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JSPS Multilateral Cooperative Research Programme “Coastal Marine Science” Melaka, 19 – 20 May 2008. Spatial Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Different Soft Tissues of Green Mussels ( Perna viridis ) from Tebrau Straits, Peninsular Malaysia - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Spatial Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Different Soft Tissues of
Green Mussels (Perna viridis) from Tebrau Straits, Peninsular Malaysia
Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria, Ph.DChe Abd. Rahim Mohamed, Ph.D
andAzadeh Shahbazi
Environmental Forensics LaboratoryFaculty of Environmental Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Spatial Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Different Soft Tissues of
Green Mussels (Perna viridis) from Tebrau Straits, Peninsular Malaysia
Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria, Ph.DChe Abd. Rahim Mohamed, Ph.D
andAzadeh Shahbazi
Environmental Forensics LaboratoryFaculty of Environmental Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
JSPS Multilateral Cooperative Research Programme “Coastal Marine Science”Melaka, 19 – 20 May 2008
MUSSEL (e.g.mytilus edulis)
Organic micropollutants
e.g. HydrocarbonsPCBsPesticides
Heavy Metals
Uptake
Accumulation
Mussel Watch Monitoring methodology of coastal pollution using bivalves as sentinel organism
WharfWall
Coastal Water
Buoy
Biomonitoring of Pollutants using Mussels
History of International Mussel Watch
1970s Mussel Watch concept was proposedby Professor Edward Goldberg of Scrips Institution of Oceanography.
1980s - national and regional mussel watch programsin European and North American countries.
1983 First meeting on The International Mussel Watch Project (Hawaii)
1991 -1993 Initial Phase program in South and Central America.under the auspices of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission,and the UNEP Ocean and Coastal Areas Program Efforts
1997 - Second Phase program: Asian Mussel Watchsupported by Ministry Education of Japan, Grant-in Aid for International Scientific Research Program
・ Cosmopolitan and widely distributed throughout the world. ・ Sedentary and better representative of the study area than mobile
species. ・ Mussels accumulate contaminants by factors of 102 - 105 compared
to seawater in their habitat. ・ High tolerance to pollution. ・ low or undetectable activity of enzyme systems
that metabolize many xenobiotics. ・ Stable local populations. ・ Reasonable size for analysis. ・ Commercially valuable seafood species
on a worldwide basis.
Advantages of Using Mussels as Sentinel Organisms
Sampling Locations
No Location Sampling dateShell length
(mm)(min-max)
Latitude(0N)
Longitude(0E)
Site description
Kg.Pasir Puteh-1 10050748-65
55±0.4801°29.108’ 103°49.003’ Industries, shipping, and urban runoff
Kg.Pasir Puteh-2 10050750-65
56.1±0.4101°29.108’ 103°49.003’ Industries, shipping, and urban run off
Kg. Pasir Puteh
JOHOR BHARU
Singapore
Alkylphenols
Mussel Tissue (wet)
Homogenize
Polytron ExtractionDCM with sodium sulfate anhydrous
Silica gel column chromatography5%H2O deactivated
Fully activated silica gel column chromatography
Hexane
(Sigma, SIL-A-200 , 0.46 cm i.d. x 18cm)
6 ml
25% DCM inHexane
40% DCM in Hexane
Hydrocarbons Wax esters
Alkylphenol-monoethoxylates
Alkylbenzenes (LABs & TABs)&
PCBs, DDE
AlkanesHopanes
44 ml
25% DCM inHexane
8 ml
Analytical Procedure of Organic Pollutants and Molecular Markers in Mussel Samples
65% DCMin Hexane
80%DCMin Hexane
PAHsDDT, DDD
Phthalates
100% DCM 30%Acetone inDCM
Phthalates Bisphenol A17-EstradiolEstrone
TMS derivatizarion
Activated carbon column
Coplanar PCBs
PAHs fingerprinting in different tissues of green mussels (P.viridis)
Kg.Pasir Puteh 1(Heavy Shipping Traffic)
Tissues LMW/HMW MP/P Fluo/Py Phen/AnthMantle 1.71 1.45 0.47 1.89
Gill 2.06 1.70 0.42 2.91
Foot 0.87 1.50 0.39 4.77
Gonad 2.04 1.10 0.44 2.31
Muscle 2.83 1.15 0.58 4.19
Remainder 1.43 1.09 0.39 2.06
Byssus 1.43 1.09 0.39 2.06
Shell 7..38 0.93 0.40 3.40<1>1
Zakaria et al., 2002
<0.5>1
Zakaria et al., 2002
<1>1
Budzinski(1997)
<10>25
Scolo(1986)
Total PAHs in different Soft tissues and hard tissues of P.viridis
PAHs fingerprinting in different tissues of green mussels (P.viridis)
Kg.Pasir puteh (near restaurant)
Tissues LMW/HMW MP/P Fluo/Py Phen/AnthMantle 1.85 1.23 0.43 2.42
Gill 3.25 2.24 0.40 4.29
Foot 4.6 1.52 0.37 6.46
Gonad 3.49 1.18 0.43 3.00
Muscle 7.23 1.18 0.62 6.13
Remainder 2.22 1.18 0.52 2.25
Byssus 1.40 1.04 0.45 6.87
Shell 16.23 1.12 0.62 6.05
<1>1
Zakaria et al., 2002
<0.5>1
Zakaria et al., 2002
<1>1
Budzinski(1997)
<10>25
Scolo(1986)
Relative distribution of LMW PAHs
Diagnostic Ratio using Perylene/penta-aromatic isomers
The concentrations of perylene relative to the penta-aromatic isomers were calculated for the tissues of mussels collected from coastal waters of Pasir Puteh which characterized by a low abundance of perylene relative to the penta-aromatics.
The concentrations of perylene relative to the penta-aromatic isomers were calculated for the tissues of mussels collected from coastal waters of Pasir Puteh which characterized by a low abundance of perylene relative to the penta-aromatics.
Therefore it can be concluded that low abundance of perylene indicating a probable pyrogenic origin in different tissues
Therefore it can be concluded that low abundance of perylene indicating a probable pyrogenic origin in different tissues
Conclusions
• PAHs concentrations in the different soft tissues of p. viridis were accumulated mainly in the lipids
• Gonad and gills of p. viridis as biomonitors of bioavailability and contamination of PAHs in semi-enclosed waters and bays
• The ratios of methylphenanthrenes to phenanthrene and perylene to penta-aromatic ratios indicate that Tebrau Straits suffer widespread input of petrogenic PAHs along Tebrau Straits.
Acknowledgments
Funding for this study has been partially provided by
MOSTI through Science Fund Project # 040004-SF0681. Several graduate students are kindly
acknowledged for their kind assistance.