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JUDAISMPRESENTATION BY: JESSICA,ARYAN, AND DELANEY
BASIC BELIEFS
Monotheistic
Believes that one G-d is the creator of all things and the judge of all people
Believes that they have been chosen to be G-d's people
Believes that through history, G-d has sent people to pass on G-d's message (prophets)
G-d wants them to follow the laws that were given to Moses (Ten Commandments)
THE NOACHIDE
LAWS
Jews believe that all people should follow the laws that were given to Noah after the great flood
1. Do not worship idols
2. Do not murder
3. Do not steal
4. Avoid sexual misconduct
5. Do not be cruel to animals
6. Avoid blasphemy
7. Worship only one G-d
COVENANT
Believe that G-d made a promise to care for them and that they are chosen to be G-d's people
The promise by G-d should be honored by Jews trying to live a good life in return
First covenant- made by Noah when G-d promised to never destroy the world again
Second covenant- made by Abraham when G-d promised to give him many descendants (renewed when Moses
was given the laws)
Covenant is regularly reaffirmed when the sons are circumcised, and their children have a bar mitzvah or a bat
mitzvah
PRAYER
"Hear O Israel: The Lord is our God, the Lord
alone. You shall love the Lord, your God, with all
your heart, and with all your soul and with all your
might." Deuteronomy 6: 4-6:5
Part of the Shema (important prayer that they are
encouraged to say daily)
It is written down on scrolls and placed in boxes
called mezuzah and tefillin
Mezuzahs are placed in doorways
Tefillin are worn by men during prayer
PRAYER CONT...
Believe that it is good for a family to pray together because it brings them together
Kavanah is the good intention behind a prayer, if a prayer is for selfish purposes,they believe they will be badly judged for it
Believe that prayer will deepen their relationship with G-d
Most Jews use a prayer book called a Siddur which contains prayers they can use at home and/or at the synagogue
Prayer begins with Shema, followed by the Amidah (18 benedictions)
Usually pray standing up but they may bow when referring to G-d the King
PEACE
Peace is very important for Jewish people
"Shalom" is used to say hello and goodbye
Always look towards an age of peace when G-d
sends his Anointed One (Messiah)
SYMBOLS
The Star of David (Magen David Adom) is an important symbol
in the Jewish faith
Represents how King David led the nation in 900 BCE
The Menorah (seven branches) is in most synagogues
Hanukiah (special nine-branched menorah) is used for Hanukkah
Tallit- specially made prayer shawl (has 613 strands to represent
the laws in the Torah) is traditionally worn my men
Kippah, sometimes called theYarmulke, is a traditional cap worn
on the male's heads (sign of humility)
TANAKH (THE WRITTEN TORAH)
"Blessed are thou, O Lord God of the universe, who has chosen us from all people and has given us Thy Torah."
Torah is the name given to the first five books of the Jewish Scriptures: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus,Numbers, and Deuteronomy
"Torah" in Hebrew can mean direction, instruction, or teaching
Contains 613 mitzvot (rules) that were given to Moses
248 positive mitzvot
365 negative mitzvot
TANAKH CONT...
Other two parts of the written Torah are called the Nevi'im and
the Ketuvim
Nevi'im are the writings of the prophets and historical books about the
Kingdom of Israel
Ketuvim are the writings of the people of Israel, such as Psalms,
Proverbs, and the book of Job
The three sections put together form the collection of writings that
Christians call the Old Testament
THE TORAH
There is a large cupboard called aron hakodesh (ark) that stores
the scrolls of the Torah in a synagogue
Scrolls can be covered by a piece of cloth or stored in
wooden cylinders
The Torah scrolls have a small shield hung over them and a pointer
called a yad
They also have a set of bells placed on top to act as a
crown because the Torah is the teaching of the greatest ruler, G-d
THE ORAL TORAH
The Mishnah
Means "to repeat, to study"
Written down in 200CE
Has sections on marriage, divorce, buying and
selling, sacrifice, what makes you impure
Collected by Rabbi Judah the Prince
THE ORAL TORAH CONT...
Midrash are writings based on passages in the Tanakh
Stories about Moses, Jonah, David, and Noah
Attempts to find the meaning of the passages in the Tanakh
The Talmud
Completed about 300-500 years after the Mishnah
Represents the teachings of over 2,000 rabbis
Contains long stories that help people understand the way people
should live that are called Agadah
Also has laws and reflections on how laws could be applied called
Halakhah
HALAKHAH
Halakhah is a set of Jewish laws that means," the path that one walks".
These laws show the rules that a Jew must follow in order to live the Jewish lifestyle.
The laws explain rules such as
what you can or cannot wear
what you can or cannot eat
who you can or cannot marry
how to conduct business
how to observe holidays
It also explains that they must pray after eating or at least once or twice a day
SYNAGOGUE
Greek word "synagogue" means a place of meeting or assembly, in Hebrew it is "bet ha knesset"
Above the ark is the ner tamid, the eternal light that burns as a sign on G-d's eternal covenant, and two tablets reminding the congregation of the Ten Commandments
In the center of the synagogue is the bimah where the scrolls are taken to be read (Rabbi, Cantor, and other participating in the service usually sit here)
Synagogues have a cantor or hazzan who leads the sung parts of the service
RABBIS
"Rabbi" means teacher or master
Highly respected leader in the Jewish community
People who want to become rabbis must train for
several years to learn the teachings of
the Torah, the Talmud, and the Mishnah
Lead prayer and give a talk
Conduct services like weddings, burials, bar and bat
mitzvahs
FOOD
Although not everybody obeys, the Jewish laws on food are very important
"Kosher" means clean, pure, and fit
Kosher food is food that is fit for Jewish people to eat
Can eat meat if it has clean hooves and chews its cud (digests in four stomachs) and must be killed by a specially trained person
Ex) cows, sheep, goats,deer
Fish must have fins or scales
Ex) cod and trout
Birds of prey are not allowed but chicken, duck, and turkey are
Eggs and milk are kosher if they come from a kosher animal
Meat and any dairy product aren't allowed to be eaten together (cheeseburgers)
FESTIVALS
Yom Kippur
On this day of atonement, Jews try to become at peace with G-d
They ask forgiveness and accept that they need to change in order for that to happen
Prepare by having a meal and then beginning a 25 hour fast
Rosh Hashanah
Jewish New Year
Jews remember G-d as Creator for 10 days after New Year, the "Day of the Return"
They put in an effort to make things right and then on Yom Kippur, G-d is remembered as Judge
A shofar is blown every day, a month before
Yom Kippur
HANUKKAH
Hanukkah is a holiday that remembers the consecration of the Second
Temple in Jerusalem
There are 8 days and nights
On each day, one candle on the hanukiah is lit
The middle, and highest, candle is called the shamash
Pure olive oil with the seal of the kohen gadol (high priest) was needed
for the menorah in the temple
The oil was supposed to last only one night, but it actually lasted eight
and now there is the celebration of Hanukkah to celebrate the miracle
THE ORIGIN
Origins trace back to Abraham, who lived in about 2000 BCE
Started in what is now called Israel
The Tanakh is the Jewish bible and has three parts:
Torah- first five books
Nevi'im- prophets
Ketuvim- holy writing
ABRAM
Lived in the city Haran in modern day Iraq
He was wealthy and married a woman names Sarai
When he was 75, he and his wife left home to go and search for a
promised land that G-d had promised him
Name changed from Abram "high father" to Abraham "father of many"
Sarai changed to Sarah which means "princess"
Names were much more important than they are today
Believed that someone's name could reveal their character and/or what
they were expected to do with their lives
Name changes were thought to be part of the covenant
(agreement) between G-d and Abraham
ABRAHAM
Abraham was told to make circumcision the sign of the covenant
G-d told Abraham that he would have a son, they named him Isaac
Abraham believed that G-d told him to sacrifice Isaac but right before he
was about to kill him, and angel told him to sacrifice a ram that G-d had
provided instead
It was a sign to Abraham and his descendants that G-d didn’t
want human sacrifice but the obedience of his people
MOSES
Israelite who was adopted by the Egyptian royal family
He was angered by the enslavement of the other Israelites and killed the
slave master
Fled to the desert where he became a shepherd and married Zipporah
He saw a burning bush and believed that G-d was telling him that
he would become the leader of G-d's people to freedom
Went to the pharaoh and asked him to release the Israelites but
the pharaoh refused and G-d sent ten plagues
MOSES CONT...
During the tenth plague, the Angel of Death killed every first-born son, but it passed over the Israelites houses because they smeared lambs' blood over their doors showing that they were Israelites
Became Pesach (Passover)
Israelites escaped Egypt, this is now known as the Exodus
Moses led the Israelites for 40 years and on Mount Sinai he was given the Torah which included the Ten Commandments
Moses dies before he could enter the Promised Land
ELIJAH
One of the most important prophets
G-d told him to challenge the people who worshipped the queen's god, Baal, who was the chief god of Sidon
Took on 450 prophets of Baal and challenged them to a "test of strength"
Called upon their gods to set their sacrifices on fire and only Elijah's was engulfed by flames, a sign of one true G-d
It is said that Elijah never died and was taken straight to heaven on a chariot
They believe rabbis can communicate with him and that he will return before the Messiah comes to earth
THE WESTERN WALL
King David made Jerusalem the capital city of Israel
and wanted a temple built there (actually built by
his son, Solomon)
The temple was destroyed by invasion and rebuilt
The second temple was also destroyed by a later
invasion
In 66CE, the Jews rebelled against the Romans, who,
in return, set fire to the city in 70CE
They destroyed all of the temple except the
outside Western Wall
Today, the Western Wall is still an important place
MASADA
Masada is a hill 492 ft high that is in the middle of the desert in Israel
In 4 BCE, King Herod the Great built a palace on the top of Masada
Romans took control of it until the rebellion in 66 CE where a group
of Jews captured Masada and made it their base
In 72 CE, Romans spent months building fences and a huge rocky
pathway to get to the top
The Jews decided it was better to die free and so they set the fortress
on fire and ten men were chosen to kill the 960 people who lived
there
SUFFERING
Jews have frequently been the victims of prejudice and suffering
The Romans at the Western Wall and Masada
In 418, Bishop Severus of Majorca forced Jews to convert, street fighting broke out, the synagogue was burned
In 489, a Christian mob set fires to the synagogues in Antioch and threw the bodies of slain Jews into the fire
In 1096, the leader of the First Crusade, Godfroi Bouillon, swore to avenge the blood of Christ and leave no
member of the Jewish race alive
The Crusaders rounded up the Jews in Jerusalem, put them in the synagogue, and burned it to the ground
In the 1890s, Captain Dreyfus (who was Jewish) was wrongly accused of spying for Germany
A reporter decided that Jews would always be the victims in Europe and started the movement of Zionism (return to
the Middle East and restart the nation of Israel)
THE HOLOCAUST
"Holocaust" means a burnt offering. It refers to the suffering of the Jewish people in WWII
Adolf Hitler led the Nazis and banned Jews from parks, theaters, universities, and organized book burnings and
attacks against Jewish businesses
Rounded up the Jews and forced them to live in shtetles (ghettos)
Nazis set up concentration camps with the intention to remove all Jews by systematically murdering them
At a camp called Sobibor, 300 Jews managed to escape by stealing weapons and killing the guards
600 people rushed to the gates, but many were shot and some died when they stepped on land mines
Some very religious Jews refused to escaped because it would break the commandment, "You shall not kill."
Today, there is a statue to honor those who died in Sobibor that has the words "Never Again" carved into the stone
JUDAISM PRACTICED NOW
Judaism is not practiced the same as it was practiced in Israel. Instead, there are multiple types of Judaism, some
of which that are stronger than others.
In Israel, there are multiple secular Jews who do not really do much to observe Jewish traditions
Also Reform Jews who do not follow most Jewish laws
On the other hand, there are the ultra-orthodox Jews who follow a form of Judaism that is
extremely conservative
ORTHODOX JUDAISM
Believe that because the Torah came directly from G-d, it should not be
changed or adapted to modern life
They do not allow men and women to sit together in a synagogue
Rabbi and cantor are always male, women are not even allowed to read
from the Torah or lead the service in any way
Chassidism is a type of Orthodox Judaism that keeps itself separate
from the non-Jewish world
ORTHODOX JUDAISM CONT...
Orthodox Jews usually follow rules like keeping
kosher
Ultra- Orthodox children are not educated in
regular schools
Men often do not work for a living, preferring
to spend all of their time studying religion
Girls cannot have bat mitzvahs
REFORM JUDAISM
Believe Torah was written by the people and because times have
changed, the rules can change as well
Some follow the rules but it usually to stay connected to
their heritage, not because they believe G-d demands it
Women can be rabbis and cantors
Use musical instruments
OTHER TYPES OF JUDAISM
Conservative Judaism started in 1913
Compromise between Orthodox and Reform Judaism
Reconstructionist Judaism started in the 1960's
Modern approach that stresses involvement in the larger world, as well as Jewish traditions
Conservative and Reconstructionist services are usually spoken in both Hebrew and whatever language the
participants speak
Conservative,Reform, and Reconstructionist movements are more popular in the US than other places
JUDAISM PRESENT
Its divided into four major
religions movements represented
by synagogue membership
A small percentage of Jews identify with more or
less extremist, rightwing, cult-like movements (such
as Hasidism)
A large percentage of Jews identify themselves as
Jewish though they belong to no movement
Some do join the synagogue from time to time but
other prefer to remain "secular" for ideological
regions
WORK CITED
Wood, Cavan. Judaism. Raintree, 2003.
“What Is Hanukkah? - Info You Need about Chanukah.” Info You Need about Chanukah - Chanukah, 11 Dec. 2003,
www.chabad.org/holidays/chanukah/article_cdo/aid/102911/jewish/What-Is-Hanukkah.htm.
Torah: The Five Books of Moses. Jewish Publication Society, 1999.
www.rossel.net/basic04.html