JSD Guide to Good Practice Rev 0

8/12/2019 JSD Guide to Good Practice Rev 0

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Best Practice Structural Engineering Draft: May 2013

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JOINT STRUCTURAL DIVISION OFTHE SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND

THE INSTITUTION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS

GUIDE TO GOOD PRACTICE FOR STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

PREAMBLE

A Draft Code of Practice for Structural Engineering, a discipline within Civil Engineering, has been onthe table at the Engineering Council of South Africa for a number of years now. It does not appear asif it will make its appearance soon.

The JSD believes that there is much valuable information in this document that needs to bepublished as a matter of urgency. Accordingly, this Guide to Good Practice draws upon the materialcontained in the Draft Code prepared by the ECSA committee, chaired by Rob Young of the JSD,comprising representatives not only from ECSA but also from the consulting professions, clientbodies and academic bodies.

Part 1 of this document classifies Structural Engineering in terms of its complexity and suggests thecategory of registration and the level of competence required for the execution of various types ofstructures.

Part 2 of this document sets out recommendations for the Practice of Structural Engineering Work.


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GUIDE TO GOOD PRACTICE FOR STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

CONTENTS:

PART 1: BACKGROUND AND COMPETENCIES

PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION 31.1 Scope 31.2 Definitions 3

2. ETHICS 4

3. WHAT IS THE WORK THAT A STRUCTURAL ENGINEER DOES? 5

4. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING COMPETENCIES 64.1 Competence Levels 7

PART 2: GUIDANCE TO GOOD STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

5. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE 85.1 Client Requirements 85.2 Site Requirements 85.3 Design Requirements 85.4 Design Calculations 9

5.4.1 General 95.4.2 Information shown on sheets 95.4.3 Headings 95.4.4 Analysis 105.4.5 Calculations record 105.4.6 References 105.4.7 Terminology, units and symbols 105.4.8 Conclusion 11

5.5 Connection details and fabrication drawings 115.6 Materials of construction 115.7 Tests required for design purposes 115.8 Checking and reviewing of calculations 115.9 Construction drawings 125.10 Preservation and record of design 125.11 Change control 13

6. CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS 136.1 Compliance with Design 136.2 Quality Control 136.3 Certification of completed structure 13

7. MAINTENANCE INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS 147.1 Define the requirements 147.2 Safety Critical Findings 14

7.2.1 General 147.2.2 Report of finds 14

8. FURTHER REFERENCES 14

Annexure A: Suggested minimum competence levels to undertake categories

of structural work 15

Annexure B: Extracts from the OHS construction regulations 16


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PART 1: BACKGROUND AND COMPETENCIES

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Scope

This document provides:

a) guidance on acceptable practice in the field of Structural Engineering; and

b) classification of Structural Engineering Work according to the complexity of thestructure, nature of the environment, the design methods employed, the risksinvolved and the consequences of failure.

c) It suggests the level of competence required for the performance of StructuralEngineering Work of varying complexity and sets ethical and technical standardsfor the execution of Structural Engineering Work.

1.2 Definitions

1.2.1 In this document, any word or expression has the following meaning, unless thecontext otherwise dictates:

actions an assembly of concentrated or distributedmechanical forces acting (see loads below) on astructure or the cause of deformations imposed onthe structure or constrained in it;

client the person who makes use of the services of a

structural engineering practitioner;

load value of force corresponding to an action;

r isk means the effect of uncertainty on the objectives of adesign and is expressed in terms of a combination ofthe consequences of an event and the likelihood ofoccurrence;

structural engineering structural engineering is the science and art ofdesigning and constructing, with economy andelegance , buildings, bridges and frameworks and

other similar structures so that they can safely resistthe actions to which they may be subjected;

structural engineer means a Professional Engineer registered in termsof 18 (1) (a) (i) of the Act who has experiencespecifically in Structural Engineering;

structural engineering means a Professional Engineering Technologisttechnologist registered in terms of 18 (1) (a) (ii) of the Act who

has experience specifically in Structural Engineering;

structural engineering means a Professional Engineering Technician

technician registered in terms of 18 (1) (a) (iv) of the Act whohas experience specifically in Structural Engineering;


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2. ETHICS

Structural Engineering practitioners should in addition to observing all applicable legislationand statutes:

a) take reasonable care to ensure the quality and safety of all structural engineering work

entrusted to them and adopt a balanced, disciplined and comprehensive approach toproblem solving;

b) take into account the hazards relating to any subsequent maintenance of the relevantstructure and make provision in the design for that work to be performed in a mannerthat minimises the associated risk;

c) recognize that the lives and safety of people are dependent upon engineeringjudgments, decisions and practices incorporated into structures;

d) not accept anything in cash or in kind which prejudices independent and impartialjudgment and declare to their clients or employers any interest which may influence

professional judgment;

e) not misrepresent their areas or levels of experience and responsibility;

f) not agree to or comply with any instructions requiring dishonest action or the disregardof established norms of safety or levels of risk in design and construction;

g) take reasonable steps to minimise the risk of the loss of life, injury or suffering whichmay result from their work or the effects of their work and to point out the level andsignificance of risk associated with their work to those affected;

h) ensure, where their structural engineering judgment is ignored or rejected, that their

clients or employers are informed of the possible consequences; and

i) report to the appropriate organisation or authority any situation of which they becameaware where a structure or structural system places the safety of the public at risk.


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3. WHAT WORK DOES A STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PRACTITIONER PERFORM?

With reference to Table 1, for the purposes of this document, structural engineering work isclassified as work which involves in its execution one or more characteristics listed in point 1,falls within the typesof worklisted in point 2, and requires for its performance any of anumber of functionsin point 3.

TABL E 1: STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING WORK

1. Characteristics

Theoretical experimental investigation and solving of problems;

Analysis and design solutions to meet specific objectives;

Application of knowledge and engineering technology, based on mathematics, basicsciences, information technology as well as specialist and contextual knowledge;

Management of engineering works;

Addressing the safety, environmental consequences and other impacts of engineeringwork;

Exercising judgment and taking responsibility for engineering work.

2. Types of work

Bridges and Building frames;

Building basement foundations;

Iconic public structures, general industrial structures and special industrial structures;

Tunnel supporting structures and marine structures;

Liquid and material containing structures and mining structures;

Lifting structures, operations and refurbishment of structures;

Structural engineering opinions;

Temporary structures and dam structures;

Any structures that could be construed to be a structure in terms of the definitioncontained in the Construction Regulations issued in terms of the Occupational Health and

Safety Act of 1993 (GNR.1010 of 2003).

3. Functions

Feasibility and conceptual studies;

Project definition and planning;

Advising, reporting and auditing;

Analysis and design;

Specifying and performing tests, research and development;

Application of the results of testing, research and development;

Preparation of tender and / or working drawings;

Provision of information for the design of services;

Preparation of specifications and schedule of quantities; Cost estimates, capital and life cycle costs, financial implications and works programmes;

Draft tender documentation and tender strategies;

Advise on contractors and calling for tenders;

Procurement and tender adjudication;

Contract administration, coordination and construction monitoring;

Management of safety risk and maintenance of structures;

Communication of the impacts and outcomes;

Education, training and mentoring of engineering personnel.


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4. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING COMPETENCIES

Structural engineering practitioners, depending on the tertiary education, training andexperience, category of registration and recognition by the profession, function at one of fourdistinct levels as indicated in Table 1. The level of practitioner assuming responsibility for thedesign of a structure is linked to the category of risk as defined in Table 2.

Table 1: COMPETENCE LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

Level Designation Typical characteristic of the practitioner: Risk associatedwith work done

1 Candidate Practitioner has a tertiary education qualification incivil engineering and works under supervision andcontrol from an appropriately registered person.

Low risk

2 Registeredprofessional incivil engineering

Practitioner is registered with the EngineeringCouncil of South Africa as a Professional Engineeror Professional Engineering Technologist or

Professional Engineering Technician in the civilengineering discipline.

Low to Mediumrisk

3 Structuralengineeringprofessional

Practitioner, apart from being registered with theEngineering Council of South Africa as aProfessional Engineer or Professional EngineeringTechnologist in the civil engineering discipline, hasdeveloped structural engineering competenciesrelating to the design of structures and has had hiscompetencies recognized by his or her peers.

Medium to Highrisk

4 Structuralengineeringexpert

Practitioner is a structural engineering professionalwho has developed specialist skills in aspects ofstructural engineering practice or knowledge in

specialized field of structural engineering.

High Risk

Table 2: CATEGORIES OF RISK

Category ofstructure

Level ofrisk

Illustrative nature of structural engineering work

1 Low Simple structures with low structural safety and serviceabilityperformance requirements where the analysis require a simpleapplication of design rules or direct interpretation of referenceguidelines.

2 Medium Structures with moderate to challenging structural safety andserviceability performance requirements where the design approachinvolves either a process of:

reasoning and calculation based on the application of standardsor;

reasoning, calculation and consideration of accepted analyticalprinciples, based on a combination of deductions from availableinformation, research and data, appropriate testing and serviceexperience.

3 High Structures with challenging structural safety and serviceabilityperformance requirements that require specialist skills, recognizedexpertise or knowledge beyond that required for category 2 structures.


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4.1 Competence Levels

Figure 1 below indicates the levels of competence required for structural engineeringpractitioners and a career path to achieving these levels (see also Annexure A):

It is accepted that due to the varying nature of a structural engineering service, rigid boundaries are notapplicable, but the experienced structural engineering practitioner would recognize the appropriatecompetence level required.

Secondary education

Education

Registration

Recognition

Candidate

Registeredprofessional in civil

engineering

Register asProfessionalEngineeringTechnician

(Pr Techni Eng)

National diploma in

civil engineeringobtained from a

University ofTechnology

Register as candidateengineeringtechnician

Degree in civilengineering from a

university of

technology(BTech(Eng)

Register as candidateengineeringtechnologist

Register ascandidate engineer

Degree in civilengineering

(BEng/BSc(Eng))

At least 5 years ofexperience in

structuralengineering

Register asProfessional

Engineer(Pr Eng)

Register asProfessionalEngineeringTechnologist(Pr Tech Eng)

At least 5 years ofexperience in

structuralengineering

Member(MIStructE) or

Associate(AIStructE)

of Institution of

StructuralEngineers

Associate Member(AMIStructE) of

Institution ofStructuralEngineers

At least 5 years ofexperience

Level 2

Level 1

Level 3

Fellow ofInstitution ofStructuralEngineers

Level 4

Structuralengineeringprofessional

Structuralengineering expert

Joint StructuralDivision voluntarylist of Structural

EngineeringProfessionals

Member of aprofessional body that

assesses structuralengineering

competence orperson admitted to avoluntary listing of

structural engineeringprofessionals by a

professionalassociation


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PART 2: GUIDANCE TO GOOD STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

5. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

5.1 Client Requirements

The full scope of the client requirements should be agreed and documented. Thedesigner should take steps to determine any special loading or serviceabilityrequirements, the likelihood of future changes in utilization of the structures, or otherfactors that may increase the risk of failure or instability.

5.2 Site Requirements

The designer should ensure that he or she understands the conditions at the intendedsite of the structures, including the seismic zone, foundation conditions, possibleunusual wind conditions, or any other conditions that may require special treatment.

5.3 Design Requirements

The design of structures needs to be performed by, or under the direction, control andsupervision of a structural engineering practitioner who needs to accept legalresponsibility for the design.

A formal risk assessment should be carried out to establish whether abnormal loads orconditions need to be considered in the design. Should the risk assessment indicatethat there is a significant risk of an abnormal loading event or condition occurring, theeffects of such an abnormal loading event or condition need to be taken into account inthe design.

A foundation loading schedule should be prepared for all structures which clearly

indicates the magnitude and direction of all foundation loads for each specific loadcase. The schedule should clearly indicate whether the loads are nominal loads orwhat load factors have been applied. The combinations of the loading cases should bedefined such that the stability of the founding structure can be determined.

The design standards, specifications and related publications used in a design shouldbe agreed with the client and clearly listed in the design calculations.

Computer design software should only be used where it can be shown that the softwarehas been verified by manual calculation, or by comparison with different software.

NOTE 1: In addition to conforming to the requirement of the relevant loading and design codes, allstructural engineering work needs to be carried out:

a) in accordance with the requirements of the Occupational Health and Safety Act (Act No. 85 of 1993)and the Construction Regulations issued in terms of this Act (see Annexure B);

b) in accordance with the Rules for Conduct for registered persons issued in terms of the EngineeringProfession Act, 2000 (Act No 46 of 2000).

NOTE 2: Structural engineering practitioners may be called upon to:

a) certify the structural system of a building or home in terms of the National Building Regulations andBuilding Standards Act 103 of 1977 or the Housing Consumers Protection Measures Act 95 of 1998,respectively; and

b) to report in terms of the Sectional Titles Act 95 of 1986 on the general physical condition of building

with specific reference to any defects in the buildings and the services and facilities relating thereto.


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5.4 Design Calculations

5.4.1 General

Formal calculations should be prepared for all structures. Calculations shouldbe recorded on calculation sheets and be neat, logically set out, short and

descriptive, and easy to follow. Calculations should be documented in such away that they can be fully referenced and traceable.

5.4.2 Information shown on sheets

Calculation sheets should include the following data:

a) Identification of engineer or consultant responsible for structural design.

b) Name of client or owner.

c) Project title.

d) Title of structure or area under consideration.

e) Name of person who carried out the calculations and date undertaken.

f) Name of person who reviewed the calculations and date reviewed.

g) Project number or calculations file number.

h) Calculation sheet number and revision number.

For each structure or structural element, the following information should be

shown on the relevant calculation sheets(s):

a) Identification: Each structure or structural element should be identifiedwith an individual component number corresponding with a drawing orsketch, defining the general arrangement of the structure;

b) Geometry: The geometry of each structure or structural element shouldbe clearly defined by way of a sketch or drawing, included in thecalculations;

c) Loading: Each load and each load combination adopted in the design

should be defined in an unambiguous manner by way of cleardescriptions or sketches. All loading calculations should be shown, andassumed loads should be fully justified. It shall be clearly stated whetherthe indicated loads are nominal loads (unfactored loads) or whether theyare design loads (factored loads).

5.4.3 Headings

A logical system of main headings and sub-headings should be used to define,on each calculation sheet, the particular area of the structure and the particularstructural component(s) under consideration.


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5.4.4 Analysis

For manual analysis, all analysis calculations should be shown together with theresults of the analysis, e.g. bending moment, shear force, torsion or axial loaddiagrams, or value. For computer analysis, the following information should be

shown:

a) software name and version, data file name and location;

b) sketch defining structural computer model, e.g. node numbers, elementnumbers, member releases, etc;

c) summary of all computer input, e.g. load cases and load combinationsconsidered; and

d) summary of computer output analysis results, e.g. bending moment, shearforce torsion or axial load diagrams, or values.

When diagrams or values are shown, it must always be stated whether thesevalues are nominal values (unfactored) or whether they are design values(factored).

5.4.5 Calculations record

If the design is done manually, all relevant manual calculations should beshown. If computer software is used for the design, the relevant printedcomputer output calculations, proving the adequacy of the selected section,should be included with the calculation sheets.

All relevant load effects should be noted in the calculations and the adequacy ofthe selected section to sustain all the relevant load effects should be stated.

5.4.6 References

The following references should be provided in the calculations:

a) reference numbers of all relevant drawings (e.g. suppliers equipmentdrawings, mechanical layout drawings or structural design drawings);

b) design criteria adopted;

c) design document and specifications adopted;

d) any statutory requirements considered; and

e) all assumptions made, e.g. dimensions, types of loads, technicalinformation of equipment to be supported, methods of erection /construction, local conditions that may have an effect on the structure,etc.

5.4.7 Terminology, units and symbols

Terminology used should be consistent with the relevant code of practice orstandard used. The units used should be clearly stated in all calculations. Allsymbols used in the calculations should be consistent with the symbols used inthe particular code of practice or standard being used.


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5.4.8 Conclusion

For each structural element under consideration, a conclusion should always bestated in the calculations. This should be in the form of a fully dimensionedsketch in the case of reinforced concrete, clearly showing the extent and

quantity of reinforcing required, or in the case of structural steel, the timber orother material element, member size and location.

5.5 Connection details and fabrication drawings

In the case of structural steel, timber or other material element design, all memberforces, which are required for the design of end connections of components by thefabricator, should be defined in a suitable format.

All connection design details and fabrication drawings prepared by the fabricationcontractor need to be reviewed by the responsible structural engineering practitioner toensure and confirm that the design has been interpreted correctly and that the intent of

the design is met.

5.6 Materials of construction

The grades of material adopted in the design should be specified on the relevant designdrawings and calculations including steel grades, bolt grades, welding consumables,reinforcing and concrete mixes, timber grades.

5.7 Tests required for design purposes

Any tests required for design purposes (including non-destructive testing whereapplicable) should be stated and communicated to the contractor and or client for

execution. Test results, certificates of material strengths and other relevant data shouldbe filed with the calculations.

5.8 Checking and reviewing of calculations

All structural calculations should be thoroughly checked by the person conducting thedesign. In addition all structural calculations should be reviewed for accuracy by aregistered person.

In the case of more complex structures it is recommended that a third party review beundertaken.

The checker/auditor and / or designer should ensure that the checking/auditing is doneprior to commencement of fabrication/construction.

The checker/auditor should as a minimum check the following (but not be limited to):

a) basic technical data and design of the structure;

b) design documents, standards, statutory requirement and specifications under whichthe structure was designed;

c) the structural materials to be used;

d) the range of tests conducted on structural and other load carrying materials;

e) the range, individual values and combinations of the loads used by the designer inhis/her calculations;

f) the framing and stability of the structure;


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g) the stress levels within the structure;

h) the general arrangement drawings and compatibility thereof to the designcalculations; and

i) any changes or modifications proposed by the client and / or contractor;

If the checker/auditor requires to check the actual outcomes of the design analysis,this should be done by another means than that used by the original designer.

Any changes or modification to the design, proposed by the checker /auditor shouldbe communicated to the designer for design and implementation. The checker /auditor should sign off on the cover sheet of the original design, stating the date,his / her name, contact detail and ECSA registration number.

5.9 Construct ion drawings

Construction drawings should show all information required for construction. Thedesigner should check the final design drawings prior to being issued for construction,

to ensure that the final drawings correspond to the calculations.

Construction drawings should include appropriate information for construction includingwhere appropriate:

a) specification of all drawing referenced materials, including grades, concretemixes, quality and class of fasteners;

b) corrosion protection specification;

c) specified imposed floor load and equipment loads;

d) ground bearing pressure;

e) reinforcement layout and bending schedules; and

f) procedures that influence the stability of the structure during construction.

All designs and design drawings of structures need to be approved by the responsiblestructural engineering practitioner. In addition, the following information should beshown on the design drawings:

a) name of the responsible registered structural engineering practitioner; and

b) name and address of the consulting firm responsible for structural design.

NOTE: Approval of a design means that the design is complete, that the design complies withthe required standards, specifications and legislation in terms of structural strength, stability andserviceability, and that the design is fit for the intended purpose. Approval of a design drawingmeans that the drawing is complete, that the drawing conforms to the design and that thestructural content of the drawing is correct.

5.10 Preservation and record of design

Irrespective of client requirements regarding the retention of design information, alldesign drawings, calculations, computer print-outs, test results, test certificates, etc.

need to be retained in a form easily retrievable for a period not less than that specifiedby the Engineering Council of South Africa or relevant legislation. Data should bestored electronically in a recognized international format.


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5.11 Change control

The designer needs to implement a system to ensure that all changes arecommunicated to all relevant parties in good time.

6. CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

6.1 Compliance with design

The designer needs to take whatever steps are necessary to ensure that the structuresconstructed on site comply with the design.

6.2 Quality control

The designer should ensure that quality control is instituted on site to ensure that thestructures are built in accordance with the design. This quality control is not limited tothe actual construction site only, but shall also include any fabrication facility.

Should the designer not be satisfied with the arrangements regarding quality controlinstituted on site he or she should raise this with the construction contractor. Shouldthe quality control on site remain unsatisfactory, giving inadequate demonstration thatthe structure is built in accordance with the design, the designer should not sign off onthe structure.

It is recommended that a quality control plan (QCP) be instituted by the contractor,approved by the designer, which provides for not only conforming to all therequirements of the drawings but also to the requirements of the codes and or relevantspecifications that the contractor is expected to satisfy. The steps should be signed offby the contractor as having been correctly completed and overviewed by the engineer

for important issues.

6.3 Certif ication of completed struc ture

The designer, if satisfied that the structures have been constructed in accordance withthe requirements of the design, should certify that the structures have been properlyconstructed.


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7. MAINTENANCE INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS

7.1 Define the requirements

The full scope of the client requirements should be defined and clarified. Typicalrequirements may include:

a) re-certification of the structures inspected, requiring a full design check on theexisting structures in addition to the inspection;

b) visual inspections requiring the use of various non-destructive testing procedures;

c) stability of structures covering load cases where equipment is either operatingnormally or idle, or storage structures are either empty or full; and

d) a specific inspection of damage due to an accidental or natural event.

NOTE: The Construction Regulations issued in terms of the Occupational and Safety Act place

an obligation on all owners to ensure that structures are safe for use and are inspected annually

7.2 Safety Critical Findings

7.2.1 General

The client should immediately be notified of any structural condition that isobserved which may compromise the safety of persons using the structure.

7.2.2 Report of f indings

All findings should be:

a) reported to the client promptly in an agreed time frame;

b) reported specifically and systematically, in such a manner that the clientclearly understands the condition of the structures inspected;

c) accompanied by recommended actions; and

d) prioritized in terms of how soon the recommended actions must becompleted.

8. FURTHER REFERENCES

8.1 Engineering Profession Act of 2000 (Act 46 of 2000)

8.2 Rules of Conduct for Registered Persons Engineering Profession Act, 2000Government Gazette No. 28605 17 March 2006.

8.3 Engaging Structural Engineers a Guide for Clients, The Institution of StructuralEngineers Ref BETG 07/02

8.4 Code of Conduct and Guidance Notes,The Institution of Structural Engineers December 2004

8.5 Watermeyer, RB. (2009) towards a minimum standard for structural engineering work.The Structural Engineer, 87 (19) 6 October, p.p 12, 14, 16


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* Including static structures associated with bulk materials handling, such as belt conveyor gantries, stockpile structures and storagebins and silos, and plant structures with vibration loading such as screening plants, crusher plants and sorting plants.

** Including mobile equipment structures associated with bulk materials handling, such as travelling stackers and re-claimers and shiploaders.

ANNEXURE A

Suggested minimum competence levels to undertake categories of structural work

TYPE CLASSIFICATION COMPETENCE LEVEL

CATEGORY 1 2 3 4

BRIDGES 3

2

1

BUILDING 3

FRAMES 2

1

BUILDING 3

BASEMENT 2

FOUNDATIONS 1

ICONIC 3

PUBLIC 2

STRUCTURES 1

GENERAL 3

INDUSTRIAL 2

STRUCTURES * 1 SPECIAL 3

INDUSTRIAL 2

STRUCTURES ** 1 TUNNEL 3

SUPPORTING 2

STRUCTURES 1

MARINE 3

STRUCTURES 2

1

LIQUID & MATERIAL 3

CONTAINING 2

STRUCTURES 1

MINING 3

STRUCTURES 2

1

LIFTING 3

STRUCTURES AND 2

OPERATIONS 1

REFURBISHMENT 3

OF STRUCTURES 2

1

STRUCTURAL 3

ENGINEERING 2

OPINIONS 1

TEMPORARY 3

STRUCTURES 2

1

DAM 3

STRUCTURES 2

1


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ANNEXURE B

Extracts from the OHS Act construction regulations

9. Structures.

(1) A contractor shall ensure that(a) all reasonably practicable steps are taken to prevent the uncontrolled collapse of

any new or existing structure or any part thereof, which may become unstable oris in a temporary state of weakness or instability due to the carrying out ofconstruction work; and

(b) no structure or part of a structure is loaded in a manner which would render itunsafe.

(2) The designer of a structure shall

(a) before the contract is put out to tender, make available to the client all relevantinformation about the design of the relevant structure that may affect the pricing

of the construction work;(b) inform the contractor in writing of any known or anticipated dangers or hazards

relating to the construction work, and make available all relevant informationrequired for the safe execution of the work upon being designed or when thedesign is subsequently altered;

(c) subject to the provisions of paragraph (a) and (b) ensure that the followinginformation is included in a report and made available to the contractor

(i) a geo-science technical report where appropriate;

(ii) the loading the structure is designed to withstand; and

(iii) the methods and sequence of construction process;

(d) not include anything in the design of the structure necessitating the use ofdangerous procedures or materials hazardous to the health and safety ofpersons, which could be avoided by modifying the design or by substitutingmaterials;

(e) take into account the hazards relating to any subsequent maintenance of therelevant structure and should make provision in the design for that work to beperformed to minimize the risk;

(f) carry out sufficient inspections at appropriate times of the construction workinvolving the design of the relevant structure in order to ensure compliance withthe design and a record of those inspections is to be kept on site;

(g) stop any contractor from executing any construction work which is not inaccordance with the relevant design;

(h) conduct a final inspection of the completed structure prior to its commissioningto render it safe for commissioning and issue a completion certificate to thecontractor; and

(i) ensure that during commissioning, cognisance is taken of ergonomic designprinciples in order to minimize ergonomic related hazards in all phases of the lifecycle of a structure.

(3) A contractor shall ensure that all drawings pertaining to the design of the relevantstructure are kept on site and are available on request by an inspector, contractors,client, clients agent or employee.

(4) Any owner of a structure shall ensure that inspections of that structure uponcompletion are carried out periodically by competent persons in order to render the


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structure safe for continued use: Provided that the inspections are carried out at leastonce every six months for the first two years and thereafter yearly and records of suchinspections are kept and made available to an inspector upon request.

(5) Any owner of a structure shall ensure that the structure upon completion is maintainedin such a manner that the structure remains safe for continued use and suchmaintenance records shall be kept and made available to an inspector upon request.

10. Formwork and support work.

A contractor shall ensure that

(a) all formwork and support work operations are carried out under the supervision of acompetent person who has been appointed in writing for that purpose;

(b) all formwork and support work structures are adequately designed, erected,supported, braced and maintained so that they will be capable of supporting allanticipated vertical and lateral loads that may be applied to them and also that noloads are imposed onto the structure that the structure is not designed to withstand;

(c) the designs of formwork and support work structures are done with close reference to

the structural design drawings and where any uncertainty exists, the structuraldesigner should be consulted;

(d) all drawings pertaining to the design of formwork or support work structures are kepton the site and are available on request by an inspector, contractor, client, clientsagent or employee;

(e) all equipment used in the formwork or support work structure are carefully examinedand checked for suitability by a competent person, before being used;

(f) all formwork and support work structures are inspected by a competent personimmediately before, during and after the placement of concrete or any other imposedload and thereafter on a daily basis until the formwork and support work structure has

been removed and the results have been recorded in a register and made available onsite;

(g) if, after erection, any formwork and support work structure is found to be damaged orweakened to such a degree that its integrity is affected, it shall be safely removed orreinforced immediately;

(h) adequate precautionary measures are taken in order to

(i) secure any deck panels against displacement; and

(ii) prevent any person from slipping on support work or formwork due to theapplication of formwork or support work release agents;

(i) as far as is reasonably practicable, the health of any person is not affected through the

use of solvents or oils or any other similar substances;

(j) upon casting concrete, the support work or formwork structure should be left in placeuntil the concrete has acquired sufficient strength to support safely, not only its ownweight, but also any imposed loads and not removed until authorisation has beengiven by the competent person contemplated in paragraph (a);

(k) provision is made for safe access by means of secured ladders or staircases for allwork to be carried out above the foundation bearing level;

(l) all employees required to erect, move or dismantle formwork and support workstructures are provided with adequate training and instruction to perform theseoperations safely; and

(m) the foundation conditions are suitable to withstand the weight caused by the formworkand support work structure and any imposed loads such that the formwork andsupport work structure is stable.

Documents

JSD Guide to Good Practice Rev 0