judul

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INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS

COPY RIGHT © 2012 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 692

JULY 2012

VOL 4, NO 3

EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION IN MODERN

ORGANIZATION: A REVIEW OF 12 YEARS

Javed Iqbal, Assistant professor

Afshan Yusaf, MS Scholar

Raheela Munawar, MS Scholar

Sehrish Naheed, MS Scholar

Faculty of Management Sciences,

Sector H-10, International Islamic University Islamabad,

Pakistan

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to provide an assessment and review on Motivation field over

a 12 year period. It is done along different dimensions of the domain including research

topics examined, unit of analysis and research paradigm used. Information on a number of

different variables was taken out by conducting a review of 30 papers on motivation

published in different journals between 2000 and 2012. The findings showed that a

collection of empirical, positivist and quantitative research approaches have been

employed in this domain. Motivation and performance, and Motivating elements were

predominantly published topics in the Motivation field. In addition, the researchers have

identified the limitations of the study and directions for the future research.

Key words: Motivation, research trends, review

1. INTRODUCTION

The word motivation is originated from the “movere” a Latin word the meaning of which

is to move. Through motivation we are moved from a state of dullness to interest.

Motivation is a force that gives path to behavior, energizes behavior and triggers the

tendency to stick with (Bartol & Martin, 1998). This definition identifies that individuals

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must be adequately energetic and stimulated, must have a clear point in mind about what is

to be achieved and should be ready to use their energies for a sufficient time in order to

achieve their goals. Mitchell (1982) defines motivation as psychological processes which

cause the stimulation of, persistence and direction to the goal-oriented voluntary activities.

Work motivation is a set of external and internal forces that commence the behavior related

to work and establish its direction, form, duration and intensity (Pinder, 1998). The

definition identifies the effect of the external forces (e.g., nature of the work to be

performed, reward system of the organization) and the innate forces of an individual (e.g.,

motives and needs of a person) on the behaviors related to work.

According to Moorhead and Griffin (1998) employee motivation and ability jointly

contribute towards employee performance and the most challenging task of the managers is

to motivate employee to execute the utmost of their ability. Now a day’s researchers are

more concerned to increase, maintain, enlighten, and refine work motivation. Employee

needs and motives have greater importance in the research history of motivation (Maslow,

1954; Alderfer, 1969; McClelland, 1961). In 1970s and in the beginning of 1980s,

researchers have paid more consideration to this area but there is less work done by the

scholars on employee motivation during last fifteen years (Rajeswari, 2011). This review

provides a quick view of previous research because in recent years limited attempts have

been about employee motivation. As a result, new researchers and organizations are facing

problems to get knowledge about the key factors which motivate employee. The paper

aims to provide a wealthy description of various factors which contribute to employee

motivation. It contributes theoretically by providing detailed explanation of different

causes that contribute to employee motivation.

The paper has been divided into different sections. The second section offers methodology

and third section describes the results while the fourth section is concluding the findings.

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2. METHODOLOGY

Research methods are both inductive and deductive. Iqbal (2007) states “The primary

purpose of the inductive approach is to allow research findings to emerge from the

frequent, dominant or significant themes inherent in raw data, without the restraints

imposed by structured methodologies”. Empirical research especially surveys induct from

the frequent occurrences to arrive at appropriate conclusions. In this study we are

conducting a meta analysis to categorized the research work already done on motivation.

The approach of meta-analysis was adapted as used by recently published article

“Employees’ motivation in organizations: an integrative literature review” published in the

International Conference on Sociality and Economics Development, IACSIT Press,

Singapore (Devadass, 2011). The data have been collected from Emerald. Two search

techniques were applied: ‘General Search’ and ‘Advanced Search’. The ‘General Search’

was applied to get reliable data because Devadass (2011) used it in his study. The articles

found from emerald were enough that’s why we just focused on the published articles of

this database. This review focuses on papers published in English language and based on

both quantitative and qualitative studies. The extent of research was limited to articles

published from 2000 to 2011. Single search terms motivation were used to find the articles

of interest. There were 48 hits from emerald database and 50 hits from J-Store but the data

was reduced by using the time frame of 2000-2011. The hits include the book review,

research articles, editorials and literature reviews; 32 articles were selected for the review.

To find out the research output we conducted a number of analyses by using different

analysis techniques. To categorize the search output for various variables count and

percentage of data were used. Analyzed variables include the journal name in which the

article was published, author name, publication year, subject category, country name, and

the name of institution to which author belongs. A thorough analysis was conducted to get

different information about the data which was not possible to obtain straightforwardly

from reading the articles. In order to analyze, the abstracts of the articles were examined

and the information was recorded about research paradigm, unit of analysis and so on. Two

articles were used as a template to find out the categories of tables: Dwivedi el al (2011)

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and Nonaka and Peltokorpi (2006). Therefore, reference for each table has not been

provided to avoid repetition.

Table1shows the list of articles included in our review paper to enhance the understanding

of work done on the topic of motivation.

Table 1

List of articles included in the study (Category adopted from Nonaka and Peltokorpi (2006)

1 A synergistic performance management model conjoining benchmarking and

motivation

2 Adapting the congruent temperament model with culturally specific work motivation

elements

3 Affiliation motivation and interest in entrepreneurial careers

4 An evaluation of employee motivation in the extended public sector in Greece

5 Antecedents affecting public service motivation

6 Business excellence in entrepreneurship through motivation audit

7 Clarifying inspirational motivation and its Relationship to extra effort

8 Do all carrots look the same? examining the impact of culture on employee

motivation

9 Enabling a motivated workforce: exploring the sources of motivation

10 Female entrepreneurs' personal characteristics and motivation: a review of the Greek

situation

11 Generational differences in personality and motivation Do they exist and what are

the implications for the workplace?

12 Key skills retention and motivation: the war for talent still rages and retention is the

high ground

13 Knowledge sharing in organizational contexts: a motivation-based perspective

14 Leader emergence: the role of emotional intelligence and motivation to lead

15 Leadership style, motivation and performance in international marketing channels:

An empirical

investigation of the USA, Finland and Poland

16 Levels of existence and motivation in Islam

17 Managers’ motivation to evaluate subordinate performance

18 Measuring Chinese entrepreneurial motivation Personality and environmental

influences

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19 Motivating knowledge workers to innovate: a model integrating motivation

dynamics and antecedents

20 Motivation, incentives and organizational culture

21 Motivation, pay satisfaction, and job satisfaction of front-line employees

22 Motivation for behavior change in patients with chest pain

23 Motivation is response

24 Older workers’ motivation to continue to work: five meanings of age

25 Perceived importance as a mediator of the relationship between training assignment

and training motivation

26 Perceived learning outcomes in entrepreneurship education The impact of student

motivation and team behavior

27 Principals' leadership and teachers' motivation: Self-determination theory analysis

28 Quality culture: a product of motivation within organization

29 Reengineering the motivation to work

30 Revisiting motivation preference within the Chinese context: an empirical study

3. FINDINGS

3.1 Motivation studies according to subject area

Table 2 demonstrates the thirteen subject categories; the large number of the articles

(23.3%) comes from the human resource management. It is followed by the Accounting

and Finance (13.3%), Learning and Development (10%) and then Organization studies

(10%). Four subject categories have count of 2 articles which are Education, Enterprise and

Innovation, Information and knowledge management and Management studies. The

minimum count (1) emerged from the remaining five categories. The results indicate that

the major part of work on motivation lies in the category of Human Resource Management

because motivation is considered a component of HRM. However, it is also expanding in

other categories like marketing, managing quality and regional management studies.

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Table 2

Motivation studies according to subject category

Sr. No. Subject category No. of articles

1 Human Resource Management 7

2 Accounting and Finance 4

3 Learning and Development 3

4 Organization Studies 3

5 Education 2

6 Enterprise and Innovation 2

7 Information and Knowledge Management 2

8 Management Science/Management Studies 2

9 Health Care Management/Healthcare 1

10 International Business 1

11 Marketing 1

12 Managing Quality 1

13 Regional Management Studies 1

3.2 Motivation studies according to Journals

Consider Table 3, a total of 30 articles is published in 23 journals; the maximum number of

articles (3) published in the Journal of Managerial Psychology. The journal of Industrial

and Commercial Training, Journal of Knowledge Management, Leadership &

Organization Development Journal, Managerial Auditing Journal, and Personnel Review

have published 2 articles. And the remaining journals have published only one article.

http://www.emeraldinsight.com/browse.htm?content=journals_books&by=subject&subject=78





http://www.emeraldinsight.com/browse.htm?content=journals_books&by=subject&subject=81&PHPSESSID=9epjl881gtatp5ta8ptur0q3v6




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Table 3

Motivation studies according to journal studies

Sr.

No.

Name of journal Record

count

%

1 Journal of Managerial Psychology 3 10%

2 Industrial and Commercial Training 2 6.67%

3 Journal of Knowledge Management 2 6.67%

4 Leadership & Organization Development Journal 2 6.67%

5 Managerial Auditing Journal 2 6.67%

6 Personnel Review 2 6.67%

7 Benchmarking: An International Journal 1 3.3%

8 Chinese Management Studies 1 3.3%

9 Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal 1 3.3%

10 Development and Learning in Organizations 1 3.3%

11 Education + Training 1 3.3%

12 Employee Relations 1 3.3%

13 European Journal of Innovation Management 1 3.3%

14 European Journal of Marketing 1 3.3%

15 Health Education 1 3.3%

16 International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour &

Research

1 3.3%

17 Journal of Educational Administration 1 3.3%

18 Journal of Management History 1 3.3%

19 Management Decision 1 3.3%

20 Management Research News 1 3.3%

21 Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management:

An International Journal

1 3.3%

22 Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management 1 3.3%

23 Women In Management Review 1 3.3%

3.3 Motivation studies according to the year of publication

Table 4 shows the breakdown of articles on the basis of the year of publication; the greatest

numbers of articles (5) are published in the year 2007. Prior to 2007 there was a mix trend

for the articles published on motivation , as in 2002 there were two articles, in 2003 it

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increased to 3 while in 2004 it again falls down to only 1. However, following 2007, it was

decreased to 2 articles in 2008 but afterwards there was an increasing trend and most of the

articles were published in the year 2011.

Table 4 Motivation studies published between 2000-2012

(Based on Dwivedi et al., 2011)

Year Article

count

N=30

% Year Article

count

N=30

%

2000 1 3.3% 2007 5 16.67%

2001 2 6.67% 2008 2 6.67%

2002 2 6.67% 2009 3 10%

2003 3 10% 2010 2 6.67%

2004 1 3.3% 2011 4 13.3%

2005 3 10% 2012 1 3.3%

2006 1 3.3%

3.4 Motivation studies according to geographic location

The motivation research covered a total of 15 countries. Most of the contribution comes

from the USA, 9 articles. A considerable number of articles published from other

countries: Australia, New Zealand, Canada, UK, China, Greece, Kuwait, Israel, Taiwan,

Finland, Ukraine and Malta. By examining Figure 1, the continent-wide presentation

showed that a major number of publications come from the North America and the least

emerged from the Middle East.

3.5 Authors involved in publishing motivation research

Table 5 lists the name of the authors who have contributed; a total of 64 authors have

participated in publishing and conducting research on the topic. There may be a wide range

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of research on this topic, but each author in this study has contributed towards only one

article.

Table 5 Authors involved in motivation research

Author Number of

articles

published

% Author Number of

articles

published

%

A.D. Amar

Abbas J. Ali

Alan J. Dubinsky

Alice Lam

Alvin I. Mushlin

Anatoliy G.

Goncharuk

Anna Trihopoulou

Annet de Lange

Carolyn Stringer

Christy H. Weer

Clayton Glen

Dayr Reis

Denis Morin

Dimitris

Manolopoulos

Dorien Kooij

Edward L. Deci

Elliroma Gardiner

Emanuel Camilleri

Francine Dupuis

Geoffrey C. Williams

Golnaz Sadri

Gordon P. Rabey

Guy Roth

Hui Liao

Iain L. Densten

Jaana Seikkula-Leino

Jamie P. Monat

Jarna Heinonen

Jean-Paul

Lambermont-Ford

Jeni Didham

Jiangru Wei

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

John Humphreys Josje

Dikkers

Justine Di Cesare

Katerina Sarri

Leah Coulon

Leticia Peña

Lianke Song

Mario Bellehumeur

Marylène Gagné

Melissa Wong

Ori Eyal

Patricia Milne

Paul Jansen

Paul

Theivananthampillai

Pekka Stenholm

Peter Tan

Rajiv Mehta

Ralph Palliam

Robert E. Ankli

Robert J. Taormina

Rolph E. Anderson

Sammi Kin-Mei Lao

Sylvie St-Onge

Thomas J. Calo

Tommy Y. Lo

Ulla Hytti

Victor M. Catano

Wayne H. Decker,

Wei-Chi Tsai

Wei-Tao Tai

Whitney Lang

Ying Hong

Yonggui Wang

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

3.3%

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3.6 Articles by document type

Our results showed that a large number of publication on motivation was research article

(18) followed by 8 conceptual papers, 2 review papers and 2 case studies. Articles are also

categorized as book review, editorial, letter and note. But in our analysis we have excluded

them.

Table 6 Type of documents publications (Based on Dwivedi et al., 2011)

Document type %

Research paper 60

Conceptual paper 26

Review paper 6.67

Case study 6.67

3.7 Motivation studies according to unit of analysis

The results according to the unit of analysis used in motivation research are shown in Table

7. It can be observed that a large number of articles (18) included in our study have tested

motivation at individuals level, followed by the studies concentrating on organizations (6).

A very low number of articles have examined motivation in the context of country (3),

groups/teams (2) and theory (1). The result highlights the fact that researchers have done

most of the work on motivation in the context of individuals. Therefore, motivation is seen

to have more concern with the individuals and they are of greater importance in the

research world.

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Table 7 Unit of analysis and motivation research

(Based on Dwivedi et al., 2011)

Unit of analysis %

Individuals

Organizations

Country

Groups/teams

Theory

60

20

10

6.67

3.33

3.8 Motivation studies according to research methodology

Table 8 illustrates the division of studies according to the research methodology used. It

shows that major part of article (17=56%) were of empirical nature in relation to the non-

empirical articles which were 11 in numbers and constituting 36.67% of total articles.

However, 2 articles from the total have used the mixed research methodology.

Fifteen articles (50%) have used quantitative approach while 11 articles (37%) were based

on qualitative approach. Mixed and conceptual/Meta analysis approach each was employed

by two articles.

Table 8 Research methodology

(Based on Avison et al., 2008)

Research method %

Empirical

Non-empirical

Mixed

57

37

6

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3.9 Motivation studies according to research paradigm

The papers have been classified into four different categories on the basis of their research

paradigm. Most of the work on motivation comes from the positivist (54%) research

paradigm, hence majority of the motivation researchers have worked on the positivist

research paradigm. Interpretive research paradigm was the second largest category

forming the 30% of the total articles work followed by the category “not known” which

includes the articles that do not fit in the remaining three categories. Lowest work (3%) has

been done on “conceptual” research paradigm.

3.10 Major research topics

Table 9 provides an overall view about the specific nature of the motivation research and

the important topics related to this field. The results showed that greater number of articles

(10=33.3%) examined the research issues related to motivation through “Motivation and

Performance” category followed by the “Motivating element” category (7=20%). The

researched topic of “Motivation and Culture” has 4 articles forming 13.3% of total work.

Other researched topics includes “Personality and motivation” with 3 articles, “Motivation

and leadership” with 3 articles and “Others” with 3 articles has contributed towards

research on motivation.

Table 9

Frequency and percentage of major research topics

(Classification adapted from Barki et al., 1993; Avison et al., 2008)

Research issue Frequency Percentage

Motivation and performance 10 33.33%

Motivating elements/factors 7 20%

Culture and motivation 4 13.33%

Personality and motivation 3 10%

Motivation and leadership 3 10%

Others 3 10%

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4. CONCLUSION

The purpose of our article has been to suggest a general idea of the existing position of

motivation research by giving the results of a review of 30 articles published in 23 different

journals during the period of 2000-2012. We have showed findings of our study along a

number of aspects like the journals publishing articles on motivation, methodological

practices, authors involved in the research and unit of analysis. The main objective of our

study is to suggest research gaps and also to provide the implications for the future

research. After viewing the studies of this kind we have assumed that our results emphasize

on the potential lines of analysis (Williams et al., 2009; Dwivedi & Kuljis, 2008). Human

Resource Management and Accounting and Finance were the main subject area in this

domain. Other subject areas like marketing, international management and managing

quality have little work regarding this field so a lot of work is needed on these areas.

Motivation and performance related issues followed by the Motivating elements were the

mainly published areas for the research. So, greater understanding in this field can be

developed by the future researchers through empirically testing the topics. Since lot of

work has been done on motivation and performance followed by motivating elements there

is a need to do more work on other dimensions like culture and personality.

4.1 Limitations and Future research directions

This study has different limitations so the readers must be conscious of these limitations

while interpreting the results presented in this study. First of all our search for these articles

were mainly restricted to the motivation keyword in the titles of the articles only, so there

may be a number of studies that focus on motivation in the text but we have not used them

as the keyword was not present in the title. Another limitation includes the drawing of data

from a restricted number of search outputs. Therefore, our search was limited to just one

database, Emerald. A further limitation of this study is the usage of short time-span (2000-

2012). This also noticeably reduces the number of relevant articles under consideration.

More research work is needed in order to find out the extent of the influence of these

issues. As we have used a small number of articles, so a comprehensive research is

considered necessary to lessen the impact of these limitations and to develop a better

understanding of motivation research.

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