t = 2.05, B = 4.46, p = .04
Discussion• Individuals with greater interpersonal dysfunction may be related
to greater threat to self-esteem when presented with feedback that they will experience future rejection
• This feedback may be particularly salient when it is in contrast with current positive social circumstances
• Future research should examine the differential impact of current vs. potential future rejection in individuals with BPD pathology, particularly those with interpersonal difficulties
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Discussion
• These findings may have important implications for treatment, as individuals with interpersonal difficulties may experience marked distress even when they experience positive social interactions
• Future research should investigate the role of rejection sensitivity in this relation
• The tendency to anxiously expect or perceive rejection
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