ABUNDANCY

EDITO.

The mass consumption society may have left us with only rare products and scaterred ressources. If that consumption society was the society of scarcity, going away from that period may lead us to abundacy. Only if we create abundancy on our own, setting up noisy «crysis parties», wired to the online open circuits.

If we look carefully, we will see abundancy everywhere around us. Time to look up

and share these goods. Our generation will be one of abundabcy.

TABLE OF CONTENT.

1. INFRARED� 3

2. A FOOD STORY� 8

3. CRYSIS PARTY� 11

4. VIRTUAL NEOTENY� 15

5. DATA ABUNDANCY� 18

6. OPEN CITY� 22

7. PRIVACY ? GO NAKED� 26

8. A HISTORY OF THE SKY� 29

9. HOLY DEATH� 30

10. BACK TO THE FUTURE� 34

CREDITS.� 39

1. INFRARED

Ask Richard Mosse what first fascinated

him about the Congo and he'll give you

a long list. "Joseph Conrad. Tin Tin. The

Rumble in the Jungle. The Belgian

colonial legacy. The beer. The Ebola

virus. A country the size of Western

Europe with less paved roads than

Ireland. The ‘bulletproof' Mai Mai

warriors. A conflict so pathologised

that it is well past the point of human

comprehension."

But it's the latter reason that led the

Irish-born photographer to use Kodak's

Aerochrome film. Discontinued last

year, the film is particularly sensitive to

infra-red light, rather than to the usual

visible spectrum of colours registered

by traditional film. Since foliage reflects

infra-red while buildings don't, the US

Army used it during the Vietnam War to

detect and reveal hidden soldiers. "I

wanted to export this technology to a

harder situation, to up-end the generic

conventions of calcified mass-media

narratives and challenge the way we're

allowed to represent this forgotten

conflict," says Mosse. "I wanted to

confront this military reconnaissance

technology, to use it reflexively in order

to question the ways in which war

photography is constructed."

Mosse was first inspired to use the film

after seeing the work of Florian Maier-

Aichen. "This German artist rejects the

inf luence of the Kunstakademie

Düsseldorf and the Becher school to

embrace a kind of Romantic exploration

of the landscape of the American

West," says Mosse. "I was moved by

the beauty of this work, and wondered

whether he used colour infra-red film to

compose certain images. I'm not sure

whether he actually did, but I got

excited by the technology, which

is considered to be a kind of

photographic taboo – thou shalt

not cross-process; thou shalt not

use colour infra-red film."

While Mosse refuses to reveal where he

got the discontinued film - "I could tell

you but then I'd have to kill you," he

jokes – up until February, a small

company in Germany supplied it in the

120 medium format by cutting it down

from a large roll stock. However, even

that supplier has now run out of the

film, BJP understands. But this setback

hasn't deterred Mosse from his

I was reminded of Guy Debord’s words. The spectacle, he writes, “is the sun which never sets over the empire of modern passivity. It covers the entire surface of the world and bathes endlessly in its own glory.”Aaron Schuman, Aperture Magazine

continued interest in Congo and infra-

red technology. The 30-year-old

photographer plans to go back next

year with cinematographer Trevor

Tweeten, with whom he's worked on

previous projects.

"We plan to shoot IR Red One video.

That involves sending the Red One

camera back to the factory where the

OLPF filter will be removed from the

digital sensor." The result "will be quite

extraordinary and very different to the

old Aerochrome stock," he says. "It will

be a kind of blown-out monochrome

palette. We've actually shot infra-red

before in Iraq, where Trevor repurposed

his Zeiss lens to peer through a US

Army IR goggle eyepiece. The result

was this nightmarish green-and-black

palette, rather like the old DOS

interface for anyone old enough to

Photographic realism has become so inscribed upon twentieth-century depictions of war that we often forget that there were other forms before it: the panorama, the history painting, even 3-D spectroscopic views of the battlefield. In the past, this is how the public understood their wars—as distant sweeping landscapes of enormous scale and detail.Richard Mosse

remember computer screens before

Windows and the Mac Classic."

However, he says, "the IR we will shoot

in Congo will probably look a lot

different, rather like the moment an

atom bomb detonates. The world will

seem shadowless, like a breathless

high-noon desert landscape, yet we'll

be beat ing through the jung le

shadows."

British Journal of PhotographyMarch 25 2010Richard Mosse: La Vie En Roseby Olivier Laurent

2. A FOOD STORY

Like these photos state, in Brasil, the type of meat and the number of pieces hidden witin the rice are a measure of the worker’s wealth. The lunchbox itself does not carry any kind of status, it is nothing more than a box. Only once you open and reveal its content, you’ll be able to read its owner’s social status.

By working at Super-Marmite, I had the opportunity to try and taste quite a few meals, in Paris and Lyon. All the meals ordered on Super-Marmite are take away lunches or dinners, for white colar workers like I am. Some times to times, I did carry my tupperware along with me, but most of the time, the cook offered me one for the road. In any cases, the container never was anything fancy nor trendy. Just practical.

When journalists interviewed me about the reason why cooking had became so popular lately, I remember replying that according to me it was for 2 reasons :

1. Cooking has become part of the health awareness issue, always caring about where the food you eat comes from - it is what organic is all about - and what ingredients are mixed together in your plate.

2. Cooking is one of the easiest way to empower oneself as a self-made-craftman, enjoying making things from A to Z. The knitting trend a few years ago is also about the pleasure of making stuffs yourself.

At the end, even if the journalist from Slate.fr did prefer to write down that the cooking fashion was was based on food as about social and conviviality, a recent TNS Sofres survey highlights the reason why cooking has become so popular : health and making stuff. Bingo! Conviviality ranks third.

If from a cook’s point of view, food is about health and D.I.Y. issue, from a eater’s point of view, food is about discovery and practicality. Instead of homemade meals, Brasilian workers would maybe rather enjoy pre-cooked nicely packaged minute-meals. Like in any consumption society, social status may be enhanced by promoting loved brands. Post-consumption societies end users value their homemade lunchbox they tweet the story about.

The story behind remains what makes food tasty.

3. CRYSIS PARTY

It is sometimes amazing to imagine what youth has to go through. Sociologist say that it is the common events people go through during their youth that shape a « generation ».

In this issuu, I just wanted to highlight the current generation going through a great «Crysis party» compared to the one from the 50’s or the 70’s. Somehow, facing today the urge to imagine a new system makes it different for them than trying to invent a new system in a time of abundancy, back in the 70’s. The society that has push forward the individuality rather bring back today the need of cohesion.

The principle behind remains the same : finding a way to gain autonomy from a larger group. But when consumption made it possible at one time to gain autonomy by yourself,

the youth of the 2000’s is looking into the group autonomy : their fellows, their neighboord, their friends rather than their family of their workmate or even their government.

Looking back at the previous generations, at the tme of the cold war, individuality was praised. Taking life easy. keeping western countries as top leading countries. This is the main reason why the governments were still somehow powerful, Those days are over and it is quite interesting to see a part of the youth trying to find ways to gain autonomy from any governement, western and rising ones.

4. VIRTUAL NEOTENY What is the impact of having two adolescences, one in real life and one online ?

For the human specie, the neoteny describes the fact that the body and the brain aren’t finished in a newborn baby. This particularity makes it weak and dependant of its mother. But at the same time, it appears to be a great opportunity to grow and adapt to the environment better. And in the case of human, to learn culture and gain independancy toward nature. And today, kids grow both offline and online.

If the young generation get sexualized earlier - I mean get sensitive to fashion, genre and to their sexual identity - they get responsible way later. In his book, Philippe Ariès read the children’s condition in the paintings through centuries. His study reveals that kids used to be treated like «little adults» ; dressed like little adults, and taking part in adult discussion since 7 years old. In the 17th century, «teenage last the time of

In the late years of the modern age, childhood has been created, and teenage followed later on. Kids have now a time on their own, a time that stretches through years, during wich they grow their self.

Avant le 18è siècle, l'enfant n'est qu'un adulte en devenir et la forte mortalité empêche une attention maternelle et paternelle trop importante.Dans la société médiévale, que Philippe Ariès prend pour point de départ, le sentiment de l'enfance n'existe pas; cela ne signifie pas que les enfants étaient négligés, abandonnés, ou méprisés. Le sentiment de l'enfance ne se confond pas avec l'affection des enfants: il correspond à une conscience de la particularité enfantine, cette particularité qui distingue essentiellement l'enfant de l'adulte même jeune. Cette conscience n'existait pas. Dès que l'enfant avait franchi cette période de forte mortalité où sa survie était improbable, il se confondait avec les adultes.

Wikipédia about Philippe Ariès

Like in Ben Gile Flickr galery, finding oneself is about copying and pasting models’ behaviours. More recently, Robbie Cooper’s photo serie describes a part of this virtula neoteny, taking place next to the offline neo teny. Th is second l i f e k ind o f environment allow users to try and test more things than in real life.

Apart from these virtual world, even Facebook has become such a place, where users have halves profiles : half real, half manga. Or even some friends of my younger sister, taking the name of their favorite character, and changing their Facebook stream into this character’s one, displyaing

their relationship with other fake characters, taking scrennshots of movies as pictures of real life, etc. I think that the teenage may last longer and longer ... until 50 maybe ?

5. DATA ABUNDANCY

DATAABUNDANCY

Since ages, I’ve asked myself what’s the difference in weight of my laptop between the moment I open it for the first time, with nothing on it, and now, with my hardrive almost full. How much weights all my digital life?

Perhaps you remember this story about

the difference in weight between a

living human and its dead body. 23

gramms. Pre-modern scientists then

concluded that they found the weight

of the soul. 23 gramms. All our

gigabytes of data have something

similar with this story. The difference in

weight of an empty and a full harddrive

is only a few micro-gramms. In fact, all

the data of the web weights as much as

a strawberry.

But if you try to print out the web - like

Russel Davis encouraged - you’ll end up

with something like Erik Kessels’ art

project, displaying a print version of all

the pictures posted to Flickr in one day.

Reality weights way more than its

digital version. Living online is a great

opportunity: the data abundancy may

last long until it has an effect on our

Earth space.

But if data are only a few micro-

gramms, they need energy to be

created, transported, read, edited, ...

For instance, the the daily 300 millions

search queries performed on Google

require approximatly 150,000 liters of

water to produce the energy. Search

for it. And think about the tea pot

calling.

MIROSOFTMOTOROLA

NOKIA

ERICSSON

NYT wieght of the internet

MICROSOFT

Even more than energy, data

have a huga value. When

watching all the mobile device

manufacturers’ visions of the

future, one word comes up

everytimes : data. They speak

less about their devices than

t h e d a t a a b u n d a n c y ,

portraiting our future usages

as accessing and computing data from

the cloud. As if in the good old days,

Cadillac would first have sold you the

landscape in order to sell you the car.

Figures show that the daily average

time spent on apps is over 80 minutes.

Growing each quarter. Like Steve Jobs

explained during a All Thing Digital

conference in 2010, we are entering

the post-PC era ; PC are like trucks, we

will still need them, but cars will replace

most of trucks uses. Mobile devices will

replace PC in most of our uses. In the

Post-PC era, like in dense urban spaces,

we are living in a landscape of data. In

such a situation, having no connection -

or no mobile device - leads you to

experience the void, remaining stuck

outside the shops, as much as you

would have experienced an electricity

black out with your desktop PC,

remaining isolated in your farm.

In the end, the mobile networks, that

have been build to carry voice, remain

propriatary networks. The 3 french

mobile network providers recently

aggreed to end the «unlimited» data

plan, because those are not viable for

them. What it means is that the

«mobile value proposition» isn’t in

making an instant connection with

someone on the phone anywhere in the

world, it is about managing, editing,

storing all of my data.

The mobile value proposition does not

lay in the hands of mobile network

operators anymore - they have become

the pipes carrying the data, nothing

more - it now lays in the hands of

mobile operating system companies,

like Apple or Google. Or even Facebook.

They are the one taking care of our

most valuable data. And providing even

more data abundancy avery day.

“I’m trying to think of a good analogy. When we were an agrarian nation, all cars were trucks. But as people moved more towards urban centers, people started to get into cars. I think PCs are going to be like trucks. Less people will need them. And this transformation is going to make some people uneasy… because the PC has taken us a long way. They were amazing. But it changes. Vested interests are going to change. And, I think we’ve embarked on that change. Is it the iPad? Who knows? Will it be next year or five years? … We like to talk about the post-PC era, but when it really starts to happen, it’s uncomfortable.”

Steve Jobs. June 2010

«In 2014 90% of mobile trafic will be data. When will we stop naming these mobile devices “phones”?»

6. OPEN CITY

After the Open Data movement, here come the Open City : Hacking the city and create services out of it.

US and other states - or even local - governements have recently started to see a value of «opening their data». The idea behind is to provide an opportunity to any - must be computer skilled - citizen to access data, dig and create serv ices out of i t . As i f these governements strucuture were years of conglomerated strates of data, turned f r o m d e c o m p o s e d a n o n y m o u s information in to valuable coal-like bytes. Like in a new industrial age, all these piles of data stored since ages a r e s u d d e n t l y a v a i l a b l e t o industrialisation and transformation.

This movement finds its roots in the core values of Internet - openess and freedom - as well in actions and protests that have taken place in the urban public space. Such movement as Reclaim The Street, born in UK, or Flashmobs, born in USA, have made t h e i r w a y t h r o u g h a l l w e s t e r n developped cities. And these hacking events grow ideas for new ways to hack the space, like the recent ParkingDay. (Read an excellent article about this here)

When I had an opportunity to travel in chinese cities last year, I’ve seen John Offenbach’s views of the mono-layered urbanism : one place, one function, one distribution circuit. Everything looks well thought and calibrated for the use it is designed for. Everywhere large board display the slick vision of the future and hide the messy state of the reality. From that perspective, I understood that al l the hacking activities I’ve mentionned earlier are ment to bring back a multi-layered urbanism, with pop-up activities and spontaneous ownership.

But what’s the interest of it then ? As Rachel Sterne sees it, «City is a platform». When I did run a project in St Denis (Northern Suburb of Paris), allowing any citizen to imagine, write and build their own advertisement campaign, displayed all over the city muppies, I had the same feeling : city is a platform. But it is not an open one and it is lacking services.

Interestingly, the social web and the mobile applicaiton model have bring a new character in this story : the geek. Geek versus Hippie, are there any similarities ? I won’t develop more than this post from La mutinerie, but yes, even if the geek and the hippie are dreaming of a better world, they are different : one of these differences is that the hippie rejects the system where the geek hacks it.

l’école hors les murs. institutions 2.0. o p e n d a t a ? O p e n s c h o o l , dé-spécialisation des fonctions. Qui

«Le hippie rejette le système, le geek hack le système.»

faisaient le cœur du fonctionnement de l a v i l l e m o d e r n e . R e t o u r à u n fonctionnement d’agora. Quel est la forme de l’espace public aujourd’hui ? de la res-ûblica ? la place du village ? le débat républicain ? facebook ? ... définir cette échelle, ni micro, ni macro, mais où la République ne semble plus être le centre.

To go further in that topic, here is a collection of interesting urban stories of growing asian cities :

Indonesia’s Biggest City Gets its First Bicycle Lane

Despite previously prioritising cars by building inner city roads, the Indonesian capital city of Jakarta recently set a new milestone towards a healthier and more liveable city by opening its first dedicated bicycle lane.

Five Ideas from Asia for Creating Future Cities

Where better to look for ideas on how to handle the challenges associated with urban evolution than Asia – a region (quite rightly) synonymous with rapidly-growing cities. Here’s five of our favourite urban innovations from Asia with global potential.

Japanese Architecture Takes Green Roofs to a Whole New Level – Literally

If you require a little inspiration of the green roof kind, stop ogling the neighbour’s sedum-topped shed and start Google Earthing the ACROS building in Fukuoka, Japan, instead.

Humanization / Naturalization – A Photo Essay of Bishkek in Ruins

Bishkek is known for two things: blight and tragedy. But is there another way of viewing the city? Christopher Schwartz explores the interaction between aging Soviet architecture, Kyrgyz urbanization and invading nature in this photo-essay.

The Stream that Revitalised Seoul

In the South Korean city of Seoul, an area which was once designed for automobiles has been transformed into a vibrant public space. And whilst it was one of the most expensive urban design projects in the city’s history, it has been wildly successful.

DomestiCity: A Photo Essay on Domestic Activities in Dense Urban Areas

Ho Chi Minh City’s residents have developed some ingenious practicalities to cope with the city’s logistics. This photo essay explores the imaginative ways in which people negotiate the use of their limited living quarters.

Displacing People to Make Space for Cars – Is India Evicting the Wrong Squatters?

More than 1 million of Delhi’s residents have been displaced through demolition of slum neighborhoods over the last 10 years. At the same time, India’s government continues to construct roads instead of transit or pedestrian infrastructure, losing public space in the process.

The Non-Intentional Landscape of Tokyo

Like all organic systems, cities fare better without central planning. Additive, centrifugal, Tokyo starts with individual parts and expands. Proliferates. Undefined. Unclear centers. Looser and ambiguous, freedom is valued over regularity of form and clarity of outline.

7. PRIVACY ? GO NAKED

As data weight more and more value, even if they physically weight less and less,

new jobs are created to maintain their integrity. Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook CEO,

recently named 2 of his lieutenants to become CPOs. Read «Chief Privacy Officer».

« So Facebook settled with the FTC over privacy and Mark Zuckerberg wrote another apologetic blog post (as pointed out by Liz Gannes this is his

tenth).  Part of the need for these apologies comes from Facebook’s

aggressive approach to releasing features which at some level is admirable

in a company of their scale.  But what is really driving the problems is a

fundamental conundrum about privacy in the digital age.  Anything that was

private a second ago can be made public by someone else with often little

more than a click.  One click public-making if you so want.

There is no doubt that this extremely powerful technology will over time

transform our conceptions of private and public.  I highly recommend Jeff

Jarvis’s book Public Parts as it provides some interesting historical and

cross cultural contexts.  What the book makes eminently clear is just how

much “private” and “public” are social constructs and how fundamentally

they have changed with past changes in technology.

These large scale social changes, however, tend to take much longer than

the underlying technology changes that drive them. So we now find ourselves

in an in-between period.  We have the one-click public-making technology

but we still (mostly) have our previous notions of public and private. 

Facebook started out by incorporating these previous notions deeply into

the system but it is difficult if not impossible to get to the kind of

clear lines that people are still looking for in a system of Facebook’s

complexity (e.g., what is the privacy expectation around something shared

with friends of friends?).

What has worked much better for people to date is to have easily understood

conventions around the privacy expectations for completely separate types

of communication. If you text or IM a person your expectation is one of

privacy. That’s the primary reason a site such as bnter hasn’t taken off

yet. It goes fundamentally against the grain of people’s expectations of

privacy for a particular type of communication. The same is largely true

for email, which is why even smart people get caught in sending emails to

reporters who then occasionally publish those

as on the record conversations.  

When we have settled into whatever our new

social constructs will be (and I don’t expect

that to be anytime soon), the discussions we

are having now will seem as quaint as the

debates over whether newspapers could publish

photographs. I don’t know what exactly those

new constructs will be, but I highly doubt that

reflecting them in software will require users

to make complex adjustments to privacy

settings. »Albert Wenger

partner at Union Square Ventures.

In the most recent studies I’ve conducted for my

company, a few of them had to deal with the way

to gather all messages in on place, creating

something like a ‘Social Hub’. Wich is exactly

what Facebook is about. All users I had the

chance to interview rejected the idea, unless

they would be able to select the person they

want to put in, and/or have a quick way to select

to contact mode - email, call, sms, facebook, ...

Their point was clear : communication is amatter

of selecting who you want to talk to and on wich

channel (McLuhan would have written medium),

according to the message you want to carry

through. This is where privacy occurs : on this

everyday choice of «how» to communicate. This

is the channel on which nobody nor any

corporation could make the choice for you.

Nobody really cares about giving data away to

Facebook of Google - we don’t understand the

process - the only thing that matter is that they

do not force us to share using channels we have

not choosen.

To follow in this topic, I would recommend Jeff Jarwis last book « Public Parts ». It's a very welcome rebuttal to the concerns of privacy advocates. Jarvis, while making it clear that some of their concerns are warranted, focuses on the other side of our relationships online: sharing with others, and connecting with them.

Jarvis focuses on the advantages of being public. As those of you

who know him might imagine (and I should

disclose that we're friends), he dives right

in to his blogging and tweeting about his

prostate cancer and the havoc that

wrecked upon what became his most

extraordinarily public part. (Maybe the

word I'm looking for is "pubic.") He shows

how this communication brought him into

contact with people who showered him

with friendship and valuable advice. The

other side of publicness, of course, is that

it brought him more attention and helped

to build his brand, no doubt adding more than a

few thousand dollars to his advance for the book

while also propping up his speaking fees

Another hero of privacy is Hassan Elahi’s TED

talk. After he ended up on a watch list by accident, Hasan Elahi was advised by his local FBI agents to

let them know when he was traveling. He did that and

more ... much more. He went public about everything

that may have been of interest for the FBI. He

somehow spammed

the FBI, CIA and other

governmental bureau.

So, what is valuable for

you about privacy ??

« What are your secrets worth? Just about every company has had standard practices for decades or longer to protect its secrets. But the rise of blogs, open source, and the networked world should lead them to re-evaluate their secrets, because many of them have stored value. They could be used to forge relationships, either with customers or other companies.»

«Secrets hold great value, far beyond the information they convey. When we tell secrets, we open ourselves to others, and establish trust. We bestow the holder of our secrets with great power—―the means to benefit from our secret and to betray us. In that sense, secrets stitch together friendships and alliances, and they tear them apart.»

8. A HISTORY OF THE SKY

The dream of grasping a whole year in a single sight is on the verge of becoming reality. Thanks to Ken Murphy.

Time-lapse movies are compelling because they give us a glimpse of events that

are continually occurring around us, but at a rate normally far too slow to for us

to observe directly. A History of the Sky enables the viewer to appreciate the

rhythms of weather, the lengthening and shortening of days, and other

atmospheric events on an immediate aesthetic level: the clouds, fog, wind, and

rain form a rich visual texture, and sunrises and sunsets cascade across the

screen.

This is a work in progress. Currently, an image of the sky is being captured every

10 seconds from a camera installed on the roof of the Exploratorium, on the edge

of San Francisco Bay. The images collected over each 24-hour period are

assembled into a 6 minute movie (at 24 frames/second).

The final piece will consist of a large projected grid of 365 movies, each

representing one day of the year, and cycling in parallel through consecutive 24-

hour periods. The viewer can stand back and observe the atmospheric

phenomena of an entire year in just a few minutes, or approach the piece to

focus on a particular day.

This will also be an active piece. The camera will continue to collect images and

integrate them with the montage daily. The visualization will therefore vary from

day to day, and will always display the most recent 365 days.

9. HOLY DEATH

Here is a serie of art work playing with the image of death. An image of beauty within the abundancy of violence.

In line, you’ll see Steven Pippin, Mamiya 330 twin lens reflex shot with.25 calibre

(self portrait), Sharon Core still natures, Al Farrow weapon scultpures, Magnus

Gjoen instersection between war tools and sacred images.

10. BACK TO THE FUTURE

In 1969, Apollo 11 landed on the moon. It is possible to live this amazing experience again on YouTube today, in 8 parts. The true adventure from the great achievement of our parents‘ society.

At that time, everyone on the planet was foloowing their adventure, on a TV set for the one who owned one, or on the radio for most of the people. I wander what images came to their mind while listening to the speaker. Maybe most of the listeners had a different view on the moon’s landscape.

What thrilled me most when I looked at it was the feeling of looking at a road movie, with its several steps, launching, struggle on the way, experiences from their childhood, exploration and return. It is truelly magical to think that it is not Holliwood pictures, but real events.

In that serie, I’ll add a range of portraits of Heroes, a work by Robert Longo. As the radio listeners in 1969, I feel blind looking at these photo, imagining all what these air pilots may have seen or felt, all their adventures far above the Earth.

CREDITS.

cover� Matt Wisnieski

p.3-7� Richard Mosse

p.8-9� Simões

p.10�� Sebastian Haslauer

p.11�� Occupy

p.12�� Irina Werning

p.13�� William Klein

p.14�� Ben Giles

p.15�� Clôde Coulpier

p.16�� Ben Giles

p.16-17� Robie Coopers

p.18�� Stéphane Thidet

p.19�� Erik Kessels

p.20�� Motorola� � Ericsson� � Nokia� � Microsoft� � Times

P.23�� John Offenbach� � Numen

P.25�� John Offenbach� � ParkingDay

P.28�� Jeff Jarvis � � Hassan Elahi

P.29�� Ken Murphy

P.30�� Steven Pippin

P.31�� Al Farrow

P.32�� Sharon Core

P.33�� Magnus Gjoen

P.34�� NASA

p.35-38� Robert Longo

@marcchataigner © Marc Chataigner