JRC small sources program first results Boštjan Paradiž jrc.cec.eut

Dioxin emissions in CC: Bratislava 1-2.2.20041

JRC small sources programfirst results

Boštjan Paradižhttp://www.jrc.cec.eu.int


Dioxin emission factors for res. coal combustion

0

50

100

150

200

250

μg

TE

Q d

iox

in /

ton

co

al

from national inventories & measurment campagins results in EU and CC

EU inventory UNEP POPs global default

low

high


Activity data on coal&wood combustion

BG CZ EE HU LT LV PL RO SI SK CC* EU**

coal [GJ / capita] 4.3 5.1 1.9 3.7 2.4 1.0 20.3 0.5 1.4 4.6 9.1 0.9

wood [GJ / capita] 4.2 5.6 18.3 5.1 5.9 15.4 3.3 8.6 7.6 4.1 5.6 1.9

share of flats without central heating [%]

81 3 34 44 8 30 33 60 14 8 38 23

CC: 10 times higher coal and 3 times higher wood per capita consumption in residential sector than EU

Source: Energy Consumption in households, EUROSTAT, 1999 (data from 1995 (EU) and 1996 (CC)


EU vs. CC sectorial emissions: residential sector might be dominant in CC

Range Snap activity EU 2000 emission

share [%]

CC activity

relative to EU

CC emissions relative to

EU

1 0202 Residential combustion - wood 21 + 0+ 2 030301 Sinter plants 12 - 0+ 3 090201 Municipal waste incineration - MWI 11 - - - 4 090201 Hospital waste incineration 9 5 1201 Fires 8 0 0+ 6 0202 Residential combustion - coal 8 + + ++ 7 040309 Preservation of wood 8 8 090201 Municipal waste burning- illegal 4 + + 9 090201 Hazardous waste incineration- HWI 4 - 0+

10 040207 Electric furnace steel plants 3 - 11 0701 Road transport 2 - 0 12 0301 Combustion in industry 2 0 0 13 040309 Non ferrous metal foundries 2 14 01 Power plants 2 0 + 15 030310 Secondary aluminum production 2 16 030326 Metal reclamation from cables 1 0 ++

LUA - EU Dioxin Inventory Stage II data + estimations

very rough preliminary estimation


JRC small sources program

• Acknowledged importance of the small combustion sources by DG-ENV: – coal combustion in residential sector – the highest research

priority attributed within Dioxin strategy – small sources study just started within the context of CAFE

• JRC small sources program:– JRC small sources facility- direct emission measurement– indirect emission assessment from ambient air

concentrations


JRC small sources facility

Objectives: • to determine parameters influencing the dioxin formation in

solid fuels fired residential heating appliances• to asses possible reduction measures • to derive emission factors for dioxins, PAHs and size

fractionized PM emissions

• First combustion experiments already started


Indirect emission assessment

Why alternative approach

• Difficulties in determination of emission factor based on emission measurements– Experimental problems– Representative sample of appliances– Representative operational conditions

• Uncertain activity data– Waste co-incinerated

• Due to important contribution independent method should be used to verify conventional approach


• The highest dioxin ambient air levels recorded among Austrian urban agglomerations

• No significant industrial sources present • Coal widely utilized in residential sector in early 90s• Coal combustion in residential sector accounted for 90 % of total

SO2 emissions

• Ideal for simplified coal combustion EF estimation based on SO2 marker approach

Graz, Austria case study


Graz (Austria) – winter 1992/93

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

DIOX CONC [fg TEQ/m3]

SO

2 C

ON

C [

mg

/m3]

Graz sud

Graz mitte

Graz ost

Assessment dioxin emission factor for coal combustion in residential sector: range 100-200 μg/ton of coal good agreement with A-UBA emission measurement data

source of the data:

G. Thanner, W. Moche: Dioxine in der Luft von Ballungsraumen, Monographien Bd.76, A-UBA, 1996


Krakow, Poland case study

• Dioxin concentration in excess of 5 pg TEQ-m3 during winter (Grochowalski)

• Significant share of households using coal• But industrial sources (steelwork)

• Application of the CALPUFF dispersion model in cooperation with Malopolski Inspectorate of Environment Protection


Krakow, Poland preliminary results

Dispersion modeling of dioxin emission from the steelwork site #5 air monitoring network

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.1402

.12.

01

02.1

2.02

02.1

2.03

02.1

2.04

02.1

2.05

02.1

2.06

02.1

2.07

02.1

2.08

02.1

2.09

02.1

2.10

02.1

2.11

02.1

2.12

02.1

2.13

02.1

2.14

02.1

2.15

02.1

2.16

02.1

2.17

02.1

2.18

02.1

2.19

02.1

2.20

02.1

2.21

02.1

2.22

02.1

2.23

02.1

2.24

02.1

2.25

02.1

2.26

02.1

2.27

02.1

2.28

02.1

2.29

02.1

2.30

02.1

2.31

December 2002

[pg

/m3

TE

Q]

#5 sinter plant "low"emis.#5 sinter plant emis.

#5 converters emis

#5 coke plant emis.

Industrial sources could not cause measured extreme levels

Conservative emission assesment


Krakow, Poland preliminary results

• Dioxin emission inventory compiled for residential combustion of coal; EF stoves 100 μgTEQ/ton, boilers 10 μgTEQ/ton

• CALPUFF dispersion modeling

• Krakow sumer: two orders of magnitude lower than winter

measured modeled

pg TEQ/m3 pg TEQ/m3

20.12.2002 1.77 0.93

25.12.2002 0.73 1.16


Zakopane, Poland preliminary results

• Small mountain town (20.000 inhabitants)• Solid fuel combustion prevails in residential sector• Virtualy no industry• Measurments of dioxins in the air winter 2002:

4.1, 3.7 pg TEQ/m3 more than measured in Krakow

Another indication of small sources importance


From toxic emissions to exposure and health effects integrated measurement&modeling case study in Krakow , PO

Targeted pollutants: PM and PM associated (PAHs, dioxins,..)Targeted sources: residential heating, traffic

Workpackages:– Emission Measurements– Emission inventory and synthetic emission scenarios– Outdoor and indoor air quality levels and human exposure measurement

campaign– Dispersion modelling– Source apportionment– Health effects assessment– Emission reduction cost and health effects related external costs

assessment

Documents

JRC small sources program first results Boštjan Paradiž jrc.cec.eut