Judith A. Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Book Review Selection FormsDue in Section Week of April 12Book Review Selection Forms

Due in Section Week of April 12• Read Information on Book Review

assignment in Appendix 1 of the Workbook

• Browse books at Bookstore and at McHenry Library.

• Choose 3 books that you would be interested in reading for this assignment.

• Remember: Not everyone will get their first choice.

Judith A. Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Realization of the Antiquity of the Human Species

Realization of the Antiquity of the Human Species

• Association of Stone Tools w/ Extinct Fauna

• Discovery of pre-modern human fossils (Neanderthal, Germany) Thomas Huxley-- “The Missing Link”

Whole of Human history can not be accounted for by Biblical time scale--The Idea of “Prehistory”.

Stratigraphic section from Abbeville, France

Judith A. Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Sommes Gravels, Near Abbeville France

Sommes Gravels, Near Abbeville France

““anteantediluviandiluvian axes...” axes...”

Excavated by Excavated by Jacques Boucher Jacques Boucher des Perthesdes Perthes, , French Customs French Customs InspectorInspector

Judith A. Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

A Test of Human Antiquity:A Test of Human Antiquity:

British Royal Society (1859) British Royal Society (1859) Creates Commission of ExpertsCreates Commission of Experts**

*antiquarians & geologists, including Charles Lyell*antiquarians & geologists, including Charles Lyell

Check B de P’s French evidenceCheck B de P’s French evidenceDig a site with undisturbed Dig a site with undisturbed

stratigraphystratigraphy

Judith A. Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Test of Human Antiquity at Abbeville 1859

• Boucher des Perthes’ claims verified stratigraphically by British Royal Society

knives hatchets of flint

Judith A. Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Brixham Cave, Windmill Hill, England

Chosen for excavation: Chosen for excavation: stalagmitestalagmite layer layer sealedsealed underlying archaeological depositsunderlying archaeological deposits

Brixham Cave

Judith A. Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Brixham Cave Test: Relevant Evidence & Their Meanings

• Stone artifacts = human handiwork

• Fossil bones = extinct Ice Age species = Ice Age

date

• Stratigraphic order = time sequence

• Association in 1 stratum = contemporary

• A long span of human “pre-history” widely accepted

by scholars

Unit 2, Lecture 1Unit 2, Lecture 1

North American Archaeology and the Native American Past

Judith A. Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2003

Judith A. Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Myth of the MoundbuildersMyth of the Moundbuilders

• Jefferson (1797) Notes on Virginia--first stratigraphic excavation in North America

• Squier and Davis (1848) Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi

• Cyrus Thomas (1894) 12th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnography

Judith A. Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Why a Mythical Race of Moundbuiders?Why a Mythical Race of Moundbuiders?

• Lack of Historical Context--modern Indians not building mounds

• Nationalist Motives--Americans seeking an ancient past in New World

• Racist/Political Motives--Americans seeking justification for “Manifest Destiny.”

Judith A. Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Impact of Moundbuilder Controversy on North American Archaeology

Impact of Moundbuilder Controversy on North American Archaeology

• “Antiquities” of North America are associated with the ancestors of the modern Native Americans.

• As such, have little relevance to National Heritage, largely defined in Anglo-American terms

• Archaeology in North America is part of Anthropology--the study of the “primitive” and the “other”.

Judith A. Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Discovery of New World “Prehistory”Discovery of New World “Prehistory”

• Native Americans only thought to be in New World for short time (Culture History)

• 1927--Folsom, NM--stone spear point found in association with bones of extinct ice-age bison

• America has truly ancient past comparable to Old World

• New World laboratory for comparative study of major trends in social development and evolution (Processual Archaeology)

Judith A. Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Native American Repatriation Movement

Native American Repatriation Movement

• 1960s-70s--Increased Native American Activism

• 1970s-80s--Public debates over treatment and deposition of Native American remains

• 1990--Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)

Judith A. Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

NAGPRANAGPRA

• Protects Indian remains on federal and tribal lands• Recognizes tribal authority over treatment of

human remains• Prohibits commercial selling of Indian remains• Requires institutions to inventory and repatriate

human remains, associated grave goods, sacred objects and “objects of cultural patrimony” to tribal groups that can demonstrate “cultural affiliation”

Judith A. Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Archaeology after NAGPRAArchaeology after NAGPRA

• Native Americans placed on more equal footing with scientists, museums and universities in determining treatment of human remains and cultural artifacts

• Ushered in new era of consultation, cooperation, negotiation between archaeologists and tribal groups

• Made archaeologists more aware of the political context and consequences of their research (Post-Processual Critique)

Judith A. Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

And then there was Kennewick…And then there was Kennewick…

• Scientists argued that Kennewick should not be repatriated under NAGPRA because:• May not be “Native American”• Too old to demonstrate “cultural affiliation”• Congress did not intend NAGPRA to apply

to remains this old (9000 years)• Remains of significant scientific value to

“the government”, i.e. ALL the people of the U.S.

Judith A. Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

August 2002August 2002

• Judge found in favor plaintiffs (scientists)• Remains did not fall under definition of Native

American as defined by NAGPRA• Scientific study required to determine “cultural

affiliation”• Protected by ARPA--of significant value to ALL

Americans; part of our common National Heritage

Judith A. Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

The “Moundbuilders” ReduxThe “Moundbuilders” Redux

• The Kennewick Case:• Challenges a central premise of North

American archaeology: that the ancient remains of this continent belong exclusively to the ancestors of the modern Native Americans

Who owns America’s Past? Who should write its history? Whose voices and values should be given precedence in these debates?

Judith A. Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Kennewick Man DebateKennewick Man Debate

• For Section Next Week: Be prepared to argue Kennewick Case from perspective of either The Plaintiff (Scientists) or The Defendants (Local NA, US Gov)

• To prepare your “Brief” consult the following Web Sites:

http://www.kennewick-man.com/http://www.friendsofpast.org/http://umatilla.nsn.us/ancient.html