The 7th Three Associations Meeting

JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association

March 11, 2013 Seoul, Korea

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Contents 1. Statistics – Domestic Shipments

2. Next Generation Refrigerants

3. HVAC&R Japan

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Statistics – Domestic Shipments

Transition of yearly shipments

Inverter

Transition of yearly shipments Residential Air Conditioners

Transition of yearly shipment Commercial Air Conditioner

Inverter

Transition of yearly shipment Residential heatpump water heater

Transition of yearly shipment Commercial Refrigerator Air Conditioner

Transition of yearly shipment Gas-engine driven Heatpump Air Conditioner

Transition of yearly shipment Centrifugal Chiller

Transition of yearly shipment Absorption Chiller

World Total in 2011 : 91,593,000

Residential air conditioners : 7kW or below in principle, including residential multi-split type over 7kW Commercial air conditioners : over 7kW in principle, including VRF and unitary type 11

Next Generation Refrigerants

Current Situation & Updated Information

EQUIPMENT

Energy Saving ・Emission control on a CO2 basis

REFRIGERANTS

Direct Emission control

· Recovery activities

· Introduction of refrigerant management scheme

· Leakage reduction in use

ALTERNATE REFRIGERANTS

Switch to new refrigerants

· Research and investigation of low GWP refrigerants

· Application of other refrigerants

JRAIA’s Policy and Activities for Global Warming Prevention

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Three Principles

GWP(100-year value）

～ ～

0.08 0.06 0.04

0.02

0.001

1

0.1

0.01

ODP

0.006

0

10 10５ 1000 100 1 10４ ２ ４ ６ ８

270 １ １ CO2

29 13.8 4.9 1.4

R32

R134a

R152a R23

４５ １００

ー

CFC502

CFC11 CFC1２

12

HCFC123

HCFC22 1.3

260 260

260

R125

R410A R404A

R407C

Figures in circle mean lifetime (year)

0.02

R1234ze

ODP and GWP of representative fluorocarbons

0.03

R1234yf

14

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Bur

ning

Vel

ocity

(cm

/sec

.)

R290 (39)

R717 (7.2)

R152a (23)

R1234yf (1.5) R32 (6.7) HCFCR22 (0) R410A (0)

2L (moderate flammability borderline)

➢Figures in parentheses mean burning velocity. ➢Burning velocity zero means no flammability and equals to grade [A1]

GWP

１

１

Burning velocity and GWP of representative fluorocarbons

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16

R22 R32

Figures of molecular structure Candidate elements H C N O F

The Periodic Law

Excluded elements ・ Solid elements such as the metal ・ Toxic element ・ The element which is hard to become the liquid ・ Rare elements

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Assumptions for calculation : CO2Emission factor 0.425[CO2-kg/kWh], Product lifetime 12years, Operating hours 9hrs/Day、 Refrigerant leak rate during operation 2％/year, Refrigerant recovery rate at end of life 30%

4101

3646

3217

3860

4687

3281

3860

98

178

0

702

501

1883

1345

36

25.2

13.2

0.25

23

32.2

0

1

1

1

2

3

263

478

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

1234yf （但し熱交大型化）(1.2kg)

1234yf＋R32 （混合比50：50）(1.2kg)

R32(1.1kg)

R290（ﾌﾟﾛﾊﾟﾝ；Secondly）(0.5kg)

CO2(1.05kg)

R410A（高効率）(1.4kg)

R410A（標準）(1kg)

①冷媒 製造工程 ②運転電力 （12年分） ③使用中の漏洩 （12年分） ④廃棄時 放出分

R410A (normal) (1kg)

R410A (high efficiency) (1.4kg)

CO2 (1.05kg)

R290 (propane: Secondly) (0.5kg)

R32 (1.1kg)

R1234yf+R32 (mixture ratio 50:50) (1.2kg)

R1234yf (on condition that larger heat exchanger is equipped) (1.2kg)

Refrigerant production process Power for operation (for 12 years)

Leakage in operation (for 12 years) Emission at end of life

LCCP： Life Cycle Climate Performance

Need of refrigerant management

Comparison of LCCP by refrigerants (RAC4kW)

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18

RAC 4.0kw 冷房運転電力費

167

132

97

133

143

100

115

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

1234yf （但し熱交大型化）(1.2kg)

1234yf＋R32 （混合比50：50）(1.2kg)

R32(1.1kg)

R290（ﾌﾟﾛﾊﾟﾝ；Secondly）(0.5kg)

CO2(1.05kg)

R410A（高効率）(1.4kg)

R410A（標準）(1kg)

Assumptions for calculation : CO2Emission factor 0.425[CO2-kg/kWh], Product lifetime 12years, Operating hours 9hrs/Day Refrigerant leak rate during operation 2％/year, Refrigerant recovery rate at end of life 30%

R410A (normal) (1kg)

R410A (high efficiency) (1.4kg)

CO2 (1.05kg)

R290 (propane: Secondly) (0.5kg)

R32 (1.1kg)

R1234yf+R32 (mixture ratio 50:50) (1.2kg)

R1234yf (on condition that larger heat exchanger is equipped) (1.2kg)

Comparison of Energy Consumption Ratio for Cooling Operation of 4kW Room Air Conditioner by refrigerants

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1. Characteristics of R32 is remarkably superior and its efficiency is very high.

2. Supplying capacity and cost efficiency are also superior.

3. Though GWP of R32 is 675, one-third of R410’s, it is still high compared to R1234yf, R1234yf-MIX and other natural refrigerants.

4. There is a risk of moderate flammability.

5. Temperature of discharge gas is high.

6. Risk assessment of moderate flammability is in progress.

Review of R32

1810 2027

675

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

100 97 70

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1810 1960

472 0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

GWP (4th IPCC report) Charge amount %

R32 is possible to achieve 75% reduction of global warming impact at maximum.

CO2-Kg/Kg Kg/unit ratio CO2-Kg/unit ratio

Refrigerant Refrigeration Effect (kJ/kg)

Required amount %

R22 141.7 96%

R410A 136.7 100%

R32 219.8 62%

Comprehensive Global Warming Impact

Comparison of Global Warming Impact among R22, R410A and R32

1. GIZ (German Technical Collaboration Public Corporation) recommends HC refrigerants mainly to developing countries as the alternate to HCFC. A few activities to recommend HC refrigerants are also seen in Japan. 2. HC is a highly flammable substance. 3. HC is a substance having high risks of explosion and fire accidents. 4. It is extremely dangerous to use HC refrigerants in ordinary air conditioning equipment except certain systems. 5. Accidents caused by HC refrigerants are reported in some countries.

Risk assessment of HC refrigerants

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Combustion Test Results

R290(A3) Propane R152a (A2)

R32 (A2L) 22

Ammonia B2L

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Fire of the supermarket in NZ

Source : Daikin Industry, Ltd.

Explosion accidents caused by HC (Hydrocarbon) refrigerant

Since users are hard to perceive risk of HC refrigerants because of the characteristic, accident occurrence probability increases.

1. Risk of moderate flammability It is reported that its combustibility increases under the condition of high humidity. 2. Big pressure loss Capacity during cooling operation goes down greatly. Shortage of electric power supply during cooling operation would possibly occur. Diameter of interconnecting pipes between the equipment is bigger than the existing type by one to two ranks. 3. Evolution of HF at burning 4. Influence by moisture in the refrigeration circuit 5. Are mixed refrigerants with R32 or R134a required to improve performance ? These mixed refrigerants have higher GWP than R1234yf itself. 6. Economical issues

Risk assessment of R1234yf

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No favorable results of the evaluation for stationary air conditioners (R1234yf is already commercialized for automobile air conditioners.)

Most refrigerants that can be practically used as the alternate are moderate flammable. Other refrigerants such as HC have many problems.

HCFC R22

R410A

R32 HFC

Ammonia (R717) Propane (R290)

Oth

ers

CO2 (R744)

Refrigerant

R407C

R1234yf

Physical properties

ODP GWP Flammability ASHRAE

Toxicity

0.05 1810 Ａ１ Low

0 2090 Ａ１

0 675 Ａ２Ｌ

0 0 Ａ２Ｌ High

0 3 and below Ａ３

0 1 Ａ１

0 1770 Ａ１

0 4 Ａ２Ｌ

R1234yf混合 ？ ？ Ａ２Ｌ

Condensation Pressure

MPa

1.73

2.72

1.78

1.53

10.00

1.86

1.16

？

2.80

Several proposals from refrigerant makers

100

92

97

106

98

41

99

90

Theoretical Efficiency (vs. R22)

For global warming prevention, it seems likely that we cannot help using moderate flammable refrigerants. Harmonization with safety laws is necessary. 25

Next-generation refrigerant candidates and their characteristics

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

・Ideal refrigerants have not been found yet. ・The candidates of the next generation refrigerant have some faults. ・Especially, usable candidates are a little bit flammable. ・For global warming prevention, the industry is driven by the necessity to handle such candidates.

Industry has been so far trying to develop the next generation refrigerants with low GWP to reduce global warming impact by HFC.

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Study of the next-generation refrigerants with low GWP

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EU Commission’s Proposal for a F-Gases Regulation

Products and equipment Date of prohibition

Domestic refrigerators and freezers that contain HFCs containing HFCs with GWP of 150 or more

1 January 2015

Refrigerators and freezers for the storage, display or distribution of products in retail and food service ("commercial use") - hermetically sealed systems

that contain HFCs with GWP of 2500 or more

1 January 2017

that contain HFCs with GWP of 150 or more

1 January 2020

Movable room air-conditioning appliances (hermetically sealed equipment which is movable between rooms by the end user) that contain HFCs with GWP of 150 or more

1 January 2020

Pre-charging of equipment Article 12 From 3 years after entry into force of this regulation, refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat pump equipment, except hermetically sealed equipment, shall not be charged with hydrofluorocarbons before it is placed on the market or before it is made available to the end-user for its first installation. The equipment shall be charged where it is intended to be used, by persons certified.

Control of use Article 11 The use of fluorinated greenhouse gases, or of mixtures that contain fluorinated greenhouse gases, with a global warming potential of 2500 or more, to service or maintain refrigeration equipment with a charge size equivalent to 5 tonnes of CO2 or more, shall be prohibited from 1 January 2020.

Restrictions on the placing on the market Article 9

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CO2 equivalent 5 tons or more but to less than 50 tons

10 tons or more but to less than 50 tons

50 tons or more but to less than 500 tons

500 tons or more

with leakage detection system

at least once every 12 months

at least once every 12 months

at least once every 3 months

without leakage detection system

at least once every 12 months

at least once every 6 months

with leakage detection system

at least once every 12 months

at least once every 12 months

at least once every 3 months

without leakage detection system

at least once every 12 months

at least once every 6 months

Equipment fallen within the scope stationary refrigeration equipment, stationary air-conditioning equipment, stationary heat pumps, refrigerated trucks and refrigerated trailers

Outline of checking for leakage in a F-Gases Regulation proposal

The equipment containing fluorinated greenhouse gases with a global warming potential equivalent to 500 tonnes CO2 or more, is provided with a leakage detection system which alerts the operator of any leakage. The leakage detection systems shall be checked at least once every 12 months to ensure its proper functioning.

Her

met

ical

ly

seal

ed sy

stem

s N

on-h

erm

etic

ally

se

aled

syst

em

Sanden : CO2 Vending Machine

Toyo Engineering Works CO2 & NH3 Secondary Refrigerant Natural Circulation

Refrigeration System

- Natural circulation refrigeration system using CO2／NH3 - No conveying power is needed for carbonic acid gas at the

secondary side.

- Use of non-halocarbon refrigerant (R744：CO2) with GWP of 1

- Heat-pump type cooling and heating system with high energy-efficiency

Product example （C-LTS-220F-WP）

Refrigeration capacity (Kw)

31.7 / 38.0（50/60Hz）

COP 1.63 / 1.61 (50 / 60Hz)

Maekawa Mfg. : Air Refrigeration System (PascalAir)

- PascalAIr is a refrigeration system using air cycles which can create extra-low temperature range (-50 ～-100℃).

- A refrigerant used is air of which ODP and GWP are both zero, so the effect of the system on the environment is zero.

- In the extra-low temperature range (-50～-100℃), a maximum of 50% reduction is possible for energy consumption and CO2 emissions when compared with the conventional vapor-compression type refrigeration system using halocarbon refrigerants.

Panasonic : CO2 Showcase

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Examples of technologies using non-halocarbon refrigerants in refrigeration and A/C equipment

- Use of non-halocarbon refrigerant (R744：CO2) with GWP OF 1

- Practical use in supermarket and convenience stores

- High energy efficiency

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High temp.

Mid. Temp.

Low temp.

Residential A/C R410A ▼ R32etc

Automobile A/C R134a ▼ R1234yf

PAC (shops) R410A,R407C ▼

Multi A/C Bldg. R410A,R407C ▼

Screw, Chiller R410A、R134a ▼ R1234ze/etc

Centrifugal R134a、R123 ▼ R1234ze/etc

R410A ▼ CO2

Home refrigerator R134a ▼ HC

R404A ▼ CO2

Refrigerated warehouse R22 ▼ NH3、NH3/CO2

Ultra-low temp. equipment R22/R23 ▼ ―(Air)

100KW 1KW 10KW 1000KW Capacity

Residential HP water heater

Commercial refrigerated cabinet

Candidates for the next generation refrigerants by applications

▼ CO2

Commercial HP water heater

0℃

(refrigerant management） R32/R1234ｙｆ/etc

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HVAC&R Japan

Heating, Ventilating, Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating EXPO.

HVAC&R JAPAN

Heating, Ventilating, Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating EXPO.

Title Dates Venue Organizer Supported by

Theme

31th HVAC&R JAPAN 2000

22-25 Feb.

Tokyo Big Sight

JRAIA METI MAFF

21st Century Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Technology – Pledged to Save the Environment

32th HVAC&R JAPAN 2002

12-15 Feb.

Tokyo Big Sight

JRAIA METI MAFF

Finding the Balance ; Man and Nature in Symbiosis

33th HVAC&R JAPAN 2004

3-6 Feb.

Tokyo Big Sight

JRAIA METI MAFF

Many hints here

34th HVAC&R JAPAN 2006

7-10 Feb.

Tokyo Big Sight

JRAIA METI MAFF

Finding something here

35th HVAC&R JAPAN 2008

12-15 Feb.

Tokyo Big Sight

JRAIA METI What we can do

36th HVAC&R JAPAN 2010

16-19 Feb.

Tokyo Big Sight

JRAIA METI Technological capabilities of Japan as an advanced country in temperature control

37th HVAC&R JAPAN 2012

14-17 Feb.

Tokyo Big Sight

JRAIA METI Embrace the Power of Temperature, Engage with Temperature Technologies

HVAC&R EXPO dates back to 1956, marking the 37th event in 2012.

METI : Ministry of Economy, Trading and Industry MAFF : Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Visitors

Transition of Visitors and Exhibitors

HVAC & R JAPAN 2014

Looking into the Future of Temperature Technologies

28 – 31 January 2014

Tokyo Big Sight East Exhibition Hall

Thank you for your attention

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