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juk; 12>13
njhFg;G : jpU R .rpwpkjd; (ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau;)> ah/aho; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu; (j.njh.njh.Mrpupau;)> fpsp/n[aGuk; kfh tpj;jpahyak;.
ntg;gtpupT
ngsjpftpay;
juk; 12>13
njhFg;G : jpU R .rpwpkjd; (ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau;)> ah/aho; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu; (j.njh.njh.Mrpupau;)> fpsp/n[aGuk; kfh tpj;jpahyak;.
ntg;gtpupT (Thermal Expansion)
ntg;gepiy $Lk; NghJ nghJthf gjhu;j;jq;fs; tpuptilfpd;wd. jpz;kq;fis tpl jputq;fs;
$lthfTk; jputq;fis tpl thAf;fs; $lthfTk; tpuptilfpd;wd. rpy gjhu;j;jq;fspd; tpupT kpff;
Fiwe;jit.
jpz;kq;fspd; tpupT
jpz;kq;fspd; ntg;gtpupT gpd;tUkhW %d;W tifahf tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
ePstpupT (Vfgupkhz tpupT)
xU gupkhzj;jpy; (One Diresion) Vw;gLk; tpupTfis fUJfpd;wJ. jpz;kf; Nfhnyhd;iwf;
fUJNthkhapd;.
l0 - Muk;g ntg;gepiyahfpa 1,y; Nfhypd; ePsk;.
l - ,Wjp ntg;gepiyahfpa 2 ,y; Nfhypd; ePsk;
e α
e - ePs tpupT (ePl;rp)
e α l0
e α l0 (2-1)
e = α l0 (2-1)
= ntg;gepit tpj;jpahrk;
1. ePs tpupT
2. gug;G tpupT
3. fdtisT tpupT
l0
l
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
e 1’C
2’C
juk; 12>13
njhFg;G : jpU R .rpwpkjd; (ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau;)> ah/aho; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu; (j.njh.njh.Mrpupau;)> fpsp/n[aGuk; kfh tpj;jpahyak;.
,q;F α eP- stpupTf; Fzfk; my;yJ Vf
l = l0 + e
l = l0 1+ α
l = l0 + αl0
l0 x (
α = e
xU myF ePsKs;s jpz;kk; xd;iw xU myF ghif ntg;gepiyf;$lhf ntg;gkhf;fg;gLk; NghJ
mjdpy; Vw;gLk; ePstpupT mj;jpz;kj;jpd; ePstpupTf;Fzfk; (α) vdg;gLk;
,jd; myF k-1 my;yJ 0C-1 MFk;.
tiutpyf;fzk;
tl;l tpuptpw;fhf tpl;l tpupitf; fUJjy;.
jpz;k tisak;
Muk;g ntg;gepiy ,Wjp ntg;gepiy 2
Muk;g ePsk; = d0 ,Wjp ePsk; = πd
πd πdα
d dα
d d
vdNt> gu pj pa py ; Vw ;gLk ; e Ps tpu pitf ; fUj ;j pw ; nfhs ;tjw ;Fg ; gj pyhf tpl ;lj ;j py ; (my ;yJ Miuapy ; ) Vw ;gLk ; e Ps tpu pitf ; fUj ;j pw ; nfhs ;s KbAk ; . ,q ;F ,y ;yhj xd;iw ,Ug;gjhf vLNfhs; vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
juk; 12>13
njhFg;G : jpU R .rpwpkjd; (ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau;)> ah/aho; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu; (j.njh.njh.Mrpupau;)> fpsp/n[aGuk; kfh tpj;jpahyak;.
ntg;g tpupthy; miyTj;jhf;fj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;
1’C l0
2’C l
nky;ypa fk;gp xd;wpd; 10C ,y; Muk;g ePsk; - l0
nky;ypa fk;gp xd;wpd; 20C ,y; ,Wjp ePsk; - l
10C ,y; miyTfhyk; - T0
20C ,y; miyTfhyk; - T g
l02T0 =
T = g
l2
g
l )1(2 0
2
1
0 )1(2 g
l
)2
11(2 0
g
l(2<<<1)
T
T0
g
l
g
l 00 2)2
11(2
g
l02
=
2
1
miyTfhy khw;wk;
Muk;g miyTfhyk;
2
1
,J rhu;e;j fbfhuf; Nfs;tpfspy; fbfhuk; Ke;jp XLkh my;yJ gpe;jp XLkh vd;gij jPu;khdpf;fyhk;.
juk; 12>13
njhFg;G : jpU R .rpwpkjd; (ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau;)> ah/aho; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu; (j.njh.njh.Mrpupau;)> fpsp/n[aGuk; kfh tpj;jpahyak;.
<UNyhff; fPyk; (Bimetallic)
tp;j;jpahrkhd ePstpupTf; Fzfq;fisf; nfhz;l ,U cNyhff; fPyq;fis xd;whf jiwtjd; %yk;
(reverting) $l;Lr; rl;lk; xd;iw Mf;fyhk;. mtw;iw ntg;gepiyapy; NeuhfTs;s ,r;rl;lj;jpd;
ntg;gepiyia $l;bdhy; ,U cNyhfq;fSk; tpuptiltjd; fhuzkhf $l;Lr;rl;lkhdJ tl;l
tpy;yhf tisAk;. mg;NghJ tpuptpf; Fzfk; $ba cNyhfk; tpy;ypd; FtpTg; gf;fj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
,Uk;G
miw
gpj;jis gpj;jis
,Uk;G
ntg;gepiy $Lk; NghJ
gpj;jis
ntg;gepiy FiwAk; NghJ
------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
-----
,Uk;G
gpj;jis
α1 - gpj;jisapd; ePs tpupTf;Fzfk;.
α2 - ,Uk;gpd; ePs tpupTf;Fzfk;.
α1 > α2
juk; 12>13
njhFg;G : jpU R .rpwpkjd; (ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau;)> ah/aho; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu; (j.njh.njh.Mrpupau;)> fpsp/n[aGuk; kfh tpj;jpahyak;.
miw ntg;gepiyapy; l0 ePsj;ijf; nfhz;l <UNyhfr; rl;lk ; xU cau; ntg;gepiyf;F
ntg;gNkw;wg;gLk; NghJ glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW tisfpd;wJ.
gpj;jisapd; ,Wjp ePsk; = )2
(D
R
,Uk;gpd; ,Wjp ePsk; = )2
(D
R
]1[)2
( 10 lD
R
]1[)2
( 20 lD
R
miw ntg;gepiy 2
DR
2
DR
= ]1[ 1
]1[ 2
)1)(2
( 2 D
R )1)(2
( 1 D
R=
)1(2
)1( 22 D
R = )1(2
)1( 11 D
R
])(2[2
21 D
= ][ 21 R
R = ])(2[
221
D
)( 21
= ])(2[ 21 D
)(2 21
juk; 12>13
njhFg;G : jpU R .rpwpkjd; (ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau;)> ah/aho; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu; (j.njh.njh.Mrpupau;)> fpsp/n[aGuk; kfh tpj;jpahyak;.
gug;gsT tpupT
ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ jfl;bd; ePsk; mjpfupg;gJ Nghy mfyKk; jbg;Gk; mjpfupf;Fk;. gug;G
tpupT epfOk;.
gug;gsT tpupifj; jpwd;
xu; myF ntg;gepiy Vw;wj;jpw;F xu; myFg; gug;Gj; jpz;kj;jpy; Vw;gLk; gug;G mjpfupg;G
mj;jpz;kj;jpd; gug;G tpupthf;fj;jpwd; vdg;gLk;.
gug;G tpupifj;jpwd; () = Muk;gg;gug;G x ntg;gepiy Vw;wk;
gug;G tpupT
Q20C ,y; ,Wjpg;gug;G A
Q10C ,y; Muk;gg;gug;G A
;gug;gsT mjpfupg;G = A2 - A0 = A
A2 = A0 + A
A =
A =
A2 = A0 (1+)
A2 = A0 +
A2 - A0 =
A0 x
,d; myFk; K-1 my;yJ oC-1
juk; 12>13
njhFg;G : jpU R .rpwpkjd; (ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau;)> ah/aho; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu; (j.njh.njh.Mrpupau;)> fpsp/n[aGuk; kfh tpj;jpahyak;.
fdtsT tpupT (Volume Expansion)
ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ ePsk;> gug;gsT> mjpfupg;gJ Nghy jpz;kq;fspd; fdtsTk;
mjpfupf;Fk;
= fdtsT tpupTf; Fzfk;
V - Muk;gf;fdtsT
V - ,Wjpf;;fdtsT
V = v
=
V = v
V = V0 + V
V = V0 + V0
V = V0 [1+ ]
fdtsT tpupTf; Fzfk; () = fdtsT tpupT
Muk;gf;fdtsT X ntg;gepiy Vw;wk;
V - V0
V0 X ( =
fdtsT tpupTf; Fzfk;
xu; myF ntg;gepiy Vw;wj;jpw;F Xu; myF fdtstw;w jpz;kj;jpy; Vw;gLk; fdtsT tpupT
mj;jpz;kj;jpd; fdtsT tpupTf; Fzfk; vdg;gLk;.
,jd; myFk; K-1 my;yJ oC-1 MFk;.
juk; 12>13
njhFg;G : jpU R .rpwpkjd; (ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau;)> ah/aho; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu; (j.njh.njh.Mrpupau;)> fpsp/n[aGuk; kfh tpj;jpahyak;.
ePstpupTf;Fzfk;> gug;gsT tpupTf;Fzfk; vd;gtw;wpw;fpilapyhd njhlu;G.
ntg;gepiy Vw;wk;
Muk;g ntg;gepiy 1 ,Wjp ntg;gepiy 2
a0
b
a
b0
a,b gf;f ePsq;fisAila nrt;tf tbt jfL xd;W 1 vd;Dk; Muk;g ntg;gepiyapy; ,Ue;J 2
vd;Dk; ,Wjp ntg;gepiyf;F ntg;gepiy mjpfupg;gpw;F cs;shf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; NghJ mjd;
gf;fePsq;fs; KiwNa a> b Mf mjpfupf;fpd;wJ.
a = a0 (1+ α)
b = b0 (1+ α) ,q;F 2 = 1 - 2
Muk;g gug;G = A0
= a0 b0
,Wjpg; gug;G = A
= a b
= a α ) b α
= a b α
= a b α (1+x)n = 1+nx
x < < 1
= A )
A ) = a b α
= 2α
gug;gsT tpupTf; Fzfk; = 2 X ePstpupTf; Fzfk;
juk; 12>13
njhFg;G : jpU R .rpwpkjd; (ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau;)> ah/aho; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu; (j.njh.njh.Mrpupau;)> fpsp/n[aGuk; kfh tpj;jpahyak;.
ePstpupTf; Fzfk;> fdtsT tpupTf; Fzfk;>
vd;gtw;wpw;fpilapyhd njhlu;G.
a= a0 (1 + α
b= b0 (1 + α
c= c0 (1 + α
a0
b0
c0 a
b
c
ntg;gepiy Vw;wk;
a0, b0, c0 vd;gd jpz;kf; fdKfpapd; Muk;g ntg;gepiyahfpa 10C ,y; cs;s gf;f ePsq;fs;
a, b, c vd;gd mjd; ,Wjp ntg;gepiyahfpa 20C ,y; cs;s gf;f ePsq;fs;
xt;ntuU gf;fj;jpw;Fkhd ePs tpupitf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;Nthkhapd;
= 3α
10C ,y; Muk;gf; fdtsT = a0 b0 c0 = V0
20C ,y; ,Wjpf; fdtsT = a b c = V
V V
a, b, c a0 [1 + α b0 [1 + α c0 1 + α
= a0 b0 c0 = (1 + α a0 b0 c0 = (1 + α
1 + α α
1 + α α
Note : ePs> gug;G> fdtsT tpupTf; Fzfq;fs; fUjg;gLfpd;w ntg;gepiy tPr;rpw;F khwpypahff;
fUjg ; gLf pd ; w Ng hj pYk ; mtw ; w pd ; ngWkhdq ; fs ; g ue ; j ntg ; g e piy t P r ; r p w ;F
khwpypahf ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
juk; 12>13
njhFg;G : jpU R .rpwpkjd; (ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau;)> ah/aho; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu; (j.njh.njh.Mrpupau;)> fpsp/n[aGuk; kfh tpj;jpahyak;.
gupNrhjid KbT
cNyhfj; jfL xd;wpy; xU tl;lj;Jthuk; ,Ug;gjhf fUJf. ,jd; ntg;gepiyia mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ
tpl;lj;Jthuj;jpd; msTk; mjpfupf;fpd;wJ. tpuptile;jpUf;Fk; Jthuj;jpd; gug;gsitf; fz;lwptjw;F
Muk;g ntg;gepiyapy; mj;Jthu mstpy; mNj ,d jfL ,Ug;gjhf fw;gid nra;ag;gl;L ,Wjp
ntg;gepiyapy; cs;s mjd; gug;gsT fz;lwpag;gLfpd;wJ.
A0 => Q10C ,y; Jthug;gug;gsT
A0 => Q20C ,y; Jthug;gug;gsT ,Wjpg;gug;gsT
/ A = A0[1 + (2-1)]
,k; KbT jpz;kq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; cl;FopfSf;Fk; ( ) gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;. ePs tpupTYk;
,J Nghd;w Kbit gad;gLj;jyhk;.
ntg;gepiy Vw;wk;
l = l0 (1+ α
l
A
B
---------------------
---------------------
l
A
B
---------------------
---------------------
juk; 12>13
njhFg;G : jpU R .rpwpkjd; (ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau;)> ah/aho; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu; (j.njh.njh.Mrpupau;)> fpsp/n[aGuk; kfh tpj;jpahyak;.
jputq;fspd; tpupT
jputq;fspd; jpl ;lkhd tbtkpy;yhjJ vdNt jputj;jpd; e Ps> gug ;G tpupTfs; toikahf
tiuaWf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. vdNt fdtsT tpupT kl;LNk Nehf;fgg;gLk;.
jputq;fspd; fdtsT tpupit Nehf;Fk;
NghJ mit nfhs;sg;gl;bUf;Fk;. nfhs;fyd;fspd; tpupitAk; ftdpg;gpy; vLj;J jpUj;jkhf
fz;lwpagLk; fdtsT tpupT cz;ikf; fdtsT tpupG (nka;tpupT) vd miof;fg;gLk;. Mdhy;
nfhs;fydpd; tpupit fuj;jpy; nfhs;shJ Jzpag;gLk; fdtsT tpupTfs; Njhw;wf; fdtsT tpupT
my;yJ ghj;jpuk; rhu;ghd tpupT vd miof;fg;gLk;.
jputj;jpd; cz;ik tpupT
jputj;jpd; Njhw;w tpupT a
b
c
ghj;jpuj;jpd; tpupT
10C 2
0C 30C
glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthwhd FLitapy; Kjypy; Muk;g ntg;gepiy 10C ,t; jputk; xd;W
vLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. gpd;du; 2 ,w;F ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;NghJ cldbahf
jputkl;lk; b ,w;F nrd;W gpd;du; jputkl;lk; C apw;F vOk;.
fdtsT khw;wk; Vab = ghj;jpuj;jpd; fdtsT tpupT
fdtsT khw;wk; Vbc = jputj;jpd; cz;ikf; fdtsT tpupT
fdtsT khw;wk; Vac = jputj;jpd; Njhw;wf; fdtsT tpupT
juk; 12>13
njhFg;G : jpU R .rpwpkjd; (ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau;)> ah/aho; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu; (j.njh.njh.Mrpupau;)> fpsp/n[aGuk; kfh tpj;jpahyak;.
,q;F jputkl;l a ,ypUe;J c ,w;F mjpfupg;gjhy; jputf;fdtsT tpupT Vac vd;gjw;fj;
Njhw;wkspf;Fk;. cz;ikapy; jputkl;lk; b apypUe;J c apw;Fj;jhd; mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
,jpypUe;J
Vbc = Vab + Vac
jputj;jpd; cz;ikf; fdtsT tpupT
ghj;jpuj;jpd; fdtsT tpupT
jputj;jpd; Njhw;wf; fdtsT tpupT + =
jputj;jpd; cz;ik tpupT
jputnkhd;wpd; cz;ikf;fdtsT tpupT mjd; Muk;gf;fdtstpYk;> ntg;gepiy Vw;wj;jpYk; jq;fpAs;sJ.
V α v
V α
/ V α V0
V = V0
V = V0
,q;F V0 jputj;jpd; Muk;gf; fdtsT - ntg;gepiy tpj;jpahrk;
- jputj;jpd; cz;ikf; fdtsT tpupTf; Fzfk;
V - jputj;jpd; ,Wjpf;fdtsT
V V V
V V V0
V V
= V V
V x Muk;gf;fdtsT X ntg;gepiy tpj;jpahrk;
cz;ikf;fdtsT tpupT
Note :
xU myF fdtsT nfhz;l jputnkhd;wpd; ntg;gepiyia 10C ,dhy; cau;j;Jfpd;wNghJ Vw;gLk; cz;ikahd jputj;jpd; fdtsT tpupT mj;jputj;jpd; cz;ikf; fdtsT tpupTf; Fzfj;jpid
jUk;. myF K-1 my;yJ oC-1 MFk;.
juk; 12>13
njhFg;G : jpU R .rpwpkjd; (ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau;)> ah/aho; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu; (j.njh.njh.Mrpupau;)> fpsp/n[aGuk; kfh tpj;jpahyak;.
jputj;jpd; Njhw;wf; fdtsT tpupT
jputj;jpd; Njhw;wf;fdtsT> tpupTk; mjd; Muk;gf; fdtsitAk;> ntg;gepiy Vw;wj;jpYk;
VA α V0
VA α
/ VA α V0
/ VA = A V0
VA - jputj;jpd; Njhw;wk; fdtsT tpupT
A - jputj;jpd; Njhw;wf;fdtsT tpupTf; Fzfk;.
A= V
V ( Muk;gf;fdtsT X ntg;gepiy Vw;wk;
Njhw;wf; fdtsT tpupT
Defi :
ghj;jpuk; xd;wpy; nfhs;sg;gl;bUf;Fk; xU fd myFj; jputj;jpd; ntg;gepiyia 10C apdhy; cau;j;Jfpd;w NghJ Vw;gLk; Njhw;wf; fdtsT tpupT mj;jputj;jpd; Njhw;wf;fdtst tpupTf; Fzfj;jpid jUk;.
,jd; myFk; K-1 my;yJ oC-1 MFk;.
V V VA vd;Dk; njhlu;G jtwhdJ.
V V
Note :
juk; 12>13
njhFg;G : jpU R .rpwpkjd; (ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau;)> ah/aho; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu; (j.njh.njh.Mrpupau;)> fpsp/n[aGuk; kfh tpj;jpahyak;.
jputnkhd;wpd; Njhw;wf;fdtsT tpupTf; Fzfj;jpw;Fk; cz;ikf; fdtsT tpupTf;
;jpw;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhlu;G.
jputj;jpw;F V V
ghj;jpuj;jpw;F V V c
ntg;gepiy Vw;wk;
Muk;g ntg;gepiy 1 Muk;g ntg;gepiy 2
V
V
V
V jputj;jpd; Muk;gf;fdtsT - 10C ,y;
V Muk;gf;fdtsT V0 ,w;fhd ghj;jpuk; - 20C ,y; vLf;Fk; fdtsT
/ ghj;jpuj;jpd; tpupT = V1 - V0
jputj;jpd; cz;ikf; fdtsT tpupT = V - V0
jputj;jpd; Njhw;wf; fdtsT tpupT = V - V1
jputj;jpd; Njhw;wf; fdtsT tpupT = V - V1
V V V
V0[1+] - V0[1+C] = AV0
= C + A ,q;F C - ghj;jpuj;jpd; fdtsT tpupTf;Fzfk;
cz;ik tpupTf; Fzfk; ghj;jpuj;jpd; fdtsT tpupTf;Fzfk;
jputj;jpd; Njhw;wf; fdtsT tpupTf; Fzfk; + =
,q;F α - ghj;jpuk; Mf;fg;gl;lgpd; gjhu;j;jj;jpd; Vfgupkhz tpupifj;jpwd;.
= C + α
juk; 12>13
njhFg;G : jpU R .rpwpkjd; (ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau;)> ah/aho; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu; (j.njh.njh.Mrpupau;)> fpsp/n[aGuk; kfh tpj;jpahyak;.
ntg;gepiyAld; jput mlu;j;jp khwy;
ntg;gepiy Vw;wk;
10C ,y; 2
0C ,y;
jputj;jpd; 10C ,y; cs;s mlu;j;jp
jputj;jpd; 20C ,y; cs;s mlu;j;jp
V jputj;jpd; 10C ,y; cs;s fdtsT
V jputj;jpd; 20C ,y; cs;s fdtsT
,q;F jputj;jpzpT khwpypahf ,Ug;gjhy;
m = V0T0
m = VT
= 2 - 1
VT V x T
VT V0 [1 + ] x T
1 + T
T ,r;rkd;ghL ntg;gepiyAld; rPuhd tpupitf; nfhz;Ls;s
jputq;fSf;Nf nghUj;jkhdJ.
V V
- jputj;jpd; cz;ikf;fdtsT tpupTf; Fzfk;
Note :
jput mlu;j;jp ntg;gepiyAld; nfhz;Ls;s khwYf;fhd rkd;ghL jpz;kq;fSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;
juk; 12>13
njhFg;G : jpU R .rpwpkjd; (ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau;)> ah/aho; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu; (j.njh.njh.Mrpupau;)> fpsp/n[aGuk; kfh tpj;jpahyak;.
ePupd; xOq;fw;w tpupT
nghJthf ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;fpd;w NghJ gjhu;j;jq;fspd; fdtsTfs; mjpfupf;fpd;wd mtw;wpd;
mlu;j;jpfs; Fiwfpd;wd. Mdhy; ePu; 00-40C tiu NtWgl;l ,ay;ig ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
,t;NtWgl;l ,ay;Ng ,g;gpugQ;rj;jpy; capupdq;fspd; ,Uf;ifia cWjpnra;fpd;wJ.
epak mOj;jj;jpy; ePupd; fdtsT ntg;gepiyAldhd khwy;.
0 100 -10 4 (oC)
gdpf;fl;b
ePu;
ePuhtp
,t;tiugpypUe;J ngwg;gbf;$ba KbTfs;
1. Fwpj;j jpzpTs;s ePu; 40C ,NyNa mjpFiwe;j fdtsit vLf;Fk;.
3. 00C ,ypUe;J 40C tiu ntg;gepiyAld; ePupd; fdtsT FiwAk;.
2. Fwpj;j jpzpTs;s ePu; 00C ,NyNa gdpf;fl;bahf cs;sNghJ mjp$ba fdtsitf;
4. xU Fwpj;j jpzpT nfhz;l ve;jnthU ntg;gepiyapYk; cs;s jputepiy ePupd; fdtsT
ve;jnthU ntg;gepiyapYk; cs;s jpz;kepiy / gzpf;fl;b ePupd; fdtsit tpl FiwthFk;.
juk; 12>13
njhFg;G : jpU R .rpwpkjd; (ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau;)> ah/aho; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu; (j.njh.njh.Mrpupau;)> fpsp/n[aGuk; kfh tpj;jpahyak;.
epak mKf;fj;jpy; ePupd; mlu;j;jp ntg;gepiyAldhd khwy;
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- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
-100 40C (0C)
mlu;j;jp
,t;tiugpypUe;J ngwf;$ba KbTfs;
1. ePupdJ mlu;j;jp 40C ,NyNa cau;thFk;.
2. ePu; 00C ,y; gdpf;fl;bahf cs;sNghNj ,opG mlu;j;jpia vLf;Fk;.
3. 00C ,ypUe;J 40C tiu ntg;gepiyAld; ePupd; mlu;j;jp mjpfupf;Fk;
4. ve;j xU ntg;gepiyapYk; cs;s gdpf;fl;bapd; mlu;j;jpiatpl ve;j xU ntg;gepiyapYk;
cs;s ePupd; mlu;j;jp (jputepiyapy;) cau;TwhJ.
Fspu;tyaehLfspy; ePu; tho; capupdq;fspd; ,Uf;if
40C
30C 20C 10C
00C
ICE
juk; 12>13
njhFg;G : jpU R .rpwpkjd; (ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau;)> ah/aho; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu; (j.njh.njh.Mrpupau;)> fpsp/n[aGuk; kfh tpj;jpahyak;.
Fspu ;tyaehLfspy; (irgPu pah> Nehu ;Nt) fLq;Fspu ; epyTk; fhyg;gFjpapy; epyj ;ijtpl
tspkz;lyNk mjpf Fspuhdjhf fhzg;gLk;. ,jdhy; ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ePu; epiyfspy;
gdp ciwe;J fhzg;gLk;.
MdhYk; gdpf;fl;bapd; mlu;j;jp ePupd; mlu;j;jpiatpl Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy; ePu; epiyfspd;
Nkw;gug;gpNyNa gdpf;fl;bfs; glykhf cUthfpd;wd. mj;Jld; #oYf;fhd ntg;g ,og;G
fhuzkhf ntt;NtW ntg;gepiyfspy; ePuhdJ mLf;Ffshf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
mtw;wpd; mlu;j;jp NkypUe;J fPohf mjpfupf;Fk; xOq;fpy; fhzg;gLk; ,J ePu; epiyfspd; mbapy;
njhlu;e;Jk; 40C ,y; ePiu Ngz cjTfpd;wJ. #oypd; ntg;gepiy vt;tsTjhd; Fiwe;jhYk; ePupd;
ePu; epiyfspd; mbapy; ntg;gepiy 40C ,Yk; Fiwakhl;lhJ. ,jdhy; ePu;tho; capupdq;fspd;
,Uf;if njhlu;e;J Ngzg;gLfpd;wJ.
ePupd; Neupy; tpupit guPl;rpj;jy;
(N`hg;gpd; Ma;fUtp)
Nky; ntg;gkhdp
ciw fyit
cNyhf ghj;jpuk; fPo; ntg;gkhdp
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
juk; 12>13
njhFg;G : jpU R .rpwpkjd; (ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau;)> ah/aho; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu; (j.njh.njh.Mrpupau;)> fpsp/n[aGuk; kfh tpj;jpahyak;.
,t;tha;fUtp cau;e;j cNyhf cUis xd;iwf; nfhz;ljhFk;. ,t;TUisiar; Rw;wp Vwj;jho
eLg;gFjpapy; tl;lj;jhop xd;W cs;sJ. mbf;Fk; Ezpf;Fk; mz;ikahf ntg;gkhdpfs;
nrYj;jf;$ba ,U Jthuq;fs; cs;sd. cUisapy; ePiu epiwj;J jhopapy; gdpf;fl;b
cg;Gf;fyit ,Lf. Neuj;Jld; ntg;gkhdpfs; fhl;Lk; thrpg;igf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;f.
T1 ntg;gkhdpapd; thrpg;G khwhky; fhzg;gl T2 ntg;gkhdpapd; thrpg;G gbg;gbahf FiwtilAk;.
T2 ,d; thrpg;G 40C I mile;J rw;W Neuj;jpy; T1 ,d; thrpg;G Ntfkhff; FiwtilAk;.
T2 ntg;gkhdp 40C ,NyNa njhlu;e;J khwhky; ,Uf;Fk;.
T1 ,d; ntg;gepiy njhlu;e;J 40C IAk; fle;J 00C tiu FiwtilAk; mj;Jld; ePupd;
Nkw;gug;gpy; gdpf;fl;b gdpf;fl;bfs; Njhd;WtJk; mtjhdpf;f KbAk;.
ntg;gepiy
Neuk;
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- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 40
R T1
T2
,g;gupNrhjidapd; KbTfs;
1. ePu; xu; rpwe;j ntg;g mupjpw;flj;jp
vdNtjhd; T2 ,d; ntg;gepiy njhlu;r;rpahff; Fiwtile;j NghJk; T1 ,d; ntg;ggepiy
khwhky; fhzg;gl;lJ. ePupd; Nkw;gFjpapypUe;J kj;jpa gFjpf;F ntg;gk; ePupD}lhf flj;jg;glhik
my;yJ Fiwthd flj;Jif fhuzkhfNt T1 njhlu;e;J khwhky; fhzg;gl;ljhf nfhs;sg;glyhk;.
2. ePupdJ mlu;j;jp 40C ,NyNa cau;thFk;.
,t;Tgfuzj;jpd; fPo; gFjpapypUe;J kj;jpa gFjptiu Nkw;fhTif fhuzkhf ntg;gk; flj;jg;gl;L
fPNoAs;s ntg;gepiy 4 0C tiuapNyNa Fiwtila fhzg;gl;lJ. mjw;Fkg;ghy; cs;s
Nkw;fhTif jilg;gl;ljw;fhd fhuzkhf mbapYs;s ePu ; cau; mlu;j;jpia mile;jik
nfhs;sg;glyhk;.